簡介：JWATERRESOURCEANDPROTECTION,2010,2,972978DOI104236/JWARP2010211115PUBLISHEDONLINENOVEMBER2010HTTP//WWWSCIRPORG/JOURNAL/JWARPCOPYRIGHT?2010SCIRESJWARPRESEARCHONTHECONTENTSANDINDEXESOFRESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYJINGCHUNFENG,ZHONGNANDUANBUSINESSSCHOOL,HOHAIUNIVERSITY,NANJINGCHINAEMAILDZN198688SINACOMRECEIVEDSEPTEMBER26,2010REVISEDNOVEMBER7,2010ACCEPTEDNOVEMBER8,2010ABSTRACTRESERVOIRSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMYANDSOCIETY,ASWELLASTHEMAINTENANCEOFECOLOGICALBALANCETHERESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYCANMAKEEVERYFUNCTIONOFRESERVOIRSFULLYPLAYEDTHISPAPERMAKESASYSTEMATICANALYSISONTHEMEANINGOFRESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYANDBUILDSUPAFRAMEWORKSYSTEMOFITFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFORGANIZATIONANDSYSTEMONTHIS3BASIS,THEPAPERRESEARCHESTHECONTENTSANDINDEXESOFRESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYFROMTHEMICROSCOPIC,INTERMEDIATEANDMACROSCOPICASPECTSTHERESULTSOFTHISPAPERPROVIDEAFOUNDATIONFORFURTHERRESEARCHONRESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYMANAGEMENTKEYWORDSRESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITY,SECURITYCONTENT,SECURITYINDEX,FRAMEWORKSYSTEM1INTRODUCTIONATPRESENTTHEREARENUMEROUSRESERVOIRSINOURCOUNTRY,ANDTHEYPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHECONSTRUCTIONOFNATIONALECONOMYBUTITISNOTIDEALINTERMSOFTHECONDITIONOFTHESECURITYOFRESERVOIROPERATION15ITISNECESSARYTORESEARCHTHESECURITYOFRESERVOIROPERATIONTOGUARANTEETHERESERVOIRCOMPREHENSIVEBENEFITSCANBEEXERTEDADEQUATELYCONSULTPRESENTRELATEDRESEARCHRESULTSWEFINDTHATTHEMAJORITYSCHOLARSONLYLIMITREGARDINGRESEARCHOFTHERESERVOIRSECURITYTOSOMECONSTITUENTSOFTHERESERVOIR,ORTHEYRESEARCHTHEQUESTIONWHICHEXISTSTOTHERESERVOIROPERATIONALGUIDANCEDIRECTLYINAWORDTHEYCAN’TCONSIDERTHERESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYPROBLEMFROMTHEOVERALLSITUATIONANGLE,BUTONLYEMPHASISSOMEASPECTSOFRESERVOIROPERATIONONESIDEDLY15INTHISPAPER,THECONTENTOFTHESECURITYOFRESERVOIROPERATIONHASBEENANALYZEDFROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFSYSTEMWITHTHEPURPOSEOFPROPOSINGTHECONTENTOFRESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYFROMTHEDEEPLEVEL,CONSTRUCTINGACOMPREHENSIVE,CONCRETECONCEPTSYSTEMOFRESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITY2THECONTENTOFTHERESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYTHERESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYISREFERREDTOTHERESERVOIRISATONECONDITIONTHATTHEPROJECT,THEPERSONNELANDSOARENOTTOBEDANGEROUSINRESERVOIROPERATIONALPROCESS,ANDEACHINTERIORCONSTITUENTOFTHERESERVOIRSYSTEMCANBECOMPLETE,ORDERED,STABLEANDCANDEVELOPWITHEXTERNALSYSTEMHARMONIOUSLY,SUSTAINABLYTHEREARETHREEASPECTSOFTHERESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYCONTENT,RESPECTIVELYTHEMICROSCOPIC,THEINTERMEDIATEANDTHEMACROSCOPICTHEMICROSCOPICISREFERREDTOTHESECURITYOFRESERVOIRSYSTEMINCLUDINGTHESECURITYOFPROJECTENTITYANDANCILLARYFACILITIESANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFRESERVOIROPERATIONALMANAGEMENTTHEINTERMEDIATEISREFERREDTOTHERESERVOIROPERATIONCANMEETTHENEEDOFTHEECONOMYANDSOCIETYDEVELOPMENTINCLUDINGTHEDISPLAYOFRESERVOIRECONOMICEFFICIENCYASWELLASSAFEGUARDTOPERSONALANDPROPERTYSECURITYOFDOWNSTREAMPEOPLETHEMACROSCOPICISREFERREDTOTHESECURITYOFRESERVOIROPERATIONISESTABLISHEDONTHEBASISTHATTHERESERVOIRCANCOEXISTWITHTHEECOSYSTEMHARMONIOUSLYTHECONTENTOFRESERVOIROPERATIONALSECURITYISSHOWNINFIGURE13THEMICROSCOPICASPECTOFRESERVOIROPERATIONSECURITY31THESECURITYOFPROJECTENTITYASANENGINEERINGSYSTEM,THERESERVOIRSECURITYSHOULDBECONSIDEREDWITHSYSTEMATICVIEWTHEMOSTESSENTIALREQUIREMENTOFTHERESERVOIRSECURITYISTHATEACHPROJECTJCFENGETALCOPYRIGHT?2010SCIRESJWARP97432THESECURITYOFANCILLARYFACILITIESTHESECURITYOFRESERVOIRENTITIESDEPENDSONTHEINTEGRITY,COORDINATIONANDINTEGRATIONOFTHEANCILLARYFACILITIESTOSOMEEXTENTRESERVOIRPROJECTENTITIESMUSTBECOLLABORATIVEWITHTHEANCILLARYFACILITIESTOENSURETHEROLE,ONCETHEYAREOUTOFTHERELATIONSHIP,NOTONLYTHEEFFECTCANNOTBEGUARANTEED,BUTALSOMAYCAUSESIGNIFICANTSECURITYPROBLEMSSUCHASTHEOPERATIONOFHYDROLOGICALMONITORINGFACILITIES,AUTOMATICALARMSYSTEMANDCOMMUNICATIONFACILITIESRUNINTOPROBLEMSWILLINEVITABLYAFFECTTHERESERVOIRSECURITY321THECONTENTSOFANCILLARYFACILITIESSECURITYACCORDINGTOTHEREQUIREMENTSOFRESERVOIRSYSTEMOPERATION,WEPROVIDEWITHASUFFICIENTNUMBEROFANCILLARYFACILITIES,ESTABLISHANDIMPLEMENTCORRESPONDINGOPERATIONMANAGEMENTPLANSTOENSURETHATALLANCILLARYFACILITIESANDVARIOUSFUNCTIONALENTITIESOFRESERVOIRTOWORKCOOPERATIVELYTHECONTENTSOFANCILLARYFACILITIESSECURITYINCLUDEASFOLLOWS1THEOPERATIONOFANCILLARYFACILITIESTHESECURITYOFANCILLARYFACILITIESOFRESERVOIRSYSTEMISBASEDONWELLOPERATIONOFTHEIROWNSYSTEM,WHICHCANENSURETHEIRCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEWHOLESYSTEMTHEOPERATIONOFANCILLARYFACILITIESALSOREQUESTSTOMEETTHEBASICREQUIREMENTSSUCHASINTEGRITY,ORDER,STABILITYANDSOON2ANCILLARYFACILITIESANDPROJECTENTITIESWORKCOOPERATIVELYTHEIMPACTOFANCILLARYFACILITIESISREFLECTEDASFOLLOWS,FIRSTISCOOPERATEDWITHPROJECTENTITIESANDFORMRELEVANTWORKINGMECHANISMSOASTOPLAYTHEMAJORPROJECTENTITIESFUNCTIONOFRESERVOIRSYSTEMTHESECONDISASACARRIERTOMANAGEWORKIMPLEMENTATION,WHICHCANIMPROVETHEOPERATIONMANAGEMENTEFFICIENCYEFFECTIVELYTHETHIRDISTOSUPERVISETHESTATEOFPROJECTENTITIESTOASSUREPROJECTSECURITY322INDEXESOFANCILLARYFACILITIESSECURITY1INTEGRITYOFANCILLARYFACILITIESTHEOPERATIONOFRESERVOIRSYSTEMSISCOMPLEXEXTREMELY,ANDITSFUNCTIONSAREALSODIVERSE,WHICHREQUIRESRESERVOIRSYSTEMANDVARIOUSANCILLARYFACILITIESWORKCOOPERATIVELYTOPLAYEACHSPECIFICFUNCTIONOF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簡介：STRUCTURALFAILURESINREFROFITHISTORICALMURATMASONRYARCHBRIDGEHGONEN?,MDOGAN,MKARACASU,HOZBASARAN,HGOKDEMIRESKISEHIROSMANGAZIUNIVERSITY,TURKEYARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYAVAILABLEONLINE7MARCH2013KEYWORDSSTRUCTURALFAILURERETROFITMASONRYARCHBRIDGEFINITEELEMENTABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,AFTERGIVINGSHORTINFORMATIONABOUTHISTORICALBRIDGES,FINITEELEMENTMODELOFPALUBRIDGE,WHICHISLOCATEDNEARTHEPALUCOUNTYOFELAZIGPROVINCE,ISGENERATEDWITHSAP2000DEFORMATIONSANDSTRESSESOFTHEBRIDGEAREDETERMINEDUNDERDEADLOADSANDLINEARELASTICEARTHQUAKERESPONSEOFTHISBRIDGEISINVESTIGATEDINTHISSTUDY,FAILURESRESULTFROMTHEMATERIALSUSEDINREPAIRING,STRUCTURALSYSTEMOFTHEBRIDGEANDTHEEFFECTOFWATERTOSTRUCTURALELEMENTSAREEXAMINEDEARTHQUAKEACCELERATIONISUSEDASLOADFORTHEMATHEMATICALMODELOFTHEBRIDGECONSTRUCTEDFORDYNAMICANALYSISANDCALCULATIONSAREMADEFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,WHICHISACCEPTEDASONEOFTHEMOSTPRECISEMETHODSCURRENTLY,ISUSEDINCALCULATIONSFINALLY,ANALYSISOFPLANNEDREINFORCEDBRIDGEISMADE?2013ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONBRIDGES,WHICHAREPLANNEDASDURABLESTRUCTURES,MADEFORPASSOVERANOBSTACLETHEYMUSTBEPROTECTEDAGAINSTCORROSIONPROOFCOATSANDTHEYMUSTBEBUILTPROPERLYBECAUSEOFHARDANDABRASIVEENVIRONMENTALEFFECTSTHEMAINBRIDGETYPESCANBECLASSIFIEDASARCH,SIMPLEORCONTINUOUSBEAM,CABLEANDSUSPENSIONBRIDGESTRUSSSYSTEMSCANBEUSEDASAPARTOFTHESTRUCTURALSYSTEMASSEENINCANTILEVERBRIDGESORCOMPLETESTRUCTURALSYSTEMOFTHEBRIDGECANBEDESIGNEDASTRUSSSYSTEMTRUSSES,BOXSECTIONSANDPRESTRESSEDELEMENTSAREGENERALLYUSEDINBUILDINGSTHEMAINFACTFORTHEARCHESISTHATTHEYARENOTUNDERASIGNIFICANTBENDINGACTIONARCHESAREONLYUNDERCOMPRESSIONEFFECTANDFORTHISREASONTHEYCANBEBUILTBYSTRUCTURALMATERIALSWHICHHAVELOWTENSILESTRENGTHSUCHASSTONE,CASTSTEELANDCONCRETEALSOTHEREAREARCHBRIDGESWHICHAREBUILTUPBYBRICKS,TIMBER,ALUMINUMANDFORGEDSTEELALTHOUGHSOMEELEMENTSOFARCHBRIDGESWITHTRUSSSYSTEMSAREUNDERTENSION,PRIMARYSTRUCTURALELEMENTSAREALWAYSUNDERCOMPRESSIONTHESEPRIMARYELEMENTSECTIONSAREGREATERIFTHEYARECOMPAREDTODIAGONALSONTHEOTHERHAND,INRIGIDDECKEDARCHES,SECTIONOFTHEDECKISTHICKERTHANTHESECTIONOFARCHBECAUSEDECKISUNDERBENDINGANDBUCKLINGEFFECTSBUTARCHISONLYUNDERTHEEFFECTOFCOMPRESSIONINTHISTYPEOFBRIDGES,DECKTHICKNESSISLOWERTHANTHEDEPTHOFASIMPLEBEAMWHICHHASASPANEQUALTOTHESPANOFTHEARCHBECAUSE,LOADSARETRANSFERREDFROMDECKTOARCHVIASTRUCTURALELEMENTSPLACEDWITHCERTAINSPACINGBYCONSIDERINGTHIS,ITISOBVIOUSTHATARCHSPANSCANBEGREATERTHANBEAMSPANSTWOARCHBRIDGESARESEENINFIG11–3EARLIESTEXAMPLESOFTHEARCHFORMARESEENINTHEUNDERGROUNDTOMBSOFTHESUMERIANS3000BCINMESOPOTAMIATHESESAMPLESBELONGTOTHEEGYPTIANSSHOWTHATTHECIVILIZATION,HADKNOWLEDGEABOUTTHESTRUCTURALPOTENTIALOFTHEARCHFORMHOWEVER,ALTHOUGHTHESUMERIANSORTHEEGYPTIANSDISCOVEREDTHEARCHFORM,THOSEWERETHEROMANSWHOUSEDTHEARCHFORMINAMOREEFFECTIVEANDEYECATCHINGWAYTHECENDERWATERBRIDGE,KARAMAGARABRIDGEANDTHEBRIDGEOFJUSTINIANAREAMONGTHEWORKSOFROMANCIVILIZATIONINTURKEY413506307/SEEFRONTMATTER?2013ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JENGFAILANAL201302024?