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簡介：中文中文9500字文獻出處文獻出處TARIQMB,MANSYA,FEAMSTERN,ETALCHARACTERIZINGVLANINDUCEDSHARINGINACAMPUSNETWORKC//ACMSIGCOMMCONFERENCEONINTERNETMEASUREMENTCONFERENCEACM,2009116121校園網中校園網中VLAN誘導特征的共享誘導特征的共享MBTARIQ，AMANSY，NFEAMSTER，MAMMAR摘要摘要許多企業(yè)、校園和數據中心網絡在IP層下面都有復雜的二層虛擬局域網（VLAN），這些VLAN中二層和IP拓撲結構之間的相互作用說明了IP層網絡和物理層基礎設備之間的依賴關系，這對于像對網絡容量、能力的規(guī)劃及錯誤診斷的網絡管理工作有意義。本文介紹了在一個大型校園網中這種依賴關系的程度和效果。我們先設計和實現一個公共可用的以太線路的方法，這個線路中說明了連接以太網交換機的二層拓撲結構。利用這種方法，我們可以知道二層的圖譜結構，并把它和IP拓撲結合起來。我們知道幾乎70的二層邊緣被10個或者更多的IP邊緣所共享，并且一個簡單的二層邊緣可能被多于34個不同的IP邊緣所共享。這種二層邊緣和IP路徑中交換機的共享是由于中繼復接各VLAN到相同的接入路由器上，或者是由于共享二層的基礎設施但有邏輯上獨立的IP子網和路由器的學校各部門的地理位置所造成的。我們測試這種共享對與故障診斷的精確性和特征的影響，例如，應用對IP拓撲進行網絡斷層掃面技術來診斷由二層設備引起的僅僅54的精準度的故障和當我們把斷層掃面技術用在交叉層時100的精準度進行比較。分類和子網描述分類和子網描述C23計算機通信網網絡運營，網絡管理一般術語一般術語管理，測量，可靠性關鍵字關鍵字網絡診斷，網絡虛擬技術，VLAN（虛擬局域網），VLAN誘導依賴性1簡介簡介VLAN使不同的局域網在一個固定的物理交換機和鏈路上并存。企業(yè)、校園和數據中心網絡利用VLAN在物理網絡拓撲中把不同的主機分在共同的管理或功能單元內而不受地理位置的限制。例如，在一個校園網的配置中，把所有學生放在同一個VLAN中以便網絡管理員可以簡單的利用相同的策略把用戶分簡單分析。我們把二層相關性進行量化，以便能推出網絡中斷層掃面算法的不精確程度，并證明交叉層方法可以通過兩個因素和四個特性因素改進這種不精確度。在第二節(jié)中，我們介紹了VLAN的背景和以太線路的概述。在第三節(jié)中，我們在喬治亞大學校園應用了以太線路。在第四節(jié)中，我們分析了IP分段中的共享依賴性的程度和特征，表述了VLAN誘導的共享的類型。在第五節(jié)中，我們描述了交叉層故障定位方法來改進推論中的精確性和特性。我們在第六和第七節(jié)中回顧了相關的工作。2二層拓撲結構的發(fā)現二層拓撲結構的發(fā)現這節(jié)主要對VLAN、以太線路和二層拓撲結構推斷工具進行了簡單的概述。21VLAN的背景的背景基于以太網的局域網絡通過學習型網橋把網絡各個分段連接起來。這些網橋實用一個生成樹算法實現了一個回路拓撲結構。這些網橋通過偵聽主機發(fā)出的數據幀學習網絡中主機的位置，如果一個網橋偵聽到主機A通過端口X發(fā)送了一個數據幀，那么這個網橋今后就會把所有發(fā)給A的幀送到端口X。網橋在網橋表中維護這個信息，這個網橋表中所有的記錄都有主機的MAC地址以及主機接收數據幀的端口號。這個網橋表是動態(tài)的，如果表中記錄沒有被主機的幀在超時時間內刷新的話就失效了，然后調用那些MAC地址刷新了的主機活動。在虛擬局域網中，一個單一的網橋可能被指定給一個或多個VLAN。網橋在每個VLAN中形成一個獨立的生成樹，這使得多重虛擬拓撲能夠在網絡上共存。為了支持VLAN，網橋表中的記錄包括了12BIT的直接從數據幀中復制來的VLAN標識符。網橋利用網橋表在每個VLAN內部進行交換，而不跨VLAN交換，通過連接到一個路由器進行VLAN之間的通信?，F代路由器和交換路由器設備都支持VLAN接口，這些接口讓他們以多重虛擬接口的形式，在各個獨立的VLAN中出現。

簡介：CHARACTERIZINGVLANINDUCEDSHARINGINACAMPUSNETWORKMUKARRAMBINTARIQ,AHMEDMANSY,NICKFEAMSTER,MOSTAFAAMMAR{MTARIQ,AMANSY,FEAMSTER,AMMAR}CCGATECHEDUSCHOOLOFCOMPUTERSCIENCE,GEORGIATECHATLANTA,GAABSTRACTMANYENTERPRISE,CAMPUS,ANDDATACENTERNETWORKSHAVECOMPLEXLAYER2VIRTUALLANS“VLANS”BELOWTHEIPLAYERTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENLAYER2ANDIPTOPOLOGIESINTHESEVLANSINTRODUCESHIDDENDEPENDENCIESBETWEENIPLEVELNETWORKANDTHEPHYSICALINFRASTRUCTURETHATHASIMPLICATIONSFORNETWORKMANAGEMENTTASKSSUCHASPLANNINGFORCAPACITYORRELIABILITY,ANDFORFAULTDIAGNOSISTHISPAPERCHARACTERIZESTHEEXTENTANDEFFECTOFTHESEDEPENDENCIESINALARGECAMPUSNETWORKWEFIRSTPRESENTTHEDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFETHERTRACE,ATOOLTHATWEMAKEPUBLICLYAVAILABLE,WHICHINFERSTHELAYER2TOPOLOGYUSINGDATAPASSIVELYCOLLECTEDFROMETHERNETSWITCHESUSINGTHISTOOL,WEINFERTHELAYER2TOPOLOGYFORALARGECAMPUSNETWORKANDCOMPAREITWITHTHEIPTOPOLOGYWEFINDTHATALMOST70OFLAYER2EDGESARESHAREDBY10ORMOREIPEDGES,ANDASINGLELAYER2EDGEMAYBESHAREDBYASMANYAS34DIFFERENTIPEDGESTHISSHARINGOFLAYER2EDGESANDSWITCHESAMONGIPPATHSCOMMONLYRESULTSFROMTRUNKINGMULTIPLEVLANSTOTHESAMEACCESSROUTER,ORFROMCOLOCATIONOFACADEMICDEPARTMENTSTHATSHARELAYER2INFRASTRUCTURE,BUTHAVELOGICALLYSEPARATEIPSUBNETANDROUTERSWEEXAMINEHOWTHISSHARINGAFFECTSTHEACCURACYANDSPECIFICITYOFFAULTDIAGNOSISFOREXAMPLE,APPLYINGNETWORKTOMOGRAPHYTOTHEIPTOPOLOGYTODIAGNOSEFAILURESCAUSEDBYLAYER2DEVICESRESULTSINONLY54ACCURACY,COMPAREDTO100ACCURACYWHENOURTOMOGRAPHYALGORITHMTAKESINPUTACROSSLAYERSCATEGORIESANDSUBJECTDESCRIPTORSC23COMPUTERCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKSNETWORKOPERATIONS,NETWORKMANAGEMENTGENERALTERMSMANAGEMENT,MEASUREMENT,RELIABILITYKEYWORDSNETWORKDIAGNOSIS,NETWORKVIRTUALIZATION,VLAN,VLANINDUCEDDEPENDENCY1INTRODUCTIONVIRTUALLANSVLANSENABLEMANYDISTINCTLANSTOCOEXISTONAFIXEDSETOFPHYSICALSWITCHESANDLINKSENTERPRISE,CAMPUS,ANDDATACENTERNETWORKSUSEVLANSTOGROUPHOSTSINTOCOMMONADMINISTRATIVEORFUNCTIONALUNITS,INDEPENDENTOFTHEIRLOCATIONINTHEPHYSICALNETWORKTOPOLOGYFOREXAMPLE,ACAMPUSNETWORKCONPERMISSIONTOMAKEDIGITALORHARDCOPIESOFALLORPARTOFTHISWORKFORPERSONALORCLASSROOMUSEISGRANTEDWITHOUTFEEPROVIDEDTHATCOPIESARENOTMADEORDISTRIBUTEDFORPROFITORCOMMERCIALADVANTAGEANDTHATCOPIESBEARTHISNOTICEANDTHEFULLCITATIONONTHEFIRSTPAGETOCOPYOTHERWISE,TOREPUBLISH,TOPOSTONSERVERSORTOREDISTRIBUTETOLISTS,REQUIRESPRIORSPECIFICPERMISSIONAND/ORAFEEIMC’09,NOVEMBER4–6,2009,CHICAGO,ILLINOIS,USACOPYRIGHT2009ACM9781605587707/09/111000FIGURATIONMAYPLACEALLSTUDENTSONACOMMONVLANTOMAKEITEASIERFORANETWORKADMINISTRATORTOAPPLYCOMMONPOLICIESTOTHEGROUPOFUSERSVLANSOFFERNETWORKOPERATORSFLEXIBILITYFORSPECIFYINGMANAGEMENTANDSECURITYPOLICIESWITHINANENTERPRISEANDALLOWOPERATORSTOIMPLEMENTSOMELEVELOFISOLATIONBYSEPARATINGHOSTSINTODIFFERENTBROADCASTDOMAINSTHISFLEXIBILITY,HOWEVER,COMESATSOMECOSTIPLAYERPATHSTHATAREOTHERWISEDISJOINTMAYBE“TRUNKED”ATLAYER2,THEREBYINTRODUCINGSHARINGBETWEENPATHSTHATMIGHTHAVEOTHERWISEEXPERIENCEDINDEPENDENTPERFORMANCEANDFAILURECHARACTERISTICSEG,IFTHEYHADNOTSHAREDPHYSICALINFRASTRUCTUREMOREOVER,BECAUSETHESELAYER2PATHSARENOTVISIBLEATTHEIPLAYER,THISSHARINGMAYMAKEITMOREDIFFICULTTODIAGNOSESOMEPERFORMANCEPROBLEMSWITHCONVENTIONALIPLAYERTOOLSEG,TRACEROUTETOPROPERLYDESIGNANDDEBUGTHEIRNETWORKS,NETWORKOPERATORSNEEDTOOLSTHATPROVIDESOMEVISIBILITYINTONETWORKPATHSTHATSHARECOMMONNETWORKELEMENTSATLOWERLAYERSEG,LAYER2SWITCHESORMIDDLEBOXESUNFORTUNATELY,CURRENTUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISSHARINGHOWTOMEASUREANDCHARACTERIZEIT,ASWELLASITSEFFECTSONNETWORKRELIABILITY,TROUBLESHOOTING,ANDDIAGNOSISISPOORIFOPERATORSCOULDINSTEADHAVEBETTERVISIBILITYINTOCROSSLAYERDEPENDENCIES,THEYMIGHTBEABLETOBETTERDESIGNTHEIRNETWORKSTOAVOIDDEPENDENCIESTHATMIGHTCOMPROMISEREDUNDANCY,ANDTHEYMIGHTALSOBEABLETODIAGNOSEPERFORMANCEORAVAILABILITYPROBLEMSMOREQUICKLYBYIDENTIFYINGCOMMONLOWERLAYERNETWORKELEMENTSONPATHSTHATMIGHTAPPEARINDEPENDENTATHIGHERLAYERSTHISPAPERDOESNOTTACKLETHECHALLENGINGQUESTIONOFNETWORKDESIGNINSTEAD,WETAKEANINITIALFIRSTSTEPINCROSSLAYERANALYSIS,FOCUSINGONHOWVLANSCREATESHARINGANDDEPENDENCIESBETWEENIPLAYERPATHSTHATAREOTHERWISEDISJOINTWEPRESENTAPRELIMINARYSTUDYTHATCHARACTERIZESTHEDEPENDENCIESTHATEXISTAMONGIPSUBNETSTHATRUNOVERTHEVLANSONALARGECAMPUSNETWORKWEALSOCHARACTERIZETHECAUSESOFTHISSHARING,ASWELLASTHEIMPLICATIONSOFSHARINGFORBOTHRELIABILITYANDNETWORKFAULTDIAGNOSISTOWARDSTHISGOAL,THISPAPERPRESENTSTHREECONTRIBUTIONSETHERTRACE,APASSIVELAYER2TOPOLOGYDISCOVERYTOOLETHERTRACEINFERSTHEVLANLAYER2NETWORKTOPOLOGYUSINGMOSTLYPASSIVEMEASUREMENTSOFBRIDGEANDARPTABLESFROMTHESWITCHESINTHENETWORKWEHAVEMADEETHERTRACEPUBLICLYAVAILABLE7ANEMPIRICALANALYSISANDCHARACTERIZATIONOFVLANINDUCEDSHARINGINALARGECAMPUSNETWORKWEANALYZEVLANINDUCEDSHARINGACROSSIPNETWORKSEGMENTSFORTHEGEORGIATECHCAMPUSNETWORKTHETOPOLOGYDISCOVERYANDANALYSISUSESBRIDGETABLEENTRIESFROM1,461SWITCHESCORRESPONDINGTOABOUT29,000ACTIVEMACADDRESSESSPANNINGFIGURE1PORTLABELSSHOWTHEHOSTSWHOSEFRAMESARERECEIVEDONTHATPORTSWITCHESTHATAREALONGTHEPATHBETWEENHOSTS1AND2IE,THESHADEDNODESRECEIVETHEFRAMESFROMTHESEHOSTSONTWODIFFERENTPORTSOTHERSWITCHESRECEIVETHEFRAMESFROMTHEHOSTSONTHESAMEPORT,IFATALLSPECIFICALLY,FORHOSTSXANDY,THEELEMENTSONTHEPATHAREGIVENASASETOF3TUPLESASFOLLOWS?SX,Y{EB,EP,EVE∈TX?Y,EB∈BTX∩BTY,EV∈VTX∩VTY}1THEFIRSTCONSTRAINTINEQUATION1SELECTSALLOFTHEBRIDGE,PORT,VLANTUPLESTHATBELONGTOEITHERHOSTS,EXCEPTTHOSETHATAREIDENTICALIE,WHERETHEBRIDGEHEARSFROMTHETWOHOSTSONTHESAMEPORTANDVLANTAGTHESECONDANDTHIRDCONSTRAINTSENSURETHATETHERTRACEINCLUDESONLYTHEBRIDGESTHATRECEIVEFRAMESFROMBOTHHOSTSONSAMEVLANSTHEREARETWOSUBCASESALTHOUGHNETWORKADMINISTRATORSUSUALLYCONFIGUREEACHVLANTOCORRESPONDTOONEIPSUBNET,ITISPOSSIBLETOCONNECTMULTIPLEVLANSBYCONNECTINGTWONONTRUNKPORTSWITHALOOPCABLE,INWHICHCASETHESPANNINGTREESONTHEVLANSMERGEIFTHETWOHOSTSAREONSUCHVLANS,THEABOVEALGORITHMWILLSTILLWORKCORRECTLYBECAUSETHEMERGEDVLANSWILLAPPEARINVTX∩VTYTHESECONDSUBCASEOCCURSWHENAPAIROFBRIDGESALONGAPATHARECONNECTEDTHROUGHAPASSIVECOMPONENT,SUCHASAHUBORAREPEATERELEMENTETHERTRACECANNOTRECOGNIZESUCHPASSIVEELEMENTSIFTHETWOHOSTSAREONSUCHASEGMENT,ETHERTRACEDECLARESANEMPTYPATHBETWEENTHEHOSTSINMOSTMODERNNETWORKDEPLOYMENTS,EACHHOSTCONNECTSDIRECTLYTOASWITCHPORTANDTHEREISLITTLE,IFANY,COMMUNICATIONTHATTAKESPLACEOVERHUBSORBUSESASARESULT,ETHERTRACEWILLFAILINONLYAFEWCASESSIMILARTOTHISSUBCASE,ITISPOSSIBLETHATETHERTRACEISNOTAWAREOFPRESENCEOFSOMESWITCHESINTHENETWORKANDTHUSDOESNOTOBTAINBRIDGETABLESFROMTHEMETHERTRACEISUNABLETODETECTSUCHSWITCHESIFTHEYAPPEARONTHEPATHCASE2HOSTSONDIFFERENTVLANSWHENHOSTSAREONDIFFERENTVLANSONTHENETWORK,ETHERTRACECANDETERMINETHELAYER2PATHBETWEENTHESEHOSTSBYUSINGTHEIPLEVELTRACEROUTEBETWEENTHESEHOSTSETHERTRACEFIRSTINFERSTHELAYER2PATHELEMENTSFOREACHIPPATHSEGMENTANDTHENCONCATENATESTHEMTODETERMINEELEMENTSONTHEENTIREPATHIFTHETRACEROUTEBETWEENTHEHOSTSXANDYIS{H1HK},H1XANDHKYTHENTHESETOFLAYER2ELEMENTSONTHEPATHISDATASOURCESSWITCHES1,358SUCCESSFULLYPOLLEDFORTHISDATASET1,461TOTALINTHENETWORKROUTERS31CPRNODES79DATASETBRIDGETABLESPOLLINGINTERVAL4HOURSARPTABLESPOLLINGINTERVAL1HOUR28,836ACTIVEMACADDRESSES88,932INCLUDINGSTALEIPTRACEROUTESONCEEVERYFIVEMINUTESTABLE1SUMMARYOFTHEDATASETDURATION1S2S5S20S40S57SSWITCHES7009861114128013401358486776879193TABLE2LATENCYFOROBTAININGBRIDGETABLEENTRIESFROMTHESWITCHES93OFSWITCHESREPLIEDWITHINONEMINUTESX,YI1K?1?SHI,HI12IMPLEMENTATIONWEHAVEIMPLEMENTEDETHERTRACEINPYTHONWITHAMYSQLDATABASEBACKENDANDMADEITPUBLICLYAVAILABLE7THECURRENTIMPLEMENTATIONOFETHERTRACERELIESONADATABASETHATISCONTINUALLYUPDATEDWITHTHEBRIDGETABLESFROMSWITCHES,ARPTABLESFROMROUTERS,ANDTRACEROUTEINFORMATIONFROMTHEHOSTSINTHENETWORKOBTAININGTHEBRIDGETABLESFROMTHESWITCHESANDARPTABLESFROMTHEROUTERSREQUIRESADMINISTRATIVEACCESSTOTHESEDEVICES,BUTONCETHEINTERMEDIATEDATABASEISPOPULATEDWITHTHESETABLES,THEINFERENCEISPASSIVEANDDOESNOTREQUIREINTERACTIONWITHTHENETWORKDEVICESASARESULTUSERSDONOTREQUIREADMINISTRATIVEACCESSTOTHENETWORKDEVICESTOOBTAINTHELAYER2PATHS3DATAANDTOPOLOGYTHISSECTIONDESCRIBESTHEDATAANDTHEPROCESSOFINFERRINGTHELAYER2TOPOLOGYUSINGETHERTRACE31DATATYPESOFDATAWERELYONTHREESOURCESOFDATA,ALLFROMTHEGEORGIATECHCAMPUSNETWORKTHEFIRSTISTHEBRIDGETABLEENTRIESOBTAINEDFROMALLTHESWITCHESWEPOLLTHESESWITCHESEVERYFOURHOURSUSINGSNMPTHESECONDISTHEARPTABLESWEPOLLTHESEROUTERSHOURLYTHESETABLESPROVIDEUSWITHIPADDRESSTOMACADDRESSMAPPINGSTHETHIRDISTHEIPTRACEROUTESBETWEEN79CPRNODES4,ENDHOSTSTHATAREDEPLOYEDINMOSTLYDISTINCTSUBNETSONTHECAMPUSNETWORKTHESENODESPERFORMPAIRWISETRACEROUTESTOEACHOTHERONCEEVERYFIVEMINUTESHISTORICALLY,THISDATAHASBEENCOLLECTEDFORAUDITINGPURPOSES,WHICHISWHYEACHDATASETHASDIFFERENTPOLLINGINTERVALSTHETRACEROUTEDATAFROMTHECPRNODESISTHEONLYONEDESIGNEDFORACTIVEMEASUREMENTTHISPAPERFOCUSESONCHARACTERIZATIONOFVLANINDUCEDDEPENDENCIESINASTABLENETWORK,SOTHESLOWUPDATERATESSUFFICEFORTHISSTUDYCOMPLETENESSANDCONSISTENCYBECAUSETHEARPANDBRIDGETABLEENTRIESUSUALLYEXPIREMOREFREQUENTLYTHANOURRESPECTIVEPOLLINGINTERVALS,ASINGLESNAPSHOTOFTHENETWORKSTATEMAYNOTCONTAIN

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