簡介：FAILUREANALYSISOFANAUTOMOBILEDIFFERENTIALPINIONSHAFTABSTRACTDIFFERENTIALISUSEDTODECREASETHESPEEDANDTOPROVIDEMOMENTINCREASEFORTRANSMITTINGTHEMOVEMENTCOMINGFROMTHEENGINETOTHEWHEELSBYTURNINGITACCORDINGTOTHESUITABLEANGLEINVEHICLESANDTOPROVIDETHATINNERANDOUTERWHEELSTURNDIFFERENTLYPINIONGEARANDSHAFTATTHEENTRANCEAREMANUFACTUREDASASINGLEPARTWHEREASTHEYAREINDIFFERENTFORMSACCORDINGTOAUTOMOBILETYPESMIRRORGEARWHICHWILLWORKWITHTHISGEARSHOULDBECOMEFAMILIARBEFORETHEASSEMBLYINCASEOFANYBREAKDOWN,THEYSHOULDBECHANGEDASAPAIRGENERALLY,INTHESESYSTEMSTHEREAREWEARDAMAGESINGEARSTHEGEARINSPECTEDINTHISSTUDYHASDAMAGEASAFORMOFSHAFTFRACTUREINTHISSTUDY,FAILUREANALYSISOFTHEDIFFERENTIALPINIONSHAFTISCARRIEDOUTMECHANICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMATERIALAREOBTAINEDFIRSTTHEN,THEMICROSTRUCTUREANDCHEMICALCOMPOSITIONSAREDETERMINEDSOMEFRACTOGRAPHICSTUDIESARECARRIEDOUTTOASSESTHEFATIGUEANDFRACTURECONDITIONSKEYWORDSDIFFERENTIALFRACTUREPOWERTRANSFERPINIONSHAFT1INTRODUCTIONTHEFINALDRIVEGEARSMAYBEDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYDRIVENFROMTHEOUTPUTGEARINGOFTHEGEARBOXDIRECTLYDRIVENFINALDRIVESAREUSEDWHENTHEENGINEANDTRANSMISSIONUNITSARECOMBINEDTOGETHERTOFORMANINTEGRALCONSTRUCTIONINDIRECTLYDRIVENFINALDRIVESAREUSEDATTHEREAROFTHEVEHICLEBEINGEITHERSPRUNGANDATTACHEDTOTHEBODYSTRUCTUREORUNSPRUNGANDINCORPORATEDINTHEREARAXLECASINGTHEFINALDRIVEGEARSAREUSEDINTHETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMFORTHEFOLLOWINGREASONS1ATOREDIRECTTHEDRIVEFROMTHEGEARBOXORPROPELLERSHAFTTHROUGH90°AND,BTOPROVIDEAPERMANENTGEARREDUCTIONBETWEENTHEENGINEANDTHEDRIVINGROADWHEELSINVEHICLES,DIFFERENTIALISTHEMAINPARTWHICHTRANSMITSTHEMOVEMENTCOMINGFROMTHEENGINETOTHEWHEELSONASMOOTHROAD,THEMOVEMENTCOMESTOBOTHWHEELSEVENLYTHEINNERWHEELSHOULDTURNLESSANDTHEOUTERWHEELSHOULDTURNMORETODOTHETURNINGWITHOUTLATERALSLIPPINGANDBEINGFLUNGDIFFERENTIAL,WHICHISGENERALLYPLACEDINTHEMIDDLEPARTOFTHEREARBRIDGE,CONSISTSOFPINIONGEAR,MIRRORGEAR,DIFFERENTIALBOX,TWOAXLEGEARANDTWOPINIONSPIDERGEARSASCHEMATICILLUSTRATIONOFADIFFERENTIALISGIVENINFIG1THETECHNICALDRAWINGOFTHEFRACTUREDPINIONSHAFTISALSOGIVENINFIG2FIG3SHOWSTHEPHOTOGRAPHOFTHEFRACTUREDPINIONSHAFTANDTHEFRACTURESECTIONISINDICATEDINDIFFERENTIALS,MIRRORANDPINIONGEARAREMADETOGETUSEDTOEACHOTHERDURINGMANUFACTURINGANDTHESAMESERIALNUMBERISGIVENBOTHOFTHEMARECHANGEDONCONDITIONTHATTHEREAREANYPROBLEMSINTHESESYSTEMS,THECOMMONDAMAGEISTHEWEAROFGEARS2–4INTHISSTUDY,THEPINIONSHAFTOFTHEDIFFERENTIALOFAMINIBUSHASBEENINSPECTEDTHEMINIBUSISADIESELVEHICLEDRIVENATTHEREARAXLEANDHASAPASSENGERCAPACITYOF15PEOPLEMAXIMUMENGINEPOWERIS90/4000HP/RPM,ANDMAXIMUMTORQUEIS205/1600NM/RPMITSTRANSMISSIONBOXHASMANUALSYSTEM5FORWARD,1BACKTHEDAMAGEWASCAUSEDBYSTOPPINGANDSTARTINGTHEMINIBUSATATRAFFICLIGHTSINTHISDIFFERENTIAL,ENTRANCESHAFTWHICHCARRIESTHEPINIONGEARWASFIG3THEPICTUREOFTHEUNDAMAGEDDIFFERENTIALPINIONANALYSEDINTHESTUDYFIG4PHOTOGRAPHSOFFAILEDSHAFT2EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURESPECIMENSEXTRACTEDFROMTHESHAFTWERESUBJECTEDTOVARIOUSTESTSINCLUDINGHARDNESSTESTSANDMETALLOGRAPHICANDSCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPYASWELLASTHEDETERMINATIONOFCHEMICALCOMPOSITIONALLTESTSWERECARRIEDOUTATROOMTEMPERATURE21CHEMICALANDMETALLURGICALANALYSISCHEMICALANALYSISOFTHEFRACTUREDDIFFERENTIALMATERIALWASCARRIEDOUTUSINGASPECTROMETERTHECHEMICALCOMPOSITIONOFTHEMATERIALISGIVENINTABLE1CHEMICALCOMPOSITIONSHOWSTHATTHEMATERIALISALOWALLOYCARBURISINGSTEELOFTHEAISI8620TYPEHARDENABILITYOFTHISSTEELISVERYLOWBECAUSEOFLOWCARBONPROPORTIONTHEREFORE,SURFACEAREABECOMESHARDANDHIGHLYENDURING,ANDINNERAREASBECOMESTOUGHBYINCREASINGCARBONPROPORTIONONTHESURFACEAREAWITHCEMENTATIONOPERATIONTHISISTHEKINDOFSTEELWHICHISGENERALLYUSEDINMECHANICALPARTSSUBJECTEDDOTORSIONANDBENDINGHIGHRESISTANCEISOBTAINEDONTHESURFACEANDHIGHFATIGUEENDURANCEVALUECANBEOBTAINEDWITHCOMPRESSIVERESIDUALSTRESSBYMAKINGTHESURFACEHARDER5–7INWHICHALLOYELEMENTSDISTRIBUTETHEMSELVESINCARBONSTEELSDEPENDSPRIMARILYONTHECOMPOUNDANDCARBIDEFORMINGTENDENCIESOFEACHELEMENTNICKELDISSOLVESINTHEAFERRITEOFTHESTEELSINCEITHASLESSTENDENCYTOFORMCARBIDESTHANIRONSILICONCOMBINESTOALIMITEDEXTENTWITHTHEOXYGENPRESENTINTHESTEELTOFORMNONMETALLIC