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL905326666780EMAILADDRESSHGONENOGUEDUTRHGONENENGINEERINGFAILUREANALYSIS352013334–342CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTENGINEERINGFAILUREANALYSISJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENGFAILANALARCHIVES,WEFINDTHERECORDSABOUT‘‘FIXINGTHETIMBERBRIDGEOVERMURATRIVER’’IN1924,1941,1957AND1969TIMBERPARTSOFTHEBRIDGEAREFIXEDAGAINAFTERCOLLAPSINGOFTIMBERSYSTEMAGAIN,TWOPARTSOFTHEBRIDGEISRECONSTRUCTEDASREINFORCEDCONCRETEIN1986BUTTHEOTHERPARTOFTHEBRIDGEISCOMPLETEDIN1996ATTHEENTRANCEOFTHEBRIDGETHEREISANEXPLANATIONFORTOURISTSABOUTITSOLDHISTORYFIG4THISPAPERDESCRIBESTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHETIMEWHENTHEBRIDGEWASBUILTANDTHEHISTORICPROGRESSOFTHEBRIDGEEMBOSSINGONSTONESPROVETHEOLDAGEOFTHEBRIDGEFIG4THEREARESIGNIFICANTNUMBEROFARCHSTRUCTURESWHICHBELONGSTOSEL?UKLUCIVILIZATIONINELAZIG?REGIONFIG5ARCHBRIDGESWHICHAREBUILTDURING11AND12CENTURIESARECOMMONLYSEENEXAMINEDSTRUCTUREISDAMAGEDBECAUSEOFFLOODS,EARTHQUAKES,FIREANDOTHERDISASTERSASAREASONOFITSOLDHISTORYAFTEREVERYDESTRUCTIVEDISASTER,ITISREPAIREDBYDIFFERENTMETHODSANDUSINGDIFFERENTSTRUCTURALMATERIALSFIG63FINITEELEMENTMODELOFTHEBRIDGEFORSTRUCTURES,WHICHAREBUILTLONGTIMEAGOLIKEHISTORICALBRIDGES,DETERMININGPROPERTIESOFSTRUCTURALMATERIALSISVERYIMPORTANTDUETODIFFICULTIESINDETERMININGTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEMATERIALPROPERTIESOFTHESESTRUCTURES,SIMILARSTUDIESINTHELITERATUREWEREEXAMINEDANDMATERIALPROPERTIESAREDETERMINED6,7FIG7INTHISSTUDY,USEDMATERIALSAREGIVENINTABLE1AFINITEELEMENTMODELOFTHEBRIDGEISGENERATEDWITHSAP2000COMPUTERPROGRAM8MODELCONSISTSOF20861THREEDIMENSIONALSOLIDELEMENTSFILLINGMATERIALHASNOEFFECTONCARRYINGCAPACITYOFTHESTRUCTURALSYSTEMASBOUNDARYCONDITIONSTHEBRIDGEWASCONSIDEREDTOBERESTRAINEDINALLDIRECTIONSTHEPRESENTEDMODELISGIVENINFIG8THESOLUTIONSWEREMADESEPARATELYFORTHECASESGIVENBELOW1DEADLOADS2LIVELOADSSINGLEANDTWOWAYVEHICLEEXISTENCE3SEISMICLOADSVALUESOBTAINEDFROMTHESOLUTIONSAREANALYZEDSEPARATELYANDCRITICALREGIONSOFTHEBRIDGEAREDETERMINEDFIG994ARCHCONSTRUCTIONADHESIVEMORTARPLACEDBETWEENSTONESINBRIDGECONSTRUCTIONLOSESITSEFFECTIVENESSBYENVIRONMENTALEFFECTSBECAUSEOFRELATIVELYSOFTSTONESFORTHISREASON,STONESARECONNECTEDTOEACHOTHERBYBOUNDINGSTEELSBYTHISPROCESSSTONESAREBOUNDTOEACHOTHERFROMBOTHTOP,BOTTOM,LEFTANDRIGHTSIDESFIG10EFFECTIVENESSOFTHEMORTARBETWEENSTONESANDFRICTIONCAPACITYISBOTHINCREASEDBYMAKINGNOTCHESONFACESOFTHESTONESFIG4OLDEMBOSSINGONSTONESFIG5EXAMPLESOFARCHSTRUCTURES336HGONENETAL/ENGINEERINGFAILUREANALYSIS352013334–342

