簡介：ASSESSINGTHEFUTURECHALLENGESINSTRATEGICSOURCINGCOMMODITYFROMCHINAACASESTUDYANALYSISNEILTOWERSAANDYISONGBADEPARTMENTOFMANAGEMENTANDLANGUAGES,HERIOTWATTUNIVERSITY,EDINBURGH,UKBSCHOOLOFMATERIALS,UNIVERSITYOFMANCHESTER,MANCHESTER,UKTHEREHASBEENANINCREASINGTRENDOFGLOBALSOURCINGGARMENTSUPPLYFROMSOUTHEASTASIABUTTHECHALLENGESCONFRONTINGRETAILERSSOURCINGCOMMODITYANDSEASONALGARMENTSFROMCOUNTRIESSUCHASCHINAARELESSWELLUNDERSTOODASUPPLIEREVALUATIONMODELDEVELOPEDFROMTHEKAUFMANNANDHEDDERICH2005FRAMEWORKASSESSESTHEDELIVERY,FLEXIBILITY,COST,QUALITY,RELIABILITYANDCULTURESOURCINGCHALLENGESFROMCHINAUSINGACASESTUDYAPPROACHOFAUKBASEDGARMENTSOURCINGCOMPANYUSINGAFUZZYLOGICMETHODTHERESULTSHAVEIDENTIFIEDTHATTHEHIGHESTCHALLENGESINCLUDEUNFORESEENRISKINDELIVERYPROCESS,RIGIDNEGOTIABILITY,LANGUAGEBARRIERSANDCHINESESTYLEBUSINESSCUSTOMSTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCHALLENGESAREIMPROVEMENT,SOURCINGLOCATION,LANGUAGESBARRIERS,UNFORESEENDELIVERYRISKSANDCUSTOMERSERVICESKEYWORDSCHINACHINESEGARMENTSUPPLYCOMMODITYFUZZYLOGICMETHODOLOGYSTRATEGICGLOBALSOURCINGTRADINGRELATIONSHIPSINTRODUCTIONMANYFIRMSARECOMBININGINTERNATIONALANDGLOBALSOURCINGTOACHIEVESUSTAINABLECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESSUCHASLOWERPRICES,BETTERQUALITY,ACCESSTONEWMARKETANDSHORTERPRODUCTLIFECYCLESSHOOKETAL2009GLOBALIZATIONHASBECOMEONEOFTHEMOSTINEVITABLETRENDSINRECENTYEARSASGARMENTRETAILERSHAVETODEALWITHCUSTOMERINSPIREDCHANGEMOREQUICKLYANDMOREFREQUENTLYTHANEVERBEFOREWHILSTFOCUSINGONCOSTREDUCTIONLEADINGRETAILERSINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESDEPENDHEAVILYONOVERSEASMANUFACTURERSASTHEIRSOURCEOFGARMENTSMANYBRANDSCOOPERATETHROUGHALLIANCESWITHOVERSEASPARTNERSTOPRODUCEBRANDEDCLOTHINGANDFOOTWEARLEEETAL2004GLOBALSOURCINGHASBEENDEFINEDAS‘THEINTEGRATIONANDCOORDINATIONOFPROCUREMENTREQUIREMENTSACROSSWORLDWIDEBUSINESSUNITS,LOOKINGATCOMMONITEMS,PROCESSES,TECHNOLOGIES,ANDSUPPLIERS’MONCZKAANDTRENT1991,P3ITCANGENERATECOSTSAVINGSFROM10TO40,WHICHMAKESITANATTRACTIVESTRATEGYTOPURSUEFORGARMENTRETAILERSFREARETAL1992,ZENG2003SOMEPOPULAREUROPEANFASHIONBRANDSHAVEPROGRESSIVELYMOVEDTHEIRSUPPLYREGIONSFROMEUROPETOSOUTHEASTASIA,ASTHESECOUNTRIESAREVERYCOMPETITIVEFORTHEIRLOWPRODUCTPRICESANDINCREASINGQUALITYLEVELSTOWERSANDPENG2006,MASSONETAL2007WITHTHELARGEVOLUMEGARMENTPRODUCERSOFCHINAANDINDIAGRADUALLYINCREASINGACCESSTOFOREIGNCOMPANIES,THEREISANINCREASINGTRENDOFMULTINATIONALCOMPANIESWHOREGARDAGLOBALPROCUREMENTSTRATEGYASANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHENEWBUSINESSSTRATEGYTOFOLLOWTHETRENDOFGLOBALIZATION,GARMENTRETAILERSCHOOSEGLOBALSOURCINGASTHEIRISSN13602381PRINT/ISSN1743792XONLINEQ2010TAYLORFRANCISDOI101080/13602380903068071HTTP//WWWINFORMAWORLDCOMCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILNTOWERSHWACUKASIAPACIFICBUSINESSREVIEWVOL16,NO4,OCTOBER2010,527–544AMERCHANDISERANGEISDIVIDEDINTOTHREEMAJORSEGMENTSOFBASIC,SEASONALANDSHORTSEASONLOWSON2003,WHICHPROVIDEANUMBEROFCHALLENGESFORGLOBALSOURCINGOFGARMENTSABASICORCOMMODITYGARMENT,SUCHASASINGLECOLOURTEESHIRTISTYPICALLYAVAILABLEALLYEAR,WITHADEMANDFORECASTPROFILEBASEDONHISTORICALSALESPERFORMANCESUPPLYINTOTHEMARKETISDRIVENBYANALLOCATIVEPROCESSTHATRESPONDSTOVOLUMEREQUIREMENTSANDAPPORTIONSDELIVERIESACCORDINGLYDEMANDISRELATIVELYPREDICTABLE,WITHFORECASTERRORTYPICALLYBETWEEN10AND20MASONJONESETAL2000WITHAFOCUSOFMINIMIZINGCOSTINTHESUPPLYPROCESS,MOREFREQUENTDELIVERIESWITHSMALLERBATCHSIZESISANIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONFROMTHESUPPLIERTOREDUCEINVENTORYINTHESUPPLYPIPELINEASEASONALPRODUCTSUCHAMEN’SSUMMERJACKETISAVAILABLEFORASPECIFICTIMEPERIOD,TYPICALLYTENTOTHIRTEENWEEKS,ANDISCHARACTERIZEDBYFASHIONTRENDSASHORTSEASONGARMENTSUCHASAFASHIONLADIES’TOPISAVAILABLEFORALIMITEDPERIODOFTIME,OFTENWITHINASEASONORACROSSTWOSEASONSTHEIMPORTANTMARKETDRIVERFORBOTHTHESESEASONRELATEDPRODUCTSISAVAILABILITYOFTHEGARMENTRANGEINSTOREFORTHELIMITEDPERIODOFTIMEINTHESELLINGSEASONTHESALESFORECASTISUNPREDICTABLE,OFTENWITHANERROROFMORETHAN100ANDREQUIRESAVERYRESPONSIVESUPPLYCHAINTOSERVICETHEFLUCTUATINGRETAILERS’DEMANDREQUIREMENTS,PARTICULARLYATTHEITEMORPRODUCTLEVELHENCE,CONNECTINGTHEDEMANDREQUIREMENTSWITHTHESUPPLIER’SCAPABILITYISTHEKEYTOSERVICINGTHEFINALCUSTOMERS’REQUIREMENTSOFAVAILABILITYINSTORETHEREAREANUMBEROFBENEFITSTHATCANBEGAINEDFROMGLOBALSOURCING,INCLUDINGCOSTREDUCTION,QUALITY,AVAILABILITY,SHORTENINGTIMEOFPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT,IMPROVINGCOMPANYIMAGE,SATISFYINGOBLIGATIONS,BETTERDELIVERYTERMSANDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSCHOANDKANG2001HOWEVER,DUETOTHEGEOGRAPHICALDISTANCEANDDIFFERENCESINLANGUAGEANDCULTURE,THEREAREMANYCHALLENGESFORAGARMENTMANUFACTURINGCOMPANYENGAGEDINGLOBALSOURCINGCHOANDKANG2001IDENTIFIED13CHALLENGESFORSOURCINGGARMENTSABROADTHATINCLUDEDCULTURALANDBEHAVIOURALFACTORSSUCHASLANGUAGEBARRIERS,DIFFERENTCUSTOMSANDBUSINESSPRACTICES,ASWELLASOPERATIONSMANAGEMENTANDECONOMICINFLUENCESTHEREHASBEENAGROWINGRECOGNITIONTHATOFFSHORERETAILTRADINGWITHSUPPLIERSHASBECOMEHIGHLYDEPENDANTONTHESTRENGTHOFTHERELATIONSHIPSTHATINCORPORATESOCIOLOGICALISSUESASWELLASTHEMUTUALEXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONRELATINGTOMATERIAL,CAPACITYANDORDERREQUIREMENTS,UNDERSTANDINGTHENEEDSANDCAPABILITYOFTHESUPPLIERISALSOIMPORTANTINTHELONGERTERMTOWERSANDBURNES2008BUYINGFIRMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPINGCLOSERSOURCINGRELATIONSHIPSINTHEIRDECISIONMAKINGFORGLOBALSOURCINGWITHSUPPLIERS,INVOLVINGSUCHISSUESASNEWPRODUCTINTRODUCTION,IMAGEANDAESTHETICSAFOCUSONACHIEVINGTHEOPERATIONALOBJECTIVESOFCOST,QUALITY,DELIVERYANDFLEXIBILITYTHROUGHANUMBEROFPERFORMANCEMEASURES,SHOWNINTABLE1BELOW,ISREQUIREDPYKEANDJOHNSON2003HENCE,SOURCINGFROMCHINAOFFERSCHALLENGESFROMANUMBEROFINFLUENCES,INCLUDINGECONOMIC,COMMUNICATION,SOCIOCULTURALANDPOLITICAL/REGULATORYCONSIDERATIONSFORINSTANCE,UKGARMENTRETAILERSSOURCINGFROMCHINANEEDTOINCLUDETHEEXTENDEDLEADTIMEOFDELIVERYTOTHEPOINTOFSALEFROMTHEMANUFACTURERTHESEAFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONTIMEISTYPICALLYSIXWEEKSFROMSHANGHAITOLONDON,ANDISCOMPOUNDEDBYANINTERNALLEADTIMEOFTENEXTENDEDBYTHEUNDERDEVELOPEDRURALCHINESEINFRASTRUCTUREFURTHER,OUTSIDEOFREGIONALCITIESITISDIFFICULTTOINTEGRATECHINESESUPPLIERSDUETOTHELACKOFITINFRASTRUCTURE,WHICHALSOINCREASESSEARCHCOSTSFORPOTENTIALSUPPLIERSANDMARKETDATAALTHOUGHENGLISHISTHEBUSINESSLANGUAGEINCHINA,THERESTILLEXISTLANGUAGEBARRIERSANDCULTURALPROBLEMSBETWEENUKCOMPANIESANDCHINESESUPPLIERSTOWERSANDPENG2006ALSO,THEREGULATORYSYSTEMINCHINAISNOTTRANSPARENT,WHICHGENERATESUNUSUALPROBLEMSINSELECTINGANDSOURCINGWHERECOMPANIESARESOMETIMESFORCEDTOCOLLABORATEWITH