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ENTATIVELYINDICATEDTHATTHEIASBISINFLUENCEDBYRESPONDENTS’PREFERENCESASEXPRESSEDINTHEIRLETTERSTOSTATISTICALLYTESTFORTHEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEPREDICTORVARIABLE,CONSTITUENTSGROUPSANDTHEINFLUENCEONACCOUNTINGISSUES,ACHISQUARETESTWASUSEDITREVEALEDTHATBANKSINFLUENCEDTHEELIMINATIONOFTHEVERIFIABILITYTESTFROMTHEFINALSTANDARDALSO,MOSTBANKSAGREEDWITHFAIRVALUINGDEBTSWITHOUTSEPARATINGTHEEFFECTOFOWNCREDITWORTHINESSWITHTHEPURPOSEOFEXAMINATIONOFTHEPOSITIONSTAKENINRELATIONTOTHESPECIFICISSUESRELATEDTOTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUEOPTIONWEREALIZEDACONTENTANALYSISOFCOMMENTLETTERSTHENUMBEROFARGUMENTSANDSUPPORTINGARGUMENTSPRESENTEDONANISSUEWASCONSIDEREDASANINDICATIONOFSTRENGTH,THEIDEABEINGTHATTHEMOREARGUMENTSANDSUPPORTINGARGUMENTSPROVIDEDINASUBMISSIONTHESTRONGERTHEPOSITIONOFTHESUBMISSIONCOMPANIESMAYALSOUSEDIFFERENTTYPESOFARGUMENTSANDSUPPORTINGARGUMENTS,SUCHASECONOMICCONSEQUENCESORCONCEPTUALLYBASEDARGUMENTS,INANATTEMPTTOCONVINCESTANDARDSETTERSOFTHEIRVIEWTUTTICCIETAL,1992WEALSOINTERPRETEDASASTRENGTHINDICATORTHENUMBEROFPHRASESCONSIDERINGTHATMEASURESBASEDONWORDCOUNTSANDPAGESAREPROBLEMATICBECAUSEOFDIFFERENTWRITINGSTYLESANDDIFFERENTPAGESETUPS,GRAPHICSANDFONTSIZEWEDETERMINEDTHATTHELONGESTJUSTIFICATIONSWERERECEIVEDFROMPREPARERSANDTHEACCOUNTINGPROFESSIONANDMOSTCONSTITUENTSUSEDCONCEPTUALBASEDARGUMENTSCONCLUSIONS,LIMITATIONSANDSUGGESTIONSFORFUTURERESEARCHUSINGINSIGHTSFROMINSTITUTIONALTHEORYTHERESEARCHILLUSTRATEDIASB’SACTIONSSTRIVINGFORLEGITIMACYINTHEFACEOFNORMATIVEPRESSURESEXERTEDBYTHEEUTHERESEARCHOFFERSANINSTITUTIONALTHEORYEXPLANATIONFORTHEIASB’SACTIONSTOFINDASOLUTIONFORTHISSHORTCIRCUITINSTANDARDSETTINGITUNDERLIESTHENECESSITYOFDEPLOYINGSTRATEGIESTOMAINTAINTHESTANDARDSETTERLEGITIMACYUNDERCIRCUMSTANCESOFLARGEINSTITUTIONALDISTANCEBETWEENPRESSUREFORCESOURCONCLUSIONSARESUPPORTEDALSOBYTHELATESTACTIONSOFIASBTOREVIEWITSCONSTITUTION,DUEPROCESSANDTOENHANCETRANSPARENCY,WHICHWEINTERPRETASATTEMPTSTOGAINMORELEGITIMACYTHEEMPIRICALPARTOFTHERESEARCHDEMONSTRATEDTHATTHEEXTERNALACTORSINFLUENCEDIASB’SDECISIONSVIATHEIRCOMMENTLETTERSTHECONTENTANALYSISILLUSTRATEDTHATMOSTCONSTITUENTSUSEDCONCEPTUALLYBASEDARGUMENTSTOSTRENGTHENTHEIRPOSITIONWHENTHEYDISAGREEDWITHTHEOPINIONOFTHESTANDARDSETTERTHISDEMONSTRATESALSOTHATCONSTITUENTSPREFERTOUSESOCIALLYACCEPTEDARGUMENTSANDTOANDHIDETHEIRREALREASONSFORLOBBYINGACCENTUATINGSTANDARDSETTERMYTHSTHISCASESTUDYILLUSTRATESHOWIASBEXPLOITSITSDUEPROCESSCEREMONYTOIMPOSEITSVALUESTHROUGHMANIPULATIONOFCOGNITIVELEGITIMACYTHEMOSTIMPORTANTLIMITATIONOFTHERESEARCHISRELATEDTOTHEFACTTHATISBASEDONCOMMENTLETTERSANDOTHERPUBLICLYAVAILABLEMATERIALALSO,THECONTENTANALYSISCONCLUSIONSMIGHTBEAFFECTEDBYTHESUBJECTIVITYOFTHERESEARCHERINCLASSIFYINGARGUMENTSANDCHOOSINGINDICATORSOFLOBBYINGPOSITIONBIBLIOGRAPHY1FOGARTY,TIMOTHYJ1992”FINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSETTINGASANINSTITUTIONALIZEDACTIONFIELDCONSTRAINTS,OPPORTUNITIESANDDILEMMAS”,JOURNALOFACCOUNTINGANDPUBLICPOLICY,VOL11,P3313552GEORGIOU,GEORGE2004”CORPORATELOBBYINGONACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSMETHODS,TIMINGANDPERCEIVEDEFFECTIVENESS”,ABACUS,VOL40,NO2,PP219237

簡介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFSEDIMENTRESEARCH,VOL25,NO3,2010,PP221–232221INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFSEDIMENTRESEARCH252010221232ASTUDYONWATERFILMINSATURATEDSANDLUXB1ANDCUIP2ABSTRACTWATERFILMCANSERVEASASLIDINGSURFACEANDCAUSELANDSLIDESONGENTLESLOPESTHEDEVELOPMENTOF“WATERFILM”INSATURATEDSANDISANALYZEDNUMERICALLYANDTHEORETICALLYBASEDONAQUASITHREEPHASEMODELITISSHOWNTHATSTABLEWATERFILMSINITIATEANDGROWIFTHECHOKINGSTATEWHERETHEFLUIDVELOCITYDECREASESTONEARZEROREMAINSSTEADYINALIQUEFIEDSANDCOLUMNDISCONTINUITYCANOCCURINPOREWATERVELOCITY,GRAINVELOCITYANDPOREPRESSUREAFTERTHEINITIATIONOFAWATERFILMHOWEVER,THEDISCONTINUITYANDWATERFILMCANDISAPPEARONCETHECHOKINGSTATEISCHANGEDTHEKEYTOTHEFORMATIONOFWATERFILMISTHECHOKINGINTHESANDCOLUMNCAUSEDBYERODEDFINEGRAINSKEYWORDSSATURATEDSAND,WATERFILM,LIQUEFACTION1INTRODUCTIONTHECONCEPTOF“WATERFILM”INSANDCONTAININGANIMPERMEABLELAYERWASFIRSTSUGGESTEDBYSEED1987INHISATTEMPTTOEXPLAINSLOPEFAILURESOBSERVEDINEARTHQUAKESTHIS“WATERFILM”CANSERVEASASLIDINGSURFACEFORPOSTLIQUEFACTIONFAILURETHISSLIDINGSURFACECANAROUSELANDSLIDESANDDEBRISFLOWSONGENTLESLOPESTHEWATERFILMINSATURATEDSANDISAWATERGAPDUETONONUNIFORMPERMEABILITYOFTHESEDIMENTWHERETHEPOREWATERISTRAPPEDBYRELATIVELYLOWPERMEABLELAYERSSANDGRAINSDONOTSUPPORTONEANOTHERTHEYSUSPENDUNDERTHECONDITIONOFZEROEFFECTIVESTRESSESSCOTT,1986,ANDEVENTUALLYSETTLEDOWNBECAUSETHEYHAVEAHIGHERDENSITYTHANWATERTHERATEOFSETTLEMENTISRESTRICTEDBYTHEFACTTHATWATERMUSTFLOWUPWARDAROUNDTHESANDGRAINSBOSEANDDEY,2009IFLIQUEFIABLESANDDEPOSITSAREOVERLAINBYLESSPERMEABLESOILSINASTRATIFIEDDEPOSIT,THEOVERLAYINGDEPOSITCANRESTRICTTHEPOREWATERFROMPASSINGTHROUGHIFTHEREISNODOWNWARDDRAINAGETHROUGHTHEDEPOSIT,THISRELATIVEFLOWBETWEENTHEUPWARDWATERFLOWANDTHESETTLEMENTOFGRAINSATTHEINTERFACE,BYCONTINUITY,MUSTBEEQUALTOTHEVELOCITYOFSETTLEMENTATTHEUPPERLIQUEFIEDSANDSURFACEFIEGELANDKUTTER,1994THUS,ANACCUMULATIONOFWATERINTHEFORMOFAWATERGAPFORMSATTHEINTERFACEFEIGELANDKUTTER1994ANDMALVICKETAL2008PERFORMEDCENTRIFUGESHAKETABLETESTSTODEMONSTRATETHEFORMATIONOFWATERFILMSINSTRATIFIEDSANDMORERECENTLY,KOKUSHO1999PERFORMEDSHAKETABLETESTSUSINGSANDSAMPLESCONTAININGASEAMOFNONPLASTICSILTKOKUSHOSHOWEDTHATWATERFILMSFORMEDBENEATHTHESILTLAYERINTHISCASE,THECOLUMNWASSUBJECTEDTOHORIZONTALDYNAMICLOADINGSTOSIMULATEEARTHQUAKESEXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONSONTHEFORMATIONOFWATERFILMSINVERTICALCOLUMNSOFSATURATEDSANDCONTAINEDINCIRCULARCYLINDERSHAVEALSOBEENREPORTEDBYZHANGETAL1999ANDPENGETAL2001INBOTHCASES,CAREWASTAKENINPREPARINGTHESAMPLEBYFEEDINGWETTEDUNIFORMSANDCONTINUOUSLYINTOACOLUMNOFWATERTOAVOIDINTENTIONALSTRATIFICATIONHOWEVER,SMALLHETEROGENEITYSTILLEXISTEDDUETONONUNIFORMSETTLEMENTVELOCITYTHESERESEARCHESREVEALEDTHATLIQUEFACTIONISANECESSARYCONDITIONFORWATERFILMINITIATIONANDGROWTHINZHANG’SEXPERIMENT1999,ASANDCOLUMNINACIRCULARCYLINDERWASSUBJECTEDTOAVERTICALIMPACTIT1DR,LABORATORYFORHYDRAULICANDOCEANENGINEERING,INSTITUTEOFMECHANICS,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,BEIJING100190,CHINA,EMAILXBLUIMECHACCN2PROF,KEYLABORATORYFORMOUNTAINHAZARDANDEARTHSURFACEPROCESS,INSTITUTEOFMOUNTAINHAZARDANDENVIRONMENT,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,CHENGDU610041,CHINA,EMAILPENGXCUIIMDEACCNNOTETHEORIGINALMANUSCRIPTOFTHISPAPERWASRECEIVEDINFEB2009THEREVISEDVERSIONWASRECEIVEDINMAY2010DISCUSSIONOPENUNTILSEPT2011INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFSEDIMENTRESEARCH,VOL25,NO3,2010,PP221–232223OFTHEFORMATIONMECHANISMSOFWATERFILMSONTHEBASISOFTHEABOVEMENTIONEDWORKSINTHISPAPER,AQUASITHREEPHASEMODELISPRESENTEDTODESCRIBETHEMOVEMENTOFLIQUEFIEDSANDALTHOUGHAFULLDESCRIPTIONISNOTAVAILABLE,ASIMPLEEMPIRICALMODELWILLBEDEVISEDTOEXPLAINQUALITATIVELYTHEMAINFEATURESOBSERVEDEXPERIMENTALLYTHEN,THEORETICALANALYSESANDNUMERICALSIMULATIONSWILLBEUSEDTOUNDERSTANDTHEMECHANISMOFWATERFILMS2FORMULATIONOFTHEPROBLEMFIGURE3SHOWSAHORIZONTALSANDSTRATUM,WHICHISWATERSATURATEDWITHPOROSITYANDOTHERPARAMETERSCHANGINGONLYVERTICALLYTHEXAXISISUPWARDFIG3ASETOFSIMPLIFIEDQUASITHREEPHASEFLOWEQUATIONSISPRESENTEDINTHEFOLLOWING,UNDERTHEASSUMPTIONSTHAT1THEFLOWISONEDIMENSIONAL2THEINERTIAEFFECTMAYBENEGLECTED3ONLYTHESIMPLESTFORMOFINTERACTIONBETWEENWATERANDGRAINSISCONSIDEREDAND4THEWHOLESANDCOLUMNISLIQUEFIEDATTHEBEGINNINGABROADGRAINSIZEDISTRIBUTIONMEANSTHATSOMEOFTHEFINEGRAINSMAYBEWASHEDAWAYTOBECOMEPARTOFTHEPERCOLATINGFLUIDORREDEPOSITEDLATERSOMEWHEREDOWNSTREAMALEKSEEVSKIYETAL,2008THISMAYTURNANINITIALLYHOMOGENEOUSSANDCOLUMNINTOANINHOMOGENEOUSSANDCOLUMNTHEHETEROGENEITYCANAGGRAVATEWITHTIMEANDFLOWRATETHEERODEDGRAINMASSISASSUMEDTOPROPORTIONALTOTHERELATIVEVELOCITYBETWEENWATERANDGRAINSBUTLIMITEDBYTHEMASSOFFINEGRAINSINPORESHENCE,THEPROBLEMLIESINPROPERLYDESCRIBINGTHETRANSPORTOFTHESEFINEGRAINSANDITSEFFECTONPERMEABILITY21EROSIONRELATIONINEXPERIMENTSTHEWATERFILMSFORMEDONLYWHENTHEGRAINSIZEDISTRIBUTIONWASBROADANDCONTAINEDFINEGRAINSTHESEEXPERIMENTSSUGGESTTHATTHEFINEGRAINSSHOULDBEFLUSHEDAWAYBYTHEPERCOLATINGWATERTHISRESULTSINTHECHANGEOFINITIALPOROSITYANDTHETURBIDITYOFPERCOLATINGWATERCHANGESININITIALPOROSITYANDTURBIDITYBOTHALTERTHEPERMEABILITYFINEGRAINMASSTRANSFERREDTOWATERISASSUMEDTOBEPROPORTIONALTOTHERELATIVEVELOCITYBETWEENGRAINSANDWATER,BUTINVERSELYPROPORTIONALTOTHEFINEGRAINMASSINT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簡介：SIAMJMATRIXANALAPPLVOL9,NO2,APRIL1988C1988SOCIETYFORINDUSTRIALANDAPPLIEDMATHEMATICS011ONMINIMIZINGTHEMAXIMUMEIGENVALUEOFASYMMETRICMATRIXMICHAELLOVERTON’FABSTRACTANIMPORTANTOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMTHATARISESINCONTROLISTOMINIMIZEOX,THELARGESTEIGENVALUEINMAGNITUDEOFASYMMETRICMATRIXFUNCTIONOFXIFTHEMATRIXFUNCTIONISAFFINE,9XISCONVEXHOWEVER,9XISNOTDIFFERENTIABLE,SINCETHEEIGENVALUESARENOTDIFFERENTIABLEATPOINTSWHERETHEYCOALESCEINTHISPAPERANALGORITHMTHATCONVERGESTOTHEMINIMUMOF9XATAQUADRATICRATEISOUTLINEDSECONDDERIVATIVESARENOTREQUIREDTOOBTAINQUADRATICCONVERGENCEINCASESWHERETHESOLUTIONISSTRONGLYUNIQUEANIMPORTANTFEATUREOFTHEALGORITHMISTHEABILITYTOSPLITAMULTIPLEEIGENVALUE,IFNECESSARY,TOOBTAINADESCENTDIRECTIONINTHESERESPECTSTHENEWALGORITHMREPRESENTSASIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTONTHEFIRSTORDERMETHODSOFPOLAKANDWARDIANDOFDOYLETHENEWMETHODHASMUCHINCOMMONWITHTHERECENTWORKOFFLETCHERONSEMIDEFINITECONSTRAINTSANDFRIEDLAND,NOCEDAL,ANDOVERTONONINVERSEEIGENVALUEPROBLEMSNUMERICALEXAMPLESAREPRESENTEDKEYWORDS,NONSMOOTHOPTIMIZATION,NONDIFFERENTIABLEOPTIMIZATION,CONVEXPROGRAMMING,SEMIDEFINITECONSTRAINTS,MINIMIZINGMAXIMUMSINGULARVALUEAMSMOSSUBJECTCLASSIFICATIONS65F99,65K10,90C251INTRODUCTIONMANYIMPORTANTOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMSINVOLVEEIGENVALUECONSTRAINTSFOREXAMPLE,INSTRUCTURALENGINEERINGWEMAYWISHTOMINIMIZETHECOSTOFSOMESTRUCTURESUBJECTTOCONSTRAINTSONITSNATURALFREQUENCIESAPARTICULARLYCOMMONPROBLEM,WHICHARISESINCONTROLENGINEERING,IS11MINQGXXEMWHERE12OXMAXXIAXL,L_I_NAXISAREALSYMMETRICNNMATRIXVALUEDAFFINEFUNCTIONOFX,ANDIAX,1,NAREITSEIGENVALUESSINCEAXISANAFFINEFUNCTION,ITMAYBEWRITTENAXAO,X,A,KLTHEFUNCTIONOXISCONVEX,SINCETHELARGESTEIGENVALUEOFAMATRIXISACONVEXFUNCTIONOFTHEMATRIXELEMENTSANIMPORTANTSPECIALCASEIS13AEERECEIVEDBYTHEEDITORSFEBRUARY1,1987ACCEPTEDFORPUBLICATIONOCTOBER1,1987THISWORKWASSUPPORTEDINPARTBYTHENATIONALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONUNDERGRANTDCR8502014SOMEOFTHECOMPUTERPROGRAMDEVELOPMENTWASPERFORMEDATSTANFORDUNIVERSITY,STANFORD,CALIFORNIAWITHSUPPORTFROMTHEOFFICEOFNAVALRESEARCHUNDERCONTRACTONRN0001482K0335THISPAPERWASPRESENTEDATTHESIAMCONFERENCEONLINEARALGEBRAINSIGNALS,SYSTEMS,ANDCONTROL,WHICHWASHELDINBOSTON,MASSACHUSETTSONAUGUST1214,1986“COURANTINSTITUTEOFMATHEMATICALSCIENCES,NEWYORKUNIVERSITY,NEWYORK,NEWYORK10012THISWORKWASCOMPLETEDWHILETHEAUTHORWASONSABBATICALLEAVEATTHECENTREFORMATHEMATICALANALYSISANDMATHEMATICALSCIENCESRESEARCHINSTITUTE,AUSTRALIANNATIONALUNIVERSITY,CANBERRA,AUSTRALIA256DOWNLOADED04/28/14TO2222055133REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOSIAMLICENSEORCOPYRIGHTSEEHTTP//WWWSIAMORG/JOURNALS/OJSAPHP258MICHAELLOVERTONWHERE““IN24,25INDICATESAMATRIXPOSITIVESEMIDEFINITECONSTRAINTTHESECONDFORMULATIONIMMEDIATELYSUGGESTSTHATTHEWORKOFFLETCHER1985ISAPPLICABLEFLETCHERGIVESAQUADRATICALLYCONVERGENTALGORITHMTOSOLVE26MAXXKI27STA0DIAGX0,X0ANDMANYOFTHECOMPONENTSOFHISALGORITHMARETHEREFOREAPPLICABLETOSOLVING2325HOWEVER,THEALGORITHMISNOTDIRECTLYAPPLICABLEANDTHEREARESEVERALREASONSWHYITISPOSSIBLETOIMPROVEONFLETCHER’SMETHODINTHISCASEONEREASONISTHATFLETCHER’SMETHODSOLVESASEQUENCEOFSUBPROBLEMS,EACHDEFINEDBYAGUESSOFTHENULLITYOFA0DIAGX,UNTILTHECORRECTNULLITYISIDENTIFIEDSUCHASTRATEGYCANNOTEASILYBEEXTENDEDTOTHECASEOFTWOORMORESEMIDEFINITECONSTRAINTSONEGOALOFOURALGORITHMISTOBEABLETOADJUSTMULTIPLICITYESTIMATESWHILEALWAYSOBTAININGAREDUCTIONOFOXATEACHITERATIONWEAREABLETODOTHISBYCOMPUTINGANEIGENVALUEEIGENVECTORFACTORIZATIONOFAXATEACHITERATIONBYCONTRAST,FLETCHER’SMETHODUSESABLOCKCHOLESKIFACTORIZATIONOFA0DIAGX,TOGETHERWITHANEXACTPENALTYFUNCTIONTOIMPOSE27ALSO,BECAUSEOFTHESPECIALFORMOF26,27,FLETCHER’SMETHODDOESNOTREQUIREATECHNIQUEFORSPLITTINGEIGENVALUESINOTHERWORDS,GIVENAMATRIXA0DIAGX,SATISFYING27,WITHNULLITYT,ITCANNOTBEADVANTAGEOUS,INTHESENSEOFINCREASING26,TOREDUCETHEMULTIPLICITYTONTHEOTHERHANDITMAYBENECESSARYTOSPLITAMULTIPLEEIGENVALUEINOURCASE,ANDTHEABILITYTORECOGNIZETHISSITUATIONANDOBTAINANAPPROPRIATEDESCENTDIRECTIONISANIMPORTANTPARTOFOURALGORITHMBECAUSEWEUSEANEIGENVALUEFACTORIZATIONOFTHEMATRIXAXATEACHITERATEX,OURMETHODHASMUCHINCOMMONWITHTHEMETHODSDESCRIBEDBYFRIEDLAND,NOCEDAL,ANDOVERTON1987INTHELATTERPAPERSEVERALQUADRATICALLYCONVERGENTMETHODSAREGIVENTOSOLVE28XAX0,1,T,29XIAXTI,I1,,WHEREO,{UI}AREGIVENDISTINCTVALUESANDT,T“ANDM,THENUMBEROFVARIABLESAREAPPROPRIATELYCHOSENONEOFTHECONTRIBUTIONSOFTHATPAPERWASTOEXPLAINTHATTHECONDITION28,ALTHOUGHAPPARENTLYONLYCONDITIONS,ACTUALLYGENETICALLYIMPOSESTT1/2LINEARLYINDEPENDENTCONSTRAINTSONTHEPARAMETERSPACE,ANDTHATEFFECTIVENUMERICALMETHODSMUSTBEBASEDONTHISCONSIDERATIONTHEPRESENTPAPERMAYBEVIEWEDASGENERALIZINGTHEMETHODSOFFRIEDLAND,NOCEDAL,ANDOVERTONTOSOLVE210MIN,XM211STXAXW,1,,T,212XIAXOO,NS1,NWHERE,ASAPRODUCTOFTHEMINIMIZATIONPROCESS,ITISESTABLISHEDTHAT0MAXXL,WITH213OAHXTKTKNSKNSKNWESHALLSUBSEQUENTLYREFERTOANDSASTHEUPPERANDLOWEREIGENVALUEMULTIPLICITIESOFAXNOTETHATITISPOSSIBLETHATEITHERORSISZEROTHEFOLLOWINGNOTATIONWILLBEUSEFULSUBSEQUENTLYLET{QLX,QNX}BEANYORTHONORMALSETOFEIGENVECTORSOFAXCORRESPONDINGTO{,I},ANDLETQQ,QT,Q2QNS,QNDOWNLOADED04/28/14TO2222055133REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOSIAMLICENSEORCOPYRIGHTSEEHTTP//WWWSIAMORG/JOURNALS/OJSAPHP

簡介：中文4490字目錄COMBATATRAINCONTROLSYSTEMFORSECONDARYLINESBYRADIOBASEDTRAINDETECTION11INTRODUCTION12DEVELOPMENTCONCEPT23SYSTEMCONFIGURATION24BASICFUNCTIONS35TRAINDETECTIONFUNCTIONS551ENHANCEMENTOFSAFETYANDTRAINDETECTIONRELIABILITY652INTERLOCKINGANDBLOCK653SAFETYANDRELIABILITYENHANCEMENTSOFINTERLOCKINGANDBLOCKFUNCTIONS76FUNCTIONEVALUATE77CONCLUSION8COMBAT基于無線列車定位的復(fù)線列車控制系統(tǒng)11系統(tǒng)介紹12發(fā)展理念23系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)24基本的功能35列車定位檢測功能551增強(qiáng)安全性和列車檢測的可靠性552聯(lián)鎖和閉塞功能653聯(lián)鎖和閉塞功能的安全性和可靠性66性能評估67結(jié)論7RANGEOFBENEFITSSUCHASSAFETYENHANCEMENTS，IMPROVEMENTSTOTRAFFICCONTROLEFFICIENCY,ANDTHEREDUCTIONSINEQUIPMENTANDMAINTENANCECOSTSTHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHECOMBATSYSTEMCONFIGURATION,ITSBASICFUNCTIONSANDRANGEOFBENEFITS,ANDPRESENTSTHERESULTSOFMONITOREDFIELDEVALUATIONTESTS2DEVELOPMENTCONCEPTWEAIMEDATINTRODUCINGCOMBATONLOWTRAFFICDENSITYLINESANDDEVELOPEDITACCORDINGTOTHEFOLLOWINGCONCEPTSTODETECTTRAINSWITHOUTUSINGTRACKCIRCUITSWEAIMEDATACHIEVINGASOLUTIONTOTHETRAINDETECTIONPROBLEMSONLOWTRAFFICDENSITYLINESANDTRAINDETECTIONWITHOUTUSINGTRACKCIRCUITSORCONTACTINGTRAINSDOINGSOWOULDENHANCESAFETYDURINGINSTALLATIONANDMAINTENANCEWORKANDREDUCETHERELATEDCOSTSTOCENTRALIZEINTERLOCKINGANDBLOCKFUNCTIONSONSECONDARYLINESTHATAREONLYPROTECTEDBYNONAUTOMATICEQUIPMENTSUCHASTHETABLETINSTRUMENTBLOCKSYSTEM,ITISNECESSARYTOPOSTTRAFFICOPERATIONSSTAFFATEACHSTATIONTOMAKETRAFFICCONTROLMOREEFFICIENTANDREDUCEMAINTENANCECOSTS,WEADOPTEDACENTRALIZEDINTERLOCKINGSYSTEMTHATPERFORMSINTERLOCKINGANDBLOCKFUNCTIONSATATRAFFICCONTROLCENTERTOUTILIZEEXISTINGSIGNALINGEQUIPMENTEFFECTIVELYSINCEMOSTSECONDARYLINESAREEXPERIENCINGFINANCIALDIFFICULTIESINTERMSOFINVESTMENT,ITISNECESSARYTOMINIMIZETHERENEWALCOSTSOFANEWTRAINCONTROLSYSTEMTOTHISEND,WEAIMEDATACHIEVINGATRAINCONTROLSYSTEMTHATASFARASPOSSIBLEMAKESEFFECTIVEUSEOFEXISTINGSIGNALINGEQUIPMENT3SYSTEMCONFIGURATIONTHECOMBATSYSTEMCONFIGURATIONISSHOWNINFIGCOMBATISATRAINCONTROLSYSTEMACHIEVEDBYUSINGACENTRALIZEDINTERLOCKINGSYSTEMOFTHEDISPERSEDFUNCTIONTYPEACENTRALINTERLOCKINGUNITPERFORMSINTERLOCKINGANDBLOCKFUNCTIONSFORTHEWHOLELINEEACHSTATIONONTHELINEISEQUIPPEDWITHANINTERLOCKINGUNITTHATCONTROLSFIELDEQUIPMENTSUCHASSIGNALSANDSWITCHESTELECOMMUNICATIONLINES,THROUGHWHICHINDICATIONDATAPASSES,CONNECTTHECENTERWITHEACHSTATION

