簡介：REVIEWARTICLETHEIMPACTOFGLYCAEMICCONTROLONOUTCOMESINPATIENTSWITHENDSTAGERENALDISEASEANDTYPE2DIABETESSOPHIAZOUNGAS,1,2PETERGKERR,3MICHELLELUI1ANDHELENAJTEEDE1,21DIABETESCLINICALSERVICESANDRESEARCHUNITAND3DEPARTMENTOFNEPHROLOGY,MONASHUNIVERSITY,MONASHMEDICALCENTRE,AND2JEANHAILESRESEARCHGROUP,MONASHINSTITUTEOFHEALTHSERVICESRESEARCH,MONASHMEDICALCENTRE,CLAYTON,VICTORIA,AUSTRALIASUMMARYINAUSTRALIAANDNEWZEALANDTHEPREVALENCEANDINCIDENCEOFENDSTAGERENALDISEASEESRDHASINCREASEDINAUSTRALIAALONETHEFINANCIALBURDENISESTIMATEDTOREACH500MILLIONBY2007DATAFROMTHENATIONALCHRONICKIDNEYDISEASESTRATEGYWORKSHOPREPORT2005THELEADINGCAUSEOFESRDINAUSTRALIAANDNEWZEALAND,ANDTHROUGHOUTTHEDEVELOPEDWORLD,ISTYPE2DIABETES,HAVINGOVERTAKENGLOMERULONEPHRITISIN20041TODATE,MANAGEMENTOFPATIENTSWITHDIABETESANDESRDHASBEEN,ACCORDINGTOGUIDELINES,GIVENFORPATIENTSWITHOUTESRDTHISCOMMENTARYRAISESTHREEIMPORTANTEMERGINGCONCERNSINTHECLINICALCAREOFTHESEPATIENTSITHELACKOFRELIABLETOOLSTOMEASUREGLYCAEMICCONTROLIILIMITATIONSOFTHECURRENTDATASETSUPPORTINGARELATIONSHIPBETWEENOUTCOMEANDGLYCAEMICCONTROLINESRDANDIIILACKOFSTUDIESEXAMININGTHEEFFECTOFINTENSIVEDIABETESCAREANDGLUCOSECONTROLINPATIENTSWITHESRDKEYWORDSENDSTAGERENALDISEASE,GLYCAEMICCONTROL,OUTCOMES,TYPE2DIABETESTHEEMERGINGPROBLEMOFTYPE2DIABETESANDESRDINAUSTRALIAANDNEWZEALAND,APPROXIMATELY740PEOPLEPERMILLIONPOPULATIONRECEIVERENALREPLACEMENTTHERAPYANDOFTHESE420PEOPLEPERMILLIONREQUIREDIALYSISTHERAPY2OVERTIMEASTEADYINCREASEINTHESEPREVALENCERATESHASBEENOBSERVEDFIG12OFTHOSEREQUIRINGRENALREPLACEMENTTHERAPY,ABOUTONETHIRDARENEWPATIENTSENTERINGADIALYSISPROGRAMMETHEMOSTCOMMONCAUSEOFESRDINAUSTRALIAANDNEWZEALANDISDIABETESIN2005,DIABETICNEPHROPATHYACCOUNTEDFOR32–41OFALLNEWPATIENTSENTERINGADIALYSISPROGRAMME1SIMILARLY,OFALLPATIENTSREQUIRINGRENALREPLACEMENTTHERAPY,42AND46HADDIABETES,RESPECTIVELYTHEMAJORITYOFTHESEPATIENTSAPPROXIMATELY90HAVETYPE2DIABETESFIG21OFTHOSEABOUTHALFARERECEIVINGINSULINTHERAPYSURVIVALOFTHEAVERAGEDIALYSISPATIENTISPOORTHEANNUALMORTALITYRATEFORTHEAUSTRALIANANDNEWZEALANDDIALYSISPOPULATIONIS145AND164DEATHSPER100PATIENTYEARS,RESPECTIVELY3ALARGEPROPORTIONOFTHIS,APPROXIMATELY65,ISATTRIBUTEDTOCARDIOVASCULARDISEASECVDANDINFECTIONANZDATAREGISTRYREPORTOF2005CAUSEOFDEATH,AUSTRALIA49CVDAND13INFECTIONNEWZEALAND49CVDAND15INFECTION3FURTHERMORE,THEDEATHRATEDUETOCVDIS10TO100FOLDGREATERTHANTHATFORAGEMATCHEDPOPULATIONSFIG33,4OVERTHELASTFIVEDECADES,MORTALITYDUETOCVDINTHEGENERALPOPULATIONHASDECLINEDBY505ANDINCIDENTCARDIOVASCULAREVENTSHAVEALSODECLINEDINPEOPLEWITHDIABETESNOTCOMPLICATEDBYESRD6ASREPORTEDBYANZDATA,3,7INTHEESRDPOPULATION,MORTALITYDUETOCVDREMAINSUNCHANGEDANDUNAFFECTEDBYMAJORADVANCESINMEDICALTHERAPYCVDMORTALITY1993AND2005485AND49,RESPECTIVELYINOUROWN5YEARPROSPECTIVESTUDYOFINCIDENTCARDIOVASCULAREVENTSINPATIENTSWITHESRD,THOSEWITHDIABETESHADATWOFOLDGREATERRISKOFEVENTSANDTHISRISKWASNOTABROGATEDBYADJUSTMENTFORAGE,GENDER,BLOODPRESSURE,PASTHISTORYOFCVD,SMOKINGSTATUSANDTREATMENTWITHLIPIDLOWERINGTHERAPYORASPIRINUNADJUSTEDHAZARDRATIO241,P0001,95CI183–318ADJUSTEDHAZARDRATIO186,P0001,95CI138–252UNPUBLISHEDDATA,FIG4CORRESPONDENCEDRSOPHIAZOUNGAS,DIABETESCLINICALSERVICESANDRESEARCHUNIT,SOUTHERNHEALTH,MONASHMEDICALCENTRE,246CLAYTONROAD,CLAYTON,VIC3168,AUSTRALIAEMAILSOPHIAZOUNGASMEDMONASHEDUAUACCEPTEDFORPUBLICATION15OCTOBER