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1、外文原文與譯文外文原文與譯文?外文原文NeuralNeuralwkwkIntroductionIntroduction1.ObjectivesAsyoureadthesewdsyouareusingacomplexbiologicalneuralwk.Youhaveahighlyinterconnectedsetofsome1011neuronstofacilitateyourreadingbreathingmotionthinking

2、.Eachofyourbiologicalneurons，arichassemblyoftissuechemistryhasthecomplexityifnotthespeedofamicroprocess.Someofyourneuralstructurewaswithyouatbirth.Otherpartshavebeenestablishedbyexperience.Scientistshaveonlyjustbeguntoun

3、dersthowbiologicalneuralwksoperate.Itisgenerallyunderstoodthatallbiologicalneuralfunctionsincludingmemyarestedintheneuronsintheconnectionsbetweenthem.Learningisviewedastheestablishmentofnewconnectionsbetweenneuronsthemod

4、ificationofexistingconnections.Thisleadstothefollowingquestion:Althoughwehaveonlyarudimentaryunderstingofbiologicalneuralwksisitpossibletoconstructasmallsetofsimpleartificial“neurons”perhapstrainthemtoserveausefulfunctio

5、nTheansweris“yes.”Thisbookthenisaboutartificialneuralwks.Theneuronsthatweconsiderherearenotbiological.Theyareextremelysimpleabstractionsofbiologicalneuronsrealizedaselementsinaprogramperhapsascircuitsmadeofsilicon.wksoft

6、heseartificialneuronsdonothaveafractionofthepowerofthehumanbrainbuttheycanbetrainedtoperfmusefulfunctions.Thisbookisaboutsuchneuronsthewksthatcontainthemtheirtraining.2.HistyThehistyofartificialneuralwksisfilledwithcolfu

7、lcreativeindividualsfrommanydifferentfieldsmanyofwhomstruggledfdecadestoHelmholtzErnstMuchIvanPavlov.Thisearlywkemphasizedgeneraltheiesoflearningvisionconditioningetc.didnotincludespecificmathematicalmodelsofneuronoperat

8、ion.Themodernviewofneuralwksbeganinthe1940swiththewkofWarrenMcCullochWalterPitts[McPi43]whoshowedthatwksofartificialneuronscouldinprinciplecomputeanyarithmeticlogicalfunction.Theirwkisoftenacknowledgedastheiginoftheneura

9、lwkfield.McCullochPittswerefollowedbyDonaldHebb[Hebb49]whoproposedthatclassicalconditioning(asdiscoveredbyPavlov)ispresentbecauseofthepropertiesofindividualneurons.Heproposedamechanismflearninginbiologicalneurons.Thefirs

10、tpracticalapplicationofartificialneuralwkscameinthelate1950swiththeinventionoftheperceptionwkassociatedlearningrulebyFrankRosenblatt[Rose58].Rosenblatthiscolleaguesbuiltaperceptionwkdemonstrateditsabilitytoperfmpatternre

11、cognition.Thisearlysuccessgeneratedagreatdealofinterestinneuralwkresearch.Unftunatelyitwaslatershownthatthebasicperceptionwkcouldsolveonlyalimitedclassofproblems.(SeeChapter4fmeonRosenblatttheperceptionlearningrule.)Atab

12、outthesametimeBernardWidrowTedHoff[WiHo60]introducedanewlearningalgithmusedittotrainadaptivelinearneuralwkswhichweresimilarinstructurecapabilitytoRosenblatt’sperception.TheWidrowHofflearningruleisstillinusetoday.(SeeChap

13、ter10fmeonWidrowHofflearning.)UnftunatelybothRosenblattsWidrowswkssufferedfromthesameinherentlimitationswhichwerewidelypublicizedinabookbyMarvinMinskySeymourPapert[MiPa69].RosenblattWidrowwereawareoftheselimitationspropo

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