簡介：MANAGEMENTSCIENCEVOL54,NO10,OCTOBER2008,PP1700–1714ISSN00251909?EISSN15265501?08?5410?1700INFORMS?DOI101287/MNSC10800895?2008INFORMSFINANCIALREPORTINGANDCONFLICTINGMANAGERIALINCENTIVESTHECASEOFMANAGEMENTBUYOUTSPAULEFISCHER,HENOCKLOUISACCOUNTINGDEPARTMENT,SMEALCOLLEGEOFBUSINESS,PENNSYLVANIASTATEUNIVERSITY,UNIVERSITYPARK,PENNSYLVANIA16802{PEF5PSUEDU,HUL4PSUEDU}WEANALYZETHEEFFECTOFEXTERNALFINANCINGCONCERNSONMANAGERS’FINANCIALREPORTINGBEHAVIORPRIORTOMANAGEMENTBUYOUTSMBOSPRIORSTUDIESHYPOTHESIZETHATMANAGERSINTENDINGTOUNDERTAKEANMBOHAVEANINCENTIVETOMANAGEEARNINGSDOWNWARDTOREDUCETHEPURCHASEPRICEWEHYPOTHESIZETHATMANAGERSALSOFACEACONFLICTINGREPORTINGINCENTIVEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEIREFFORTSTOOBTAINEXTERNALFINANCINGFORTHEMBOANDTOLOWERTHEIRFINANCINGCOSTCONSISTENTWITHOURHYPOTHESIS,WEFINDTHATMANAGERSWHORELYTHEMOSTONEXTERNALFUNDSTOFINANCETHEIRMBOSTENDTOREPORTLESSNEGATIVEABNORMALACCRUALPRIORTOTHEMBOSINADDITION,THERELATIONBETWEENEXTERNALFINANCINGANDABNORMALACCRUALSISTEMPEREDWHENTHEREAREMOREFIXEDASSETSTHATCANSERVEASCOLLATERALFORDEBTFINANCINGKEYWORDSMBOEARNINGSMANAGEMENTDEBTFINANCINGMANAGERIALINCENTIVESHISTORYACCEPTEDBYSTEFANREICHELSTEIN,ACCOUNTINGRECEIVEDJUNE16,2007THISPAPERWASWITHTHEAUTHORS2MONTHSFOR1REVISIONPUBLISHEDONLINEINARTICLESINADVANCESEPTEMBER5,20081INTRODUCTIONPRIORSTUDIESSUGGESTTHATFIRMSMANAGEEARNINGSPRIORTOCORPORATEEVENTSSUCHASMANAGEMENTBUYOUTSMBOSPERRYANDWILLIAMS1994,SEASONEDPUBLICOFFERINGSTEOHETAL1998,SHIVAKUMAR2000,STOCKFORSTOCKMERGERSERICKSONANDWANG1999,LOUIS2004,REVERSELEVERAGEBUYOUTSCHOUETAL2006,OPENMARKETREPURCHASESGONGETAL2008,ANDDUTCHAUCTIONTENDEROFFERSLOUISANDWHITE2007THESESTUDIESGENERALLYFOCUSONMANAGERS’INCENTIVESTOUSEREPORTINGDISCRETIONTOINFLUENCEEQUITYMARKETINVESTORSTHEREISLITTLECONSIDERATIONINTHELITERATURE,HOWEVER,FORTHEPRESENCEOFREPORTINGINCENTIVESTHATCONFLICTWITHTHEINCENTIVESTOINFLUENCEEQUITYMARKETINVESTORSWEANALYZETHEEFFECTOFEXTERNALFINANCINGCONSIDERATIONSONMANAGERS’FINANCIALREPORTINGBEHAVIORPRIORTOMBOSOURINTERESTINMBOSISHEIGHTENEDBYTHERESURGENCEINMBOACTIVITIESSTARTINGWITHTHELATE1990SANDMANAGERS’RENEWEDINTERESTINMBOSDUEPARTLYTOTHEDESIRETOAVOIDTHECOMPLIANCECOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHTHESARBANESOXLEYACTENGELETAL2007WEAREALSOINTERESTEDINTHEMBOSETTINGBECAUSEEXTANTSTUDIESONEARNINGSMANAGEMENTPRIORTOMBOSYIELDMIXEDRESULTSDEANGELO1986FINDSNOEVIDENCEOFEARNINGSMANAGEMENTPRIORTOMBOS,WHEREASPERRYANDWILLIAMS1994REPORTEVIDENCECONSISTENTWITHDOWNWARDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTBYCONTROLLINGFOREXTERNALFINANCINGINCENTIVES,WEMAYBEABLETOPROVIDECLEAREREVIDENCETHATMANAGERSRESPONDTOEQUITYMARKETINCENTIVESNONETHELESS,OURMAINMOTIVATIONFORCHOOSINGTHEMBOSETTINGISTHEPOTENTIALCONFLICTINGFINANCIALREPORTINGINCENTIVEASSOCIATEDWITHEXTERNALFINANCINGCONSIDERATIONSMANAGERSPLANNINGTOUNDERTAKEANMBOWANTTOPURCHASETHEIRFIRMS’EQUITYATASLOWAPRICEASPOSSIBLECONSEQUENTLY,PREVIOUSSTUDIESHYPOTHESIZETHATMANAGERSHAVEANINCENTIVETORELEASELESSFAVORABLEEARNINGSREPORTSTOEQUITYMARKETPARTICIPANTSPRIORTOANMBOINANATTEMPTTOREDUCETHEMBOPURCHASEPRICEEG,PERRYANDWILLIAMS1994WECONSIDERTHEPOSSIBILITYTHATMANAGERSHAVEACONFLICTINGEARNINGSMANAGEMENTINCENTIVEPRIORTOMBOSTHATISATTRIBUTABLETOEXTERNALFINANCINGCONCERNS,WHICHARETHOUGHTTOBESUBSTANTIALSEE,EG,OSBORN1984,KOSMAN1998,TRAN2000INTHEFRAMEWORKWEEMPLOYFOROURANALYSIS,THEFINANCINGRELATEDREPORTINGINCENTIVEISDRIVENBYMANAGEMENT’SCONCERNSREGARDINGTHEIRABILITYTOOBTAINMBOFINANCINGFROMEXTERNALPARTIESANDTHEIRDESIRETOOBTAINTHATFINANCINGATAFAVORABLECOSTTHEFINANCINGINCENTIVECONFLICTSWITHTHEEQUITYMARKETINCENTIVEBECAUSETHEFINANCINGINCENTIVESUGGESTSTHATMANAGERSSHOULDMANAGEEARNINGSUPWARDCONSEQUENTLY,TOTHEEXTENTTHATANEXTERNALFINANCINGINCENTIVEEXISTS,WEEXPECTITTOTEMPERTHEEQUITYMARKETINCENTIVEBASEDONOURFRAMEWORK,WEHYPOTHESIZETHATFINANCINGRELATEDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTINCENTIVESAREMOREPRONOUNCEDWHENTHEFUNDSNEEDEDTOEXECUTETHEBUYOUTMUSTBERAISEDTOAGREATEREXTENTFROMEXTERNALPARTIESINADDITION,WEHYPOTHESIZETHATTHEINCREASEINFINANCINGRELATEDINCENTIVESARISINGFROM1700FISCHERANDLOUISFINANCIALREPORTINGANDCONFLICTINGMANAGERIALINCENTIVESTHECASEOFMANAGEMENTBUYOUTS1702MANAGEMENTSCIENCE5410,PP1700–1714,?2008INFORMS??R/2?M2,WHERE?R0CONSISTENTWITHPRIOREARNINGSMANAGEMENTSTUDIES,WEUSEAQUADRATICCOSTFUNCTIONBECAUSEITPERMITSASIMPLECLOSEDFORMEQUILIBRIUMCHARACTERIZATIONOFTHEMANAGER’SEARNINGSMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYSEEFISCHERANDVERRECCHIA2000,DYEANDSRIDHAR2004TOEXECUTETHEMBO,THEMANAGERMUSTHAVEFUNDSTOPURCHASETHEEQUITYHEDOESNOTALREADYOWNANDPAYFOREXISTINGSENIORCLAIMSTHATMUSTBESETTLEDLETPBETHEFUNDSREQUIREDTOEXECUTETHEMBOWEASSUMEP??E?R??ME?,WHERE?0REPRESENTSTHEPAYMENTREQUIREDTOSETTLESENIORCLAIMSPLUSANYINTERCEPTTERMINALINEARPRICINGFUNCTIONFOROUTSTANDINGEQUITY,?EREPRESENTSTHESENSITIVITYOFTHEEQUITYMARKETPRICETOEQUITYMARKETPARTICIPANTBELIEFSABOUTUNMANAGEDEARNINGS,?E0,AND?MEISTHEEQUITYMARKETPARTICIPANTS’BELIEFSABOUTTHEMANAGER’SEARNINGSMANAGEMENTCHOICEHENCE,THELINEARFUNCTIONCAPTURESTHEIDEATHATTHEEQUITYPRICEISANINCREASINGLINEARFUNCTIONOFTHEMARKETBELIEFSABOUTUNMANAGEDEARNINGS,WHICHAREINCREASINGINTHEREPORTANDDECREASINGINTHEMARKETBELIEFSABOUTTHEMANAGER’SEARNINGSMANAGEMENTTHEMANAGEREXPECTSTORAISEF≥0FUNDSFROMEXTERNALSOURCES,WITHTHEREMAININGFUNDSCOMINGFROMTHEMBOGROUP,WHICHINCLUDESTHEMANAGERTHEINCREMENTALCOSTOFTHEEXTERNALLYRAISEDFUNDSISADECREASINGFUNCTIONOFTHEMANAGER’SEARNINGSREPORT,WHERETHESENSITIVITYOFTHECOSTTOTHEEARNINGSREPORTISDECREASINGINTHELEVELOFTHETARGETFIRM’SFIXEDASSETS,A,THATCANBEEMPLOYEDASCOLLATERALFORMALLY,THEINCREMENTALCOSTPERUNITOFTHEEXTERNALFINANCING,R,IS?F??F?A??R??MF?,WHERE?F0,?F?A?0,??F?A?0IFWEIMPOSETHESTANDARDREQUIREMENTTHATTHEEQUITYANDEXTERNALFINANCINGMARKETHAVERATIONALEXPECTATIONSINEQUILIBRIUM,WECANCOMPLETELYCHARACTERIZEANEQUILIBRIUMLEVELOFEARNINGSMANAGEMENT,M?INARATIONALEXPECTATIONSEQUILIBRIUM,?MF?MEM?,ANDM?ISOPTIMALFORTHEMANAGERGIVENTHAT?MF?MEM?IE,EQUATION2MUSTBESATISFIEDHENCE,ITFOLLOWSTHATM?MUSTSATISFYEQUATION2AFTERSUBSTITUTINGINM?FORALL?MF,?ME,ANDMSUBSTITUTINGINM?INTOEQUATION2ANDREARRANGINGYIELDSTHERATIONALEXPECTATIONSEQUILIBRIUMM?M???E?F?A?F?R?3INSUMMARY,THEN,EQUITYMARKETANDEXTERNALFINANCINGMARKETPARTICIPANTSANTICIPATETHATTHEMANAGERWILLMANAGEEARNINGSDOWNBY??E??F?A?F?/?RHENCE,INTHEABSENCEOFEXTERNALFINANCINGNEEDS,F0,DOWNWARDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTEQUALS?E/?R,WHICHISCONSISTENTWITHTHEHYPOTHESISINPRIORLITERATURE

