簡(jiǎn)介：LETTERDOI101038/NATURE14978CELLFATEDETERMINATIONBYUBIQUITINDEPENDENTREGULATIONOFTRANSLATIONACHIMWERNER1,2,SHINTAROIWASAKI2,COLLEENAMCGOURTY2,SOFIAMEDINARUIZ2,NIATEERIKORPI1,2,INDROFEDRIGO2,NICHOLASTINGOLIA2MOLECULARWEIGHTISGIVENINKDAC,KBTBD8DEPLETEDHESCSWERESUBJECTEDTONEURALCONVERSIONANDANALYSEDBYIMMUNOFLUORESCENCEMICROSCOPYMEANOF3BIOLOGICALREPLICATES,6SEM,1,500CELLSPERCONDITIOND,XENOPUSTROPICALISEMBRYOSINJECTEDWITHTRANSLATIONBLOCKINGMORPHOLINOSAGAINSTKBTBD8WEREANALYSEDBYINSITUHYBRIDIZATIONE,MODELOFTHECUL3KBTBD8CONTROLLEDDEVELOPMENTALSWITCH1HOWARDHUGHESMEDICALINSTITUTE,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,CALIFORNIA94720,USA2DEPARTMENTOFMOLECULARANDCELLBIOLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,CALIFORNIA94720,USA24SEPTEMBER2015|VOL525|NATURE|523G2015MACMILLANPUBLISHERSLIMITEDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDFIG3A,BANDEXTENDEDFIG6A,BTHESAMEABERRANTDIFFERENTIATIONPROGRAMWASOBSERVEDIFWEDEPLETEDTCOF1ORNOLC1FIG3A,CANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG6A,C,D,BUTNOTOTHERKBTBD8BINDINGPARTNERSFIG3AANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG6E,FDEMONSTRATINGTHATTHESEPROTEINSACTINACOMMONPATHWAY,CODEPLETIONOFKBTBD8ANDTCOF1ORNOLC1,RESPECTIVELY,MIRROREDTHEDIFFERENTIATIONPROGRAMOFSINGLYDEPLETEDHESCSFIG3DWETHEREFORECONCLUDETHATTCOF1ANDNOLC1ARECRITICALMONOUBIQUITYLATIONSUBSTRATESOFCUL3KBTBD8DURINGNEURALCRESTSPECIFICATIONCONSISTENTWITHTHISNOTION,MUTATIONSINTCOF1CAUSETREACHERCOLLINSSYNDROME,ACRANIOFACIALDISORDERCHARACTERIZEDBYLOSSOFCRANIALNEURALCRESTCELLS2,3TOUNDERSTANDHOWCUL3KBTBD8DRIVESNEURALCRESTSPECIFICATION,WEIDENTIFIEDPROTEINSTHATSELECTIVELYRECOGNIZEDUBIQUITYLATED,BUTNOTUNMODIFIED,TCOF1USINGCELLSTHATWERERECONSTITUTEDWITHEITHERWILDTYPEKBTBD8,INACTIVEKBTBD8Y74A,OREMPTYVECTORNOTABLY,NOLC1EMERGEDASTHEMAJOREFFECTORTHATWASRECRUITEDTOUBIQUITYLATEDTCOF1FIG4A,ANOBSERVATIONTHATWASCONFIRMEDBYAFFINITYPURIFICATIONCOUPLEDTOWESTERNBLOTANALYSISFIG4BMONOUBIQUITYLATIONOFTENSTABILIZESBINDINGPARTNERS,ANDDEPLETIONOFKBTBD8CAUSEDDEGRADATIONOFBOTHTCOF1ANDNOLC1ATLATERSTAGESOFNEURALCONVERSIONFIG3CANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG7A,BONTHEBASISOFTHESERESULTS,WEESTABLISHEDASEQUENTIALAFFINITYPURIFICATIONPROTOCOLTODETERMINETHECOMPOSITIONOFUBIQUITYLATIONDEPENDENTTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXESWEFOUNDTHATTCOF1–NOLC1ASSEMBLIESENGAGEDRNAPOLYMERASEITHEH/ACACOMPLEXCATALYSINGRRNAPSEUDOURIDYLATIONANDTHESSUPROCESSOMECONTROLLINGMATURATIONANDMODIFICATIONOFTHESMALLRIBOSOMALSUBUNITFIG4C,DANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG7CACCORDINGLY,UBIQUITYLATIONBYCUL3KBTBD8BROUGHTENDOGENOUSRNAPOLYMERASEIINTOCOMPLEXESWITHTHESSUPROCESSOMEFIG4E,WHICHREQUIREDTCOF1ANDNOLC1EXTENDEDDATAFIG7DSIMILAROBSERVATIONSWEREMADEINHESCS,WHEREAROBUSTINTERACTIONBETWEENRNAPOLYMERASEIANDSSUPROCESSOMEWASLOSTUPONDEPLETIONOFKBTBD8FIG4FTHUS,CUL3KBTBD8INDUCESTHEUBIQUITINDEPENDENTFORMATIONOFTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXESTHATSERVEASAPLATFORMTOCONNECTRNAPOLYMERASEIWITHENZYMESRESPONSIBLEFORRIBOSOMALPROCESSINGANDMODIFICATIONFIG4GTHISOBSERVATIONSUPPORTSAROLEOFUBIQUITYLATIONINNEURALCRESTSPECIFICATION,ASMUTATIONSINRNAPOLYMERASEIALSOCAUSETREACHERCOLLINSSYNDROME19ALTHOUGHKBTBD8TARGETSPROTEINSLINKEDTORIBOSOMEBIOGENESIS,ITSDEPLETIONDIDNOTAFFECTTHEABUNDANCEOFRRNASORMRNASENCODINGRIBOSOMALPROTEINSLEVELSOFRIBOSOMALPROTEINSPROCESSINGOFPRECURSORRRNASNUCLEOLARINTEGRITYEXPORTOFTHESMALLRIBOSOMALSUBUNITRIBOSOMEBINDINGTOMRNAJUDGEDBYPOLYSOMEGRADIENTANALYSISGLOBALMRNATRANSLATIONDETECTEDBYMETABOLICLABELLINGORCELLSURVIVALFIG5A,DANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG8A–HACCORDINGLY,AGLOBALREDUCTIONINTRANSLATIONCAUSEDBYRAPAMYCINDIDNOTPHENOCOPYTHELOSSOFKBTBD8EXTENDEDDATAFIG9A,BDEPLETIONOFTCOF1ALSODIDNOTAFFECTRRNASYNTHESIS,P53ACTIVATION,ORCELLSURVIVALATTHETIMEOFNEURALCRESTSPECIFICATIONEXTENDEDDATAFIG9C–E,ALTHOUGHCONSISTENTWITHPREVIOUSWORK3,20,ITREDUCEDRRNALEVELSANDTRIGGEREDCELLDEATHATLATESTAGESOFNEURALCONVERSIONNUCLEOSOMEDKC1RPAC1RPA1RPA2RPA49RPA2RPA2RPA34RNAPOLICOMPLEXRPA2RPA43RPABC1SSUPROCESSOMENOP56BOXC/DSNORNPCOMPLEXH/ACASNORNPCOMPLEXRIBOSOMEMATURATIONUTPC–CKIICOMPLEXRRNATRANSCRIPTIONRRNAMODIFICATIONTCOF1NOLC1ARRB1/2H2AE3LIGASEUBNHP2NOP10NOP58FBLTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXCSK2A1CSK2A2CSK2BNCLH2BH3H4H1KBTBD8FOLDENRICHMENT20FOLD10FOLD5FOLDACDRPA1KBTBD8RPA2RPB1DKC1NHP2NOP58NOP56HA–NOLC1HA–NOLC1FLAG–TCOF1FLAG–TCOF1ARRB1ARRB2INPUT11STIPANTIHA10WESTERN250100755025025010050157537752NDIPANTIFLAGCSK2ACSK2AWESTERN37NOP5875RPA2KBTBD875RPA1250100IPANTIIGGW579AWTY74A–KBTBD8–FLAGIPANTIRPA1IPANTIIGGIPANTIRPA1W579AWTY74A–INPUTE75NOP5837CSK2AIGG75KBTBD8RPA2100WESTERN250RPA1INPUTSHKBTBD8SHCTRLIPANTIIGG/RPA1GCUL3KBTBD8UBISSUPROCPO4H/ACAΨUBUBUBUBRNAPOLI76854321–1246810FOLDCHANGETSCSWTCONTROLTCOF1INTERACTINGPROTEINSFOLDCHANGETSCSWTY74AKBTBD8UBIQUITYLATIONDEPENDENTKBTBD8BINDINGDEPENDENTKBTBD8INDEPENDENTNOLC100FBNOLC1KBTBD8WESTERN2501507550ARBB1ARBB250ARBB1ARBB2NOLC115075KBTBD8IPANTIFLAG250FLAG–TCOF1FLAG–TCOF1W579AWTY74AKBTBD8INPUTTCOF1NOLC1FIGURE4|UBIQUITYLATIONDEPENDENTTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXESCOUPLERNAPOLYMERASEITORIBOSOMEMODIFICATIONENZYMESA,INTERACTORSOFTCOF1IN293TCELLSRECONSTITUTEDWITHKBTBD8ORKBTBD8Y74ASUMOF3BIOLOGICALREPLICATESPERCONDITIONB,VALIDATIONOFCUL3KBTBD8DEPENDENTFORMATIONOFTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXESC,COMPPASSMASSSPECTROMETRYANALYSISOFSEQUENTIALIMMUNOPRECIPITATIONOFFLAG–TCOF1/HA–NOLC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簡(jiǎn)介：MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA413–4142005545–549GROWTHRATEANDIMPURITYDISTRIBUTIONINMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONFORSOLARCELLSRANNVEIGKVANDE?,?YVINDMJ?S,BIRGITRYNINGENNORWEGIANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,DEPARTMENTOFMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,ALFREDGETSVEI2,7491TRONDHEIM,NORWAYRECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM1JULY2005ABSTRACTTHESOLIDIFICATIONRATEOFMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONMADEBYDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONHASBEENDETERMINEDBYINSITUMEASUREMENTSOFTHESOLID/LIQUIDINTERFACEPOSITIONINAPILOTSCALEFURNACETWOEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDWHERESILICONWASSOLIDIFIEDVERTICALLYFROMTHEBOTTOMWITHANEARLYPLANARINTERFACEANDCOOLEDAFTERSOLIDIFICATIONATTWODIFFERENTRATESTHEAVERAGESOLIDIFICATIONRATEWASFOUNDTOBE410?6M/S,WHICHFITSWELLCOMPAREDTOVALUESCALCULATEDFROMTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSBENEATHTHECRUCIBLETHESOLIDIFIEDSILICONWASEXAMINEDTODETERMINETHECARBONANDOXYGENDISTRIBUTIONANDTHEELECTRONLIFETIMEVERTICALLYINTHEINGOTSTHECARBONDISTRIBUTIONWASQUITESIMILARINBOTHINGOTSWITHACONCENTRATIONOFABOUT4PPMAINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEINGOTSAHIGHEROXYGENCONCENTRATIONWASFOUNDINTHEINGOTWITHSLOWCOOLINGTHISWASARESULTOFPOORCOATINGWHICHINCREASEDOXYGENDIFFUSIONFROMTHECRUCIBLETHEELECTRONLIFETIMEWASFOUNDTOBEABOUT10?SINTHEMATERIALWITHFASTCOOLING,WHEREASTHEMATERIALWITHSLOWCOOLINGHADANELECTRONLIFETIMEOF2?SMOREDIFFUSIONOFIRONFROMTHECRUCIBLEMAYBETHEREASONFORTHELOWLIFETIMEINTHEMATERIALWITHSLOWCOOLING?2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONSOLIDIFICATIONRATEIMPURITYDISTRIBUTIONELECTRONLIFETIME1INTRODUCTIONMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONISTHEMOSTUSEDMATERIALINSOLARCELLSWITHASHAREOFMORETHAN50OFTHESHIPPEDPVMODULESWORLDWIDE1DIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONISACOMMONMETHODTOCASTMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONFORUSEINSOLARCELLSHERE,THESILICONISMELTEDANDSOLIDIFIEDFROMBELOWBYEXTRACTIONOFHEATTHROUGHTHECRUCIBLEBOTTOM,RESULTINGINANEARLYPLANARSOLID/LIQUIDINTERFACEMOSTIMPURITIESARESEGREGATEDTOWARDSTHETOP,ANDTHEFINALCRYSTALSTRUCTUREISDOMINATEDBYLARGECOLUMNARGRAINSPARALLELTOTHESOLIDIFICATIONDIRECTIONTHESOLARENERGYCONVERSIONEFFICIENCYOFMULTICRYSTALLINESOLARCELLSISTYPICALLYINTHERANGEOF12–15THEEFFICIENCYISMAINLYLIMITEDBYMINORITYCARRIERRECOMBINATIONATDISLOCATIONSANDINTRAGRANULARDEFECTSSUCHASIMPURITIES,SMALLCLUSTERSOFATOMS,ORPRECIPITATES2SINCERECOMBINATIONATPUREDISLOCATIONSISKNOWNTOBERELATIVELYWEAK,ITHASBEENSUGGESTED?