簡介：PUBLISHEDJANUARY20,2011R2011AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETY517DXDOIORG/101021/AM101095H|ACSAPPLMATERINTERFACES2011,3,517–521RESEARCHARTICLEWWWACSAMIORGSYNTHESISOFΒMO2CTHINFILMSCOLINAWOLDEN,,?ANNAPICKERELL,?TRUPTIGAWAI,?STERLINGPARKS,?JESSEHENSLEY,?ANDJDOUGLASWAY??DEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,COLORADOSCHOOLOFMINES,GOLDEN,COLORADO80401,UNITEDSTATES?NATIONALRENEWABLEENERGYLABORATORY,1617COLEBOULEVARD,GOLDEN,COLORADO80401,UNITEDSTATESABSTRACTTHINFILMSOFSTOICHIOMETRICΒMO2CWEREFABRICATEDUSINGATWOSTEPSYNTHESISPROCESSDENSEMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSWEREFIRSTDEPOSITEDBYPLASMAENHANCEDCHEMICALVAPORDEPOSITIONUSINGMIXTURESOFMOF6,H2,ANDO2THEDEPENDENCEOFOPERATINGPARAMETERSWITHRESPECTTODEPOSITIONRATEANDQUALITYISREVIEWEDOXIDEFILMS100500NMINTHICKNESSWERETHENCONVERTEDINTOMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEUSINGTEMPERATUREPROGRAMMEDREACTIONUSINGMIXTURESOFH2ANDCH4XRAYDIFFRACTIONCONFIRMEDTHATMOLYBDENUMOXIDEISCOMPLETELYTRANSFORMEDINTOTHEΒMO2CPHASEWHENHEATEDTO700?CINMIXTURESOF20CH4INH2THEFILMSREMAINEDWELLADHEREDTOTHEUNDERLYINGSILICONSUBSTRATEAFTERCARBURIZATIONXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYDETECTEDNOIMPURITIESINTHEFILMS,ANDMOWASFOUNDTOEXISTINASINGLEOXIDATIONSTATEMICROSCOPYREVEALEDTHATTHEASDEPOSITEDOXIDEFILMSWEREFEATURELESS,WHEREASTHECARBIDEFILMSDISPLAYACOMPLEXNANOSTRUCTUREKEYWORDSTHINFILM,CARBIDE,OXIDE,PLASMAENHANCEDCHEMICALVAPORDEPOSITION,CATALYST’INTRODUCTIONMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEISAVERSATILEMATERIALWITHPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONSINAVARIETYOFAREASMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEEXHIBITSCATALYTICPROPERTIESANALOGOUSTOPLATINUMGROUPMETALS,ANDINTHELASTFEWDECADES,EFFORTSHAVEBEENMADETOEXPLOITTHISTRAITINANUMBEROFCHEMICALPROCESSESINCLUDINGAMMONIASYNTHESIS,HYDROCARBONREFORMING,WATERGASSHIFT,H2PRODUCTION,ANDALCOHOLSYNTHESIS17ASATHINFILM,THEHIGHHARDNESSANDTHERMALSTABILITYOFTHETRANSITIONMETALCARBIDESMAKETHEMUSEFULASWEARRESISTANTMATERIALS8,9MORERECENTSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONTHEOPTOELECTRONICPROPERTIESOFMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEFORARANGEOFAPPLICATIONSINCLUDINGMIRRORS,10DIFFUSIONBARRIERS,11INTERCONNECTS,12ANDELECTRONFIELDEMISSION13OURINTERESTISINTHECREATIONOFINEXPENSIVEALTERNATIVESTOPLATINUMGROUPMETALSFORSURFACEDISSOCIATIONOFH2FORMATIONOFTHISMATERIALASATHINFILMWOULDFACILITATEFUNDAMENTALSTUDIESOFCATALYSTPERFORMANCENUMEROUSTECHNIQUESHAVEBEENUSEDTODEPOSITMOLYBDENUMCARBIDEFILMSINCLUDINGCHEMICALVAPORDEPOSITIONCVD,8,14PHYSICALVAPORDEPOSITIONPVD,9,11ANDELECTRODEPOSITION15THEMOCSYSTEMISQUITECOMPLEX,WITHNUMEROUSSTABLEANDMETASTABLECOMPOUNDSANDCRYSTALPHASESTHATHAVEBEENOBSERVED14,16CONTROLOFPHASEPURITYHASBEENPROBLEMATICFORBOTHCVDANDPVDAPPROACHES,ANDFILMSOFTENCONTAINAMIXTUREOFCARBONRICHPRODUCTSTHATDISPLAYACOMPLEXDEPENDENCEONTHESPECIFICOPERATINGCONDITIONSEMPLOYED8,11,14INCONTRAST,FORCATALYSISAPPLICATIONSITISRELATIVELYSTRAIGHTFORWARDTOACHIEVETHEDESIREDΒMO2CPHASEINPOWDERFORM14THEKEYDEVELOPMENTCAMEFROMBOUDARTANDCOWORKERS1,2WHODEVELOPEDAMETHODTOCONVERTDENSEMOO3POWDERSINTOHIGHSURFACEAREAMO2CBYTEMPERATUREPROGRAMMEDREACTIONORTPR,USINGMIXTURESOFHYDROCARBONSDILUTEDINH2THEMECHANISMFORTHEMOO3TOMO2CTRANSFORMATIONINVOLVESTHESUBSTITUTIONOFCARBONFOROXYGENINTHEMOO3LATTICE,WITHLITTLEDISPLACEMENTOFTHEMOATOMSDURINGTHEREACTIONBECAUSETHEMOLARVOLUMEOFMO2CISSMALLERTHANTHEMOLARVOLUMEOFMOO3,MICROPORESFORMASTHEOXIDETRANSFORMSINTOTHECARBIDEUNDERPROPERCONDITIONSTHEMOO3ISCONVERTEDINTOMO2CWITHOUTFORMINGMETALLICMOASAREACTIONINTERMEDIATEMETALSINTERINGISAVOIDEDUSINGTHISMETHOD,ANDUNSUPPORTEDCATALYSTSCANBEPREPAREDWITHVERYHIGHSURFACEAREAS5090M2/GREBROVETAL5USEDTHISSTRATEGYTOFORMCATALYSTCOATINGSTHROUGHTHECARBURIZATIONOFPREOXIDIZEDMOLYBDENUMSHEETS,ANDAPPLIEDTHEMTOTHEWATERGASSHIFTREACTIONTHEGOALOFTHISWORKWASTOPRODUCEPHASEPUREΒMO2CFILMSFORFUTURESTUDYASMODELCATALYSTLAYERSBELOWWEDESCRIBEATWOSTEPSYNTHESISAPPROACHFIRST,DENSEMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSAREDEPOSITEDONSILICONUSINGPLASMAENHANCEDCHEMICALVAPORDEPOSITIONPECVDUSINGMIXTURESOFMOF6/H2/O2THEUSEOFMOF6ANDTHISREACTIONCHEMISTRYISSOMEWHATUNIQUE,ASPREVIOUSCVDOFMOCONTAININGCOMPOUNDSHAVEEMPLOYEDEITHERMOCO617,18ORMOCL514,19ASTHEMOLYBDENUMPRECURSORTHEDEPENDENCEOFOXIDEGROWTHRATEANDQUALITYONPECVDPARAMETERSISDESCRIBEDTHEUSEOFPECVDTOFORMTHEOXIDEALLOWSTHESEFILMSTOBEPRODUCEDONABROADERSETOFSUBSTRATESTHEFILMSWERETHENTRANSFORMEDINTOTHEΒMO2CPHASEBYAPPLYINGTPRCONDITIONSDEVELOPEDBYTHECATALYSISCOMMUNITYTHEEVOLUTIONOFFILMCOMPOSITIONANDSTRUCTURETHROUGHOUTTHESEPROCESSESISQUANTIFIEDUSINGASUITEOFANALYTICALTECHNIQUES’EXPERIMENTALSECTIONOXIDESYNTHESISMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSWEREDEPOSITEDUSINGMIXTURESOFMOF6/H2/O2INACAPACITIVELYCOUPLEDPECVDSYSTEMTHISPECVDCHEMISTRYADOPTSASIMILARAPPROACHTHATHASBEENRECEIVEDNOVEMBER11,2010ACCEPTEDDECEMBER31,2010519DXDOIORG/101021/AM101095H|ACSAPPLMATERINTERFACES2011,3,517–521ACSAPPLIEDMATERIALSINTERFACESRESEARCHARTICLETHEOBSERVEDPEAKPOSITIONOFTHEASDEPOSITEDFILMATABINDINGENERGYBEOF2328EVISINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEMOT6STATEOFFULLYOXIDIZEDMOO3THEDORBITALPEAKSARESEPARATEDBY31EVANDAPPEARINTHETHEORETICALLYEXPECTED32RATIO,24PROVIDINGFURTHERSUPPORTTHATTHEMOISPRESENTINASINGLEOXIDATIONSTATEOFCOURSEHYDROGENCANNOTBEDETECTEDBYXPS,BUTTHEPOSITIONOFMOSPECTRAINITSFULLYOXIDIZEDSTATESUPPORTSITSABSENCEXPSANALYSISOFMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSINTERCALATEDWITHHDISPLAYTHEPRESENCEOFMOT5ANDMOT4OXIDATIONSTATES21MOREOVER,THETRANSPARENTNATUREOFTHEFILMPROVIDEFURTHERSUPPORTFORITSCHEMICALPURITY,SINCEMOO3HXHASAGREYCOLORTHATISEXPLOITEDINELECTROCHROMICAPPLICATIONS21,27CARBURIZATIONMOLYBDENUMOXIDEFILMSWITHTHICKNESSOF100500NMWEREDEPOSITEDONPIECESOF100SILICONWAFERSASDESCRIBEDABOVETHESESAMPLESWERETHENCARBURIZEDUSINGSTANDARDTPRCONDITIONSDESCRIBEDABOVEFILMSREMAINEDWELLADHEREDTOTHEUNDERLYINGSILICONSUBSTRATEAFTERCARBURIZATION,ANDWERECHARACTERIZEDUSINGTHETECHNIQUESDESCRIBEDBELOWTHECHANGESINCRYSTALSTRUCTURETHATWEREOBSERVEDINCONJUNCTIONWITHTPRARESUMMARIZEDINFIGURE4,WHICHCOMPARESRESULTSFROMBOTHPOWDERSAMPLESANDA200NMTHICKFILMWITHLITERATURESTANDARDSTHESTABLEPHASEOFMOLYBDENUMOXIDEHASANORTHORHOMBICSTRUCTURE,27ANDTHEASRECEIVEDPOWDERSWEREINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHELITERATURESTANDARDSJCPDS761003THEASDEPOSITEDOXIDEFILMSAREXRDAMORPHOUS,HOWEVERTHEYCRYSTALLIZEWHENANNEALEDINAIRATTEMPERATURES150?CDURINGTHECARBURIZATIONPROCESS,THEOXIDEFILMSARETRANSFORMEDDURINGTHECALCININGSTEP,ANDANEXAMPLEOFAXRDPATTERNOBTAINEDFROMAFILMAFTERTHISTREATMENTISSHOWNINFIGURE4THEPATTERNOBTAINEDFROMTHETHINFILMSAMPLEISNOISYRELATIVETOTHEPOWDERSAMPLES,BUTNEVERTHELESSTHEFILMISCLEARLYIDENTIFIEDASPOLYCRYSTALLINEMOLYBDENUMOXIDEWITHAPREFERENTIALORIENTATIONINTHE110DIRECTIONLOCATEDAT2Θ2333?THESAMEMATERIALSWEREEXAMINEDAFTERTHECOMPLETIONOFTHECARBURIZATIONPROCESSAGAINITISOBSERVEDTHATTHEPOWDERSAMPLESAREINPERFECTAGREEMENTWITHLITERATUREEXPECTATIONSFORTHEΒMO2CPHASENOTETHATTHEΒMO2CPHASEHASANORTHORHOMBICCRYSTALSTRUCTUREJCPDS790744,THOUGHITSLATTICEPOSITIONSARENOMINALLYIDENTICALTOASLIGHTLYSTRAINEDHEXAGONALCLOSEDPACKEDSTRUCTUREJCPDS350787,ANDITHASOFTENBEENDESCRIBEDASSUCHINTHECATALYSTLITERATURE16,28BOTHCARBIDEPOWDERSANDFILMSDISPLAYTHETHREESIGNIFICANTPEAKSAT2ΘOF344,379,AND394WHICHAREINDEXEDASTHE100,002,AND101PLANESOFΒMO2C,RESPECTIVELYTHEREISNOEVIDENCEOFRESIDUALOXIDE,MOLYBDENUMMETAL,ORANYOTHERCRYSTALLINEPHASESOFMOLYBDENUMCARBIDETHEXRDPATTERNOBTAINEDFROMACARBURIZEDFILMISNOMINALLYIDENTICALTOBOTHTHELITERATUREVALUESANDTHEPOWDERSAMPLE,CONFIRMINGITSTRANSFORMATIONTOTHEΒMO2CPHASEXPSWASUSEDTOEXAMINETHECOMPOSITIONOFTHECARBURIZEDFILMSFIGURE3CONTAINSTHEHIGHRESOLUTIONSPECTRAOFMO3DREGIONTHEPOSITIONOFTHEMOPEAKSINTHECARBIDEWASSHIFTEDSIGNIFICANTLYTOLOWERBINDINGENERGYRELATIVETOTHEOXIDEFILM,ANDTHEPEAKPOSITIONATBE2282EVISINPERFECTAGREEMENTWITHLITERATUREVALUESFORMOT2TABLEITHECOMPOSITIONALPURITYOFTHISMATERIALISAGAINSUPPORTEDBYBOTHTHESPACING32EVANDRELATIVEINTENSITYOFTHETWOPEAKS,WHICHSUGGESTSTHATTHEMOISPREDOMINANTLYINASINGLEOXIDATIONSTATEFIGURE5COMPARESHIGHRESOLUTIONSPECTRAOFTHEO1SREGIONOBTAINEDFROMANOXIDEFILMANDAFTERCARBURIZATIONTHEOXIDEFILMDISPLAYSAPROMINENTPEAKATBE5308EV,WHICHISINGOODAGREEMENTWITHLITERATUREVALUES29THESURFACEOFTHECARBIDEISPARTIALLYOXIDIZEDDURINGTHEPASSIVATIONSTEPALTHOUGHTHESIGNALISATTENUATEDSUBSTANTIALLYRELATIVETOTHEOXIDEFILM,THEREARETWOFIGURE2HIGHRESOLUTIONXPSSPECTRAOFTHEF1SREGIONOBTAINEDFROMANASDEPOSITEDMOO3FILMSANDAFTERSPUTTERCLEANINGFIGURE3HIGHRESOLUTIONXPSSPECTRAOFTHEMO3DREGIONOBTAINEDFROMANASDEPOSITEDMOO3FILM,ANDAFTERCARBURIZATIONTABLEISUMMARYOFTHEBINDINGENERGYPOSITIONSREPORTEDINTHELITERATURE02EVFORTHEMO3D5/2ANDC1SCORELEVELSINOXIDATIONSTATESOFINTERESTTOMO2CFORMATIONSTATEBEEVMO6T2329MO5T2318MO4T2299MO3T2288MO2T2282MO02276CARBIDEC2830GRAPHITICC2845

