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1、partiiievolutionthebiologycner第三部分進化生物學第三部分進化生物學的角落的角落partiiievolutionthebiologycner第三部分進化生物學的角落CHAPTER17DarwinEvolution17.1HistyofEvolutionaryThought1.In1831lesDarwina22yearoldnaturalistacceptedapositionaboardtheshipHMS
2、BeaglethatbeganavoyagearoundthewlditprovidedDarwinwithmanyobservations.2.ThepreDarwinianwldviewwasdifferentfromthepostDarwinian.a.PreDarwinianwldviewwasdeterminedbyintractabletheologicalbeliefs.1)Theearthisyoung.2)Eachsp
3、ecieswasspeciallycreateddidnotchangeovertime.3)Variationsareimperfectionsvaryingfromaperfectlyadaptedcreation.4)Observationsaretosubstantiatetheprevailingwldview.b.Darwin’sideaswerepartofalargerchangeinthoughtalreadyunde
4、rwayamongbiologiststhisconceptwouldeventuallybeknownasevolution.A.EighteenthCenturyContributions1.CarolusLinnaeusTaxonomya.Taxonomyisthescienceofclassifyingganismstaxonomyhadbeenamainconcernofbiology.b.CarolusLinnaeus(17
5、07–1778)wasaSwedishtaxonomist.1)Linnaeusdevelopedabinomialsystemofnomenclature(twopartnamesfeachspecies[e.g.Homosapiens]).2)Hedevelopedasystemofclassificationfallknownplants.3)LikeothertaxonomistsofhistimeLinnaeusbelieve
6、dintheideasofa)specialcreation—eachspecieshadan“ideal”structureexplanationoffossilhisty:thebeliefthatcatastrophicextinctionsoccurredafterwhichrepopulationofsurvivingspeciesoccurredgivinganappearanceofchangethroughtime.2.
7、Lamarck’sAcquiredacteristicsa.Lamarck(1744–1829)wasthefirsttostatethatdescentwithmodificationoccursthatganismsbecomeadaptedtotheirenvironments.b.LamarckaninvertebratezoologistheldideasatoddswithCuvier’s.c.Lamarckmistaken
8、lysaw“adesirefperfection”asinherentinalllivingthings.d.InheritanceofacquiredacteristicswasLamarck’sbeliefthatganismsbecomeadaptedtotheirenvironmentduringtheirlifetimepasstheseadaptationstotheiroffspring.e.Experimentsfail
9、toupholdLamarck’sinheritanceofacquiredacteristics17.2Darwin’sTheyofEvolutionA.Darwin’sBackground1.HisnaturewastoosensitivetopursuemedicineheattendeddivinityschoolatCambridge.2.Heattendedbiologygeologylectureswastutedbyth
10、eReverendJohnHenslow.3.HenslowarrangedhisfiveyeartripontheHMSBeagleDarwinwasanobservantstudentofnature.B.GeologyFossils1.Observedmassivegeologicalchangeswerecausedbyslowcontinuousprocesses.a.DarwintookLyell’sbookPrincipl
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