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL4773596867FAX4773550203EMAILADDRESSRANNVEIGKVANDEMATERIALNTNUNORKVANDETHATTHEDECORATIONWITHMETALLICIMPURITIESORPRECIPITATESISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEENHANCEDRECOMBINATIONINTHESEREGIONS3–5ITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHESOLIDIFICATIONPROCESSSTRONGLYAFFECTSTHEEFFICIENCYTHESOLIDIFICATIONCONTROLSTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEMATERIAL,WHILEPOSTSOLIDIFICATIONCOOLINGISBELIEVEDTOAFFECTTHEDISLOCATIONDENSITYTHECURVATUREOFTHESOLIDIFIEDINTERFACEMAYAFFECTTHECRYSTALMORPHOLOGYANDTHELOCATIONOFIMPURITIESINTHESOLIDIFIEDMATERIALCARBONANDOXYGENARE,BESIDESNITROGEN,THEMAINIMPURITIESINMULTICRYSTALLINESILICON,WHERECARBONORIGINATESPRIMARILYFROMINSULATIONANDHEATINGELEMENTSINTHEFURNACE,WHILEOXYGENDIFFUSESINTOTHEMELTFROMTHEQUARTZCRUCIBLETHEPRESENTPAPERDESCRIBESEXPERIMENTSMADEINORDERTODETERMINETHEGROWTHRATEOFSILICONDURINGDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONINAPILOTSCALEBRIDGMANFURNACE,ANDTOESTABLISHTHEINFLUENCEOFCOOLINGRATEONTHEMINORITYCARRIERLIFETIMEWHICHISAFFECTEDBYTHEDISLOCATIONDENSITYTHEGROWTHRATEISALSOCALCULATEDFROMTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSINTHEPEDESTALBENEATHTHECRUCIBLETHEMATERIALFROMBOTHEXPERIMENTSWASCHARACTERIZEDTODETERMINETHECARBONANDOXYGENDISTRIBUTIONVERTICALLYINTHEINGOTS09215093/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMSEA200509035RKVANDEETAL/MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA413–4142005545–549547FIG3MEASUREDANDCALCULATEDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHASFUNCTIONOFTIMECOMBININGEQS1–3ANDASSUMINGQSI,SQCRQGQ,GIVESTHEFOLLOWINGEXPRESSIONQATM?TPTGKGTSI,SKSI,STCRKCR4THETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYCOEFFICIENTSAREASSUMEDCONSTANTDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONTHEPEDESTALTEMPERATURETPISMEASUREDBYATHERMOCOUPLEDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONHEATTRANSFERTHROUGHTHESOLIDIFIEDSILICONCANBEEXPRESSEDASQSI,SQHEATFROMREACTIONQHEATFROMLIQUID?HSIΡSIMSIVAAKSI,LΔTSH?TM5?HSIISTHELATENTHEATFORSILICON,ΡSITHESILICONDENSITY,MSITHEMOLARMASSFORSILICON,ANDVISTHEGROWTHRATEBYSETTINGEQ4EQ5THEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONWASDERIVEDFORTHEGROWTHRATEVMSIΡSI?HSI??TM?TPTSI,SKSI,STCRKCRTGKG?KSI,LIQΔTSH?TM??6EQ6ISSIMPLIFIEDBYNEGLECTINGTHESECONDTERMUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONOFNOMELTSUPERHEAT,TSH0THETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHEQUARTZCRUCIBLEISUNCERTAINANDTHECONSTANTKCRINEQ6INCLUDESALSOINREALITYTHETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHECOATING,WHICHISDEPENDENTOFTHICKNESSANDDENSITYOFTHECOATINGITISTHEREFOREDIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYKCRANDTHEGROWTHRATEISCALCULATEDATTWODIFFERENTCONDUCTIVITIESTHECALCULATEDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHCORRESPONDSWELLWITHTHEMEASUREDVALUESWHENASSUMINGTHETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHECRUCIBLETOBE12W/MK,ASSHOWNINFIG3THEMEASUREDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHASFUNCTIONOFTIMEWASVERYSIMILARINTHETWOEXPERIMENTS,INDICATINGSTABLEANDREPRODUCIBLETHERMALCONDITIONSANAVERAGEGROWTHRATEOF410?6M/SISCALCULATEDFROMTHEMEASUREDVALUESTHECURVATUREOFTHEINTERFACEDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONWASINBOTHEXPERIMENTSSLIGHTLYCONVEXWITHANAPPROXIMATELYHEIGHTDIFFERENCEOF5M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簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯題目機(jī)械臂動(dòng)力學(xué)與控制的研究系部名稱系部名稱機(jī)械工程系專業(yè)班級(jí)專業(yè)班級(jí)機(jī)自學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師教師職稱教師職稱2011年03月20日2圖、1一臺(tái)由賽格威RMP200和輕重量型庫(kù)卡機(jī)器人組成的平臺(tái)這項(xiàng)工作平臺(tái)用于如圖1所示,是由一個(gè)SEGWAY與一家機(jī)器人制造商制造的RMP200輕機(jī)器人。其有一個(gè)相對(duì)較小的軌跡和高機(jī)動(dòng)性能的平臺(tái)使它適應(yīng)在室內(nèi)環(huán)境移動(dòng)。庫(kù)卡工業(yè)機(jī)器人具有較長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)臂和高有效載荷比自身的重量,從而使其適合移動(dòng)操作。當(dāng)控制移動(dòng)機(jī)械臂系統(tǒng)時(shí),有一個(gè)選擇是是否考慮一個(gè)或兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)的實(shí)體。在參考文獻(xiàn)1和2中是根據(jù)雅可比理論將機(jī)械手末端和移動(dòng)平臺(tái)結(jié)合在一起形成一個(gè)單一的控制系統(tǒng)。另一方面,這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在3和4,認(rèn)為它們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)時(shí)是獨(dú)立的實(shí)體,但不包括兩者之間的限制條件,如延伸能力和穩(wěn)定性。這種控制系統(tǒng)的提出是基于動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)方法5,6。它分為兩個(gè)層次，其中我們?cè)谳^低的水平，并考慮到移動(dòng)平臺(tái)作為兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的實(shí)體，然后再以安全的方式結(jié)合在上層操縱者。在本文中主要的研究目的是展現(xiàn)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)方法可以應(yīng)用于移動(dòng)機(jī)械臂和使用各級(jí)協(xié)調(diào)行為的控制。本文剩下的安排如下。第二部分介紹系統(tǒng)的總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),其次是機(jī)械手末端移動(dòng)平臺(tái)的控制在第三第四部分講述。在第五部分我們?cè)诮Y(jié)束本文之前將顯示一些實(shí)驗(yàn)。然而,首先與動(dòng)力學(xué)系統(tǒng)有關(guān)工作總結(jié)與方法將在在部分IA提供。

簡(jiǎn)介：JOURNALOFUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYBEIJINGVOLUME15,NUMBER2,APRIL2008,PAGE114METALLURGYCORRESPONDINGAUTHORWENJUNWANG,EMAILWANGUSTBYAHOOCOMALSOAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM?2008UNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYBEIJINGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDFORMATIONOFINTERNALCRACKSINSTEELBILLETSDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONWENJUNWANG1,2,LINXINNING2,RAIMUNDBüLTE1,ANDWOLFGANGBLECK11INSTITUTEOFFERROUSMETALLURGY,RWTHAACHENUNIVERSITY,AACHEN52072,GERMANY2SHOUGANGGROUPRESEARCHINSTITUTE,BEIJING100041,CHINARECEIVED20070420ABSTRACTTOINVESTIGATETHEFORMATIONOFINTERNALCRACKSINSTEELBILLETSDURINGSOFTREDUCTION,FULLYCOUPLEDTHERMOMECHANICALFINITEELEMENTMODELSWEREDEVELOPEDUSINGTHECOMMERCIALSOFTWAREABAQUS,ALSOCASTINGANDSOFTREDUCTIONTESTSWERECARRIEDOUTINALABORATORYSTRANDCASTINGMACHINEWITHTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELS,THETEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTION,THESTRESSANDSTRAINSTATESINTHEBILLETWERECALCULATEDTHERELATIONBETWEENINTERNALCRACKSANDEQUIVALENTPLASTICSTRAIN,ASWELLASMAXIMALPRINCIPALSTRESSWASANALYZEDTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTENSILESTRESSESCANDEVELOPINTHEMUSHYZONEDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONANDTHEEQUIVALENTSTRAINNEARBYTHEZERODUCTILITYTEMPERATUREZDTINCREASESWITHDECREASINGSOLIDFRACTIONINTERNALCRACKSCANBEINITIATEDWHENTHEACCUMULATEDSTRAINEXCEEDSTHECRITICALSTRAINORTHEAPPLIEDTENSILESTRESSEXCEEDSTHECRITICALFRACTURESTRESSDURINGSOLIDIFICATION?2008UNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYBEIJINGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSTEELSOFTREDUCTIONFINITEELEMENTMODELINTERNALCRACKSTHISWORKWASFINANCIALLYSUPPORTEDBYTHEDEUTSCHEFORSCHUNGSGEMEINSCHAFTDFGWITHINTHECOLLABORATIVERESEARCHCENTRESFB2891INTRODUCTIONINTHECONTINUOUSCASTINGOFSTEELS,CENTERLINESEGREGATIONANDCENTERPOROSITYARECOMMONPROBLEMSTHESOFTREDUCTIONTECHNIQUECANBEAPPLIEDTOMINIMIZESEGREGATIONANDPOROSITYBYREDUCINGTHESTRANDNEARTHEFINALSOLIDIFICATIONREGIONTOCOMPENSATEFORSOLIDIFICATIONSHRINKAGETOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFSOFTREDUCTIONONTHEINTERNALQUALITYOFHIGHCARBONSTEELBILLETS,EXPERIMENTALTRIALSWERECARRIEDOUTATDIFFERENTSOLIDIFIEDSHELLTHICKNESSESINTHELABORATORYSTRANDCASTINGMACHINEATTHEINSTITUTEOFFERROUSMETALLURGYOFRWTHAACHENUNIVERSITYTHERESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHEINTERNALQUALITYOFTHEBILLETHASBEENIMPROVEDBYSOFTREDUCTIONWITHLIQUIDCORETHEQUANTITYANDDIMENSIONOFTHECENTERSEGREGATIONAREAANDCENTERPOROSITYDECREASEDANDTHEWIDTHOFTHEEQUIAXEDCRYSTALZONEINCREASEDHOWEVER,INSOMEBILLETSWITHSOFTREDUCTION,INTERNALCRACKSWEREOBSERVEDTHESECRACKSARELOCATEDMIDWAYBETWEENTHESURFACEANDCENTERLINEOFTHEBILLETSANDPERPENDICULARTOTHECASTINGDIRECTIONACCORDINGTOREFS15,THEFORMATIONOFTHESECRACKSHASACLOSERELATIONWITHTHESTRENGTHANDDUCTILITYOFSTEELINTHEMUSHYZONEBETWEENTHEZERODUCTILITYTEMPERATUREZDTANDTHEZEROSTRENGTHTEMPERATUREZSTSTRENGTHANDDUCTILITYHAVESMALLVALUESINTHEMUSHYZONEBECAUSEOFTHEEXISTENCEOFINTERDENDRITICLIQUIDFILMSATTHEGRAINBOUNDARIESTHEREFORE,ATENSILEDEFORMATIONINTHISTEMPERATURERANGECANCAUSETHESEPARATIONOFDENDRITESANDINTERNALCRACKSWILLFORMWHENTHESTRAINEXCEEDSACRITICALVALUE2THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTUDYISTODETECTTHEREASONFORTHEINTERNALCRACKFORMATIONINTHEBILLETSWITHSOFTREDUCTIONFORTHISPURPOSE,CASTINGANDSOFTREDUCTIONTESTSWERECARRIEDOUTINALABORATORYSTRANDCASTINGMACHINEINADDITION,3DCOUPLEDTHERMOMECHANICALFINITEELEMENTMODELSWEREDEVELOPEDTOCALCULATETHETEMPERATURE,STRESSANDSTRAININTHEBILLETDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONTHECALCULATIONSWERECARRIEDOUTUSINGTHECOMMERCIALFINITEELEMENTSOFTWAREABAQUSWITHTHESECALCULATIONSTHECORRELATIONBETWEENINTERNALCRACKSANDDEFORMATIONOFTHEBILLETINTHEMUSHYZONE116JUNIVSCITECHNOLBEIJING,VOL15,NO2,APR2008PROCESS,ONEQUARTEROFTHEBILLETWITHANINITIALLENGTHOF240MMWASMODELLEDTHEGEOMETRYANDMESHOFTHEROLLINGMODELARESHOWNINFIG2INTHISMODEL,THEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTHEBILLETANDTHEROLLSWASASSUMEDTOBE027,WHICHISINAGREEMENTWITHTHEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTDURINGHOTROLLINGOFHIGHCARBONSTEELSATTHEHOTROLLINGTEMPERATUREOF9001200°C7DURINGSOFTREDUCTION,THEROLLTEMPERATURECHANGEDAPPROXIMATELYFROM50°CATTHEENTRYTO300°CATTHEEXITOFTHEROLLGAPTHEREFORE,INTHEROLLINGMODEL,ANAVERAGEVALUEOF160°CWASCHOSENASTHETEMPERATUREBOUNDARYCONDITIONOFTHEROLLSDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONFIG2GEOMETRYANDMESHOFTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELTHETHERMOPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBILLETINTHEROLLINGMODEL,SUCHASDENSITY,YOUNG’SMODULUS,THERMALCONDUCTIVITY,SPECIFICHEATCAPACITY,THERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT,CHANGEWITHTEMPERATUREANDARETAKENFROMREFS89THEFLOWSTRESSOFBILLETSFROM600°CTOZDTWASDETERMINEDBYHOTCOMPRESSIVETESTSATTHETEMPERATURESEXCEEDINGZDT,THEMATERIALMODELPROPOSEDBYLEEANDKIMWASUSEDTOOBTAINTHEFLOWSTRESSINTHEMUSHYZONE10INTHEROLLGAP,THEBILLETSARECOOLEDDOWNBYTHECOLDROLLSTHROUGHHEATCONDUCTION,ANDASHARPTEMPERATUREDROPAPPEARSATTHESURFACEOFTHEBILLETSTHEHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTHEBILLETANDTHEROLLSDEPENDSONTHEBILLETANDROLLTEMPERATURE,THEROLLINGSPEED,THETHICKNESSREDUCTION,ANDTHESURFACEROUGHNESSOFTHEBILLETANDTHEROLLSINTHEROLLINGMODEL,THEHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENTWASASSUMEDTOBE7000W/M2?K,WHICHISINAGREEMENTWITHTHEVALUESINREFS1112INTHEAREAOUTSIDETHEROLLGAP,THEHEATISLEDAWAYTOTHEATMOSPHEREBYRADIATIONANDCONVECTIONFROMTHEBILLETSURFACETHEREFORETHEAPPROACHPROPOSEDBYTHOMAS13WASUSEDASFOLLOWSTODESCRIBETHEHEATFLUXATTHEBILLETSURFACE44133BB124QTTTTΣΕ∞∞??QΣTHESTEFANBOLTZMANNCONSTANT56710?8W/M2?K?4ANDΕTHEEMISSIVITYOFTHEBILLET,WHICHWASASSUMEDTOBE0814INADDITION,INTHENORMALDIRECTIONOFALLTHESYMMETRYPLANES,THEREISNEITHERDISPLACEMENTNORHEATTRANSFERTHEMECHANICALBOUNDARYCONDITIONOFTHEROLLSALLOWSONLYAROTATIONAROUNDTHEIRAXES4RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTOVERIFYTHEVALIDITYOFTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELS,THECALCULATEDTEMPERATURESINTHEMOULDANDATTHESURFACEOFTHEBILLETSARECOMPAREDWITHTHEMEASUREDVALUESINFIGS3AND4,RESPECTIVELYINFIG3,DIFFERENTDEPTHSINTHELEGENDSTANDFORDIFFERENTDISTANCESFROMTHEEXTERNALSURFACETOWARDTHEINTERNALSURFACEOFTHEMOULDALONGITSRADIUSATTHESEPOSITIONS,THETEMPERATURESWEREMEASUREDWITHTHERMOCOUPLESANDCALCULATEDWITHABAQUSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHECALCULATEDANDMEASUREDMOULDTEMPERATURESAGREEWELLWITHEACHOTHERTHEMAXIMUMDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMEASUREDANDCALCULATEDMOULDTEMPERATURESIS6°C,WHICHIS10OFTHEMEASUREDTEMPERATURESTHECALCULATEDSURFACETEMPERATURESOFTHEBILLETSINFIG4SHOWAGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEMEASUREDVALUESTHEREFORETHEFINITEELEMENTMODELSINTHISARTICLECANBEUSEDTOCALCULATETHESOLIDFRACTIONINTHECOREOFBILLETSDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONFIG3COMPARISONOFTHEMEASUREDANDCALCULATEDTEMPERATURESOFTHEMOULD

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯題目智能速度適應(yīng)動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)更新（ISA）系統(tǒng)學(xué)院自動(dòng)化與電氣工程學(xué)院專業(yè)自動(dòng)化班級(jí)自0802學(xué)生邢國(guó)建學(xué)號(hào)20080301115指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師張恩平二〇一二年四月二十三日濟(jì)南大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯2險(xiǎn)。因此，據(jù)估計(jì)，約有10％的傷亡是可以預(yù)防的，如果駕車人士經(jīng)常出差大群高達(dá)10公里/?超過(guò)限制，鼓勵(lì)遵守車速限制。如果遵守所有車輛的車速限制，可以預(yù)防約20％的傷亡。節(jié)省致命的崩潰將是更大的。有許多類型的ISA系統(tǒng)，GPS全球定位系統(tǒng)基于ISA是最新和最有效的制度。與ISA系統(tǒng)GPS接收機(jī)用于檢測(cè)車“的地球上的當(dāng)前位置為坐標(biāo)，這個(gè)坐標(biāo)來(lái)找到它通過(guò)預(yù)裝的地圖位置，其中包含的信息有關(guān)的道路，其各種公路信號(hào)和速度限制。事件雖然這個(gè)系統(tǒng)是最近的和有效的，也有一些限制，在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，這就是為什么這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是為了降低成本，現(xiàn)行的制度，提高可靠性，使系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)更新信息。1212現(xiàn)有的速度適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)有的速度適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)有速度適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)提出了在不同的時(shí)間、數(shù)量的情況下，但他們沒(méi)有有效的導(dǎo)致故障。一些重要的速度適應(yīng)該系統(tǒng)的情況。121121RFIDRFID無(wú)線電導(dǎo)航無(wú)線電導(dǎo)航路邊無(wú)線電航標(biāo)，在車內(nèi)的接收器數(shù)據(jù)傳輸工作。燈塔不斷傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，其中CARMOUNTED接收拿起每個(gè)烽火臺(tái)傳遞。此數(shù)據(jù)可能包括當(dāng)?shù)氐能囁傧拗疲瑢W(xué)校區(qū)，變速限制，或交通警示。如果使用，并定期放置足夠數(shù)量的燈塔，他們可以計(jì)算出車輛行駛速度的基礎(chǔ)上多少燈塔的車輛通過(guò)每秒。信標(biāo)可以被放置在/速度標(biāo)志，電線桿，其他路邊燈具，或在道路本身。移動(dòng)信標(biāo)可以部署以固定信標(biāo)，在惡劣的天氣，或在特殊事件，事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)周圍覆蓋。信標(biāo)可以連接到一臺(tái)主計(jì)算機(jī)，可以作出這樣的快速變化。該系統(tǒng)可用于只有緩慢的車輛。實(shí)際上，它不能被用來(lái)在高速公路與高速的車輛。當(dāng)車輛在道路上高速移動(dòng)，數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)被拾起由用車單位，因此該系統(tǒng)十分有效。122光學(xué)識(shí)別系統(tǒng)該系統(tǒng)使用安裝在汽車上的相機(jī)，不斷捕捉道路上的圖像。圖像處理找到，如果有任何圖像上的標(biāo)志牌，這是通過(guò)數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)檢測(cè)招牌的形狀。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)標(biāo)志牌，招牌找到其他算法在圖像模式用于提取的象征和比較，以識(shí)別標(biāo)志牌。根據(jù)確認(rèn)的符號(hào)，信息給司機(jī)通過(guò)儀表盤上的液晶顯示器或蜂鳴器警報(bào)，甚至控制車輛自動(dòng)以嚴(yán)格的公路規(guī)則。應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，所有這些過(guò)程中必須進(jìn)行的幾分之一秒內(nèi)。有人建議保持視覺(jué)招牌，從點(diǎn)越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn)。對(duì)于如?，F(xiàn)在，如果招牌被放置50M從速度斷路器離開(kāi)，有人建議保持100米距離如此，該系統(tǒng)具有足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)處理和驅(qū)動(dòng)的招牌，有足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)控制車輛。該系統(tǒng)使用復(fù)雜的算法使用多少資源當(dāng)標(biāo)志牌被樹(shù)枝覆蓋的一些關(guān)鍵的情況下，系統(tǒng)沒(méi)有檢測(cè)到的標(biāo)志牌。123航位推算