2007?2007THEAUTHORSJOURNALCOMPILATION?2007ASIANPACIFICSOCIETYOFNEPHROLOGYNEPHROLOGY200813,124–127DOI101111/J14401797200700901XANAEMIA,BLOODTRANSFUSIONANDRECOMBINANTERYTHROPOIETINUSEMAYALLIMPACTONTHEACCURACYOFTHEHBA1CMEASUREMENTTOTHISEND,AJAPANESESTUDYHASRECENTLYREPORTEDTHATGLYCATEDALBUMINMAYPROVIDEASIGNIFICANTLYBETTERMEASUREOFGLYCAEMICCONTROLINDIABETICHDPATIENTSCOMPAREDWITHHBA1CBECAUSEOFTHEEFFECTSOFANAEMIAANDERYTHROPOIETINUSE22MOREOVER,ITISUNCLEARASTOATWHATPOINTACROSSTHEVARIOUSSTAGESOFCHRONICKIDNEYDISEASETHESEMETHODOLOGICALISSUESBECOMECLINICALLYRELEVANTASMOSTOFTHEEFFECTSOFURAEMIAWOULDBEEXPECTEDTOLOWERHBA1CESTIMATIONS,ITMAYALSOBENECESSARYTODEFINEADIFFERENT‘NORMALRANGE’FORESRDULTIMATELY,AVAILABLE000025050075100KAPLAN–MEIERSURVIVALPROBABILITY7255280DIABETES2431711060NODIABETESNUMBERATRISK0246FOLLOWUPTIMEYEARSFIG4KAPLAN–MEIERCARDIOVASCULARDISEASEFREESURVIVALINPATIENTSWITHENDSTAGERENALDISEASEESRDASCOMPAREDWITHTHOSEWITHESRDANDDIABETESUNPUBLISHEDDATAP0001NODIABETES––––––DIABETES?ANZDATAREGISTRYCOMORBIDCONDITIONSATENTRYTOPROGRAM2005NUMBEROFPATIENTSPATIENTSCOUNTRYCHRONICLUNGDISEASECORONARYARTERYDISEASEPERIPHERALVASCULARDISEASECEREBROVASCULARDISEASESMOKINGAUSTRALIA2210YES27612731333921824011CURRENT25411TYPEI864SUSPECTED7313315671346603FORMER90241IIINSREQ37017NO187385132360168476191086NEVER105448IINONINS46421NO129058NEWZEALAND436YES6114111256415399CURRENT7016TYPEI143SUSPECTED2465112256123FORMER17841IIINSREQ9923NO35180274633477938588NEVER18843IINONINS8620NO23754DIABETESINCLUDINGDIABETICNEPHROPATHYNNFIG2COMORBIDCONDITIONSATENTRYTODIALYSISPROGRAMME1000120406080100AGEYEARS0010102040620406080100MORTALITYPERYEARFIG3AGESPECIFICMORTALITYRATESOFPATIENTSREQUIRINGRENALREPLACEMENTTHERAPYASCOMPAREDWITHTHEGENERALPOPULATION32004MORTALITYRATESDIALYSISTRANSPLANT–––––AUSTPOPULATIONSZOUNGASETAL126?2007THEAUTHORSJOURNALCOMPILATION?2007ASIANPACIFICSOCIETYOFNEPHROLOGY

簡介：THEEXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEINTHECARCINOGENESISPROCESSOFHUMANCARDIAADENOCARCINOMAWANGXIUJIA,YUANSHULAN,XIAOLIN,WANGXUHUAANDWANGCHAOJUNPOBOX2345,BEIJING100023,CHINAWJG,1999DECEMBER56488491FAX861085381893WORLDJOURNALOFGASTROENTEROLOGYEMAILWJGWJGNETCOMWWWWJGNETCOMCOPYRIGHT?1999BYTHEWJGPRESSISSN10079327SUBJECTHEADINGSCSRCGENEEXPRESSIONPRODUCTPP60CSRCCARDIAADENOCARCINOMACARCINOGENESISNEOPLASMMETASTASISIMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRYABSTRACTAIMTOINVESTIGATETHEACTIVATION,EXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEANDITSROLEINTHECARCINOGENETICPROCESSOFHUMANCARDIAADENOCARCINOMACAMETHODSFIFTYSIXCASESOFCA,34CASESOFNORMAL,36CASESOFPROTIFERATIVEEPITHELIAADJACENTTOCARCINOMA,AND20CASESOFLYMPHNODEMETASTASESOFCAWERESTUDIEDFORPP60CSRC,THEEXPRESSIONPRODUCTOFCSRCGENEIMMUNOHISTOCHEMICALLYBYUSINGTHESPECIFICMONOCLONALANTIBODY,MAB327RESULTSTHEPOSITIVERATESOFPP60CSRCINTHENORMALEPITHELIA,PROTIFERATIVEEPITHELIA,CAANDLYMPHNODEMETASTASESWERE29410/34,94434/36,71440/56AND60012/20,RESPECTIVELY,AMONGTHEM,THEDIFFERENCESOFTHEPOSITIVERATESWERESTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTP001THEEXPRESSIONLEVELSOFPP60CSRCINCAANDPROLIFERATIVEEPITHELIAWERESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERTHANTHATINTHENORMALEPITHELIAP001THEPP60CSRCPOSITIVERATESINTHEPAPILLARY,TUBULAR,POORLYDIFFERENTIATEDANDMUCOUSADENOCARCINOMAWERE7506/8,81818/22,50010/20AND10006/6,RESPECTIVELY,WHEREASTHOSEOFTUBULARANDMUCOUSADENOCARCINOMASWERESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERTHANTHOSEOFPAPILLARYANDPOORLYDIFFERENTIATEDADENOCARCINOMASP005,ANDTHEPP60CSRCEXPRESSIONLEVELSOFTUBULARANDMUCOUSADENOCARCINOMASWEREALSOSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERTHANTHOSEOFPAPILLARYANDPOORLYDIFFERENTIATEDADENOCARCINOMASP001CONCLUSIONTHEACTIVATIONANDEXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEAREASSOCIATEDWITHTHEINITIATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANCATHEPROTEINAMOUNTOFPP60CSRCINCREASEDDURINGTHEPROCESSOFCARCINOGENESISANDPP60CSRCEXPRESSIONISALSORELATEDTOLYMPHNODEMETASTASESINTRODUCTIONTHEREISAGENERALTENDENCYINGASTRICCANCERTHATTHEINCIDENCERATEOFCARDIAADENOCARCINOMACAISINCREASINGSTEADLY,ANDCANCEROFTHEDISTALSTOMACHISDECREASINGPROPORTIONATELYTHEBIOLOGICALANDEPIDEMIOLOGICALFEATURESOFCAAREDISTINCTFROMTHOSEOFTHEDISTALSTOMACH,ANDTHEUNDERLYINGCAUSEREMAINEDUNELUCIDATED13PP60CSRCISTHEPRODUCTOFCSRCGENEPOSSESSINGTHEACTIVITYOFTYROSINEKINASEINCREASEDEXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEHADBEENREPORTEDINSOMEHUMANSARCOMAANDCANCERSOFBREAST4,ESOPHAGUS5,STOMACH6ANDCOLON7,ANDTHEACTIVATIONANDEXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEMIGHTBEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEINITIATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFSOMECANCERSOURPREVIOUSSTUDYSHOWEDTHEACTIVATIONANDEXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEWASASSOCIATEDWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTANDDIFFERENTIATIONOFESOPHAGEALSQUAMOUSCELLCARCINOMAS8,WEBELIEVEDTHATSIMILARCHANGESMIGHTOCCURINCANCEROFCARDIA,THEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGSTUDYWASCARRIEDOUTMATERIALSANDMETHODSSAMPLECOLLECTIONANDPROCESSINGALL56CASESOFCASAMPLESWERECOLLECTEDFROMTHECAPATIENTSSURGICALLYTREATEDINYANTINGINSTITUTEOFCANCERPREVENTIONOFSICHUANPROVINCEALLTISSUESPECIMENSWEREROUTINELYPROCESSED,FORMALINFIXEDANDPARAFFINEMBEDDED,ATLEAST2SERIALPARAFFINSECTIONSOF4ΜM6ΜMTHICKNESSWEREMADE,ONEWASSTAINEDWITHHEMATOXYLINANDEOSINHEANDTHEOTHERWASUSEDFORPP60CSRCPROTEINDETECTIONBYIMMUNOHISTOCHEMICALSTAININGREAGENTSTHEMONOCLONALANTIBODYMAB327MOUSEIGGWASKINDLYGIVENBYTHEMOLECULARPATHOLOGYINSTITUTEOFCANCERRESEARCH,CANCERCENTER,THEFIRSTUNIVERSITYHOSPITALOFWESTCHINAUNIVERSITYOFMEDICALSCIENCES,CHENGDU610041,SICHUANPROVINCE,CHINAWANGXIUJIE,MALE,BORNON19570215INZIYANG,SICHUANPROVINCEANDGRADUATEDFROMWESTCHINAUNIVERSITYOFMEDICALSCIENCESIN1982,NOWASSOCIATEPROFESSOROFONCOLOGY,ENGAGEDINTHERESEARCHESOFETIOLOGYANDMECHANISMSOFCARCINOGENESISOFCANCERS,SCREENINGANDDEVELOPINGANTICANCERDRUGS,HAVING20PAPERSPUBLISHEDPROJECTSUPPORTEDBYTHEGRANTOFWESTCHINAUNIVERSITYOFMEDICALSCIENCES,NOL293015CORRESPONDENCETOWANGXIUJIE,INSTITUTEOFCANCERRESEARCH,CANCERCENTER,THEFIRSTUNIVERSITYHOSPITALOFWESTCHINAUNIVERSITYOFMEDICALSCIENCES,CHENGDU610041,SICHUANPROVINCE,CHINATEL86285501218,FAX86285583252RECEIVED19990721ACCEPTED19990922FIGURE1THEEXPRESSIONOFPP60CSRCINTHEPROLIFERATIVEEPITHELIAADJACENTTOCARCINOMALSAB200FIGURE2THEEXPRESSIONOFPP60CSRCINTUBULARADENOCARCINOMALSAB200FIGURE3THEEXPRESSIONOFPP60CSRCINTHEPOORLYDIFFERENTIATEDADENOCARCINOMALSAB200FIGURE4THEEXPRESSIONOFPP60CSRCINTHELYMPHNODEMETASTASISOFCALSAB200TABLE1THEEXPRESSIONOFPP60CSRCINCAANDRELATEDLESIONSSTAININGINTENSITYLESIONCASEPOSITIVERATENORMALEPITHELIA3424705102940010294PROLIFERATIVEEPITHELIA36256616728778D34944BCARDIAADENOCARCINOMA56162862035720357D40714BLYMPHNODEMETASTASES2084008400420012600BP001,INCOMPARISONOFTHEPOSITIVERATESINDIFFERENTLESIONSΧ23419VSNORMALEPITHELIADP001,INCOMPARISONOFTHEPOSITIVEINTENSITYINDIFFERENTLESIONSΧ22508VSNORMALEPITHELIATABLE2THEEXPRESSIONOFPP60CSRCINCAOFDIFFERENTHISTOLOGICALTYPESSTAININGINTENSITYLESIONCASEPOSITIVERATE0/10PAPILLARY822506750006750TUBULAR224182418214636B18818APOORLYDIFFERENTIATED2010500105000010500MUCOUS6000061000B61000ATOTAL5616286203572035740714AP005,INCOMPARISONOFTHEPOSITIVERATESOFTUBULARANDMUCOUSADENOCARCINOMASVSTHOSEOFPAPILLARYANDPOORLYDIFFERENTIATEDADENOCARCINOMASΧ2811BP001,INCOMPARISONOFTHEPOSITIVERATESOFTUBULARANDMUCOUSADENOCARCINOMASVSTHOSEOFPAPILLARYANDPOORLYDIFFERENTIATEDADENOCARCINOMASΧ22756DISCUSSIONPP60CSRCISAPHOSPHORYLATEDCYTOPLASMICPROTEINENCODEDBYCSRCGENE,HAVINGTHEACTIVITYOFTYROSINEKINASETHEEXPRESSIONOFPP60CSRCCANBEFOUNDINMANYNORMALCELLS,WHICHPLAYSIMPORTANTROLESINTHEREGULATIONOFCELLPROLIFERATION,DIFFERENTIATIONANDTRANSFORMATION4RECENTSTUDIESINDICATEDTHATTHEINCREASEINTHEAMOUNTOFPP60CSRCPROTEINANDKINASEACTIVITYWASASSOCIATEDWITHINITIATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFSOMEHUMANNEOPLASMS,ANDTHEACTIVATIONANDINCREASEOFEXPRESSIONWEREONEOFTHEFACTORSFORCANCERINITIATION48INTHISSTUDY,THEEXPRESSIONSOFPP60CSRCINCA,PROLIFERATIVEEPITHELIAANDNORMALEPITHELIAWERE71440/56,94434/36AND29410/34,RESPECTIVELYANDTHEPOSITIVERATESOFPP60CSRCINCAANDPROLIFERATIVEEPITHELIAWEREMUCHHIGHERTHANTHATINTHENORMALEPITHELIAP001JANKOWISKIETALANALYZEDTHEEXPRESSIONPRODUCTOFCSRCGENEIN15CASESOFESOPHAGEALADENOCARCINOMAAND15CASESOFBARRETT’SESOPHAGEALEPITHELIAIMMUNOHISTOCHEMICALLY,THEPOSITIVERATESWERE203/15,SUGGESTINTHATTHEEXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEISRELATEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFESOPHAGEALADENOCARCINOMATHEREFORE,THERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYINDICATEDTHATTHEACTIVATIONANDEXPRESSIONOFCSRCGENEMIGHTBEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEINITIATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFCAHOWEVER,THEHIGHEXPRESSIONOFPP60CSRCINTHEPROLIFERATIVEEPITHELIAMIGHTBEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEPROLIFERATIONOFGLANDULAREPITHELIALCELLS,OCCURRINGINTHEAGEDRATS9THELOWPP60CSRCEXPRESSIONINSOMENORMALEPITHELIAADJACENTTOCANCERMIGHTBEEXPLAINEDBYTHEFACTTHATTHEREHAD490ISSN10079327CN141219/RWJGDECEMBER1999VOLUME5NUMBER6

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簡介：ORIGINALARTICLEALIMENTARYTRACTDOWNREGULATIONOFMIR141INGASTRICCANCERANDITSINVOLVEMENTINCELLGROWTHYINGDU?YANJUNXU?LINGDING?HAOMIYAO?HONGYU?TIANHUAZHOU?JIANMINSIRECEIVED18AUGUST2008/ACCEPTED28JANUARY2009/PUBLISHEDONLINE11APRIL2009?SPRINGER2009ABSTRACTPURPOSEHUMANMICRORNA141MIR141,AMEMBEROFTHEMIR200FAMILY,HASBEENREPORTEDTOBEASSOCIATEDWITHVARIOUSHUMANMALIGNANCIESHOWEVER,ITREMAINSUNKNOWNWHETHERMIR141ISINVOLVEDINTHEPATHOGENESISOFGASTRICCANCERTHEREFORE,WEEXAMINEDTHEEXPRESSIONOFMIR141INGASTRICCANCERTISSUESANDTHEEFFECTOFMIR141OVEREXPRESSIONONCANCERCELLPROLIFERATIONMETHODSTHEEXPRESSIONLEVELOFMIR141IN35PAIRMATCHEDGASTRICNEOPLASTICANDADJACENTNONNEOPLASTICTISSUES,ANDIN5GASTRICCANCERCELLLINESWEREEXAMINEDBYQUANTITATIVEREALTIMEPCRTHEGROWTHOFMGC803CELLSTRANSFECTEDWITHMIRNAPRECURSORWASEXAMINEDBYMTT34,5DIMETHYLTHIAZOL2YL2,5DIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUMBROMIDEASSAYRESULTSMIR141WASSIGNIFICANTLYDOWNREGULATEDIN8028/35OFPRIMARYGASTRICCANCERTISSUESCOMPAREDWITHPAIRMATCHEDADJACENTNONTUMORTISSUESP\001THEEXPRESSIONOFMIR141WASALSOFOUNDTOBESUBSTANTIALLYREDUCEDINSEVERALHUMANGASTRICCANCERCELLLINESSUCHASMGC803,HGC27,SGC7901ANDBGC823CELLSOVEREXPRESSIONOFMIR141WITHITSPRECURSORSSIGNIFICANTLYINHIBITEDTHEPROLIFERATIONOFGASTRICCANCERCELLSCONCLUSIONSTHESERESULTSSUGGESTTHATMIR141MAYBEINVOLVEDINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFGASTRICCANCERTHROUGHITSINHIBITORYEFFECTONCELLPROLIFERATIONKEYWORDSMIR141?GASTRICCANCER?MGC803CELL?CELLPROLIFERATIONINTRODUCTIONMICRORNASMIRNAS,ANEWCLASSOFENDOGENOUS,NONCODINGANDSINGLESTRANDEDRNAS,WERERECENTLYDISCOVEREDINBOTHANIMALSANDPLANTSTHEYTRIGGERTRANSLATIONALREPRESSIONAND/ORMRNADEGRADATIONMOSTLYTHROUGHCOMPLEMENTARYBINDINGTOTHE30UNTRANSLATEDREGIONSOFTARGETMRNASSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATMIRNASCANREGULATEAWIDEARRAYOFBIOLOGICALPROCESSESSUCHASCELLPROLIFERATION,DIFFERENTIATION,ANDAPOPTOSIS1ACCUMULATINGEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATALTERATIONSOFMIRNASEXPRESSIONMAYPLAYVARIOUSROLESINTHEPATHOGENESISOFMANYHUMANCANCERS2,3SOMEMIRNASHASBEENSHOWNTOPOSSESSONCOGENICORTUMORSUPPRESSORACTIVITY4HIGHTHROUGHPUTTECHNIQUESHAVEBEENUSEDTOSCREENMIRNASDIFFERENTIALLYEXPRESSEDBETWEENHUMANNONMALIGNANTANDMALIGNANTSAMPLES,ANDANUMBEROFMIRNASDEREGULATEDINNUMEROUSHUMANTUMORSWEREFOUND,INCLUDINGLUNG,BREAST,LIVER,ESOPHAGEALANDPROSTATECANCERS5–9AMONGTHESEMIRNAS,MIR141,AMEMBEROFTHEMIR200FAMILY,ISOVEREXPRESSEDINOVARIANANDCOLORECTALCANCERS10,11ANDDOWNREGULATEDINPROSTATE,HEPATOCELLULAR,ANDRENALCELLCARCINOMA5,9,12,RAISINGACONTROVERSIALISSUEABOUTTHEROLEOFMIR141INCANCERPROGRESSIONELECTRONICSUPPLEMENTARYMATERIALTHEONLINEVERSIONOFTHISARTICLEDOI101007/S0053500900377CONTAINSSUPPLEMENTARYMATERIAL,WHICHISAVAILABLETOAUTHORIZEDUSERSYDU?HYU?JSIP\001SUBSTANTIALLYREDUCEDEXPRESSIONSOFMIR141WEREFOUNDINBOTHINTESTINALTYPE17FOLDN23FIG1BP\005ANDDIFFUSETYPEGASTRICCANCERS30FOLDN9FIG1CP\001THEEXPRESSIONOFMIR141INCELLLINESDERIVEDFROMGASTRICCANCERTOCONFIRMTHEASSOCIATIONBETWEENMIR141EXPRESSIONANDGASTRICCANCER,WEDETECTEDMIR141EXPRESSIONINFIG1THEEXPRESSIONOFMIR141INGASTRICCANCERQUANTIFICATIONOFMIR141WASMEASUREDBYTAQMANREALTIMEPCRALLDATAOFFOLDCHANGEWERETRANSFORMEDTOLOG2VALUESARELATIVEEXPRESSIONOFMIR141IN35PRIMARYGASTRICCANCERTISSUESCOMPAREDWITHTHEIRPAIRMATCHEDADJACENTNONTUMORTISSUESBRELATIVEEXPRESSIONOFMIR141IN23TISSUESWITHINTESTINALTYPEADENOCARCINOMARELATIVETOTHEIRPAIRMATCHEDADJACENTNONMALIGNANTTISSUESCRELATIVEEXPRESSIONOFMIR141IN9DIFFUSETYPEADENOCARCINOMATISSUESCOMPAREDWITHTHEIRPAIRMATCHEDADJACENTNONTUMORTISSUESTHEPATHOLOGICALFEATURESOFREPRESENTATIVEINTESTINALTYPEANDDIFFUSETYPEGASTRICCANCERWERESHOWNWITHHESTAININGSCALEBARS200LM558JGASTROENTEROL200944556–561123