簡介：CONSTRUCTIONOFADEEPSEAWHARFINTHECANADIANARCTICJSRITTBERG,EIT,1HGKULLMANN,PENG,2ANDPDUBé,PENG31,2WORLEYPARSONSWESTMAR,ADIVISIONOFWORLEYPARSONSCANADALTD,400233WEST1STSTREET,NORTHVANCOUVER,BC,V7M1B3,CANADAPH6049856488FAX6049852581EMAILSJENNIERITTBERGWORLEYPARSONSCOM,HARALDKULLMANNWORLEYPARSONSCOM3XSTRATANICKEL,120AVEDEL’AéROPORT,ROUYNNORANDA,QC,J9X5B7,CANADAPH5148254988EMAILPDUBEXSTRATANICKELCAABSTRACTTHEPORTFACILITYINDECEPTIONBAY,LOCATEDINTHEREMOTENUNAVIKREGIONOFTHECANADIANARCTIC,HASBEENOPERATEDBYXSTRATANICKELFORTHEIRRAGLANMINESINCE1998THEPORTWASORIGINALLYBUILTIN1971TOSERVICEAFORMERASBESTOSMININGOPERATIONIN2003,AFTER33YEARSOFSERVICE,THEWHARFWASIDENTIFIEDASINNEEDOFACOMPREHENSIVEREPAIRPROGRAMINORDERTOMAINTAINITINASAFEANDOPERATIONALCONDITIONHOWEVER,THEEXTENTOFDETERIORATIONWASNOTAPPARENTUNTILADETAILEDINSPECTIONINTHESUMMEROF2005REVEALEDTHATTHESTRUCTUREWASSUFFERINGFROMANAGGRESSIVEBACTERIALATTACKOFTHESTEELSHEETPILESANDALOCALIZEDCOLLAPSEINTHENEARTERMWASASTRONGPOSSIBILITYEMERGENCYREPAIRMEASURESWEREDESIGNEDANDINITIATEDANDTHEPLANNINGFORACOMPLETEWHARFREHABILITATIONPROGRAMIMPLEMENTEDCONSTRUCTIONOFACOMPLETEREPLACEMENTOFTHEWHARFSTRUCTUREWASSCHEDULEDFORTHESUMMEROF2007DURINGTHEPROJECTPLANNINGPHASE,ITBECAMEAPPARENTTHATDUETOTHEGLOBALDEMANDFORNICKELCOMBINEDWITHTHELIMITEDNICKELCONCENTRATESTORAGECAPACITYATDECEPTIONBAY,THEREWASINTENSEPRESSUREFROMTHEOWNERSTOMAINTAINSHIPPINGSCHEDULESTOAVOIDANYPOSSIBLEDISRUPTIONTOOPERATIONS,ANDWITHTHEADDEDCONSTRAINTOFAFOURMONTHICEFREECONSTRUCTIONWINDOW,THECONVENTIONALCONSTRUCTIONMETHODOFUSINGSTEELSHEETPILESFORARCTICDEEPSEAWHARVES,WASNOLONGERAFEASIBLEOPTIONINORDERTOMEETALLOFTHECOMMERCIALANDCONSTRUCTIONLIMITATIONSANDCONSTRAINTS,THEONLYREHABILITATIONOPTIONCONSIDEREDPOSSIBLEWITHINTHETIMEFRAMEWASTOCONSTRUCTNEWSTRUCTURESUSINGCONCRETECAISSONSTHISPAPERPRESENTSANOVERVIEWOFTHEPROJECTAPPROACHTAKENANDSOMEOFTHEUNIQUEFEATURESTHATWEREINCORPORATEDINTOTHEDESIGNTOOVERCOMETHEINHERENTPROBLEMSOFWORKINGINAREMOTELOCATION,ANDTHEPROJECTCONSTRAINTSRELATEDTOAVERYSHORTCONSTRUCTIONWINDOWANDALLOWINGTHEMINETOCONTINUESHIPPINGOPERATIONSDURINGCONSTRUCTIONBACKGROUNDTHEDECEPTIONBAYPORTISLOCATEDONTHEHUDSONSTRAITINTHECANADIANARCTICINNORTHERNQUEBECBUILTIN1971FORANASBESTOSMINE,THEPORTHASSERVEDXSTRATA826PORTS2010BUILDINGONTHEPAST,RESPECTINGTHEFUTURE?2010ASCEPORTS2010DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEALLRIGHTSRESERVEDSEVERALKEYOBJECTIVESTOADDRESSTHEPROJECTCONSTRAINTSWERECONSIDEREDINALMOSTEVERYASPECTOFTHEWHARFREPLACEMENTPLANNINGANDDESIGNONSITECONSTRUCTIONHOURSINTHEARCTICREGIONWERETOBEMAXIMIZEDTOIMPROVETHECONSTRUCTIONSCHEDULEANDREDUCETHECREWSIZETOEASEPRESSURESONTRANSPORTATIONANDHOUSINGTHECHAINOFSUPPLYANDPRODUCTEXPORTWASTOBEMAINTAINEDFORTHENICKELMINEBYALLOWINGVESSELOPERATIONSTHROUGHOUTTHECONSTRUCTIONWINDOWFACILITYINSTALLATIONHADTOBECOMPLETEDWITHINTHESHORTICEFREECONSTRUCTIONWINDOWWHARFREPLACEMENTSOLUTIONINOCTOBER2006,THEPROJECTWASAPPROVEDWITHABUDGETOF54MILLIONANDAPLANNEDCOMPLETIONOFNOVEMBER2007WITHTHEFINALSELECTIONOFANAPPROVEDCONCEPT,THEDESIGNTEAMMOVEDQUICKLYTOPREPARETHEDESIGNPACKAGEWITHTHEINTENTTOISSUEANEARLYTENDERCALLTOGENERALCONTRACTORSTHISWOULDALLOWFOREARLYEQUIPMENTMOBILIZATIONONANICEBREAKINGVESSELSCHEDULEDTOARRIVEONSITEINJANUARY2007FIGURE1PROVIDESAPLANVIEWSHOWINGTHEOLDANDNEWWHARFARRANGEMENTSFIGURE1OLDANDNEWWHARFARRANGEMENTSCONSTRUCTIONLODGINGALACKOFFACILITIESTOLODGETHECREWSWASIDENTIFIEDASACRITICALHURDLETOOVERCOMEFORSUCCESSFULCONSTRUCTIONEXECUTIONTHEPORTSITEALREADYHADA35PERSONCAMP,BUTMORETHAN50ADDITIONALROOMSWOULDBEREQUIREDTOACCOMMODATETHECREWSREQUIREDTOCONSTRUCTTHENEWWHARFLOCATED100KMAWAYFROMTHEMAINMINECAMPBYGRAVELROAD,THEDECEPTIONBAYPORTWASCONSIDEREDTOOFARAWAYTOEFFECTIVELYCOMMUTEWORKERSFOREACHCONSTRUCTIONSHIFTAFTERAPROPOSEDPLANTOUSEAVESSELBASEDCAMPWASABANDONEDBECAUSEOFSEAICERISKS,THEPROJECTTEAMSOUGHTTOMAKEUSEOFAMINECAMPEXPANSIONTHATWASALSOBEINGEXECUTEDIN828PORTS2010BUILDINGONTHEPAST,RESPECTINGTHEFUTURE?2010ASCEPORTS2010DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEALLRIGHTSRESERVED

簡介：1ANINNOVATIONINHORIZONTALPROCESSINGPETERLYMNANDKENBISHOPCEMCOFSLLTD,WATERLOOVILLE,UKABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTODETAILANINNOVATIVENEWEQUIPMENTENHANCEMENTFORUSEINTHEHORIZONTALPROCESSINGOFPRINTEDCIRCUITBOARDSPCBSDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–THEPAPERDESCRIBESANONCONTACTLAMINARORSTREAMLINEFLOWPROCESSCHAMBERITALSODESCRIBESATRANSPORTANDGUIDINGMETHODSUITABLEFORBOTHTHICKANDTHINMATERIALSANDEXPANDSONTHEMECHANICSANDFLUIDDYNAMICSTHATFURTHERREDUCEEQUIPMENTLENGTHANDOPERATINGCOSTFINDINGS–THENEWPROCESSCHAMBERANDITSRELATEDENHANCEMENTSRESULTINAFASTERANDMOREUNIFORMCHEMICALREACTIONTHANISOBTAINABLEWITHCONVENTIONALFLOODCHAMBERSTHISENABLESTHEEQUIPMENTTOHAVEREDUCEDLENGTHANDTOOFFERREDUCEDOPERATINGCOSTSORIGINALITY/VALUE–THEPAPERPRESENTSANEWAPPROACHTOHORIZONTALPROCESSINGTHATCANOFFERREDUCEDEQUIPMENTFOOTPRINTSANDREDUCTIONSINOPERATINGCOSTSKEYWORDSPROCESSMANAGEMENT,PRINTEDCIRCUITS,CONVEYORS,CHEMICALTECHNOLOGYPROCESSINTRODUCTIONPRINTEDCIRCUITBOARDPCBFABRICATORSHAVEUSEDHORIZONTALROLLERCONVEYERSTOTRANSPORTCOPPERCLADLAMINATETHROUGHCHEMICALSPRAYTREATMENTCHAMBERSFORMANYYEARSTHESESIMPLECONVEYORISEDSPRAYPROCESSORSHAVEEVOLVEDOVERTIMETOACCOMMODATEMUCHTHINNERMATERIALS,BUTTHECOMPLICATIONOFGUIDINGANDSUPPORTINGTHEMTHROUGHSPRAYJETSGENERALLYMEANSTWOTYPESOFMACHINEAREREQUIREDONEFORTHICK,RIGIDMATERIALANDANOTHERLONGER,MORECOMPLEXSYSTEMFORVERYTHINORFLEXIBLESUBSTRATESMORERECENTLY,THISTYPEOFEQUIPMENTHASBEENFURTHERADAPTEDTOINCORPORATEIMMERSIONCHAMBERSFORPLATINGANDOTHERSURFACETREATMENTPROCESSESWHERESPRAYJETSARENOTSUITABLETHENEEDTOCONTAINTHESTATICHEADABOVETHEROLLERTRANSPORTSYSTEMANDTHERELATIVELYLONGCONTACTTIMESREQUIREDFORIMMERSIONPROCESSESMAKETHESESYSTEMSEVENLONGERANDMORECOMPLEXTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANONCONTACTLAMINARORSTREAMLINEFLOWPROCESSCHAMBERTHATRESULTSINAFASTERANDMOREUNIFORMCHEMICALREACTIONTHANISOBTAINABLEWITHCONVENTIONALFLOODCHAMBERSITALSODESCRIBESATRANSPORTANDGUIDINGMETHODSUITABLEFORBOTHTHICKANDTHINMATERIALSANDEXPANDSONTHEMECHANICSANDFLUIDDYNAMICSTHATFURTHERREDUCEEQUIPMENTLENGTHANDOPERATINGCOST3SOMECHEMICALPROCESSESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEPRINTEDCIRCUITINDUSTRYREQUIREAGASNORMALLYOXYGENINTHEFORMOFAIRTOBEINTRODUCEDATTHEPOINTOFCONTACTOFTHECHEMICALWITHTHEPANELBEINGPROCESSEDADUALFLUIDVERSIONOFTHE“STREAMLINEFLUIDENGINE”THATSIMULTANEOUSLYFEEDSGASANDLIQUIDTOTHEDISCHARGESLOTSPROVIDESTHISFACILITY,WHILEMAINTAININGTHECHARACTERISTICSASSOCIATEDWITHTHESTANDARD“FLUIDENGINE”THEDESIGNOFTHISENGINEISSHOWNINFIGURE2THEGASISFEDUNDERPRESSURETOTHEOUTERGASPLENUMSHOWNINGREENTHATISSEPARATEDFROMTHELIQUIDPLENUMBYAPERMEABLEMEMBRANETHEBASEPLATEHASASERIESOFCLOSELYSPACEDHOLESTHATNORMALLYCONNECTTHEBASEPLATEDIRECTLYTOTHELIQUIDPLENUMACROSSTHEWIDTHINTHEDUALFEEDHEADTHELIQUIDPLENUMHASASERIESOFTUBESTHATCONNECTTHEGASPLENUMTOTHEBASEPLATETHESETUBESAREPITCHEDSUCHTHATTHEYLINEUPWITHEVERYOTHERHOLEINTHEBASEPLATEANDSEALTHEHOLESFROMTHELIQUIDINTHEPLENUMTHEREFORE,GASANDLIQUIDAREDELIVEREDSIDEBYSIDEACROSSTHEWIDTHOFTHEPANELTHROUGHALTERNATEHOLESFIGURE2SHOWSHOWBOTHGASANDCHEMICALREACHTHEOUTPUTJETSTHELOWERHEADSHOWSTHEPATHTHATTHEGASTAKESTOREACHTHEJETSANDTHEUPPERHEADSHOWSHOWTHECHEMICALDOESGASISSHOWNASGREENANDCHEMICALASBLUEFIGURE2DUALFLUIDENGINETOINTRODUCEAGASINTOTHECHEMICALSTREAMFLUIDKNIFEWHEREITISNECESSARYTOREMOVECHEMICALSFROMTHEPANELBYDILUTION,ORWHEREHIGHFLUIDIMPINGEMENTISREQUIREDTOWETBLINDFEATURES,ASHORTERVERSIONOFTHEFLUIDENGINE,KNOWNASAFLUIDKNIFE,ISUSEDTYPICALLY,THISFLUIDKNIFEISUSEDFORWATERRINSINGAFTERACHEMICALPROCESSORPRETREATINGPRIORTOACHEMICALPROCESSFIGURE3THEFLUIDKNIFECONSIDERABLYREDUCESBOTHTHECONVEYORLENGTHANDTHEPOWERREQUIREDTOPUMPSOLUTIONONTOTHEPANELFOREXAMPLE,ASINGLEFLUIDKNIFEPROVIDESASOLUTIONRATEOF40LPERMINUTEUSINGA110WPUMP,COMPAREDTOAMORECONVENTIONALSPRAYRINSETHATDELIVERS28LPERMINUTEFROMA750WPUMPSIMILARLY,THEFLUIDKNIFEREQUIRESONLY170MMOFCONVEYORLENGTHCOMPAREDTO240MMFORTHESPRAYRINSEASWITHTHEFLUIDENGINE,THINMATERIALTRANSPORTISASSISTEDBYTHEFLUIDFLOWCHARACTERISTICS,ALTHOUGHTHE

簡介：外文資料SELECTINGTHERIGHTDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMENGINEERSOFTENMUSTMONITORAHANDFULOFSIGNALSOVEREXTENDEDPERIODSOFTIME,ANDTHENGRAPHANDANALYZETHERESULTINGDATATHENEEDTOMONITOR,RECORDANDANALYZEDATAARISESINAWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONS,INCLUDINGTHEDESIGNVERIFICATIONSTAGEOFPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT,ENVIRONMENTALCHAMBERMONITORING,COMPONENTINSPECTION,BENCHTOPTESTINGANDPROCESSTROUBLESHOOTINGTHISAPPLICATIONNOTEDESCRIBESTHEVARIOUSMETHODSANDDEVICESYOUCANUSETOACQUIREIT,RECORDANDANALYZEDATA,FROMTHESIMPLEPENANDPAPERMETHODTOUSINGTODAYSSOPHISTICATEDDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMSITDISCUSSESTHEADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFEACHMETHODANDPROVIDESALISTOFQUESTIONSTHATWILLGUIDEYOUINSELECTINGTHEAPPROACHTHATBESTSUITSYOURNEEDS1INTRODUCTIONINGEOTECHNICALENGINEERING,WESOMETIMEENCOUNTERSOMEDIFFICULTIESSUCHASMONITORINGINSTRUMENTSDISTRIBUTEDINALARGEAREA,DANGEROUSENVIRONMENTOFWORKINGSITETHATCAUSESOMEDIFFICULTYFOREASYACCESSINTHISCASE,OPERATORSMAYADOPTREMOTECONTROL,BYWHICHALARGEAMOUNTOFMEASUREDDATAWILLBETRANSMITTEDTOAOBSERVATIONROOMWHERETHEDATAARETOBECOLLECTED,STOREDANDPROCESSEDTHEAUTOMATICDATAACQUISITIONCONTROLSYSTEMISABLETOCOMPLETETHETASKSASREGULARAUTOMATICDATAMONITORING,ACQUISITIONANDSTORE,FEATURINGHIGHAUTOMATION,LARGEDATASTORECAPACITYANDRELIABLEPERFORMANCETHESYSTEMISCOMPOSEDOFACQUISITIONCONTROLSYSTEMANDDISPLAYSYSTEM,WITHTHEFOLLOWINGFEATURES1NOOFCHANNELS32ITCANBEINCREASEDORDECREASEDACCORDINGTOUSERSREALNEEDS2SCANNINGDURATIONDECIDEDBYUSER,FASTEST32POINTS/SECOND3STORECAPACITY20GITMAYBEINCREASEDORDECREASED4DISPLAYATABLEOFPARAMETERBHISTORYTENDENCYCCOLUMNGRAPHICS5FUNCTIONREALTIMEMONITORINGCONTROL,WARNING6OVERALLDIMENSION50CM50CM72CMDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMS,ASTHENAMEIMPLIES,AREPRODUCTSAND/ORPROCESSESUSEDTOCOLLECTINFORMATIONTODOCUMENTORANALYZESOMEPHENOMENONINTHESIMPLESTFORM,ATECHNICIANLOGGINGTHETEMPERATUREOFANOVENONAPIECEOFPAPERISEITHERANOPERATORORACOMPUTERDRAWBACKSINCLUDEALACKOFFLEXIBILITYANDRELATIVELYLOWACCURACY,WHICHISOFTENCONSTRAINEDTOAFEWPERCENTAGEPOINTSYOUCANTYPICALLYPERCEIVEONLYSMALLCHANGESINTHEPENPLOTSWHILERECORDERSPERFORMWELLWHENMONITORINGAFEWCHANNELSOVERALONGPERIODOFTIME,THEIRVALUECANBELIMITEDFOREXAMPLE,THEYAREUNABLETOTURNANOTHERDEVICEONOROFFOTHERCONCERNSINCLUDEPENANDPAPERMAINTENANCE,PAPERSUPPLYANDDATASTORAGE,ALLOFWHICHTRANSLATEINTOPAPEROVERUSEANDWASTESTILL,RECORDERSAREFAIRLYEASYTOSETUPANDOPERATE,ANDOFFERAPERMANENTRECORDOFTHEDATAFORQUICKANDSIMPLEANALYSIS4SCANNINGDIGITALMULTIMETERSOMEBENCHTOPDMMSOFFERANOPTIONALSCANNINGCAPABILITYASLOTINTHEREAROFTHEINSTRUMENTACCEPTSASCANNERCARDTHATCANMULTIPLEXBETWEENMULTIPLEINPUTS,WITH8TO10CHANNELSOFMUXBEINGFAIRLYCOMMONDMMACCURACYANDTHEFUNCTIONALITYINHERENTINTHEINSTRUMENTSFRONTPANELARERETAINEDFLEXIBILITYISLIMITEDINTHATITISNOTPOSSIBLETOEXPANDBEYONDTHENUMBEROFCHANNELSAVAILABLEINTHEEXPANSIONSLOTANEXTERNALPCUSUALLYHANDLESDATAACQUISITIONANDANALYSIS5PCPLUGINCARDSPCPLUGINCARDSARESINGLEBOARDMEASUREMENTSYSTEMSTHATTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHEISAORPCIBUSEXPANSIONSLOTSINAPCTHEYOFTENHAVEREADINGRATESASHIGHAS100,000READINGSPERSECONDCOUNTSOF8TO16CHANNELSARECOMMON,ANDACQUIREDDATAISSTOREDDIRECTLYINTOTHECOMPUTER,WHEREITCANTHENBEANALYZEDBECAUSETHECARDISESSENTIALLYPARTOFTHECOMPUTER,ITISEASYTOSETUPTESTSPCCARDSALSOARERELATIVELYINEXPENSIVE,INPART,BECAUSETHEYRELYONTHEHOSTPCTOPROVIDEPOWER,THEMECHANICALENCLOSUREANDTHEUSERINTERFACE6DATAACQUISITIONOPTIONSINTHEDOWNSIDE,PCPLUGINCARDSOFTENHAVEONLY12BITSOFRESOLUTION,SOYOUCANTPERCEIVESMALLVARIATIONSWITHTHEINPUTSIGNALFURTHERMORE,THEELECTRICALENVIRONMENTINSIDEAPCTENDSTOBENOISY,WITHHIGHSPEEDCLOCKSANDBUSNOISERADIATEDTHROUGHOUTOFTEN,THISELECTRICALINTERFERENCELIMITSTHEACCURACYOFTHEPCPLUGINCARDTOTHATOFAHANDHELDDMMTHESECARDSALSOMEASUREAFAIRLYLIMITEDRANGEOFDCVOLTAGETOMEASUREOTHERINPUTSIGNALS,SUCHASACVOLTAGE,TEMPERATUREORRESISTANCE,YOUMAYNEEDSOMESORTOFEXTERNALSIGNALCONDITIONINGADDITIONALCONCERNSINCLUDEPROBLEMATICCALIBRATIONANDOVERALLSYSTEMCOST,ESPECIALLYIFYOUNEEDTOPURCHASEADDITIONALSIGNALCONDITIONINGACCESSORIESORAPCTOACCOMMODATE