簡介：東北大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）附錄A附錄A外文翻譯原文SENSORLESSTOOLFAILUREMONITORINGSYSTEMFORDRILLINGMACHINESLUISALFONSOFRANCOGASCAA,GILBERTOHERRERARUIZA,ROCI′OPENICHEVERAA,RENE′DEJESU′SROMEROTRONCOSOB,WBALDOLEALTAFOLLACABSTRACTITISWELLKNOWNTHATONLINETOOLCONDITIONMONITORINGHASGREATSIGNIFICANCEINMODERNMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESINORDERTOPREVENTPOSSIBLEDAMAGESTOTHEWORKPIECEORTHEMACHINETOOL,RELIABLETECHNIQUESAREREQUIREDPROVIDINGANONLINERESPONSETOANUNEXPECTEDTOOLFAILUREDRILLINGISONEOFTHEMOSTFUNDAMENTALMACHININGOPERATIONSANDTWOOFTHEMOSTCRUCIALISSUESRELATEDTOITARETOOLWEARANDFRACTUREDURINGTHESPINDLEPROCESS,THEMOTORDRIVERCURRENTISRELATEDTOTHEDRILLCONDITIONPOWERCONSUMPTIONISHIGHERFORAWORNDRILLINCOMPARISONTOASHARPDRILLFORTHESAMEPROCESSTHISDIFFERENCEINPOWERCONSUMPTIONCANBESELFCORRELATEDTOOBTAINTHERESULTINGWAVEFORMVARIANCETOPROVIDEAMERITFIGUREFORTOOLCONDITIONTHISPAPERDESCRIBESADRIVERCURRENTSIGNALANALYSISTOESTIMATETHETOOLCONDITIONBYUSINGTHEDISCRETEWAVELETTRANSFORMINORDERTOEXTRACTTHEINFORMATIONFROMTHEORIGINALCUTTINGFORCE,ANDTHROUGHANAUTOCORRELATIONALGORITHMEVALUATETHETOOLWEARINTHEFORMOFANASYMMETRYWEIGHTINGFUNCTIONTHECURRENTISMONITOREDFROMTHEMOTORDRIVERTOGIVEASENSORLESSAPPROACHEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREPRESENTEDTOSHOWTHEALGORITHMPERFORMANCE,ACOMPLETESENSORLESSTOOLFAILURESYSTEMWHICHALLOWSTHEDETECTIONOFTOOLFAILUREASAFUNCTIONOFSPINDLECURRENTINREALTIMEKEYWORDSTOOLFAILUREWAVELETTRANSFORMTOOLMONITORING1INTRODUCTIONCUTTINGTOOLSREPRESENTTHEHIGHESTCOSTINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSOFTHEMANUFACTURING東北大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）附錄APRESERVED,WHILESPURIOUSDATAAREMINIMIZEDTHEDESIGNEDFILTERDOESNOTELIMINATEALLSPURIOUSCOMPONENTS,BUTASUBSEQUENTDISCRETEWAVELETTRANSFORMDWTWILLENHANCETHECUTTINGFORCESIGNALBYITSFILTERBANKPROPERTYTHEWAVELETTRANSFORMBRINGSATIMEFREQUENCYREPRESENTATIONOFASIGNALINDECIMATEDFORMDEPENDINGONTHEAPPLICATIONDETAILLEVELTHERESULTWILLBEGIVENASTIMEDOMAINSAMPLESATTHEDECIMATEDFREQUENCYINACOMPRESSEDFORM12THEBASESOFTHEWAVELETTRANSFORMARETHEWAVELETS,GENERATEDFROMABASICWAVELETFUNCTIONBYDILATIONSANDTRANSLATIONSGIVENATIMEVARYINGSIGNALFT,AWAVELETTRANSFORMATIONCONSISTSOFCOMPUTINGCOEFFICIENTSTHATARETHEINNERPRODUCTSOFTHESIGNALANDAFAMILYOFWAVELETS9BYDWTWEUNDERSTANDTHECONTINUOUSWAVELETSWITHTHEDISCRETESCALEANDTRANSLATIONFACTORS10THEDWTISDEFINEDASSTATEDINEQ1,WHERECJ,KISCALLEDTHEWAVELETCOEFFICIENTTHISMAYBECONSIDEREDASATIMEFREQUENCYMAPFROMTHEORIGINALSIGNALFTANAPPROACHOFMULTIRESOLUTIONANALYSISISUSEDONTHEDISCRETESCALEFUNCTION,DEFINEDTOGETHERWITHEQ31DTTFCKJKJ???,,?22222,JJJKJKTC????3DTTTFDKJKJ???,,?WHEREDJ,KISCALLEDTHESCALECOEFFICIENTANDISTHESAMPLEDVERSIONOFTHEORIGINALSIGNALTHEDWTCOMPUTESTHEWAVELETCOEFFICIENTSCJ,KANDDJ,KJZ1,,JGIVENBYEQSFIGA1ADDITIVEMODELFORDRIVERCURRENTCONTIBUTORS4AND54???NJJKJKNHNXC2,AND5???NJJKJKNGNXD2,

簡介：中文中文5135字出處出處JSMEINTERNATIONALJOURNALSERIESC,MECHANICALSYSTEMS,MACHINEELEMENTSANDMANUFACTURING,2003,461306313通過立式六軸控制并應(yīng)用超聲振動加工銳角轉(zhuǎn)角JAPITANAFH,MORISHIGEK,YASUDAS這項研究提出了一種可以產(chǎn)生一個懸垂銳角轉(zhuǎn)角的新的加工方法對于傳統(tǒng)的加工方法，甚至是3到5軸放電加工而言，加工垂直面上的的銳角轉(zhuǎn)角是很難的，尤其是當(dāng)其表面有不同的角度的時候。這是受進(jìn)給方向和機(jī)床的電極結(jié)構(gòu)必須與目標(biāo)的輪廓對稱的限制在本研究中,我們試圖采用新的加工方法來加工外表面的銳角轉(zhuǎn)角6軸控制加工適用于以任意位置和任意姿勢順著工件設(shè)置一非回轉(zhuǎn)刀具。在切削過程中，當(dāng)?shù)毒哐刂M(jìn)給方向切削時，超聲振動被應(yīng)用在刀具的切削邊緣當(dāng)進(jìn)行切削的時候，6軸X、Y、Z、A、B和C順著刀具在某一點的姿勢同時移動。從實驗結(jié)果中發(fā)現(xiàn)五軸控制超聲振動切削能在垂直面產(chǎn)生一銳角轉(zhuǎn)角。關(guān)鍵字六軸控制切割、計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計/計算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)，微型鉆,垂直銳角轉(zhuǎn)角,超聲振動刀具。1緒論如果制造過程中的限制可以最小化或者消除，該產(chǎn)品的靈活性可極大發(fā)揮。如果象球頭立銑或者平頭銑刀這類回轉(zhuǎn)刀具用在加工一含有垂直銳角轉(zhuǎn)角的模具中，對于能清楚獲得有尖銳邊緣線的目標(biāo)形狀來說，這似乎是困難的。這是由于使用了與旋轉(zhuǎn)運動對稱的旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具的原因。在相鄰表面產(chǎn)生了類似圓弧的加工痕跡，如圖一所示。圖2含有懸垂面的銳角轉(zhuǎn)角的加工方法來生產(chǎn)這種外形的其他可能的方法就是多主軸放電加工EDM，如圖2（B）所示然而,即使是用這種方法,也很難或者根本不可能生產(chǎn)出一含有不同角度的OHSC。這需要6個自由度來充分地執(zhí)行可以產(chǎn)生目標(biāo)形狀的加工。在以往的研究中,超聲波振動被應(yīng)用在車削可塑性材料和銑削玻璃纖維加強(qiáng)型材料上。應(yīng)用超聲波振動的切削力大大減少。然而，在先前的過程中，工件被旋轉(zhuǎn)或者移向切削刀具，后來一次加工被限制用2到3軸控制。在其他領(lǐng)域的研究中，多軸控制機(jī)床習(xí)慣于一步完成一次加工，這就產(chǎn)生了擁有高精度、高質(zhì)量和較少加工時間的工件成品。在這項研究中,使用非旋轉(zhuǎn)切削工具結(jié)合超聲振動的使用的6軸控制切削,如圖2C所示。它適用于審查OHSC構(gòu)成方法的有效性。加工時，C軸和X，Y，Z，A或者B軸同時使非旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的運動是基于刀具的姿勢和已經(jīng)開發(fā)的CAM軟件所產(chǎn)生的切削點CAM系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生一自由關(guān)聯(lián)的刀具路徑以保證切削過程的安全6軸控制機(jī)床輕松地具備了加工OHSC的能力,是因為6個自由度使形成需要的產(chǎn)品外形得以充分發(fā)揮同時，考慮到點鉆刀具在切削操作中的尺寸和硬度，在使用超聲振動使切削力大大削減之后，其才得以利用。