簡介：ULTRASENSITIVEELECTRICALBIOSENSINGOFPROTEINSANDDNACARBONNANOTUBEDERIVEDAMPLIFICATIONOFTHERECOGNITIONANDTRANSDUCTIONEVENTSJOSEPHWANG,GUODONGLIU,ANDMRASULJAN?DEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRYANDBIOCHEMISTRY,NEWMEXICOSTATEUNIVERSITY,LASCRUCES,NEWMEXICO88003RECEIVEDDECEMBER15,2003EMAILJOEWANGNMSUEDUTHEDETECTIONOFDNAANDPROTEINSISOFCENTRALIMPORTANCETOTHEDIAGNOSISANDTREATMENTOFGENETICDISEASES,TOTHEDETECTIONOFINFECTIOUSAGENTS,DRUGDISCOVERY,ORWARNINGAGAINSTBIOWARFAREAGENTS14SUCHBIODETECTIONCOMMONLYRELIESONHYBRIDIZATIONORANTIGENANTIBODYAGABINTERACTIONS,ANDREQUIRESPROPERATTENTIONTOTHEACHIEVEMENTOFULTRASENSITIVEMEASUREMENTSELECTROCHEMICALTRANSDUCERSAREVERYATTRACTIVEFORSUCHBIOASSAYS,OWINGTOTHEIRHIGHSENSITIVITY,INHERENTSIMPLICITYANDMINIATURIZATION,ANDLOWCOSTANDPOWERREQUIREMENTSTHEUSEOFENZYMELABELSTOGENERATEELECTRICALSIGNALSHASBEENEXTREMELYUSEFULFORULTRASENSITIVEELECTROCHEMICALBIOAFFINITYASSAYSOFPROTEINSANDDNAHELLER’SGROUP5,6DEMONSTRATEDTHATAHIGHLYSENSITIVEAMPEROMETRICMONITORINGOFDNAHYBRIDIZATIONDOWNTO5ZMOLCOULDBEACHIEVEDINCONNECTIONWITHAHORSERADISHPEROXIDASEHRPLABELEDTARGETANDANELECTRONCONDUCTINGREDOXPOLYMERHRPLABELHASBEENCOMBINEDBYWILLNER’SGROUP7,8WITHABIOCATALYTICPRECIPITATIVEACCUMULATIONOFTHEENZYMEGENERATINGPRODUCTTOACHIEVEMULTIPLEAMPLIFICATIONSANDVERYLOW25AMOLDETECTIONLIMITSEFFORTSTOAMPLIFYENZYMELINKEDELECTRICALPROTEINASSAYSINCLUDEDDUALENZYMESUBSTRATERECYCLING9ORIONEXCHANGEACCUMULATIONOFTHEPRODUCT10YET,AMPLIFIEDTRANSDUCTIONOFBIOLOGICALRECOGNITIONEVENTSREMAINSAMAJORCHALLENGETOELECTRICALBIOASSAYSNEWSCHEMESBASEDONCOUPLINGTHEBIOCATALYTICAMPLIFICATIONOFENZYMETAGSWITHADDITIONALAMPLIFICATIONUNITSANDPROCESSESAREHIGHLYDESIREDFORMEETINGTHEHIGHSENSITIVITYDEMANDSOFELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONOFPROTEINSANDNUCLEICACIDSHEREWEDEMONSTRATETHEUSEOFCARBONNANOTUBESCNTSFORDRAMATICALLYAMPLIFYINGENZYMEBASEDBIOAFFINITYELECTRICALSENSINGOFPROTEINSANDDNATHEUNIQUEELECTRONIC,CHEMICAL,ANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCNTSMAKETHEMEXTREMELYATTRACTIVEFORELECTROCHEMICALSENSORS11,12MOSTCNTSENSINGWORKHASFOCUSEDONTHEABILITYOFSURFACECONFINEDCNTSTOPROMOTEELECTRONTRANSFERREACTIONSINVOLVEDINBIOCATALYTICDEVICES13,14INOURNEWBIOAFFINITYASSAYSFIGURE1,CNTSPLAYADUALAMPLIFICATIONROLEINBOTHTHERECOGNITIONANDTRANSDUCTIONEVENTS,NAMELYASCARRIERSFORNUMEROUSENZYMETAGSANDFORACCUMULATINGTHEPRODUCTOFTHEENZYMATICREACTIONTHESENOVELSUPPORTANDPRECONCENTRATIONFUNCTIONSOFCNTSREFLECTTHEIRLARGESPECIFICSURFACEAREA15ANDAREILLUSTRATEDUSINGTHEALKALINEPHOSPHATASEALPENZYMETRACERSUCHCOUPLINGOFSEVERALCNTDERIVEDAMPLIFICATIONPROCESSESLEADSTOTHELOWESTDETECTIONLIMITREPORTEDTHUSFARFORELECTRICALDNADETECTIONTHENEWCNTBASEDAMPLIFIEDBIOELECTRONICPROTOCOLFIGURE1INVOLVESTHESANDWICHHYBRIDIZATIONAORANTIGENANTIBODYBBINDINGALONGWITHMAGNETICSEPARATIONOFTHEANALYTELINKEDMAGNETICBEAD/CNTASSEMBLYA,FOLLOWEDBYENZYMATICAMPLIFICATIONB,ANDCHRONOPOTENTIOMETRICSTRIPPINGDETECTIONOFTHEPRODUCTATTHECNTMODIFIEDELECTRODECOURTEMOBSERVATIONSEG,FIGURE2INDICATETHATTHEHYBRIDIZATIONEVENTLEADSTOCROSSLINKINGOFTHEALPLOADEDCNTSANDTHEMAGNETICBEADSWITHTHEDNADUPLEXACTINGAS“GLUE”TOOURKNOWLEDGE,THISISTHEFIRSTEXAMPLEOFUSINGDNAFORLINKINGPARTICLESTOCNTSNOSUCHAGGREGATIONWASOBSERVEDINTHEPRESENCEOFNONCOMPLEMENTARYOLIGONUCLEOTIDESBAPPARENTLY,WITHOUTTHERECOGNITIONEVENT,THEALPTAGGEDCNTSAREREMOVEDBYTHEMAGNETICSEPARATION,LEAVINGTHEMAGNETICBEADSBEHINDALPWASIMMOBILIZEDONCNTSUSINGA1ETHYL33DIMETHYLAMINOPROPYLCARBODIIMIDELINKERSEEFIGURE1INSUPPORTINGINFORMATIONACOVERAGEOFAROUND9600ENZYMEMOLECULESPERACNTIE,BINDINGEVENTWASESTIMATEDFROMASEPARATEELECTROCHEMICALEXPERIMENTCOMPARINGTHERNAPHTHOLRESPONSEOFKNOWNAMOUNTSOFALPLOADEDCNTSANDALPASSUMINGSIMILARACTIVITIESFORTHEFREEANDBOUNDALPTHEDRAMATICSIGNALENHANCEMENTASSOCIATEDWITHTHECNTBASEDDUALAMPLIFICATIONROUTEISDEMONSTRATEDINFIGURE3FORDNAHYBRIDIZATIONAANDAGABBBIOASSAYSTHECONVENTIONALPROTOCOLS,BASEDONTHESINGLEENZYMETAGANDAGLASSYCARBONTRANSDUCER,ARENOTRESPONDINGTOEITHER10PGML1DNATARGETA,AOR80PGML1IGGB,ATHEFIRSTAMPLIFICATIONSTEPBASEDONTHEALPLOADEDCNTSBOFFERSCONVENIENTDETECTIONOFTHESELOWANALYTECONCENTRATIONSTHESINGLEALPPROTOCOLSDISPLAYEDA?PERMANENTADDRESSDEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRY,UNIVERSITYOFPESHAWAR,PAKISTANFIGURE1SCHEMATICREPRESENTATIONOFTHEANALYTICALPROTOCOLACAPTUREOFTHEALPLOADEDCNTTAGSTOTHESTREPTAVIDINMODIFIEDMAGNETICBEADSBYASANDWICHDNAHYBRIDIZATIONAORABAGABINTERACTIONBBENZYMATICREACTIONCELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONOFTHEPRODUCTOFTHEENZYMATICREACTIONATTHECNTMODIFIEDGLASSYCARBONELECTRODEMB,MAGNETICBEADSP,DNAPROBE1T,DNATARGETP2,DNAPROBE2AB1,FIRSTANTIBODYAG,ANTIGENAB2,SECONDARYANTIBODYSANDP,SUBSTRATEANDPRODUCT,RESPECTIVELY,OFTHEENZYMATICREACTIONGC,GLASSYCARBONELECTRODECNT,CARBONNANOTUBELAYERFIGURE2TEMIMAGESOFTHEMAGNETICBEADSDNACNTASSEMBLYPRODUCEDFOLLOWINGA20MINHYBRIDIZATIONWITHTHE10AAND0BPGML1TARGETSAMPLETHEMICROGRAPHSWERETAKENWITHAHITACHIH7000INSTRUMENTOPERATEDAT75KVPUBLISHEDONWEB02/18/200430109JAMCHEMSOC2004,126,30103011101021/JA031723WCCC2750?2004AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETYLOWERSIGNALFORASIGNIFICANTLY1000FOLDHIGHERTARGETCONCENTRATIONNOTSHOWNTHENEARLY104IMPROVEMENTINTHESENSITIVITYISINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEESTIMATEDALPLOADINGPERCNTONLY～50FOLDSENSITIVITYENHANCEMENTWASOBSERVEDBYUSINGASTREPTAVIDINCOATEDPOLYSTYRENECARRIERBEADINSTEADOFTHECNTSUPPORTFURTHERENHANCEMENTSOFTHEDNAANDPROTEINSIGNALSBY～30FOLDAREOBSERVEDINTHESECONDAMPLIFICATIONPATH,EMPLOYINGTHECNTMODIFIEDTRANSDUCERCTHELATTERREFLECTTHESTRONGADSORPTIVEACCUMULATIONOFTHELIBERATEDRNAPHTHOLONTHECNTLAYERTHEPRECONCENTRATIONFEATUREOFTHECNTLAYERWASINDICATEDFROMTHEUSEOFDIFFERENTACCUMULATIONTIMESTHATLEDTOASHARPINCREASEINTHERNAPHTHOLSIGNALCOMPAREDTOTHETIMEINDEPENDENTSIGNALOBSERVEDATTHEBAREELECTRODESEEFIGURE2INSUPPORTINGINFORMATIONFIGURE4ADISPLAYSTYPICALCHRONOPOTENTIOGRAMSFOREXTREMELYLOWTARGETDNACONCENTRATIONS001100PGML1AEWELLDEFINEDRNAPHTHOLSIGNALSAREOBSERVEDFORTHESELOWDNACONCENTRATIONSINCONNECTIONWITH20MINHYBRIDIZATIONTHERESULTINGPLOTOFRESPONSEVSLOGTARGETSHOWNASINSETISLINEARANDSUITABLEFORQUANTITATIVEWORKTHEFAVORABLERESPONSEOFTHE5FGML1DNATARGETBINDICATESAREMARKABLYLOWDETECTIONLIMITOFAROUND1FGML154AM,IE,820COPIESOR13ZMOLINTHE25ΜLSAMPLESUCHALOWDETECTIONLIMITCOMPARESFAVORABLYWITHTHELOWESTVALUESOF5ZMOL3000COPIESAND25AMOLREPORTEDFORELECTRICALDNADETECTION6,8SIMILARLY,IGGWASDETERMINEDWITHADETECTIONLIMITOF500FGML1160ZMOLIN25ΜLSAMPLESANDEXHIBITSAWELLDEFINEDLOGARITHMICCONCENTRATIONDEPENDENCETHESMALLERSIGNALOBSERVEDINACONTROLEXPERIMENTFORAHUGE～106EXCESSOFANONCOMPLEMENTARYOLIGONUCLEOTIDEFIGURE4,CVSBREFLECTSTHEHIGHSELECTIVITYASSOCIATEDWITHTHEEFFECTIVEMAGNETICSEPARATIONTHEAMPLIFIEDELECTRICALSIGNALISCOUPLEDTOAGOODREPRODUCIBILITYTWOSERIESOFSIXREPETITIVEMEASUREMENTSOF1PGML1DNATARGETOR08NGML1IGGYIELDEDREPRODUCIBLESIGNALSWITHRELATIVESTANDARDDEVIATIONSOF56AND89,RESPECTIVELYINCONCLUSION,WEHAVEDEMONSTRATEDACNTBASEDDUALAMPLIFICATIONROUTEFORULTRASENSITIVEELECTRICALBIOASSAYSOFPROTEINSANDDNATHEUSEOFCNTAMPLIFIERSLOADEDWITHNUMEROUSALPTAGSHASBEENCOMBINEDWITHTHEPRECONCENTRATIONFEATUREOFCNTTRANSDUCERSTOYIELDADRAMATICENHANCEMENTOFTHESENSITIVITYSUCHCOUPLINGOFSEVERALCNTDERIVEDAMPLIFICATIONPROCESSESRESULTSINHIGHLYSENSITIVEDETECTIONOFPROTEINSANDDNAANDHENCEINDICATESGREATPROMISEFORPCRFREEDNAASSAYSFURTHERIMPROVEMENTSINTHESENSITIVITYAREEXPECTEDEITHERTHROUGHREDUCINGTHEELECTRODESIZEANDSAMPLEVOLUME6ORBYSUBSTRATERECYCLING9THENEWCNTDERIVEDAMPLIFICATIONBIOASSAYSAREEXPECTEDTOOPENNEWOPPORTUNITIESFORMEDICALDIAGNOSTICSANDPROTEINANALYSISTHEFINDINGTHATDNAHYBRIDIZATIONCANBEUSEDFORLINKINGCNTSTOPARTICLESHOLDSPROMISEFORASSEMBLINGCONTROLLABLENANOSCALESYSTEMSACKNOWLEDGMENTFINANCIALSUPPORTFROMTHENATIONALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONGRANTCHE0209707ANDNATIONALINSTITUTESOFHEALTHAWARDR01A105604701ISGRATEFULLYACKNOWLEDGEDSUPPORTINGINFORMATIONAVAILABLERELATEDEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSINSTRUMENTATION,REAGENTS,SEQUENCES,ANDPROCEDURESALONGWITHADDITIONALDATAPDFTHISMATERIALISAVAILABLEFREEOFCHARGEVIATHEINTERNETATHTTP//PUBSACSORGREFERENCES1PALECEK,EFOJTA,MANALCHEM2001,73,75A2DRUMMOND,TGHILL,MGBARTON,JKNATBIOTECHNOL2003,21,11923WANG,JCHEMEURJ1999,5,16814GOODING,JJELECTROANALYSIS2002,14,11495CARUANA,DJHELLER,AJAMCHEMSOC1999,121,7696ZHANG,YKIM,HHELLER,AANALCHEM2003,75,32677PATOLSKY,FKATZ,EBARDEA,AWILLNER,ILANGMUIR1996,12,37038PATOLSKY,FLITCHENSTEIN,AWILLNER,IANGEWCHEM,INTED2000,39,9409BAUER,CEREMENKO,AEHRENTREICHFOSTER,EBIER,FMAKOWER,AHALSALL,HBHEINEMAN,WRSCHELLER,FWANALCHEM1996,68,245310LIMOGES,BDEGRAND,CANALCHEM1996,68,414111BAUGHMAN,RHZAKHIDOV,ADEHEER,WASCIENCE2002,297,78712ZHAO,QGAN,ZZHUANG,QELECTROANALYSIS2002,14,160913WANG,JMUSAMEH,MLIN,YJAMCHEMSOC2003,125,240814RUBIANES,MDRIVAS,GAELECTROCHEMCOMMUN2003,5,68915PEIGNEY,ALAURENT,CFLAHAUT,EBASCA,RROUSSET,ACARBON2001,39,507JA031723WFIGURE3CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRICSIGNALSFOR10PGML1TARGETOLIGONUCLEOTIDEAAND80PGML1IGGBUSINGTHEGLASSYCARBONGCTRANSDUCERANDAASINGLEALPTAGANDBCNTLOADEDWITHMULTIPLEALPTAGSCSAMEASBBUTUSINGTHECNTMODIFIEDGCELECTRODEAMOUNTOFMAGNETICBEADS,50ΜGSANDWICHASSAYWITH20AND30MINFOREACHHYBRIDIZATIONEVENTANDAG/ABASSOCIATION,RESPECTIVELYSAMPLEVOLUME,50ΜLDETECTION,ADDITIONOF50ΜLRNAPHTHYLPHOSPHATE50MMSOLUTIONWITHA20MINENZYMATICREACTIONMEASUREMENTSOFTHERNAPHTHOLPRODUCTWEREPERFORMEDATTHEBAREORMODIFIEDGCELECTRODES,USINGA2MINACCUMULATIONAT02VINASTIRREDPHOSPHATEBUFFERSOLUTION005M,PH741ML,FOLLOWEDBYA10SRESTPERIODWITHOUTSTIRRINGANDAPPLICATIONOFANANODICCURRENTOF50ΜASEESUPPORTINGINFORMATIONFORTHECONCENTRATIONSOFTHEOLIGONUCLEOTIDEPROBESANDANTIBODY,ANDSEQUENCEOFOLIGONUCLEOTIDEPROBES,LEVELSANDPREPARATIONOFTHEALPDNACNTANDALPSTREPTAVIDINCNTCONJUGATESFIGURE4CHRONOPOTENTIOMETRICSIGNALSFORINCREASINGLEVELSOFTHEDNATARGETA001,B01,C1,D50,E100PGML1ALSOSHOWNINSETISTHERESULTINGCALIBRATIONPLOTA,ANDTHERESPONSEFOR5FGML1TARGETDNABAND10NGML1NONCOMPLEMENTARYNCOLIGONUCLEOTIDECSAMPLEVOLUME,25ΜLBAND50ΜLCOTHERCONDITIONS,ASINFIGURE3A,CBASEDONPROTOCOLOFFIGURE1AACCOMMUNICATIONSJAMCHEMSOC9VOL126,NO10,20043011

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