簡介：重慶科技學院學生畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文譯文學院安全工程學院專業(yè)班級安全普200801學生姓名盛耀祖學號2008441562本譯文原文出自本譯文原文出自SAFETYSCIENCE第第49卷1110頁1117頁職業(yè)健康和安全管理體系中可能性影響因素的回歸性分析職業(yè)健康和安全管理體系中可能性影響因素的回歸性分析摘要職業(yè)健康和安全機構OHS關鍵之處是靠一個有影響力的規(guī)程,來提高在職員工的安全性。但是仍有許多因素影響了OHS的規(guī)劃和實施。評估管理實踐是最重要的因素,特別是針對員工形成的健康和安全的環(huán)境政策。這個調查的程序是通過一個被賦予用回歸方法求解凸殼頂點的智能數據分析IDA方法，該方法能用于分析OHSMS管理中出現的必要影響因素。面對這種主觀條件,所得樣品可以方便地認為是隸屬函數中的模糊輸入/輸出數據。這項研究提供了這種用智能數據分析的方法，在成功的實施政策的過程中，可作為一個選擇評價影響因素,這樣OHS全面計算量可以大大減少。結果表明,一些管理中的相關影響因素需要仔細考慮，以便于成功的實施管理程序。關鍵詞智能數據分析職業(yè)健康與安全管理系統(tǒng)可能性回歸分析1引言在最近幾年里，職業(yè)健康和安全管理成功實施（OHS）成為確保在工作環(huán)境中保證健康和安全最好的解決方法。直接關系到這重要規(guī)則由兩大部分人組成員工個人和管理人員。職業(yè)健康和安全管理體系和活動整體的結合必須要有明確的定義,而且他們產生的結果也要通過職業(yè)健康和安全管理系統(tǒng)（OHSMS）做出定期的評估。在這種環(huán)境下，影響一個OHS因素的評估工作就給員工和管理人員提供了一個有效的反饋。不僅如此，這個過程還使職工產生更高的安全意識并且員工還會在單位中產生更多的幸福。除此之外，最本質的分歧是一些有爭議的觀點，這些觀點是有關程序怎樣得到合適的關于OHS實踐知識并且如何處理不精確的或者模糊的數據。OHS固有的復雜性來源于幾個因素。具體而言，我們需要強調的是，一個簡單的計算方法通常是有不足的，而且事件要求傳統(tǒng)的數據，也會被證實是相當不可靠的。因此我們真正需要的是開發(fā)一種可選擇的方法，用于我們分析和提供高質量的結果；有關OHSMS實施程序也需要連續(xù)不斷的改進。目前，主管或審計師可以在他們評估OHSMS影響因素過程中使用多種儀器和評估工具。影響OHS實踐的因素和標準通常取決于公司的政策和法規(guī)，它的評估過程包括許多方法和參數的選擇，這些通常都是建立在不準確的數據上的。除此之外，一些公司和組織機構還提出開放性的或者主觀的問題。這些問題的類型都需要進行一些判斷過程，例如OHS專家對結果的分析和解釋。如果不這樣做，它是很難得到結論或產生有用的知識。此外，新興的互聯(lián)網設施為在公司或組織的相關部門提供了優(yōu)勢

簡介：外文資料原文外文資料原文CHARACTERISTICSOFIPMSMSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMWITHOUTELECTROLYTICCAPACITORTATSUYANISHIHARA,SHIGEOMORIMOTO,ANDMASAYUKISANADAOSAKAPREFECTUREUNIVERSITY,11,GAKUENCHO,NAKAKU,SAKAI,OSAKA,JAPANABSTRACTELIMINATIONOFTHEELECTROLYTICCAPACITORINTHEINVERTERSOFMOTORSYSTEMDRIVENDOMESTICAPPLIANCESISDESIRABLE,BECAUSETHEELECTROLYTICCAPACITORINCREASESTHEAPPLIANCEVOLUMEANDHASTHEPROBLEMOFSHORTLIFETIMETWODIFFERENTCONTROLMETHODSFORANINTERIORPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMACHINEIPMSMSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMWITHOUTANELECTROLYTICCAPACITORARECOMPAREDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMISTHENEXAMINEDUSINGTHESUPERIORCONTROLMETHODANDTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEMOTORPARAMETERSONTHEIPMSMDRIVEPERFORMANCEWITHOUTANELECTROLYTICCAPACITORISEXAMINEDASARESULT,THEINFLUENCEOFINDUCTANCEISCLARIFIEDINDEXTERMSELIMINATIONOFELECTROLYTICCAPACITOR,MAXIMUMTORQUEPERAMPERECONTROL,FLUXWEAKENINGCONTROL,IPMSMIINTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,ELECTRICALPOWERCONVERTERSSUCHASTHEDIODERECTIFIERANDINVERTERHAVEBEENADOPTEDINSOMEDOMESTICELECTRICAPPLIANCESHOWEVER,WITHANELECTRICALPOWERCONVERTER,HIGHPERFORMANCE,HIGHEFFICIENCY,DOWNSIZING,WEIGHTSAVING,LOWCOST,ANDLONGLIFEAREDESIRABLEADDITIONALLY,HARMONICPROBLEMATPOWERSIDEMUSTBECONSIDEREDTHESEAREIMPORTANTFACTORSTOCONSIDERFORTHEEVALUATIONOFELECTRICALPOWERCONVERTERS13THEREFORE,THEREHAVEBEENMANYSTUDIESREGARDINGPOWERCONVERSIONMETHODSANDCIRCUITCONSTRUCTIONINGENERAL,ACDCACELECTRICALPOWERCONVERTERSAREUSEDASACACFREQUENCYCONVERTERSHOWEVER,THISMETHODREQUIRESAHIGHCAPACITYELECTROLYTICCAPACITOR,ANDTHESIZEOFTHEELECTROLYTICCAPACITORFORACONVERTERISLARGEFIG1SIMULATIONMODELIIICOMPARISONOFTWODIFFERENTCONTROLMETHODSTHESPECIFICATIONSOFTHESIMULATEDMACHINEARESHOWNINTABLEIACOMPARISONOFTHEID0ANDMTPAFWCONTROLMETHODSISPRESENTEDINFIG2THEMOTOREFFICIENCYISCALCULATEDBYDIVIDINGTHEMECHANICALOUTPUTPOWERBYTHEELECTRICALINPUTPOWERIRONLOSSISNEGLECTEDTHEREFERENCESPEEDIS1800ANDTHELOADTORQUEIS1MIN?10NMINTHESIMULATIONSWHENTHECAPACITYOFTHECAPACITORISSMALL,THEMOTOREFFICIENCYDECREASESANDTHETORQUERIPPLEINCREASESTHEMTPAFWCONTROLMETHODACHIEVESHIGHERMOTOREFFICIENCYANDSMALLERTORQUERIPPLETHANTHEID0CONTROLMETHODIVCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMAXIMUMTORQUEPERAMPEREANDFLUXWEAKENINGCONTROLMETHODTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMTPAFWCONTROLMETHODWEREEXAMINEDINDETAILTHEREFERENCESPEEDANDLOADTORQUEUSEDWERE1800MIN1AND10NM,RESPECTIVELYTHEDCBUSVOLTAGECHARACTERISTICSARESHOWNINFIG3,ANDTHOSEOFTHECONVERTERINPUTVOLTAGEANDCURRENTARESHOWNINFIG4WHENTHECAPACITYOFTHESMOOTHINGCAPACITORIS1000ΜF,THEDCBUSVOLTAGEISSMOOTHEDHOWEVER,THEDCDCVBUSVOLTAGEVDCISNOTSMOOTHEDWHENTHECAPACITYOFTHESMOOTHINGCAPACITORIS10ΜFASSUMINGAFILMCAPACITORINADDITION,WHENTHECAPACITYOFTHESMOOTHING

簡介：出處GUBRANAA,SINHAJKSHAFTINSTANTANEOUSANGULARSPEEDFORBLADEVIBRATIONINROTATINGMACHINEJMECHANICALSYSTEMSANDSIGNALPROCESSING,2014,4414759中文6044字附錄英文資料及翻譯SHAFTINSTANTANEOUSANGULARSPEEDFORBLADEVIBRATIONINROTATINGMACHINEAHMEDAGUBRAN,JYOTIKSINHASCHOOLOFMECHANICAL,AEROSPACEANDCIVILENGINEERINGMACE,THEUNIVERSITYOFMANCHESTER,SACKVILLESTREET,MANCHESTERM139PL,UKARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED29JUNE2012RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM19DECEMBER2012ACCEPTED3FEBRUARY2013KEYWORDSINSTANTANEOUSANGULARSPEEDIASBLADEVIBRATIONBLADEHEALTHMONITORINGBHMBLADEFAULTSSHAFTTORSIONALVIBRATIONORDERTRACKINGABSTRACTRELIABLEBLADEHEALTHMONITORINGBHMINROTATINGMACHINESLIKESTEAMTURBINESANDGASTURBINES,ISATOPICOFRESEARCHSINCEDECADESTOREDUCEMACHINEDOWNTIME,MAINTENANCECOSTSANDTOMAINTAINTHEOVERALLSAFETYTRANSVERSEBLADEVIBRATIONISOFTENTRANSMITTEDTOTHESHAFTASTORSIONALVIBRATIONTHESHAFTINSTANTANEOUSANGULARSPEEDIASISNOTHINGBUTTHEREPRESENTINGTHESHAFTTORSIONALVIBRATIONHENCETHESHAFTIASHASBEENEXTRACTEDFROMTHEMEASUREDENCODERDATADURINGMACHINERUNUPTOUNDERSTANDTHEBLADEVIBRATIONANDTOEXPLORETHEPOSSIBILITYOFRELIABLEASSESSMENTOFBLADEHEALTHANUMBEROFEXPERIMENTSONANEXPERIMENTALRIGWITHABLADEDDISKWERECONDUCTEDWITHHEALTHYBUTMISTUNEDBLADESANDWITHDIFFERENTFAULTSSIMULATIONINTHEBLADESTHEMEASUREDSHAFTTORSIONALVIBRATIONSHOWSADISTINCTDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEHEALTHYANDTHEFAULTYBLADECONDITIONSHENCE,THEOBSERVATIONSAREUSEFULFORTHEBHMINFUTURETHEPAPERPRESENTSTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUP,SIMULATIONOFBLADEFAULTS,EXPERIMENTSCONDUCTED,OBSERVATIONSANDRESULTS1INTRODUCTIONROTATINGBLADESARECONSIDEREDASTHEMOSTCOMMONCAUSEOFFAILURESINROTATINGMACHINERYTHEEXTRACTIONPROCESSFROMTHEENCODERMEASUREMENT,RIGDETAILS,BLADEFAULTSSIMULATIONS,EXPERIMENTSCONDUCTEDANDTHEOBSERVATIONSONTHEBLADEDYNAMICSWHICHMAYPOSSIBLYLEADTOTHEBHMINFUTURE2INSTANTANEOUSANGULARSPEEDIASMEASUREMENTANENCODERTHATMEASURES360PULSESFOREVERYCOMPLETEROTATIONOFASHAFTHASBEENUSEDFORTHEPRESENTEXPERIMENTTOAIDTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEIASSIGNALEXTRACTIONFROMTHEMEASUREDENCODERPULSETRAIN,ASIMPLIFIEDMEASUREMENTSCHEMEOFTHEENCODERANDTHEPULSETRAINISSHOWNINFIG1THESENSORSIMPLYMEASURESTHEGAPBETWEENEACHTOOTHONTHEGEARDURINGITSROTATIONWHICHRESULTSINTHEPULSETRAINOFTHEMEASUREDGAPVOLTAGEWITHTIMEASSHOWNINFIG1THEEXTRACTIONOFINSTANTANEOUSANGULARSPEEDIASSIGNALUSINGTHEPULSETRAININFIG1ISDISCUSSEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPSIEACHSQUAREPULSEREPRESENTSATOOTHINTHEGEAROFTHEENCODER,HENCETHEDIFFERENCEOFTIMES,T2T1,T3T2,TN1TN,ETCREPRESENTSTHETIMEINTERVALREQUIREDTOCROSSTHE1ST,2ND,,NTHTOOTHRESPECTIVELYWHICHISWRITTENAS1NNNTTT????1FIG1PULSETRAINCREATEDFROMSHAFTENCODERITISALSOASSUMEDTHATTHETIMEINTERVALFORNTHTOOTHISMEASUREDATTHETIME,TNAS（2）21???NNNTTTWHEREN1,2,3,4,5,,NNUMBEROFTEETHINTHEGEAROFTHEENCODERIITHEANGULARDISPLACEMENTΔΘFORTHEEACHEQUALLYSPACEDTOOTHINTHEGEARWHEELOFTHEENCODERCANBEWRITTENAS

