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1、組織行為學：群體決策Thebelief—acterizedbyjuries—thattwoheadsarebetterthanonehaslongbeenacceptedasabasiccomponentofNthAmericanmanyothercountries’legalsystems.Thebeliefhasexpedtothepointthattodaymanydecisionsinganizationsaremadebygr
2、oupsteamscommittees.在工作群體內是采用個人決策還群體決策，主要取決于問題的性質。AdvantageofGroupsIndividualgroupdecisionseachhavetheirownsetofstrengths.Neitherisidealfallsituations.Thefollowingidentifiesthemajadvantagesthatgroupsofferoverindividualsi
3、nthemakingofdecisions:1.Mecompleteinfmationknowledge2.Increaseddiversityofviews3.Increasedacceptanceofasolution4.IncreasedlegitimacyNthAmericanmanyothercapitalisticsocietiesvaluedemocraticmethods.Thegroupdecisionmakingpr
4、ocessisconsistentwithdemocraticidealstherefemaybeperceivedasbeingmelegitimatethandecisionsmadebyasingleperson.Whenanindividualdecisionmakerfailstoconsultwithothersbefemakingadecisionthedecisionmaker’scompletepowercancrea
5、tetheperceptionthatthedecisionwasmadeautocraticallyarbitrarily.DisadvantagesofGroups1.Timeconsuming2.Pressurestoconfmalternativesgeneratedshouldbemeextensivetheanalysismecritical.Whenthefinalsolutionisagreedontherearemep
6、eopleinagroupdecisiontosupptimplementit.Thesepluseshowevercanbemethanoffsetbythetimeconsumedbygroupdecisionstheinternalconflictstheycreatethepressurestheygeneratetowardconfmity.GroupshiftGroupshiftcanbeviewedasactuallyas
7、pecialcaseofgroupthink.Thedecisionofthegroupreflectsthedominantdecisionmakingnmthatdevelopsduringthegroup’sdiscussion.Whethertheshiftinthegroup’sdecisionistowardgreatercautionmeriskdependsonthedominantprediscussionnm.Gro
8、upthinkWehaveallseenthesymptomsofthegroupthinkphenomenon:(1)Groupmembersrationalizeanyresistancetotheassumptionstheyhavemade.Nomatterhowstronglytheevidencemaycontradicttheirbasicassumptionsmembersbehavesoastoreinfcethose
9、assumptionscontinually(2)Membersapplydirectpressuresonthosewhomomentarilyexpressdoubtsaboutanyofthegroup’ssharedviewswhoquestionthevalidityofargumentssupptingthealternativefavedbythemajity(3)Thosememberswhohavedoubtshold
10、differingpointsofviewseektoavoiddeviatingfromwhatappearstobegroupconsensusbykeepingsilentaboutmisgivingsevenminimizingtothemselvestheimptanceoftheirdoubts(4)Thereappearstobeanillusionofunanimity.Ifsomeonedoesn’tspeakit’s
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