簡介：中文4720字運輸和物流行業(yè)的成本動因分析ZOLTáNBOKOR收稿時間20090903出處PERIODICAPOLYTECHNICA38/1201013–17ZOLTáNBOKORDEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTECONOMICS,BME,BERTALANLU2H1111BUDAPEST,HUNGARYEMAILZBOKORKGAZDBMEHU摘要要改進(jìn)成本計算方法是當(dāng)前的一個熱門話題，同時在運輸和物流業(yè)務(wù)也是一個現(xiàn)實的挑戰(zhàn)。為了減少財政問題，越來越多的公司在這些部門決定采用發(fā)展日趨成熟的成本技術(shù)方法去應(yīng)對，例如作業(yè)成本法。然而這種計算方法需要使用像成本動因這樣的、確定適用的性能測試的指標(biāo)。成本動因分析是作業(yè)成本法的重要元素，是成本分配的基礎(chǔ)。本文研究的目的是為在運輸和物流行業(yè)構(gòu)建一個良好的成本動因分析理論框架。在定義了相關(guān)的這些措施在運輸過程中成本動因的范圍，進(jìn)行物流成本審查。對動因的選擇方法進(jìn)行了描述,并通過實證結(jié)果。本文的主要結(jié)論是成本動因分析在物流管理方面扮演著重要的角色并將被廣泛使用,用數(shù)學(xué)的方法發(fā)揮它的作用。相關(guān)性、回歸計數(shù)法和層次分析法AHP已經(jīng)被公認(rèn)為能讓制造成本動因選擇更可靠的方法。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞成本動因運輸物流管理承諾承諾這項工作是關(guān)于科研課題“素質(zhì)導(dǎo)向及協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的RDI策略的研究和功能模型的創(chuàng)建”的項目。這個項目受到新匈牙利發(fā)展計劃支持的。（ID是TáMOP421/B09/1/KMR20100002）1概論概論運輸和物流公司要花費相當(dāng)?shù)馁Y源來確認(rèn)、計量和理解成本及其產(chǎn)生的原因的性質(zhì)。成本動因的因素可以定義為成本產(chǎn)生的原因。成本動因是導(dǎo)致成本在一個機(jī)構(gòu)或者一個過程中發(fā)生的原因。成本動因分析是測試、量化和解釋成本動因和間接費用分配之間的因果關(guān)系CA一個特定的物流活動的內(nèi)部價格平均可變成本；PA一個特定的物流活動的變現(xiàn)形式（成本動因指標(biāo)）；IA某此具體的活動中利潤對象的消費利潤率指數(shù)X經(jīng)過與利潤對象相關(guān)的直接成本涉稅項目，同時指數(shù)Y經(jīng)過公式參與于其價值鏈上。這里的成本動因的作用可以弄得很清楚一方面，它們有助于提煉分析出成本結(jié)構(gòu)由分離固定和可變成本，另一方面我們有可能為具體的作業(yè)計算會計價格變動成本（因此現(xiàn)在的做法可以使其變現(xiàn)流動）。因此，運用進(jìn)行的因果關(guān)系分配運輸和物流服務(wù)的成本的基礎(chǔ)。有時間接成本作業(yè)活動也有可能需要成本動因指標(biāo)來分析核算。當(dāng)會計系統(tǒng)是不能精確分配資源耗費的情況是需要用到一、二級成本動因。第一階段或資源動因關(guān)系到間接資源成本和活動而二階段或活動動因與直接成本相關(guān)且和利潤對象相關(guān)。3成本動因的選擇方法成本動因的選擇方法旨在比較研究作業(yè)成本法按照國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行的實際應(yīng)用產(chǎn)生的結(jié)論是沒有統(tǒng)一的選取成本動因的方法。實踐的方法因為所屬的行業(yè)和領(lǐng)域而異，然而這些在不同國家實現(xiàn)的差異也是可以觀察到的。適用的方法可以劃分為兩個主要的方向方法一基于統(tǒng)計學(xué)理論相關(guān)分析和回歸分析方法；方法二基于運籌學(xué)理論層次分析法AHP,在第一種情況下聲音數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上,詳細(xì)成本和性能應(yīng)當(dāng)具備時間序列。一般情況下，長時間序列可以用更精確估計性價比關(guān)系的推導(dǎo)。在參考時間間隔內(nèi)，所有的直接費用進(jìn)行各種各樣的回歸功能時間序列的直接費用和績效指標(biāo)是耦合于被考察的時間范圍。進(jìn)行了計算各性能指標(biāo)另行規(guī)定。為了使展現(xiàn)的每一作業(yè)都是相關(guān)的（R2。成本和性能之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了較為詳盡的描述,然后通過適當(dāng)?shù)幕貧w分析。當(dāng)足夠多的作業(yè)是值得進(jìn)行審查分組時，為了通過找到一般性能指標(biāo)如聯(lián)合成本動因的組簡化其選擇過程。自然的組合可能會導(dǎo)致更糟的是相關(guān)的價值觀。按照經(jīng)驗計算最終由于喪失這種簡化的條件，編制的評估報表的可靠性小于10。從大量可選的動因里選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)某杀緞右蚴侨祟惻袛嘀饕罁?jù),使用簡單的會計技術(shù)或更復(fù)雜的來源于同級的相關(guān)技術(shù)是理論支撐。這些方法是有限的,正如他們不可能定下決策的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一樣。運用層次分析法AHP可能是一種解決這些問題的思路。該法是一種用于決策的情況,包括從一個或多個決策中選擇，即按照多個判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從幾個候選人選擇的基礎(chǔ)上確定選擇。研究表明,運用層次分析法有助于達(dá)到一致性的選擇問題的解決,這個決策標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的確定來源于個人職業(yè)經(jīng)驗。在會計人員、控制或管理專家過進(jìn)行有針對性的調(diào)查后將成本動因闡述了出來。這個問題就被分解成為一個多層次結(jié)構(gòu)，在表1中可以看出。決策中使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都是基于預(yù)先定義的選拔原則。相對偏好/重要矩陣應(yīng)將制定了不同層次結(jié)構(gòu)表，反映出有關(guān)專業(yè)