簡介：1可在網頁WWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM上搜到建筑和建筑材料科學科學建筑和建筑材料22期2008年277285頁碳纖維鋼筋混凝土梁的彎曲形態(tài)碳纖維鋼筋混凝土梁的彎曲形態(tài)拉菲穆罕默德馬蘇德,阿里納德加艾,法里斯阿利雅和第第爾托拉摸拿阿爾斯特大學安全防火工程研究與技術中心FIRESERT,在英國約翰鎮(zhèn),海岸路,紐敦阿比BT370QB2006年2月13日收到2006年7月24日修訂2006年8月30號接受?2006年10月18網上公布?摘要摘要鋼鐵的腐蝕造成了嚴重的問題，持久性的鋼筋混凝土結構和復合纖維材料FRP的已經成為一個用來代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)鋼的潛在材料?這種系列試驗組成的碳纖維復合材料CFRP和鋼筋混凝土梁的結果在本文中有報道?結果表明，碳纖維復合材料和鋼筋梁有許多方面很類似。這兩種類型的梁，都未能在其預測的模式下失效?強度設計方法低估了碳纖維復合梁的能力?碳纖維復合梁撓度的恢復能達到令人滿意的承載水平,及相應的理論荷載能力?碳纖維復合梁的變形系數有6次以上顯示其韌性性質失效?關鍵詞纖維聚合物復合碳纖維模式失效混凝土梁恢復矩撓度變形11說明說明鋼筋混凝土結構RC得益于鋼筋無可匹敵的優(yōu)勢，超過所有加強材料的事實已有100年的歷史?卓越品質的鋼材,其兼容性能使鋼和混凝土成為有效鋼筋混凝土?然而，鋼極易暴露出來受氧化而成為氧化物?雖然,堿性環(huán)境能保護鋼鐵的腐蝕,從而很耐用,并不總是能夠提供一個有效的保護?不足的因素包括混凝土不良的設計或施工,不良的混凝土配合比和侵蝕性的環(huán)境可以腐蝕保護層,并可能導致鋼筋的腐蝕?這些環(huán)境包括海洋環(huán)境,堿性的橋梁和停車場環(huán)境,以及有礦物鹽污染的混凝土拌合物?最初混凝土的開裂和剝落的跡象,使其進一步加大水分對鋼的氧化?腐蝕造成鋼筋截面的逐漸減少,這導致鋼筋和混凝土不能粘連?抑制鋼鐵的生銹工作已經進行,以達到充分發(fā)揮結構的潛力?這種結構每年要承擔高昂的維護費用?可靠耐用的這些結構3是材料和溫度條件的首個字母?梁的符號中第一個字母B代表室溫，第三個字母代表了類型的張拉鋼筋材料,如R在室溫的第三個字母代表了類型的張拉加強ABR的材料,例如R為鋼鐵和C為碳纖桿件?這些符號已被整個案文的其余部分一貫遵循?222222碳纖桿件碳纖桿件復合纖維鋼桿件包括95毫米直徑的直碳纖棒，如圖2所示?桿件是由一位美國制造商拉擠而成?表1試驗期間對混凝土強度的測試梁抗壓強度鋼筋混凝土梁14652鋼筋混凝土梁24464碳纖維混凝土梁14255碳纖維混凝土梁141712∮86MM箍筋2∮10/295碳纖維混凝土梁碳纖維混凝土梁無比例無比例以MMMM為單位為單位圖11代表性的梁的詳圖代表性的梁的詳圖連續(xù)碳纖維60的體積分數的被使用?這些纖維各自的標稱拉伸強度和拉伸模量分別是483GPA和234GPA?用于連接纖維的樹脂是雙酚環(huán)氧乙烯基酯?通過表面處理提高桿件質感表面上,以加強它們的連接。桿件有盤大的空間可以螺旋地纏繞，與樹脂表

簡介：1推進土壤科學朝著前沿的地球科學發(fā)展姓名杜巖學號M110792課程名稱高級土壤學考試形式文獻翻譯與綜述文獻作者LARRYPWILDINGA,HENRYLINB雜志GEODERMA，2006,257274摘要土壤科學的發(fā)展遠景、方向和土壤科學的形象正在發(fā)生變化。從歷史上看，土壤科學的演變經歷一個迂回曲折的道路，從當初作為地質學最基礎的學科，到開始應用于農業(yè)和環(huán)境保護的準則，至現在發(fā)展成為用于地球關鍵帶區(qū)域調查的生物地質科學。如此終止了土壤學發(fā)展道路上的循環(huán)般的曲折命運，而且一路走來，土壤科學變得更加完善、應用更廣泛、綜合性更強、分析能力和定量性更高。盡管本文中描述了土壤科學面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，但是現在對于土壤科學來說卻是一個黃金時期去更加緊密地將其專業(yè)知識與其他生物和地理科學更加緊密的融合。這將不僅可以顯著增加獲取校外資金和公眾的支持機會而且可以獲得土壤科學進步。因此，土壤科學需要大力成為更具互動性的科學和拓展延伸它所扮演的角色，從而超越傳統(tǒng)的農業(yè)?？臻g土壤多樣性與景觀動態(tài)變化的專業(yè)知識對于這項投資成功來說是根本性的關鍵。土壤學作為土壤科學的一個獨特的分支學科，所作出的貢獻可與地球科學相當，包括，例如澄清地道域的可變性、表層風化過程、地球系統(tǒng)動力學和滲流區(qū)的流向與運輸過程。伴隨著生物地球科學盛況，水文土壤學是在這個多學科、跨學科時代及時增加的學科，系統(tǒng)方法用于發(fā)展科學的綜合性優(yōu)先級以及應用在地球科學上。相比于其他生物和地理科學，水文土壤學今年三月份在處理全球性地球科學的優(yōu)先次序方面有一個利基。土壤科學家支持改變模式并且青睞于與生物和地理科學社會的更密切聯(lián)系。在這方面，水文土壤學發(fā)揮獨特的作用。關鍵詞關鍵帶區(qū)域；地球科學；土壤圈；水文土壤學；土壤學；土壤結構；土壤功能1、簡介土壤是位于地球陸地表層提供生命支持的寶貴的、多樣和脆弱的自然資源。雖然它眾所周知的的作用是提供養(yǎng)分和水分來維持農業(yè)生產和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，土壤資源也同樣有一些基本的功能，如廢物處置、地下水補給、影響氣候和作為工程建筑、制造業(yè)的原材料。通常來說，這種具有生物活性、結構多孔的介質就是所謂的土壤圈，具有調解土層中的大部分生物地球物理和化學的之間的相互作用，還有地表水和地下水的平衡問題，更甚參與大氣層的調節(jié)。例如有機碳可以通過土壤返還給大氣層，大氣中約25％含量的二氧化碳來自土壤層中的生物氧化反應，其中包含了從大氣中吸收的兩倍多的碳和比所有植被高達三倍的的碳（NRC，2001；DREES等，2001；拉爾，2001年，2004年）。土壤同時對水文循環(huán)也有重大影響。大多數人使用的水來自地下水、溪流與湖泊，不管其來源途徑，水的質量和數量在很大程度上是由它通過的土壤的性質來決定的。在大多數國家，土壤科學領域主要作為農業(yè)產品研究開發(fā)的副產品。在美3行為以及進程。它包括土壤質量、分布、范圍、空間的多樣性和利用，還有土壤景觀結構從微觀到宏觀上的管理，但是也不僅僅限于這些（SUMNER，2000年）。它還涉及到生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的可再生自然資源或著人類改造后的土壤的緩慢恢復。土圖1關于地球關鍵帶與土壤圈的示意圖土壤圈是地球表面一層很薄的土壤，如一個復合土工膜跨過水與溶質以及能源、氣體、固體與生物體，主動與大氣、生物圈、水圈和巖石圈進行交換，去創(chuàng)造一個維持生命的環(huán)境。土壤與水的相互作用為生物與非生物之間創(chuàng)造了一個基礎界面，因此它決定了地球系統(tǒng)與它關鍵帶的狀態(tài)（圖形未按比例繪制）（在LIN之后修飾，2005）。壤學認為那些近地表的過程決定了土壤圈與演化、環(huán)境地球化學和生物體的棲息地聯(lián)系的質量與功能。它為地球系統(tǒng)的各個系統(tǒng)的組合提供了幫助工具，以便了解時間和空間多樣性的成因與后果，和提供一個更加全面的方法來實現生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的有效的動態(tài)過程。這門科學的目前范圍應該是多方面的，分別作為農藝學、環(huán)境學、生態(tài)學以及作為一個生物和地球科學。這后來的機遇對土壤科學來說，它不能很好被把握，而且地球科學的社會人士通常對它的了解不多。土壤科學是生物和地球科學的合作伙伴，為土壤圈和關鍵帶新的增長潛力的調查提供主要途徑。水文土壤學是土壤科學和水文學的交叉學科，涵蓋多學科與多尺度，用來研究地球關鍵帶的土壤學和水文學互動的過程LIN,2003。它也可以被視為土壤科學和地球科學的一個分支學科，用來調查景觀設置中成土過程與空間多樣性通過土壤圈的氣體和液體流量。LIN等（2005）最近對一個水文土壤學在生物和地球科學的多尺度及其與對地球關鍵帶的綜合性研究方面的銜接中扮演的

簡介：中文中文2563字附英文翻譯附英文翻譯英文原文英文原文EFFECTSOFMINERALFILLERSONPOLYSTYRENEMELTPROCESSINGJLOU?,VHARINATHABSTRACTTHERECYCLINGOFTHERMOPLASTICSCONTAININGMINERALFILLERSREPRESENTSGREATTECHNOLOGICALCHALLENGESINTHEWASTEMANAGEMENTINTHEPLASTICSINDUSTRYSEVERALMINERALFILLEDPOLYSTYRENESAMPLESWEREPREPAREDANDTHEIRMORPHOLOGICALANDMELTPROCESSINGPROPERTIESWERESTUDIEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEPROCESSINGCONDITIONSANDMINERALLOADINGSTHERESULTSSHOULDPROVIDEINSIGHTSTHATARENEEDEDTOSOLVECOMPLEXISSUESENCOUNTEREDINTHEINDUSTRYDEALINGWITHTHERECYCLINGOFTHISIMPORTANTCLASSOFMATERIALS?2004ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSMINERALFILLERSPOLYMERPROCESSINGMELTVISCOSITY1INTRODUCTIONTHECOMPOUNDINGANDINCLUSIONOFPARTICULATEFILLERSINTHEPOLYMERSISARATHERCOMPLEXPROCESSTHEPROCESSINGOFTHESEMATERIALSISSTRONGLYDEPENDENTONTHEPARTICLE–PARTICLEANDPARTICLE–POLYMERINTERACTIONSINRECENTYEARSCONSIDERABLERESEARCHEFFORTSHAVEBEENMADETOWARDMOREFUNDAMENTALUNDERSTANDINGOFTHERHEOLOGICALBEHAVIOROFHIGHLYFILLEDPOLYMERICMATERIALSYSTEMSWHILEMINERALFILLERSAREWIDELYUSEDINTHERMOPLASTICSASWAYSTOPRODUCECOSTEFFECTIVE,STRONG,ANDENERGYEFFICIENTMATERIALS,THEYARETHESOURCEOFMANYPROBLEMSINWASTEMANAGEMENTWHENTHESEMATERIALSENTERTHEWASTESTREAMAFTERTHEIRINTENDEDENDUSESTHEPOLYMERSARENOTREADILYBROKENDOWNBYTHENATURALELEMENTSINTHEENVIRONMENTORINWASTEMANAGEMENTINFRASTRUCTURESSUCHASCOMPOSTINGTOBECOMEAPARTOFTHEBIOLOGICALCARBONCYCLEOFOURECOSYSTEMTHISRESULTSINANIRREVERSIBLEBUILDUPOFTHESEMATERIALSINTHEENVIRONMENT,CAUSINGSCARRINGOFLANDSCAPES,FOULINGOFBEACHES,ANDASERIOUSHAZARDTOMARINELIFESINCEMOSTOFTHESEPLASTICSARENOTFIG1VISCOSITYASAFUNCTIONOFSHEARRATEFORPOLYSTYRENEATVARIOUSFILLERVOLUMEFRACTIONSAT190?CINPRACTICEBECAUSETHEREISNOESTABLISHEDWAYSTOPREDICTTHECOEFFICIENTSOFHIGHERORDERTERMSSMALLSUBMICRONFILLERSAREOFTENSTRONGLYINTERACTINGPARTICLESHOWEVER,THEIRABILITYTOINTERACTSHOULDRATHERBEDEFINEDBYTHEIRSURFACEPROPERTIESWITHRESPECTTOTHEMATRIXCHEMISTRY3WHENPOLYMER–FILLERINTERACTIONISSTRONG,ANADSORBEDPOLYMERLAYERMAYBEFORMEDONTHEFILLERSURFACEINTHISCASE,ATTHESAMELEVELOFVOLUMEFRACTIONASINNONINTERACTINGPARTICLES,THEINTERACTIONSWILLINDUCEAMUCHLARGERSTRESSINTHEMATRIXOFTHECOMPOSITEANDTHEREFOREINDUCEAMUCHLARGERREINFORCINGEFFECTTHISISTHEREASONWHYTHEREISAGREATINTERESTININCORPORATINGSMALLSCALEMINERALPARTICLESINTOPOLYMERCOMPOSITESSUCHASTHESOCALLEDNANOCOMPOSITEALTHOUGHTHECAUSESOFTHEMAXIMUMVOLUMECONCENTRATIONREMAINTOBEDEBATABLE,THISCHARACTERISTICCANBEOBTAINEDEXPERIMENTALLYIFTHEPROCESSINGPROPERTIESEXHIBITDISCONTINUOUSTRANSITIONOVERTHEVOLUMECONCENTRATIONVARIOUSCONCENTRATIONREGIMESFORTHEPROPERTIESOFPOLYMER–MINERALSYSTEMSHAVEBEENDEFINEDACCORDINGTOTHEVOLUMEFRACTION,SUCHASDILUTE,SEMIDILUTE,CONCENTRATEDANDHIGHLYCONCENTRATED4INDILUTESUSPENSIONS,FILLERPARTICLESAREAPARTFROMONEANOTHERATSUFFICIENTDISTANCESTHEFILLER–FILLERINTERACTIONSCANBENEGLECTEDINTHISCASE,ONLYHYDRODYNAMICFORCESGIVERISETOTHEPROPERTIESINTHECASEOFSMALLPARTICLESANDLOWVISCOSITYMATRIX,THESEFORCESARISEMAINLYFROM