簡(jiǎn)介：ODMATRICESESTIMATIONFROMLINKFLOWSBYNEURALNETWORKSANDPCALORENZOMUSSONE1,MATTEOMATTEUCCI21DEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGENVIRONMENTSCIENCETECHNOLOGY,POLITECNICODIMILANO,ITALYMUSSONEPOLIMIIT,VIABONARDI,9,20123MILANO2DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICANDINFORMATION,POLITECNICODIMILANO,ITALYMATTEUCCELETPOLIMIIT,VIAPONZIO,34/5,20123MILANOABSTRACTTHEPAPERTACKLESODMATRIXESTIMATIONSTARTINGFROMTHEMEASURESOFFLOWONROADNETWORKLINKSANDPROPOSESTHEAPPLICATIONOFSOFTCOMPUTINGTECHNIQUESTHEAPPLICATIONSCENARIOSARETWOATRIALNETWORKANDTHEREALRURALNETWORKOFTHEPROVINCEOFNAPLESBOTHSIMULATEDBYAMICROSIMULATORDYNAMICALLYASSIGNINGKNOWNODMATRICESAPCAPRINCIPALCOMPONENTANALYSISTECHNIQUEWASALSOUSEDTOREDUCETHEINPUTSPACEOFVARIABLESINORDERTOACHIEVEBETTERSIGNIFICANCEFORINPUTDATAANDTOSTUDYTHEPOSSIBLEEIGENGRAPHSOFTHEROADNETWORKSCOPYRIGHT?2006IFACKEYWORDSODESTIMATION,NEURALNETWORKS,PCA,LINKFLOWMEASURES,VARIANCESTABILIZATION1INTRODUCTIONTHEANALYSISOFURBANNETWORKSWASORGANICALLYANDSIGNIFICANTLYDEVELOPEDSINCETHEMIDDLEOF80SINORDERTOSOLVEPROBLEMSRELATEDTOROADCIRCULATIONMANYPLANNINGANDCONTROLMETHODOLOGIESBOTHWITHEQUILIBRIUMANDDYNAMICAPPROACHESAREBASEDONTHEUSEOFANORIGINDESTINATIONMATRIXODFIELDSURVEYNECESSARYTOBUILDTHISMATRIXISEXPENSIVEANDCANNOTBEREPEATEDWITHAHIGHFREQUENCYFORTHISREASON,METHODOLOGICALANDOPERATINGALTERNATIVESHAVEBEENEXPERIMENTEDSINCEMANYYEARSANDTHEYAIMATBUILDINGTHEODMATRIXBYUSINGLINKFLOWSTHATGENERALLYCOSTLESSTOBEMEASUREDINORDERTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMOFODESTIMATIONMANYAPPROACHESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSOMEAREBASEDONENTROPYMAXIMIZATIONTHATISONTHEMAXIMIZATIONOFTRIPDISTRIBUTIONDISPERSIONONALLAVAILABLEPATHSINSOMECASESTHEBUILTMODELREFERSTOANODMATRIXOBJECTIVEWITHOUTREFERRINGINDEEDTOESTIMATIONERRORS,ORTOSTATISTICESTIMATIONINDEXESORTOLIKELIHOODFUNCTIONSVANZUYLENANDWILLUMSEN,1980THISMODELWASLATEREXTENDEDTOCONGESTEDNETWORKSBYFORMULATINGANOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMWITHVARIATIONALDISEQUALITYCONSTRAINTSLEADINGTOABILEVELPROGRAMMETHEBILEVELAPPROACHPRESENTSSOMEDIFFICULTIESTOFINDTHEOPTIMALSOLUTIONBECAUSEOFNONCONVEXANDNONDIFFERENTIALFORMULATIONFLORIANANDCHEN1995FORMULATEDAHEURISTICAPPROACHOFGAUSSSEIDELTYPECAPABLEOFCONVERGINGTOOPTIMALSOLUTIONBYLIMITINGTHEOBJECTIVETOTHECORRECTIONOFO/DMATRIXOTHERAPPROACHESAREBASEDONMODELSTHATUSETHESTATISTICALPROPERTIESOFOBSERVEDVARIABLESFORINSTANCEMAHER1983PROPOSEDABAYESIANESTIMATIONBYMEANSOFANORMALMULTIVARIATEDISTRIBUTIONBOTHFORMATRIXDISTRIBUTIONANDFORLINKFLOWCASCETTA1984USEDANESTIMATIONBASEDONGENERALIZEDLEASTSQUARESGLSANOVERVIEWOFSTATISTICALMETHODSFORESTIMATINGODMATRIXCANBEFOUNDINCASCETTAANDNGUYEN1988ITREGARDSGENERALIZEDANDCONSTRAINEDLEASTSQUARESANDESTIMATIONOFLIKELIHOODANDBAYESIANTYPETHEMOSTOFTHESESTUDIESASSUMESAFIXEDPERCENTAGEOFLINKORPATHCHOICECALCULATEDBYADETERMINISTICUSEREQUILIBRIUMASSIGNMENTMODELTHISCANCAUSESOMEINCONSISTENCYBETWEENFLOWSANDTHEODMATRIXESPECIALLYWHENTHENETWORKISHIGHLYCONGESTEDINORDERTOOVERTAKETHISLIMITATION,CASCETTA1989PROPOSEDTOINTERPRETLINKANDPATHFLOWSLIKESTOCHASTICVARIABLESAND,THEREFORE,VALUESOBTAINEDBYASUEASSIGNMENTLIKETHEAVERAGEVALUESOFTHESEVARIABLESONTHESAMELINETHEREAREOTHERPAPERSSUCHASYANGETAL1992,ANDINASUCCESSIVEIMPROVEMENTINYANGETAL,2001LOETAL1996PROPOSEDAUNIFIEDSTATISTICALAPPROACHFORTHEESTIMATIONOFODMATRIXUSINGSIMULTANEOUSLYLINKFLOWDATAANDINFORMATIONABOUTLINKCHOICEPERCENTAGEGONG1998USESAHOPFIELDNEURALNETWORKASATOOLFORSOLVINGANOPTIMALPROBLEM,COMPONENTSINTHEFOLLOWINGPLOTS,ARCSWITHAHIGHERCONTRIBUTIONARETHICKERANDTHEIRCOLORISREDIFTHEYHAVEAPOSITIVECONTRIBUTIONOTHERWISEISBLUETHEVISUALIZATIONOFEIGENFLOWS,IE,THEPRODUCTOFTHEFLOWMATRIXANDTHEEIGENGRAPHS,SHOWNINTHENEXTCHAPTERS,ISTHEPROJECTIONOFTRAFFICFLOWSONTOTHEEIGENGRAPHSPACEINTHESAMEWAYASBEFORE,ARCSWITHAHIGHERCONTRIBUTIONTOFLOWARETHICKERANDTHEIRCOLORISREDIFTHEYHAVEAPOSITIVECONTRIBUTIONOTHERWISETHEIRCOLORISBLUE3APPLICATIONSCENARIOS31THESIMULATORTHESCENARIOSREFERREDTODURINGEXPERIMENTATIONSAREPRODUCEDBYASIMULATIONENVIRONMENTFORROADNETWORKSDEVELOPEDBYTHETRANSPORTSECTIONOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFNAPLESTHISSIMULATORISABLETOREPRODUCEDYNAMICVEHICULARFLOWSTARTINGFROMAGENERICTRANSPORTDEMANDSETTINGUPTHEEXPERIMENTSREQUIRESTHEDEFINITIONOFTHETRANSPORTSYSTEM,DEMANDANDSUPPLY,BYWHICHEVERYMODELANDPROCEDURESMUSTBECALIBRATEDFORTHISREASON,ATRIALNETWORKWITH6NODESAMONGWHICHTHEREARE3CENTROIDSAND12LINKSWASFIRSTLYUSEDFIGURE1FIG1THESIMPLIFIEDNETWORKFORFIRSTEXPERIMENTSFIG2SCHEMATICNETWORKUSEDFORTHERURALROADNETWORKOFTHEPROVINCEOFNAPLESTHEN,WITHTHEAIMATMAKINGMORELIKELYTHEAPPLICATIONSCENERY,AREALLANDSYSTEMHASBEENSURVEYEDBOTHWITHITSDEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSANDACTIVITYLOCATIONS,ANDACTUALTRANSPORTSUPPLYTHETERRITORIALCONTEXTISTHEWHOLEPROVINCEOFNAPLESFROMWHICHTHERURALROADNETWORKHASBEENEXTRACTEDFIGURE2THISNETWORKHAS994NODESAMONGWHICHTHEREARE45CENTROIDSAND1363LINKSREDUCEDTO1190AFTERDISCHARGINGLINKSWITHNOFLOW32DEMANDANDVEHICULARFLOWONLINKSDEMANDISCHARACTERIZEDBYWITHINDAYANDDAYTODAYDYNAMICANDITISUPDATEDEACH15MINUTESFLOWSONLINKAREDETECTEDEACHFIVEMINUTESFORTHETRIALNETWORK,DEMANDISDESCRIBEDBYA3X3MATRIXANDTHENODES1AND6AREORIGINCENTROIDSTHENODES1,4AND6AREDESTINATIONCENTROIDSFORATOTALOFFOURNONEMPTYCELLSSIMULATIONDAYSARE15FORTHENETWORKOFNAPLESPROVINCETHEFINALNETWORKTHESCENERYISMORECOMPLEXDEMANDISDESCRIBEDBYA48X48WITH1004NONEMPTYCELLSOUTOF2304ANDWITHASTRUCTUREHIGHLYVARIABLEDURINGTHEDAYBESIDESTHEHIGHVARIABILITYOFDEMANDITMUSTBEUNDERLINEDTHATNONEMPTYCELLSSETSINTHE15MINUTEINTERVALSAREGENERALLYNOTOVERLAPPINGCELLSWITHLESSTHAN10VEHICLESPERHOURARECANCELLEDFORTWOMAINREASONSFIRSTLYTOREDUCEDATADISPERSIONANDSECONDLYBECAUSEITISVERYDIFFICULTTHATTHESELOWVALUESHAVEASTATISTICALSIGNIFICANCEWHILEITISLIKELYTHEYDON’TGIVEAREALINFORMATIONTHEFINALMATRIXHASTHEREFORE726NONEMPTYCELLSABOUTTHE31OFTHETOTALWITHAREDUCTIONOFTHENUMBEROFNONEMPTYCELLSOFABOUT28,BUTWITHREDUCTIONOFDEMANDOFONLYABOUT88SIMULATIONDAYSARE15ALSOFORTHISSCENARIOBUTOBVIOUSLYTHEAMOUNTOFDATATOBEUSEDISMORETHANTENTIMESHIGHERTOTALDEMANDIS41,488,230VEH/HFORBOTHNETWORKSTHENUMBEROFRECORDSIS1440FORODDEMANDAND4320FORLINKFLOWSFORTHISREASONEACHROWOFODDEMAND15MINUTEINTERVALISRELATEDTOTHETHREEROWSOFFLOWOFTHESAME15INTERVAL,LEADINGTO4320RECORDSBOTHFORODDEMANDANDLINKFLOWSBYUSINGTHEDATASETUNDEREXAMINATIONANDOBSERVINGTHEPLOTOFSEASONALITY,WECANARGUETHATPROCESSVARIANCEISLOWWHENTHESEASONALITYVALUEISLOWAND,CONVERSELY,ITISHIGHWHENTHESEASONALITYVALUEISHIGHASSUMINGTHIS,ITISREASONABLETOLOOKFORTHEEXISTENCEOFANANALYTICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSEASONALITYBASICALLYAMEANANDVARIANCETHEEXISTENCEOFARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESETWOVARIABLESPLOTTEDINFIGURE3CONFIRMSTHATTHEPROCESSISNOTSTATIONARYFROMTHISFIGUREITCANBEEASYARGUEDTHATVARIANCEANDAVERAGEARERELATEDBYANONLINEARRELATIONSHIP,SPECIFICALLYAQUADRATICONEINTHISSITUATIONAPOSSIBLETECHNIQUETOSTABILIZETHEVARIANCEISTOAPPLYALOGARITHMICTRANSFORMATIONTHEFOLLOWINGRESULTSSHOWTHATTHISTRANSFORMATIONREALLYALLOWSUSTOIMPROVEPERFORMANCEOFABOUTSOMEPERCENTAGEPOINTSFORTHERMSEINDEXWITHRESPECTTORESULTSOBTAINEDWITHOUTSTABILIZATIONHOWEVER,ITMUSTBEUNDERLINEDTHATTHISRESULTISNOTGENERALTHOUGHINTRANSPORTAPPLICATIONITISRATHERFREQUENT

簡(jiǎn)介：FULLDUPLEXDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONINCELLULARNETWORKSSANGHOONKIMANDWAYNESTARKUNIVERSITYOFMICHIGAN,ANNARBOR,MI48109KIMSANGHUMICHEDU/STARKUMICHEDUABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,WEINVESTIGATETHEPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTSOFSINGLEBANDFULLDUPLEXDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONTHATCANTRANSMITANDRECEIVEDONTHESAMEFREQUENCYBANDINCELLULARNETWORKSINCELLULARNETWORKS,TWOSEPARATEFREQUENCIESAREUSEDTOENABLESIMULTANEOUSTRANSMISSIONANDRECEPTIONFORHALFDUPLEXRADIOSRECENTLY,FULLDUPLEXRADIOSTHATALLOWSAWIRELESSNODETOSIMULTANEOUSLYTRANSMITANDRECEIVEINONEFREQUENCYBANDWEREPROPOSEDITWASSHOWNTHATITWASEFFECTIVEFORSHORTRANGECOMMUNICATIONSASSUCH,FULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONISADEQUATEFORDEVICETODEVICED2DCOMMUNICATION,WHICHISUSUALLYASHORTRANGECOMMUNICATIONDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONISANUNDERLAYSCHEMEFORCELLULARNETWORKSTHATENABLESPEERTOPEERLOCALSERVICESWITHLIMITEDIMPACTONTHEPRIMARYCELLULARNETWORKWHENUSERDEVICESARECLOSERTOEACHOTHERTHANTHEBASESTATION,D2DCOMMUNICATIONCANIMPROVETHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYOFTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEUSERSWHENFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONISADOPTEDFORD2DCOMMUNICATION,ITREQUIRESONLYONEFREQUENCYBANDFORTWOWAYCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELOCALUSERSITIMPROVESTHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONWEPROPOSEASIMPLEFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLANDANALYZETHEBANDWIDTHPERFORMANCEGAINOFTHEPROTOCOLCOMPAREDTOTHELEGACYCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONSCHEMEIINTRODUCTIONWIRELESSNETWORKSAREOFTENLIMITEDINEITHERTHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYORENERGYEFFICIENCYCELLULARNETWORKSWHICHUSEASIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFINFRASTRUCTUREGENERALLYREQUIRECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTWOUSERSTOGOTHROUGHABASESTATIONIFTHETWOUSERSAREINCLOSEPROXIMITYTHISISANINEFFICIENTUSEOFTHEFREQUENCYSPECTRUMANDENERGY,ESPECIALLYIFTHECOMMUNICATIONSINVOLVESASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFDATADEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONSWHERECOMMUNICATIONSTAKESPLACEDIRECTLYBETWEENTWODEVICESRATHERTHANTHROUGHSOMEINFRASTRUCTUREHASTHECHALLENGEOFDECIDINGWHENDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONISAPPROPRIATEANDTHENTHEDESIGNOFTHEAPPROPRIATEPROTOCOLDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONHASBEENINCLUDEDINSTANDARDSSUCHASIEEE80211INADISTRIBUTEDFASHIONINANIEEE80211NETWORK,AWIRELESSNODESENSESTHECHANNELANDDECIDESWHETHERITCANSENDAPACKETORNOTINDISTRIBUTEDWIRELESSNETWORKSNODESEMPLOYACOLLISIONAVOIDANCEMECHANISMSUCHASCSMA/CAORRTS/CTSPROTOCOLWHILEANACCESSPOINTAPISTYPICALLYUSEDINANIEEE80211NETWORKS,THEAPDOESNOTDIRECTLYCONTROLEITHERTHECHANNELACCESSORTHERESOURCEALLOCATIONHOWEVER,DEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONHASNOTBEENUSEDINCELLULARNETWORKSINCELLULARNETWORKSINFORMATIONISDELIVEREDTOTHEDESTINATIONUSEREQUIPMENTUETHROUGHBASESTATIONSTHEBASESTATIONGENERALLYCONTROLSCHANNELACCESSANDALLOCATESRESOURCESEVENWHENTHECOMMUNICATIONISBETWEENUESINTHESAMECELLINCORPORATINGD2DCOMMUNICATIONASAPOSSIBILITYINCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONCANIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFCELLULARNETWORKSWHENTHEUESARECLOSETOEACHOTHERCOMPAREDTOTHEDISTANCETOTHEBASESTATION,D2DCOMMUNICATIONISMOREENERGYANDBANDWIDTHEFFICIENTTHANCOMMUNICATIONSTHROUGHABASESTATIONFIGURE2ILLUSTRATESACASEWHICHTHED2DCOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTBECAUSETHECHANNELACCESSANDRESOURCESARECONTROLLEDBYTHEBASESTATION,THED2DCOMMUNICATIONINCELLULARNETWORKSSHOULDALSOBECONTROLLEDBYTHEBASESTATIONTHUS,THEBASESTATIONGRANTSAPPROVALFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENLOCALUESINTHESAMECELLONLYIFITISMOREEFFICIENTTHANTHELEGACYCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHEBASESTATIONCOMMUNICATIONUSINGD2DISAPPROPRIATEFORUENODESINCLOSEPROXIMITYWHENTHEDISTANCEBETWEENUENODESINCREASES,D2DCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHPUTDEGRADESDRASTICALLY1BECAUSEOFTHEPROXIMITY,D2DCOMMUNICATIONREQUIRESLESSRESOURCESTHANTHENORMALCELLULARCOMMUNICATION,WHICHLEADSTOTHEIMPROVEDTOTALCELLCAPACITY2ACOORDINATEDRESOURCEALLOCATIONFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONTOMANAGETHEINTERFERENCEHASBEENPROPOSED3WEMODELD2DCOMMUNICATIONASAFORMOFWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSTHATSUPPORTSPROXIMITYBASEDAPPLICATIONSERVICESONEEXAMPLEAPPROPRIATEFORFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONSISWHENMOBILEUSERSWANTTOPLAYAPOPULARGAMEWITHANOTHERMOBILEUSERINTHEAREAFILE,IMAGE,ORVIDEOSHARINGBETWEENUSERSINPROXIMITYISANOTHEREXAMPLEAPPROPRIATEFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONASMORESOCIALSERVICEORPROXIMITYBASEDSERVICEBECOMEAVAILABLETHROUGHMOBILEDEVICES,THEREWILLBEMORENEEDFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONSFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONISTYPICALLYIMPLEMENTEDUSINGEITHERFREQUENCYDIVISIONMULTIPLEXINGORTIMEDIVISIONMULTIPLEXINGINORDERFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONSTOTAKEPLACEITISNECESSARYTHATRADIOSARECAPABLETRANSMITTINGANDRECEIVINGONASINGLEFREQUENCYHOWEVER,STRONGSELFINTERFERENCEATTHERECEIVEANTENNAFROMTHESIMULTANEOUSTRANSMISSIONATTHETRANSMITANTENNAPRESENTSACHALLENGEINIMPLEMENTATIONACOMBINATIONOFANALOGANDDIGITALINTERFERENCECANCELLATIONCANSUPPRESSTHESELFINTERFERENCE4AND5AFULLDUPLEXRADIOWITHTWOANTENNASHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDANDSHOWNTOACHIEVEBETTERPERFORMANCETHANTHEHALFDUPLEX2X2MIMOCOMMUNICATIONATLOWTRANSMITPOWERLEVELS5IN6AND7,MACPROTOCOLSUSINGFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONWEREPROPOSEDINTHECONTEXTOFANADHOCNETWORKTHEADOPTION2014INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTING,NETWORKINGANDCOMMUNICATIONS,WIRELESSNETWORKSSYMPOSIUM9781479923588/14/3100?2014IEEE721THISPAPERWEASSUMETHEFIRSTSTEPISSUCCESSFULANDONLYCONSIDERTHESECONDSTEPANDACTUALD2DCOMMUNICATIONWEASSUMETHATTHECHANNELSTATESUCHASPATHLOSSANDFADINGBETWEENTHEUESFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONISKNOWNTOTHEUSERSTHROUGHTHEDISCOVERYPROCEDUREINPROTOCOLSSUCHASFLASHLINQ9,ASPECIALTYPEOFBEACONISUSEDTOBROADCASTORDISCOVERSERVICEANDUESESTIMATETHECHANNELTOOTHERUSERDEVICESBYHEARINGTHEBEACONBECAUSEFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONCANTRANSMITANDRECEIVEONTHESAMEFREQUENCYBAND,ITCANIMPROVETHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYOFACELLWHEND2DCOMMUNICATIONISUSEDFORCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTWOUESINTHESAMECELL,ITUSESHALFBANDWIDTHCOMPAREDTOINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONFDDFIGURE2ILLUSTRATESTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONANDINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONWHENAUSERDEVICECOMMUNICATESWITHTHEBASESTATION,ITUSESBOTHANTENNASINHALFDUPLEXMODEWHENAUSERDEVICEADOPTD2DCOMMUNICATION,ITUTILIZESFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONWHICHUSES1ANTENNAFOREACHDIRECTIONDINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONMODELWEASSUMETHATTHEFREQUENCYDIVISIONDUPLEXINGBASEDCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONISUSEDINCELLULARNETWORKSTHERECANBETWOCASESFORTHEINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONTHEFIRSTCASEISTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEUESINTHESAMECELLINOURPROTOCOL,UEREQUESTSD2DCOMMUNICATIONWHENITNEEDSTOCOMMUNICATEWITHANOTHERUEINTHESAMECELLWHENTHEBASESTATIONDETERMINESTHATTHELEGACYCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTTHAND2DCOMMUNICATION,TWOUESCOMMUNICATETHROUGHTHEBASESTATIONINTHISCASE,DOUBLEFREQUENCYBANDSARENEEDEDFORCOMMUNICATIONEACHFREQUENCYBANDISALLOCATEDTOEACHUEFORCOMMUNICATIONSWITHTHEBASESTATIONFORTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENAUEANDTHEBASESTATION,FDDISUSEDWEASSUMEHALFOFTHEALLOCATEDBANDWIDTHISUSEDFORUPLINKANDTHEOTHERHALFISUSEDFORDOWNLINKTHEBANDWIDTHALLOCATIONFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONISDESCRIBEDINTHENEXTCHAPTERTHESECONDCASEISANUECONNECTSTOANENTITYOUTSIDETHECELLTHEENTITYCANBEEITHERASERVERONTHEINTERNETORANOTHERUEINANOTHERCELLFORBOTHCASES,WEONLYCONSIDERTHEOVERHEADBETWEENAUEANDTHEBASESTATIONTHECOMMUNICATIONOFTHESECONDCASECANNOTBEREPLACEDBYD2DCOMMUNICATIONANDISTHESAMEWITHLEGACYCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONFORTHECOMPARISONWITHD2DCOMMUNICATION,WECONSIDERTHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYOFINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONWEASSUMETHAT2X2MIMOCOMMUNICATIONISUSEDANDTHECOMMUNICATIONACHIEVESTHE2X2MIMOCHANNELCAPACITYWITHTHECHANNELSTATEINFORMATIONATTHERECEIVERTHENTHECAPACITYIS11CEH?LOGDET?I221NHH?2??3WHERENISTHENOISEVARIANCEANDHISTHECHANNELMATRIXFOR22MIMOCOMMUNICATIONINPRACTICALCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS,THEREISOVERHEADTRANSMISSIONSSUCHASCONTROLORSIGNALINGINFORMATIONTHATNEEDSTOBEEXCHANGEDBETWEENBASESTATIOND2DCOMMUNICATIOND2DCOMMUNICATIONFIG3FULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMTHEUSERANDTHEBASESTATIONHOWEVER,INTHISPAPERWEONLYCONSIDERTHEACTUALPACKETTRANSMISSIONBECAUSETHEAMOUNTOFOVERHEADNEEDEDFORBOTHD2DCOMMUNICATIONANDCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONARECOMPARABLEIIIFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLAD2DCOMMUNICATIONSETUPINTHISSECTION,WEDESCRIBETHED2DCOMMUNICATIONSETUPPROTOCOLAUEREQUESTSD2DCOMMUNICATIONWITHANOTHERUEVIATHEBASESTATIONANDINCLUDETHED2DCHANNELSTATEINFORMATIONINTHEREQUESTWHEND2DCOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTTHANCELLULARCOMMUNICATION,THEBASESTATIONASSIGNSAFREQUENCYBANDFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONFIGURE3ILLUSTRATESACELLWITHD2DCOMMUNICATIONFUNCTIONALITYWEASSUMETHECHANNELSTATEBETWEENUESANDTHEBASESTATIONISKNOWNTOTHEBASESTATIONBYTHEREFERENCESIGNALSINCELLULARCOMMUNICATION12WHENTHEBASESTATIONFINDSTHATTHEINFRASTRUCTURECOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTTHANTHEPROPOSEDD2DCOMMUNICATION,ITALLOCATESRESOURCESFORTHECOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHEBASESTATIONWHEND2DCOMMUNICATIONISCOMPLETED,THEDEVICESINFORMTHEBASESTATIONOFSUCHINORDERTOREALLOCATETHERESOURCEBCRITERIAFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHEGIVENCHANNELSTATEINFORMATION,THEBASESTATIONDETERMINESWHETHERTHED2DCOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTTHANTHECOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHEBASESTATIONLETHD2D,BETHE1X1CHANNELSTATEFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONLETHB,IISTHE2X2CHANNELSTATEBETWEENUSERIANDTHEBASESTATIONWHENTWOUESHAVEPACKETSTOTRANSMITTOEACHOTHERCONSISTINGOFMBITSWEASSUMETHECHANNELRECIPROCITYFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONTHENTHETIMECONSUMPTIONFORTWOWAYPACKETTRANSMISSIONUSINGFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONISTD2DMWELOG21|HD2D|2SINR4WHERESINRISGIVENIN2THETIMECONSUMPTIONFORTHETWOWAYPACKETTRANSMISSIONINACELLUSINGINFRASTRUCTURE2014INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTING,NETWORKINGANDCOMMUNICATIONS,WIRELESSNETWORKSSYMPOSIUM723

簡(jiǎn)介：外文原文與譯文外文原文與譯文HIGHENERGYPULSESWITCHINGCHARACTERISTICSOFTHYRISTORSABSTRACTEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDTOSTUDYTHEHIGHENERGY,HIGHDILDTPULSESWITCHINGCHARACTERISTICSOFSCRSWITHANDWITHOUTTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEHIGHDILDTHIGHENERGYSINGLESHOTEXPERIMENTSWEREFIRSTDONEDEVICESWITHOUTTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEPERFORMEDMUCHBETTERTHANTHEDEVICESWITHTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEAPHYSICALMODELISPRESENTEDTODESCRIBETHEROLEOFTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEINTHETURNONPROCESS,THEREBYEXPLAININGTHEDIFFERENCESINTHESWITCHINGCHARACTERISTICSTHETURNONAREAFORTHEFAILUREOFTHEDEVICESWASTHEORETICALLYESTIMATEDANDCORRELATEDWITHOBSERVATIONSTHISALLOWEDCALCULATIONOFTHECURRENTDENSITYREQUIREDFORFAILURESINCETHEFAILUREOFTHESEDEVICESUNDERHIGHDILDTCONDITIONSWASTHERMALINNATURE,ASIMULATIONUSINGAFINITEELEMENTMETHODWASPERFORMEDTOESTIMATETHETEMPERATURERISEINTHEDEVICESTHERESULTSFROMTHISSIMULATIONSHOWEDTHATTHETEMPERATURERISEWASSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERINTHEDEVICESWITHTHEAMPLIFYINGGATETHANINTHEDEVICESWITHOUTTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEFROMTHESERESULTS,THESAFEOPERATINGFREQUENCIESFORALLTHEDEVICESUNDERHIGHDILDTCONDITIONSWASESTIMATEDTHESEESTIMATESWERECONFIRMEDBYEXPERIMENTALLYSTRESSINGTHEDEVICESUNDERHIGHDI/DTREPETITIVEOPERATIONIINTRODUCTIONRECENTINNOVATIONSINSEMICONDUCTORDEVICEDESIGNSANDADVANCESINMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGIESHAVEHELPEDEVOLVEHIGHPOWERTHYRISTORSTHESEDEVICESAREDESIGNEDTOOPERATEINACONTINUOUSMODEFORAPPLICATIONSSUCHASACTODCPOWERCONVERSIONANDMOTORDRIVESUNTILRECENTLY,THEIRAPPLICATIONTOHIGHPOWERPULSESWITCHINGWASMOSTLYUNKNOWNONEOFTHEMAINREASONSTHATHASDISCOURAGEDTHEUSEOFTHYRISTORSFORHIGHSPEED,HIGHENERGYSWITCHINGISTHEIRLOWDILDTRATINGTHELIMITINGVALUEOFTHEDILDTBEFOREDAMAGEOCCURSISRELATEDTOTHESIZEOFTHEINITIALTURNONAREAANDTHESPREADINGVELOCITYIRECENTEXPERIMENTALRESULTSPRESENTEDIN24SHOWTHATWITHINCREASEDGATEDEVICE,SCRSANDGTOSHAVINGHIGHLYINTERDIGITATEDGATECATHODESTRUCTURESCANRELIABLYOPERATEUNDERHIGHDILDTCONDITIONSONASINGLESHOTBASISPREVIOUSLY,SCRSHAVEALSOBEENUSEDFORREPETITIVESWITCHINGOF1KA,10PSWIDEPULSESHAVINGADILDTOFABOUT10000ALPS,AT500AND800HZFORA10HPERIODSIITISREPORTEDIN6THATGTOMODULESFIVEDEVICESINSERIESCANBLOCK115KVANDSWITCH45KAPULSESHAVINGADILDTOF2500A/KSATFREQUENCIESOF100HZASYMMETRICDEVICES,SUCHASTHEASCRSINASTACKASSISTEDBYSATURABLEINDUCTORS,OFFAILUREAROUNDTHEAMPLIFYINGGATECANBESEENASAHOTSPOTALLTHESERESULTSPOINTTOTHEFACTTHATTHECONDUCTIONAREANEARTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEREGIONINTHEUNSHORTEDDEVICEISVERYSMALLTHISLEADSTOANINCREASEINCURRENTDENSITYINTHEDEVICEAND,THEREFORE,THEINSTANTANEOUSRISEINTEMPERATUREEXCEEDSTHETHRESHOLDVALUEFORFAILUREABOUT1100°C9TABLE1SINGLESHOTEXPERIMENTALRESUILSTSFIG1TYPICALCH1ANDCH2SWITCHINGWAVEFORMSOFTHEUNSHORTEDAIAKVDEVICE,CH11931A/DIV,CH2500V/DIV,TIMEBASE100NS/DIV111ROLEOFTHEAMPLIFYINGGATETHERESULTSPRESENTEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONSHOWTHATTHEDEVICESWITHOUTTHEAMPLIFYINGGATESHORTEDDEVICESBETTERTHANTHEDEVICESWITHTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEUNSHORTEDDEVICESTHETYPICALSWITCHINGWAVEFORMSOFTHEUNSHORTEDANDTHESHORTEDDEVICESARESHOWNINFIGS1AND2,RESPECTIVELYINTHECASEOFTHEUNSHORTEDDEVICE,THEANODECURRENTRISESTOACERTAINVALUEANDREMAINSATTHATVALUEFORABOUTNSBEFORERISINGFURTHERITSPEAKVALUEWHENTHERESISTANCEOFTHEDEVICEREDUCESASARESULTOFMORETURNEDONAREATHISBEHAVIORISNOTSEENWHENTHESHORTEDDEVICEISUSEDFORSWITCHINGTHEANODECURRENTSWITCHEDBYTHESHORTEDDEVICESHASASMOOTHRISINGEDGETHEDYNAMICRESISTANCEOFTHETWODEVICESCOMPUTEDFROMTHEV,KANDIAHWAVEFORMS

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文2460字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯（原文）外文翻譯（原文）ANEMBEDDEDSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNJJAYAPANDIANANDUSHARANIRAVIDESIGNDEVELOPMENTAMIXEDARRAYLOGICCONSISTSOFANALOG,DIGITALANDDIGITALCOMMUNICATIONBLOCKSWITHININITTHEVIRTUALINSTRUMENTCONTROLPROGRAMWRITTENINLABVIEWVER71,AGRAPHICALLANGUAGE,PROVIDESUSERFRIENDLYMENUDRIVENWINDOWBASEDCONTROLPANEL,INTERACTSWITHTHESINGLEPSOCCHIPDESIGNFORSENSINGANDCONTROLLINGTHETEMPERATURETHISSIMPLECOSTEFFECTIVEEMBEDDEDDESIGNFINDSPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONINLABORATORYASWELLASININDUSTRIESTHISDEIGNCANALSOBEMADEASASTANDALONESYSTEMWITHOUTPCBYPROGRAMMINGLED/LCDDISPLAYANDKEYPADATTACHMENTMODULESINSAMEPSOCCHIP1INTRODUCTIONTHEADVENTOFINTELLIGENTPROGRAMMABLEEMBEDDEDSILICONDESIGNSPROVIDESTHEABILITYTOIMPLEMENTANYREQUIREDHARDWAREPROGRAMMATICALLYFORTHEDESIGNAUTOMATIONININDUSTRIESANDLABORATORIESRECENTTRENDINLABORATORYASWELLASININDUSTRIALAUTOMATIONDESIGNSUSESMINIMALHARDWAREANDMAXIMUMSUPPORTOFSOFTWARETHEPROGRAMMABLEEMBEDDEDCOMPONENTSANDAPPLICATIONSOFTWAREAVAILABLEINTHEMARKETENABLESTHEDESIGNERFORUSERFRIENDLYCOSTEFFECTIVEDESIGNSOLUTIONFORANYSYSTEMAUTOMATIONTEMPERATURECONTROLLERSAREPLAYINGVITALROLEININDUSTRIESANDLABORATORIESTOACCURATELYCONTROLPROCESSTEMPERATUREWITHOUTEXTENSIVEOPERATORINVOLVEMENT,ATEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMRELIESUPONACONTROLLER,WHICHACCEPTSATEMPERATURESENSORSUCHASATHERMOCOUPLEORRTDASINPUTITCOMPARESTHEACTUALTEMPERATURETOTHEDESIREDCONTROLTEMPERATURE,ORSETPOINT,ANDPROVIDESANOUTPUTTOACONTROLELEMENTTHECONTROLLERISONEOFTHEMAJORPARTSOFTHEENTIRECONTROLSYSTEM,ANDTHEWHOLESYSTEMSHOULDBEANALYZEDINSELECTINGTHEPROPERCONTROLLERTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANOVELSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNWITHCYPRESSMICROSYSTEMSPROGRAMMABLESYSTEMONCHIPPSOCVIRTUALINSTRUMENTCONTROLPROGRAMWRITTENINLABVIEWVER71INTERACTSWITHTHEEMBEDDEDPSOCDESIGNANDSENSESANDCONTROLSTHETEMPERATUREOFFURNACE/LOAD2PROGRAMMABLESYSTEMONCHIPPSOCWHILESANDINEXPENSIVEINTERFACETOSENSORS,ANDMORECYPRESS’SYSTEMCHIPPSOCARCHITECTUREOFFERSAFLEXIBLE,ECONOMICALSOLUTIONFORAWIDEVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONSTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEDESIGNOFATEMPERATURECONTROLLERONASINGLECY8C27143,8PINPSOCCHIPASSHOWNINFIG1,ITFEATURESFOURMAINAREASPSOCCORE,DIGITALSYSTEM,ANALOGSYSTEM,ANDRESOURCESINCLUDINGIN/OUTPORTSTHISARCHITECTUREALLOWSTHEUSERTOCREATECUSTOMIZEALPHERATZCONFIGURATIONSTHATMATCHTHEREQUIREMENTSOFEACHINDIVIDUALAPPLICATIONTHEUARTINTERFACE,COUPLEDWITHCONFIGURABLEANALOGANDDIGITALPERIPHERALSMAKESTHECY8C27143TRULYFORTHECONTROLANDDATAACQUISITIONOFPROCESSVARIABLESTHESEPROGRAMSAREEASYTOIMPLEMENTWITHGRAPHICLANGUAGESGLANGUAGETHE“G”LANGUAGEIMPLEMENTSTHEDATAFLOWTECHNIQUETHEUSAGEOF“G”LANGUAGEPROVIDESEASYINTERFACINGWITHPCSUNDERTHEWINDOWSENVIRONMENT2THE“G”LANGUAGEPROVIDESBUILTINFUNCTIONLIBRARIESFORAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONREQUIREMENTSASGRAPHICPALETTES,WHICHINTURNSUPPORTSTHEREQUIREDDLLSFORTHEFUNCTIONSTORUNUNDERWINDOWSENVIRONMENTUSUALLYTHE“G”LANGUAGEVIPROGRAMSCONSISTOFTWOFRAMESVIZ,PANELDIAGRAMANDFUNCTIONALDIAGRAMINTHEPANELDIAGRAM,PROGRAMMERSCANASSIGNVARIOUSCONTROLSANDINDICATORSIE,INPUTANDOUTPUTVARIABLESTHEIRREQUIREMENTSANDINTHEFUNCTIONALDIAGRAM,THEDESIGNERSCANIMPLEMENTTHEREQUIREDFIG2PSOCDESIGNERSCREENFORSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERFUNCTIONSAVAILABLEASAFUNCTIONLIBRARYINLABNATIONALINSTRUMENTSVERSION71INCORPORATESALLTHENECESSARYFUNCTIONSAS‘ICONS’INITSPACKAGE4PSOCSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNFIG2SHOWSTHEPSOCDESIGNERSCREENFORTHEEMBEDDEDSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNPROJECT1LEFTSIDEOFTHESCREENSHOWSTHESETTINGSOFGLOBALRESOURCEANDUSERMODULEPARAMETERSALONGWITHPINCONNECTIVITYMIDDLEPORTIONOFTHESCREENSHOWSTHEANALOGANDDIGITALBLOCKSUSERMODULEPLACEMENTTOPPORTIONOFTHESCREENSHOWSTHESELECTEDUSERMODULESFORTHISPROJECTRIGHTSIDEOFTHESCREENDESCRIBESTHEPINCONNECTIVITYCONFIGUREDINTHEDESIGNINTHISNOVELSINGLECHIPDESIGN,THERMOCOUPLETCSIGNALHASBEENAMPLIFIEDBYAPROGRAMMABLEGAINAMPLIFIERPGAPLACEDINTHEPSOC’SANALOGBLOCKTHEAMPLIFIEDTCSIGNALHASBEENFEDINTOA12BITANALOGTODIGITALADCUSERMODULEPROGRAMMEDINTHEPSOCCHIP,WHICHINCLUDESBOTHANALOGANDDIGITALBLOCKSFORITSFUNCTIONALITYBYPSOCDESIGNERPROGRAMMINGTHECONVERTEDDIGITALDATAOFTHETCSIGNALHASBEENFEDTOTHEUARTUSERMODULEFORSERIALCOMMUNICATIONWITHPERSONALCOMPUTERTHEUARTUSERMODULEPLACEDINTHECHIP,AUTOMATICALLYGETSPLACEDINTWODIGITALBLOCKSOFPSOCCHIP,TRANSMITTERTXDANDRECEIVERRXDFORPCSSERIALCOMMUNICATIONAPULSEWIDTHMODULATORPWM,PLACEDINTHEPSOCDIGITALBLOCK,SETSASERIALPULSEWIDTHMODULATEDTTLPULSESINRESPONSETOTHEPIDCONTROLFUNCTIONFORTHEDEVIATIONINSETANDMEASUREDTEMPERATURETHISWILLINTURNCONTROLSTHEOPTICALLYCOUPLEDSOLIDSTATERELAYSSR

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯外文譯文題目斯太斯太爾摩線冷卻冷卻監(jiān)控系控系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)的開(kāi)發(fā)與應(yīng)用學(xué)院信息科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院專業(yè)自動(dòng)化學(xué)號(hào)200809154012學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名彭紅指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師梁開(kāi)日期二○一二年六月我們用FDTDCRANKNICOLSON方法解上面方程，因?yàn)樗目焖傩院蜔o(wú)條件穩(wěn)定性。這可以滿足在線實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)的需要。為了保持系統(tǒng)速度和準(zhǔn)確性的平衡，通過(guò)反復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)，我們選擇20個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)。通常，大量的數(shù)據(jù)能夠保證系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)確性，但是會(huì)降低系統(tǒng)的速度。這在在線實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)中是不實(shí)際的。因?yàn)閷?shí)際的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，一個(gè)線材通過(guò)吐絲機(jī)的時(shí)間不會(huì)超過(guò)2秒。我們采用下面的邊界條件●在中心線●在線材表面這兒初始條件是這里T是時(shí)間，單位秒，R0是線材半徑，H是熱轉(zhuǎn)換常數(shù)，T0是線材表面溫度，TA是周圍空氣和水的溫度。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)，TIN是來(lái)自高溫計(jì)測(cè)量的溫度。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)將斯太爾摩生產(chǎn)線劃分為幾個(gè)部分。每個(gè)部分有它的熱轉(zhuǎn)換常數(shù)值H，它可以自適應(yīng)來(lái)自高溫計(jì)的實(shí)際值，一個(gè)常量H對(duì)應(yīng)每一個(gè)風(fēng)扇控制臺(tái)，它可以通過(guò)以下方程自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)這里HOLD是原始的熱轉(zhuǎn)換常數(shù)，TC是系統(tǒng)預(yù)測(cè)的溫度，TM是高溫計(jì)測(cè)量的溫度，TAIR是空氣溫度。這個(gè)計(jì)算系統(tǒng)通過(guò)FDTD系統(tǒng)和FEF系統(tǒng)在同樣條件下的比較，并得到相同的結(jié)果。作為一個(gè)實(shí)時(shí)在線系統(tǒng)，它需要通過(guò)本地網(wǎng)絡(luò)將材料流和PLC自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)需要輸入兩組數(shù)據(jù)，一組是來(lái)自高溫計(jì)的實(shí)際溫度，另外一組是線材的基本信息。八個(gè)高溫計(jì)已經(jīng)安裝在生產(chǎn)線去提供實(shí)際溫度數(shù)據(jù)便于系統(tǒng)去計(jì)算比較。這些溫度首先被生產(chǎn)線高溫計(jì)測(cè)量，直接傳送給特定的PLC，然后保存在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，最后