簡介：1膜生物反應(yīng)器對工業(yè)混合污水的的再生研究JIANJUNQINA,?,MAUNGNYUNTWAIA,GUIHETAOA,KIRANAKEKREA,HARRYSEAHBACENTREFORADVANCEDWATERTECHNOLOGY,SINGAPOREUTILITIESINTERNATIONALPTELTD,INNOVATIONCENTRE,BLK2,241,18NANYANGDRIVE,SINGAPORE637723,SINGAPOREBPUBLICUTILITIESBOARDOFSINGAPORE,40SCOTTSROAD1800,ENVIRONMENTBUILDING,SINGAPORE228231,SINGAPORE摘要膜生物反應(yīng)器（MBR）能夠?qū)Τ鞘袕U水產(chǎn)生持續(xù)的高質(zhì)量的處理效果，而且在新加坡，一個成功的中試研究驗證了MBR工藝用于生活污水再生的優(yōu)勢。然而，用MBR處理一種工業(yè)廢水為主的混合污水（60工業(yè)廢水和40生活污水）無疑是一種新的挑戰(zhàn)。這個研究的目的在于論證用浸入式MBR處理一類混合污水的可行性。一個缺氧好氧埋有聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）空心纖維模塊也用于研究過程中。這一MBR估計已運行超過3個月。試驗結(jié)果表明的MBR中處理混合的污水可能需要15H的水力停留時間（HRT），而且膜通量為17L/M2H（LMH）能夠使膜生物反應(yīng)器工藝可持續(xù)的運行。膜生物反應(yīng)器，相對于傳統(tǒng)的活性污泥法超濾法（ASPUF），能夠提高包括NH4和COD在內(nèi)的處理效果。研究的結(jié)論是MBR工藝是能夠處理混合污水的工業(yè)用水。關(guān)鍵詞膜生物反應(yīng)器；空心纖維；廢液回收；工業(yè)廢水；活性污泥法。1引言如今快速的人口增長和工業(yè)發(fā)展，水資源短缺已經(jīng)成為了全球的問題。相比于傳統(tǒng)的活性污泥法和超濾膜的分離方法，MBR由于它占用空間小、產(chǎn)生污泥少和比活性污泥法處理生活污水更具有連續(xù)性和高效性等優(yōu)點而日漸成為處理城市廢水更具吸引力的處理工藝110。史蒂芬等1介紹了許多種用MBR處理城市廢水的工藝。不同容量的工業(yè)化MBR已經(jīng)證明，此類設(shè)備不僅可靠而且操作簡單。勞倫斯等2對在加利福尼亞州埃斯孔迪多AQUA2000研究中心進(jìn)行的膜生物反應(yīng)器研究也做出了報告。這個實驗報告表明MBR處理后的水具有很好的水質(zhì)，不僅沒有可檢測的BOD而且還能一直保持低于01的濁度。甘德等3回顧了一些用于處理生活污水的工業(yè)化好氧MBR工藝的費用并進(jìn)行了研究。他們在報告中指出從能源消耗和清洗設(shè)備兩方面看，浸入構(gòu)型的運行會比側(cè)流構(gòu)型的更經(jīng)濟(jì)。陶先生等4開發(fā)了三個浸入構(gòu)型MBR的實驗，實驗結(jié)果驗證了在新加坡的熱帶條件下，膜生物反應(yīng)器技術(shù)在再生生活污水時體現(xiàn)的優(yōu)勢。新加坡的JURONG污水回收廠（JWRP）正用活性污泥法處理一種混合污水（60工業(yè)廢水和40生活污水）。如果可以回收混合的污水水來源，它可能引入額外的污水以滿足工業(yè)的需要。然而，這種混合后的影響對MBR設(shè)備來說是一個挑戰(zhàn)，而且實驗性的評估也很難預(yù)料。這項研究的目的在于確定浸入式膜生物反應(yīng)器處理工業(yè)用的混合污水的可行性。2實驗材料和方法3圖21MBR中試系統(tǒng)流程圖2222實驗過程實驗過程實驗過程為期超過了3個月，從2004年7月2日到2004年10月8日。研究過程的中試系統(tǒng)一直持續(xù)24H地運行。研究中使用的MBR中試系統(tǒng)的運行條件在表22中列出。在JWRP中，來自污泥回流管道混合液懸浮固體（MLSS）濃度為5000MG/L的活性污泥作為原料用于實驗系統(tǒng)的初期運行階段。并在一周內(nèi)MBR中的MLSS濃度能夠達(dá)到設(shè)計的水平，10000～12000MG/L，然后排出剩余污泥的混合液揮發(fā)性懸浮固體（MLVSS）濃度能保持在8500～10000MG/L這一水平范圍內(nèi)。在7月時，向生物反應(yīng)池投入消泡劑（KIMCOOL9000TM）以減少泡沫的問題，并整個研究過程中持續(xù)地以50MG/L投入。對不同的膜通量和HRT進(jìn)行實驗。MBR試驗裝置及兩個MOS以總平均過液量為14M3/H開始在7月投入運行。然后在8月和9月用一個MOS運行時其平均過液量為12M3/H。在10月的時候，把HRT提高到15H后，平均過液量能降低到072M3/H。在這項研究中，只進(jìn)行了化學(xué)清洗的維護(hù)。在維護(hù)清洗時，在滲透箱中用125MG/L的NAOCL溶液反滲透，然后膜在溶液中浸泡30分鐘，然后用濾液沖洗10分鐘之后才收集產(chǎn)品。表22MBR中試系統(tǒng)運行條件參數(shù)7月8月9月10月濾液流速（M3/H）141212072凈通量（L/M2H）172294294176HRT（H）78909015滲透壓（KPA）50701122142613平均滲透率（L/M2HBAR）295198163134需氧當(dāng)量濃度（NM3/M3濾液）1711010167

簡介：附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文美國FBII防盜報警聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展，安防技術(shù)也不斷更新和進(jìn)步。國際上比較發(fā)達(dá)的國家十分重視發(fā)展這個行業(yè)。長期以來，人們習(xí)慣于用堅固的門，鎖，窗柵來防范。但是，科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，犯罪分子的作案手段愈來愈狡猾，單一的家庭防盜設(shè)施已不能達(dá)到保護(hù)生命、財產(chǎn)安全的要求，對于這種形式，國際社會安全行業(yè)，開發(fā)研制出了綜合化、智能化的聯(lián)網(wǎng)報警中心系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)極大地增強(qiáng)社會性的安全防范能力，提高保安服務(wù)業(yè)實力和公安干警指揮處置重大盜竊、治安、消防、急救及各類突發(fā)事件的效能，最大限度地保護(hù)國家和生命財產(chǎn)的安全。一、聯(lián)網(wǎng)報警系統(tǒng)目前在國內(nèi)的應(yīng)用及發(fā)展情況由于聯(lián)網(wǎng)報警系統(tǒng)的很多優(yōu)點，現(xiàn)階段廣泛被采用，沿海地區(qū)尤其走在各國的前列。警察系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)安裝使用報警聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)，從使用聯(lián)網(wǎng)報警系統(tǒng)以后開始，已經(jīng)入網(wǎng)的用戶因撬窗、撬鎖、撬門及其它犯罪率大幅度降低，有效的保證了生命財產(chǎn)的安全。目前城市聯(lián)網(wǎng)報警系統(tǒng)的中心主要設(shè)在警察局，用戶主要是銀行、商店、工廠、寫字樓、娛樂場所等，還有以金融銀行系統(tǒng)中總行為中心，其它分行及儲蓄所為用戶端。隨著社會的發(fā)展，生活水平的提高，各種商業(yè)大廈、住宅小區(qū)也正意識到安裝報警系統(tǒng)的必要性，人民群眾在這方面的需求也越來越迫切，所以中心的設(shè)置從開始的公安局、派出所，逐漸轉(zhuǎn)移到商業(yè)大廈、住宅小區(qū)，商業(yè)大廈或住宅小區(qū)的管理人員直接行動，這樣不但行動更快速，而且可以減輕由于用戶量太大給警察局帶來的巨大壓力，從長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展來看，以居民小區(qū)、工廠企業(yè)、商業(yè)大廈為局部聯(lián)網(wǎng)中心，利用二級聯(lián)網(wǎng)方式把警情再傳送到城市聯(lián)網(wǎng)中心的方案將廣泛被采用。二、美國FBII公司簡介這樣當(dāng)現(xiàn)場報警控制器報警時，啟動電話撥號器撥號，與中心報警主機(jī)接通后,它即把預(yù)先編好的通訊碼傳送到中心主機(jī)里，起到通訊作用。3CP220報警四、防盜系統(tǒng)組成防盜系統(tǒng)由三大部分組成一部分為控制箱二部分為探頭三部分為接收主機(jī)1控制箱分為有線控制箱和無線控制箱兩類A有線控制指用電纜線將控制箱與探頭相聯(lián),采用四線制,其中二線接電源,二線接收信號B無線控制指探頭帶有無線發(fā)射器,主機(jī)通過無線信號接收器接收報警信號2探頭種類可分為紅外和微波、雙探頭、超聲波、震蕩感應(yīng)器、帶微處理器探頭、門磁探頭A紅外探頭內(nèi)部有紅外接收源,可接收特定的紅外信號,發(fā)出報警信號B微波探頭通過發(fā)射微波,并通過傳感器接收原有微波場被破壞的信號,并發(fā)出報警C雙探頭內(nèi)部附有紅外和微波兩種功能D門磁探頭通過門磁開關(guān)的閉開來發(fā)出報警信號E防光探頭通過離子、光電感應(yīng)器來感受火災(zāi)現(xiàn)場,并發(fā)出報警信號F紅外對射探頭由一組紅外發(fā)射和接收裝置組成,能全天候工作,探測范圍大,受干擾小,誤報率低G玻璃破碎感應(yīng)器感應(yīng)玻璃破碎時的頻率,并發(fā)出報警信號H震蕩感應(yīng)器通過感受物體振動造成內(nèi)部電路鋼球脫出,造成電脈沖進(jìn)行報警I緊急按鈕、防跳、防拆開關(guān)都是一種開關(guān)電路,如果有開關(guān)動作切換,就有報警信號輸出五、控制箱的作用對探頭起管理作用,還起供電作用,可接報警輸出,并內(nèi)含有備用電池,能分辨報警信號真?zhèn)?有顯示報警作用,有報警通訊作用六、報警接收機(jī)的作用

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