簡介：MENTALHEALTHACKNOWLEDGMENTSAREINORDERFORTHEMANYFACULTYANDFAMILYMEMBERSWHOHAVEPROVIDEDSUPPORT,GUIDANCE,ANDENCOURAGEMENTTHROUGHOUTTHISPROCESSIAMAPPRECIATIVEOFTHEHELPTHATEACHPERSONHASGIVENIWISHTOTHANKTHOSEFACULTYMEMBERSWHOEACHCONTRIBUTEDTOMYINCREASEDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISPROCESS,THESUBJECTMATTER,ANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFRIGOROUSRESEARCHIAMESPECIALLYTHANKFULFORTHECONSISTENTSUPPORTANDGUIDANCEFROMMYADVISOR,DAWNANDERSONBUTCHERSHESPENTMANYHOURSSTEERINGMYEFFORTSANDPROVIDINGMEQUALITYFEEDBACKTHATALWAYSALLOWEDMETOTHINKCRITICALLYANDPUSHMYSELFFURTHERTHANIEVERIMAGINEDIWOULDALSOLIKETOTHANKTAMARADAVISFORHERENCOURAGEMENT,ENTHUSIASM,ANDONGOINGSUPPORTFORNOTONLYTHISTHESISBUTFORMYPROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENTASWELLADDITIONALLY,THANKSAREINORDERTOJERRYBEANFORHISALWAYSREFRESHINGPERSPECTIVESANDSOLIDTECHNICALSUPPORTIWOULDALSOLIKETOTHANKTONYAMOROSEFORSTEPPINGINTOPROVIDEEVENFURTHERASSISTANCEANDCONTRIBUTINGGREATLYTOMYUNDERSTANDINGOFDATAANALYSISFINALLY,MANYTHANKSGOTOMYFAMILYWHOHASPROVIDEDENDLESSSUPPORTFROMBEGINNINGTOENDMYMOTHER,SHOLEHMESBAH,ANDSTEPFATHER,WILLIAMSTONE,HAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHEIRLOVEFORMEBYANSWERINGTHEPHONEATALLHOURS,ALLOWINGMETOTALKTHROUGHALLFRUSTRATIONS,ANDENCOURAGINGMETOKEEPMOVINGFORWARDALSO,MYFATHER,MARKBALL,ANDSTEPMOTHER,NILSARAMIREZ,CONSISTENTLYKEPTMEGROUNDEDBYREMINDINGMETHAT,THESISORNOT,EVERYDAYLIFECONTINUESLASTBUTNOTLEAST,IWOULDLIKETOTHANKMYSISTER,AMANDABALLHEROPTIMISM,SUPPORT,ANDLOVEWEREUNWAVERINGACCORDINGTOTHEMOSTRECENTSURGEONGENERAL’SREPORTONMENTALHEALTH,9TO13PERCENTOFALLUSCHILDRENANDADOLESCENTSHAVESERIOUSEMOTIONALDISTURBANCESMOREOVER,21PERCENTOFUSCHILDRENHAVEDIAGNOSABLEMENTALORADDICTIVEDISORDERSUNFORTUNATELY,MOSTOFTHESE“DEFACTOMENTALHEALTHCARESYSTEMFORCHILDREN”INSPITEOFTHISDEFACTOSYSTEM,CHILDREN’SMENTALHEALTHNEEDSREMAINUNMETASARESULT,SCHOOLSAREBEGINNINGTOSEETHERAMIFICATIONSOFTHESEUNMETNEEDSASTHEYPERTAINTOPOORACADEMICACHIEVEMENTAMONGSTUDENTSESSENTIALLY,SCHOOLSHAVEBEENUNABLETOFULLYADDRESSSTUDENTS’MENTALHEALTHNEEDSTHROUGHTRADITIONALPRACTICESANDTRADITIONALMEANSANATIONALSURVEYOFSCHOOLMENTALHEALTHSERVICESRECENTLYREPORTEDTHAT,GENERALLY,FUNDINGFORSCHOOLMENTALHEALTHHASDECREASEDINTHEPAST5YEARSWHILEDEMANDFORSERVICESHASINCREASEDINMOSTDISTRICTSADDITIONALLY,DISTRICTSALSOREPORTEDTHATREFERRALSTOCOMMUNITYBASEDMENTALHEALTHPROVIDERSHAVEINCREASEDBUTTHEAVAILABILITYOFTHESEPRACTITIONERSTOPROVIDESERVICESHASDECREASEDASSTUDENTACADEMICSUCCESSISCLOSELYTIEDTOSOCIALEMOTIONALWELLBEING,SCHOOLCHANGEEFFORTSMUSTBEGINTOADDRESSTHESENEEDSIFTHEYARETOMEETTHEIRACCOUNTABILITIESDOINGSOREQUIRESSCHOOLSTOCONSIDERNEWMODELSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTTHATINCLUDESOCIALEMOTIONALDEVELOPMENTALONGWITHTRADITIONALSTANDARDSBASEDACCOUNTABILITIESTOMEETTHENEEDSOFCHILDRENTODAYANDTOIMPROVEACADEMICOUTCOMESFORALLCHILDREN,ITISIMPERATIVETHATSCHOOLSUTILIZENEWMODELSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTTHATINCLUDEEFFECTIVEMETHODSTOADDRESSMENTALHEALTHNEEDSTHISPROCESS,HOWEVER,WILLINVOLVEACULTURALSHIFTINEDUCATIONALSYSTEMSTHATHAVEHISTORICALLYFOCUSEDONTRADITIONALFORMSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTMOSTTRADITIONALSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTOFTENFOCUSESON“WALLEDINAPPROACHES”SUCHASENHANCEDCURRICULUMALIGNMENT,IMPROVEDINSTRUCTIONALMETHODS,ANDSTANDARDSBASEDACCOUNTABILITIESINADDITION,MOSTCURRENTSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTMODELSARENARROWLYFOCUSEDONRESULTORIENTEDIMPROVEMENTSININSTRUCTIONANDBEHAVIORMANAGEMENTRATHERTHANONSYSTEMWIDEEFFORTSTOADDRESSBARRIERSTOLEARNINGASARESULT,THESEMODELSOFTENMARGINALIZEPROGRAMS,SERVICES,ANDSYSTEMSTHATADDRESSMENTALHEALTHCENTEREDLEARNINGSUPPORTS,RESULTINGINFRAGMENTED

簡介：英文原文MODELINGANDOPTIMIZATIONOFEFFICIENCYANDNOXEMISSIONATACOAL一FIREDUTILITYBOILERHUANZHAO,PEIBONGWANGSCHOOLOFENERGYANDENVIRONMENT,SOUTHEASTUNIVERSITY,NANJINGJIANGSU,CHINAZHAOHUAN198213163COM,PHWANGSCUCDUCNABSTRACTINORDERTOIMPROVEBOILEREFFICIENCYANDTOREDUCETHENOXEMISSIONOFACOALFIREDUTILITYBOILERUSINGCOMBUSTIONOPTIMIZATION,AHYBRIDMODEL,BYCOMBININGSUPPORTVECTORREGRESSIONSVRWITHSIMPLIFIEDBOILEREFFICIENCYMODEL,WASPROPOSEDTOEXPRESSTHERELATIONBETWEENOPERATIONALPARAMETERSOFTHEUTILITYBOILERANDBOTHNOXEMISSIONANDBOILEREFFICIENCYSVRPARAMETERSWEREDETERMINEDBYTHEGRIDSEARCHMETHODAND5FOLDCROSSVALIDATIONMETHODTHEPREDICTEDNOXEMISSIONANDBOILEREFFICIENCYFROMTHEHYBRIDMODEL,COMPAREDWITHTHATOFTHEBPNNBASEDHYBRIDMODEL,SHOWSBETTERAGREEMENTWITHTHEMEASUREDTHEN,BASEDONTHEHYBRIDMODEL,THEMODIFIEDCENTERPARTICLESWARMOPTIMIZATIONCENTERPSOWASEMPLOYEDTOOPTIMIZETHETWOOBJECTIVES,THEONEISMINIMIZATIONOFNOXEMISSIONANDMAXIMIZATIONOFBOILEREFFICIENCYANDTHEOTHERONEISMAXIMIZATIONOFBOILEREFFICIENCYUNDERNOXEMISSIONCONSTRAINTTHEOPTIMIZEDRESULTSINDICATETHATTHEPROPOSEDMETHODCANEFFECTIVELYCONTROLNOXEMISSIONANDIMPROVEBOILEREFFICIENCYKEYWORDSNOXBOILEREFFICIENCYCOMBUSTIONOPTIMIZATIONSVRCENTERPSOIINTRODUCTIONBECAUSEOFTHEHARMFULEFFECTSONENVIRONMENTANDHUMANHEALTH,NITROGENOXIDESNOXEMISSIONS,PRODUCEDBYCOMBUSTORSANDENGINES,HAVEBEENTHESUBJECTOFRESTRICTIVEREGULATIONSINMANYCOUNTRIESINRECENTLYYEARS1FORINSTANCE,INTHEPEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINA,THECURRENTNOXEMISSIONLIMITFORDRYBOTTOMBOILERSWITHACAPACITYOF300MWANDLARGERIS650MG/NM3AT6VOLO2DRY,ANDITWILLDECREASEINTHEFUTURE2ASACONSEQUENCE,THECONTROLOFNOXEMISSIONISWIDELYCONCERNASTHEUTILIZATIONOFFOSSILFUELSCONTINUESTOINCREASE,ESPECIALLYINCOALFIREDPOWERPLANTSRECENTLY,COMBUSTIONOPTIMIZATIONHASBEENPROVEDTOBEANEFFECTIVEWAYTOREALIZELOWNOXCOMBUSTIONINCOALFIREDUTILITYSETTING28INVIEWOFONLINEPLANTDATAFROMDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMDCSANDCONTINUOUSEMISSIONSMONITORINGSYSTEMCEMS,THERELATIONBETWEENNOXEMISSIONSANDVARIOUSOPERATIONALPARAMETERSOFTHEBOILERISMODELEDUSINGARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCESUCHASNEURALNETWORK,EXPERTSYSTEM,FUZZYLOGIC,GENERALIZEDREGRESSIONANDSUPPORTVECTORBSUPPORTVECTORREGRESSIONSUPPORTVECTORREGRESSIONSVRHASBEENUSEDTOSOLVEANONLINEARREGRESSIONESTIMATIONPROBLEMBYINTRODUCINGTHEALTERNATIVELOSSFUNCTIONITSBASICIDEAISTOMAPTHEINPUTDATAXINTOAHIGHDIMENSIONALFEATURESPACEFBYNONLINEARMAPPING,TOYIELDANDSOLVEALINEARREGRESSIONPROBLEMINTHISFEATURESPACEBYTHISMETHOD,THEUNKNOWNFUNCTIONWITHATOLERANCEEPSILONBANDBETWEENINPUTSANDOUTPUTCANBEOBTAINEDCONSIDERINGTHECOMPLETESVRTHEORYANDEQUATIONS,PLEASEREFERTO13CHYBRIDMODELFORNOXEMISSIONANDBOILEREFFICIENCYTHEPREDICTIONPROCESSOFNOXEMISSIONANDBOILEREFFICIENCYBYSVRANDANALYTICALMODELISSCHEMATICALLYSHOWNINFIG1INHYBRIDMODEL,THREESVRMODELSHAVING30INPUTSINTHEVIEWOFPHYSICALANALYSISWEREEMPLOYEDTOMODELTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENOPERATIONALPARAMETERSANDCOMBUSTIONPRODUCTSSUCHASNOXEMISSION,UNBURNEDCARBONANDOXYGENCONTENTINFLUEGASTHESEINPUTSWERETHETOTALAIRFLOWRATE,SIXELEVATIONSOFSECONDARYAIROPENINGVALUE,TWOOFADAMPEROPENINGVALUES,WINDBOXPRESSUREMEASURINGPOINT,FIVECOALFEEDERSOPENINGVALUE,FIVEAIR

簡介：畢業(yè)論文（設計）畢業(yè)論文（設計）外文翻譯題目電氣工程畢業(yè)生使用MATLAB最優(yōu)控制的過程系部名稱系部名稱專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級學生姓名學生姓名學號號指導教師指導教師教師職稱教師職稱講師20年月日使用這些程序設計包的三個缺點是使用這些程序設計包計算機容易受影響，而且還要求學生或者老師學會如何使用這些計算機輔助程序設計包，并保證這些包括基準線課程的設計包作為必修課程的一部分，更多詳細關于它的缺點的討論可以參閱我們前部分章節(jié)的內容。賓州法尼亞大學大峽谷分校的最有控制系統(tǒng)賓州法尼亞大學大峽谷校園是賓州法尼亞大學十八個校園的其中之一，是在費城區(qū)域的一個研究生中心，工程師們在那里工作來滿足教育的需求，利用各種各樣的仿真設計包幾乎所有的學生都變成了工程師。這些課程的目的是讓學生的數學工具參數化，動態(tài)最優(yōu)化，并且用于設計表現最好的動力系統(tǒng)。非線性系統(tǒng)課程包含下面的課題1、靜態(tài)最佳化2、離散系統(tǒng)的時間最優(yōu)控制21線性二次調節(jié)器22次優(yōu)反饋的穩(wěn)態(tài)閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)23跟蹤問題24最終狀態(tài)固定的調節(jié)閥與功能3、最優(yōu)控制的連續(xù)系統(tǒng)31線性二次調節(jié)器32次優(yōu)反饋的穩(wěn)態(tài)閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)33跟蹤問題34最終狀態(tài)固定的調節(jié)閥與功能35最終時間釋放問題36約束輸入問題4、動態(tài)規(guī)劃41離散時間學生每周的作業(yè)包括計算機的仿真和使用，考試部分也包括用計算機仿真的作業(yè)，學生可以使用學生版本的MATLAB。阿肯色州大學最優(yōu)控制系統(tǒng)本課程提供給本科生和研究所的學生，讓他們?yōu)檠芯拷浀涞臓顟B(tài)空間控制技術做好充分準備。這些課程的目的是讓學生的數學工具參數化，動態(tài)最優(yōu)化，而且用于設計最好的動力系統(tǒng)。為實現這一目標，作者（EYAZ）從1986年開始更新課程，從而下面

簡介：畢業(yè)論文（設計）外文翻譯畢業(yè)論文（設計）外文翻譯題目農村零售終端連鎖經營模式研究一、外文原文標題ACOMPARISONOFFRANCHISEANDINDEPENDENTSMALLBUSINESSSURVIVALRATES原文ABSTRACTASPIRINGENTREPRENEURSCHOOSINGTOBECOMEFRANCHISEESCERTAINLYEXPECTTOIMPROVETHEIRCHANCESOFSURVIVALDURINGTHETURBULENTEARLYYEARSOFBUSINESSSTARTUPANDOPERATIONALIGNMENTWITHAFRANCHISORPARENTCOMPANYOFFERSTHEFRANCHISEEMANAGERIALASSISTANCE,ACCESSTOFINANCIALCAPITAL,ANDACCESSTOMARKETSVIATHERIGHTTOUTILIZETHEPARENTCOMPANYTRADEMARKTHISSTUDYEXAMINESSURVIVALPATTERNSAMONGFRANCHISEANDNONFRANCHISESMALLFIRMSSTARTEDBETWEEN1984AND1987SURVIVALTHROUGHLATE1991ISTRACKEDFORALLFIRMSALTHOUGHTHEFRANCHISEOPERATIONSARELARGERSCALE,BETTERCAPITALIZEDYOUNGFIRMS,THEINDEPENDENTBUSINESSSTARTUPSAREFOUNDTOBEMOREPROFITABLEANDTHEIRSURVIVALPROSPECTSAREBETTERTHANTHOSEOFFRANCHISESAINTRODUCTIONPERSONSENTERINGSELFEMPLOYMENTBYBECOMINGFRANCHISEESCOMMONLYBELIEVETHATTHEIRCHANCESOFSURVIVINGTHOSEEARLYTURBULENTYEARSOFSMALLBUSINESSOPERATIONSAREENHANCEDBYTHEIRDECISIONTOALIGNWITHAFRANCHISORPARENTCOMPANYTHEFRANCHISEISASAFEBET,ACCORDINGTOTHECONVENTIONALWISDOMITISTIMETORECONSIDERTHISWISDOMANATIONWIDESURVEYOFSELFEMPLOYEDPERSONSACTIVEINSMALLBUSINESSIN1987SERVESASTHEDATABASEANALYZEDINTHISSTUDYASAMPLEOF20,554YOUNGFIRMSDRAWNFROMTHEUSBUREAUOFTHECENSUSCHARACTERISTICSOFBUSINESSOWNERSDATABASEISUTILIZED,ANDALLOFTHESEFIRMSWERESURVEYEDINLATE1991TODETERMINEFIRMSURVIVALRATESBYLATE1991,347PERCENTOFTHEFRANCHISEESAND280PERCENTOFTHENONFRANCHISEYOUNGFIRMSACTIVEIN1987HADDISCONTINUEDOPERATIONSFURTHERINDEPENDENTBUSINESSVSFRANCHISEECOMPARISONSREVEALTHATTHEYOUNGFIRMSSTARTEDWITHOUTTHEBENEFITOFAPARENTFRANCHISORWERESIGNIFICANTLYMOREPROFITABLETHANTHEFRANCHISEFIRMSINSHORT,THEFRANCHISEROUTETOSELFEMPLOYMENTISASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERBUSINESSFAILURERATESANDLOWERPROFITSTHANINDEPENDENTBUSINESSOWNERSHIPINDEPENDENTFIRMSSUCHPROMOTIONALBUSINESSFAILURERATEFIGURESCITETHE“USDEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE“ASTHEIRSOURCEINFACT,THEUSDEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCEHAS,UNTILRECENTLY,CONDUCTEDANNUALSSURVEYSOFFRANCHISORSANDPUBLISHEDTHERESULTSINBIENNIALREPORTS,FRANCHISINGINTHEECONOMYACCORDINGTOTHESTAFFOFTHEUSHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVESCOMMITTEEONSMALLBUSINESS,HOWEVER,ACOMPREHENSIVEREVIEWOFTHEFRANCHISINGINTHEECONOMYREPORTS“FAILSTOSHOWANYFIGURESPROVIDINGCOMPARABLEFAILUREORSUCCESSRATESFORFRANCHISESORFRANCHISEESONTHECONTRARY,THEREPORTSNOTESPECIFICALLYTHATTHENUMBEROFFAILURESISUNKNOWNFRANCHISINGINTHEECONOMY,1988,“MYOWNREVIEWOFAPPLICABLEUSDEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCEPUBLICATIONSREVEALSNOSTUDIESORSTATISTICSCAPABLEOFSUPPORTINGCOMPARATIVESURVIVALRATESFORNEWFRANCHISEVERSUSINDEPENDENTBUSINESSSTARTUPSCLAIMSTHATFRANCHISESTARTUPSHAVEVASTLYHIGHERSURVIVALRATESTHANINDEPENDENTBUSINESSSTARTUPSCANNOTBESUPPORTEDBYPUBLISHEDUSDEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCESTUDIESOFSMALLBUSINESSTHUS,CLAIMSABOUTFRANCHISERATESOFSURVIVALHAVEOFTENTENDEDTOEXTREMESTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTORAISETHEDEBATETOAHIGHERPLAINTHEPRESENCEOFTHECBODATABASEMAKESITPOSSIBLEFORISSUESOFFRANCHISEESURVIVALTOBEANALYZEDINOBJECTIVE,COMPREHENSIVEWAYSTHECBOOVERSAMPLESMINORITYANDWOMENBUSINESSOWNERS,ANDITOVERSAMPLESTHELARGERSCALESMALLBUSINESSESTHATUTILIZEPAIDEMPLOYEESOFTHEROUGHLY90,000SMALLBUSINESSESSURVEYEDTOCREATETHECBODATABASE,OVER70PERCENTRESPONDEDALLOFTHEREPORTEDSTATISTICSINTHISSTUDYAREWEIGHTEDTOADJUSTFORBOTHSURVEYNONRESPONSIVE,ANDTHECENSUSBUREAUSNONRANDOMSAMPLINGINTHECREATIONOFTHECBOTHEFIRMSDESCRIBEDINTHISSTUDYARETHEREFOREREPRESENTATIVEOFYOUNGFIRMSTHATGROSSEDATLEAST5000INTOTALREVENUESIN1987THISSTUDYCOVERSONLYFIRMSFORMEDOVERTHE19841987PERIODANDTHEUNITOFANALYSISISFIRMS,NOTPERSONSTHUS,THEUNIVERSEOFFIRMSCOVEREDINTHISSTUDYIS4,005,561SMALLBUSINESSESADESCRIPTIONOFTHECBOSAMPLEOFYOUNGFIRMSANALYZEDINTHEFOLLOWINGPAGESAPPEARSINTHEAPPENDIXOFTHISSTUDYTHESAMPLEOFFRANCHISEFIRMSANALYZEDHERE’SNOTIDENTICALWITHTHEUNIVERSEOFFRANCHISEUNITSOPENEDBETWEEN1984AND1987FORSEVERALREASONSFIRST,SOMEFRANCHISEUNITSAREOWNEDBYTHEFRANCHISORSECOND,SOMENEWFRANCHISEUNITSAREOWNEDBYMULTIUNIT