簡(jiǎn)介：對(duì)由對(duì)由ANSYSANSYS開(kāi)發(fā)的大型工程模型的降階開(kāi)發(fā)的大型工程模型的降階EVGENIIBRUDNYI和JANGKORVINKIMTEK微控技術(shù)研究所弗賴堡大學(xué)GEORGESKOHLERALLEE,103D79110,德國(guó)弗賴堡{RUDNYI,KORVINK}IMTEKDEHTTP//WWWIMTEKUNIFREIBURGDE/SIMULATION/摘要摘要工程師能夠在ANSYS開(kāi)發(fā)的有限元模型中運(yùn)用現(xiàn)有的軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代模型降階技術(shù)。我們著于一個(gè)人如何獨(dú)立的從在ANSYS和C上實(shí)現(xiàn)的執(zhí)行模型中提取所需的信息，而不用依靠特別的專業(yè)人士，我們將利用與結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)和熱力學(xué)有限元模型相關(guān)的實(shí)例來(lái)討論計(jì)算成本。11介紹介紹大型線性動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型降階已經(jīng)是相當(dāng)成熟的領(lǐng)域1。許多論文（見(jiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)2）指出，模型降價(jià)的優(yōu)勢(shì)已在各種科學(xué)和工程應(yīng)用上被證實(shí)。我們目前的工作是集中討論工程師如何將該技術(shù)與現(xiàn)有的商業(yè)有限元軟件相結(jié)合，以達(dá)到如下目的加快對(duì)瞬變電壓、諧波的分析；自動(dòng)生成系統(tǒng)級(jí)仿真的緊湊模型；在設(shè)計(jì)階段納入有限元程序包。通常大規(guī)模動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型降階第一步如下EX˙AXBU11YCX其中A和E是系統(tǒng)矩陣，B是輸入矩陣，C是輸出矩陣。模型降階的目的是產(chǎn)生一個(gè)低維式以逼近（11），ERZARZBRUYCRZ12此式描述了輸入向量U對(duì)輸出向量Y的依賴，因此,同一時(shí)間降階后向量Z的維數(shù)遠(yuǎn)小于原來(lái)X的狀態(tài)向量維數(shù)。對(duì)由偏微分描述的用戶模型方程進(jìn)行空間離散化后，有限元程序包通常產(chǎn)生一個(gè)常微分方程系統(tǒng)。在這階段，它有可能直接適用于模型降階的方法1。然而，從商業(yè)包裝過(guò)的系統(tǒng)矩陣?yán)锾崛s不是這樣，我們將介紹我們是怎么用ANSYS有限元分析做到的3。我們選擇了市場(chǎng)矩陣形式來(lái)表示簡(jiǎn)化模型（12）4。我們假設(shè)在另一個(gè)包如MATLAB或MATHEMATICA上完成其仿真。降價(jià)模型在數(shù)學(xué)方面的運(yùn)作是可行的，這可以參見(jiàn)HTTP//WWWIMTEKUNIFREIBURGDE/SIMULATION/MATHEMATICA/IMSWEB/非線性系統(tǒng)矩陣的維數(shù)高并且可降階。因此,實(shí)施一個(gè)模型降階的算法通常取決于特定的可降階矩陣存儲(chǔ)方案。我們討論了一個(gè)C接口，這使我們能夠完全忽略模型降階求解時(shí)的一些微不足道的開(kāi)銷。最后，我們分析了計(jì)算成本績(jī)效和ANSYS的模型的性能測(cè)試結(jié)果。運(yùn)用有限元分析軟件ANSYS生成的模型比原模型更準(zhǔn)確。22更多的更多的ANSYSANSYS商業(yè)有限元軟件包含兩個(gè)幾乎獨(dú)立的模塊（見(jiàn)圖1）6。第一個(gè)模塊用于讀取一階動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)或二階系統(tǒng)二進(jìn)制文件和裝載有限元分析軟件ANSYS，MX¨EX˙KXBU23YCX其中M，E和K是三個(gè)系統(tǒng)矩陣。第二個(gè)模塊適用于模型降階算法式（11）或式（23），也就是說(shuō)，它找到一個(gè)低維的式V，XVZ（24）?難的，例如，在有加速負(fù)載的情況下提取載荷向量，ANSYS的EMAT文件不能充分表示負(fù)荷向量，當(dāng)有多個(gè)輸入時(shí)，如輸入式（11）或式（23）時(shí)用戶應(yīng)該刪除以前應(yīng)用的負(fù)載，申請(qǐng)一個(gè)新的負(fù)載，生成矩陣。為了改進(jìn)這一過(guò)程，第二個(gè)策略也被允許用戶不刪除以前的負(fù)載，在這種情況下，ANSYS會(huì)糾正在第一階段結(jié)束的每一個(gè)新的負(fù)載向量（包含所有先前的載體）。2222運(yùn)行模型降階算法運(yùn)行模型降階算法在克雷洛夫空間的基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以通過(guò)一個(gè)非常有效的計(jì)算11,8，獲得具有優(yōu)良逼近性質(zhì)的低維子空間（24）。當(dāng)前版本的ANSYS實(shí)現(xiàn)了更多的ARNOLDI算法11，以支持多個(gè)輸入，塊大小等于輸入數(shù)量。每一步迭代KRYLOV子空間，都需要我們計(jì)算矩陣向量積為一階系統(tǒng)，例如，H1EA?（25）其中H是向量，該系統(tǒng)矩陣高維并且可降階，是一個(gè)不明確的計(jì)算結(jié)果。唯一可行的解決方案A1?是解決如下的線性方程組的一個(gè)AGEH26這主要是為降低系統(tǒng)計(jì)算成本，這以后，與正交化過(guò)程中相關(guān)的額外費(fèi)用也將計(jì)算在內(nèi)。這里有許多可降階求解法以及許多可降階矩陣的存儲(chǔ)方案。我們的目標(biāo)是讓實(shí)現(xiàn)它們的方式不依賴于一個(gè)特定的求解模型降階算法。此外，我們希望在運(yùn)行時(shí)允許改變求解，就是允許運(yùn)行時(shí)的多態(tài)性。因此，我們選擇了虛函數(shù)圖2有限元設(shè)計(jì)模型和系統(tǒng)仿真機(jī)制，這項(xiàng)開(kāi)銷可以忽略不計(jì)，我們的例子都是緊湊型計(jì)算。我們的做法就像PETS12和TRINILOS13的做法,為了涵蓋許多不同的場(chǎng)景，抽象的ANSYS接口被寫在相對(duì)低級(jí)別的功能方面，在緊湊型克雷洛夫子空間，向量存儲(chǔ)在連續(xù)的空間。目前，我們可以從TAUCS14直接求解并獲得UMFPACK庫(kù)支持15,16，而ATLAS庫(kù)已被用來(lái)生成優(yōu)化的BLAS17。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)ANSYS有許多具有相當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、多達(dá)500萬(wàn)自由度的矩陣因子可以直接用來(lái)求解，它們被存放在4GB空間內(nèi)，這使我們能夠重復(fù)使用分解，并取得良好的業(yè)績(jī)。3模型降階算法的成本模型降階算法的成本通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)我們觀察到的許多ANSYS的降階模型以30為秩就足以正確地描述原高維系統(tǒng)5。因此，為了簡(jiǎn)單起見(jiàn)，我們要限制這種情況下計(jì)算分析的成本。

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文2800字出處2010NINTHINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONDISTRIBUTEDCOMPUTINGANDAPPLICATIONSTOBUSINESS,ENGINEERINGANDSCIENCE數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品在線交易系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品在線交易系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)高蘭俊劉泉江學(xué)梅中國(guó)湖北省武漢市，湖北科技大學(xué)信息工程學(xué)院摘要為了讓網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物更加方便，本文提出了基于JSP的在線購(gòu)物系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)。文中主要介紹了網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物程序、在線支付、訂單生成，以及完成了一系列關(guān)于實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品線上交易的功能。關(guān)鍵字網(wǎng)絡(luò)；在線交易；JSP；數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品一、引言隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)及電子商務(wù)的流行，網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物逐漸成為一種時(shí)尚。同時(shí)，由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展和日益結(jié)合，許多傳統(tǒng)媒體內(nèi)容將采用數(shù)字方法,可以預(yù)測(cè)的是數(shù)字大眾媒體將是一個(gè)選擇,它可以廣泛用在電子商務(wù)中,如在線圖像、MP3的在線銷售，數(shù)字電影的發(fā)展，電子書(shū)銷售等1。為了完成數(shù)碼作品（特別是圖像、文本、音頻、視頻）的在線交易，我們建立了一個(gè)基于JSP技術(shù)和MYSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的在線購(gòu)物系統(tǒng)，它實(shí)現(xiàn)了關(guān)于數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品交易的一系列功能，能夠幫助有需要的人在網(wǎng)上搜索、瀏覽、購(gòu)買多媒體產(chǎn)品。二、系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)1、在線交易系統(tǒng)的軟件配置這個(gè)系統(tǒng)，作為一個(gè)典型的JAVAWEB應(yīng)用程序中,有一個(gè)三層軟件架構(gòu)。這個(gè)三層的運(yùn)用“JSP”和“JAVABEAN”技術(shù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)架構(gòu)開(kāi)發(fā)模型，如圖1所示。圖1在線交易系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)上配置在線交易系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)上配置HTML頁(yè)面。一旦訂單生成它就會(huì)通過(guò)網(wǎng)上銀行界面連接到實(shí)際的銀行。然后訂單被寫入交易數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),它將為用戶提供下載許可,最后交易就成功完成了。3、系統(tǒng)功能模塊的分析該系統(tǒng)主要包括下列特性,它包括先前已經(jīng)提供的線上基本服務(wù)，目的在于消費(fèi)者任何時(shí)候?yàn)g覽和購(gòu)買以達(dá)到有效的線上交易。網(wǎng)上交易系統(tǒng)功能模塊，正如你所見(jiàn)，可以分成兩類前端模塊和后端模塊。一方面,前端模塊包括產(chǎn)品的搜索、查詢模塊、購(gòu)物車模塊,前端訂單處理模塊和購(gòu)物管理模塊。另一方面,后端模塊包括產(chǎn)品信息管理模塊、后端訂單管理模塊、后端用戶信息管理模塊。模塊的主要功能如下所述（1）產(chǎn)品的搜索和查詢模塊該模塊為用戶提供了一個(gè)關(guān)于需要的數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品和相關(guān)產(chǎn)品信息快速查詢功能，比如作者、內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介,和時(shí)間,以此使消費(fèi)者可以做出合理的和滿意的選擇。（2）購(gòu)物車和訂單處理的前端模塊這個(gè)模塊提供的功能包括將選定商品的信息保存在購(gòu)物車中,以及當(dāng)消費(fèi)者瀏覽和選擇他們想買的產(chǎn)品時(shí)生成相關(guān)的訂單。這個(gè)模塊將提供下面這些特定的子功能只要消費(fèi)者上網(wǎng)，他們就可以在任何時(shí)間查看購(gòu)物車的訂單狀態(tài)○1消費(fèi)者可以按他們想法填寫和修改在線訂單?！?（3）后端產(chǎn)品信息管理模塊為了確保在線產(chǎn)品信息的及時(shí)性,這個(gè)模塊將允許后端維護(hù)和管理人員在任何時(shí)間添加、刪除和修改在線數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品的銷售信息。這個(gè)模塊可以提供下面這些特定的子功能●提供產(chǎn)品分類管理工作●提供與產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的信息管理。（4）后端用戶信息管理模塊后端用戶信息管理模塊用于實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)站的維護(hù)和后端用戶狀態(tài)的管理,例如用戶綁定信息和認(rèn)證等的管理。