簡介：HITOSHIFUJIMOTODEPARTMENTOFENERGYSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFENERGYSCIENCE,KYOTOUNIVERSITY,KYOTO6068501,JAPANSATOSHIOGAWAGRADUATESTUDENTATKYOTOUNIVERSITYPRESENTLY,TOYOTAMOTORCORPHIROHIKOTAKUDADEPARTMENTOFENERGYSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFENERGYSCIENCE,KYOTOUNIVERSITY,KYOTO6068501,JAPANNATSUOHATTADEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,NIPPONBUNRIUNIVERSITY,OITA,JAPANOPERATIONPERFORMANCEOFASMALLAIRLIFTPUMPFORCONVEYINGSOLIDPARTICLESTHEPUMPPERFORMANCEOFASMALLAIRLIFTSYSTEMFORCONVEYINGSOLIDPARTICLESISINVESTIGATEDEXPERIMENTALLYTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEVERTICALLIFTINGPIPEIS3200MM,ANDTHEINNERDIAMETEROFTHEPIPEIS18MMTHEGASINJECTORISSETATACERTAINPOINTOFTHEPIPETHEFLOWSINTHELIFTINGPIPEAREWATER/SOLIDTWOPHASEMIXTURESBELOWTHEGASINJECTIONPOINT,ANDAIR/WATER/SOLIDTHREEPHASEMIXTURESABOVEITTHETIMEAVERAGEDCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEFLOWSAREEXAMINEDFORVARIOUSEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSTHEEFFECTSOFPARTICLEDIAMETER,PARTICLEDENSITY,THEGASINJECTIONPOINT,ANDTHEVOLUMEFLUXOFAIRONTHEPUMPPERFORMANCEARESTUDIEDSYSTEMATICALLYTHECRITICALBOUNDARYATWHICHTHEPARTICLESCANBELIFTEDISDISCUSSEDINDETAILBASEDUPONONEDIMENSIONALMIXTUREMODEL?DOI101115/11514498?KEYWORDSAIRLIFTPUMP,GAS/LIQUID/SOLIDTHREEPHASEFLOW,PARTICLESIZE,GASINJECTIONPOINT,CRITICALBOUNDARYOFTRANSPORTOFSOLIDPARTICLES1INTRODUCTIONAIRLIFTPUMPSAREUTILIZEDTOTRANSPORTEXPLOSIVE/TOXICLIQUIDSINCHEMICALINDUSTRIES,ANDTOCONVEYSLURRIESINMININGINDUSTRIES?1?THEUTILIZATIONOFAIRLIFTPUMPSHASALSOBEENEMPLOYEDFORLIFTINGMARINEMINERALRESOURCESSUCHASMANGANESENODULESFROMTHEDEEPSEABEDTOTHESEASURFACE?2?THEAIRLIFTPUMPSCONSISTOFVERTICALLIFTINGPIPESANDGASINJECTORS?SEEFIG1?THEUPWARDFLOWOFMIXTURESINTHEVERTICALPIPESARISESFROMTHEBUOYANCYOFTHEINJECTEDGASINTHELIQUIDTHEFLOWOFTHEGASLIQUIDTWOPHASEORGASLIQUIDSOLIDTHREEPHASEMIXTURESINTHEPIPESISUNSTEADYANDCHAOTICINNATURETHUS,THETRANSPORTPHENOMENAAREVERYCOMPLICATEDDESPITETHESIMPLEPUMPMECHANISMTODATE,THEPERFORMANCEOFAIRLIFTPUMPSHASBEENSTUDIEDEXPERIMENTALLYASWELLASTHEORETICALLYSINCETHEPRESENTSTUDYTREATSTHEAIRLIFTPUMPFORCONVEYINGSOLIDPARTICLES,PRIOREXPERIMENTALSTUDIESCONCERNEDWITHTHISARECITEDBRIEFLYWEBERANDDEDEGIL?3?PERFORMEDEXPERIMENTSUSINGALARGESCALEDAIRLIFTPUMPWHOSELENGTHWASFROM50TO441MWITHADIAMETEROF300MMTHREEKINDSOFSOLIDPARTICLESWEREUSEDTHEYMEASUREDTHEVOLUMEOFDISCHARGEDPARTICLESFORDIFFERENTGASINJECTIONPOINTSSAITOETAL?4?STUDIEDTHEOPERATIONPERFORMANCEOFAIRLIFTPUMPSCHANGINGTHEPIPELENGTHFROM77MTO1966MTHEYALSOVARIEDTHEPIPEDIAMETERFROM467MMTO154MMKATOETAL?5?,YOSHINAGAETAL?6?,YOSHINAGAANDSATO?7?,ANDHATTAETAL?8?CARRIEDOUTTHEEXPERIMENTSUSINGRELATIVELYSMALLAIRLIFTPUMPSFORCONVEYINGSOLIDPARTICLESINORDERTOVALIDATETHEIRTHEORETICALMODELSFORPREDICTINGTHEOPERATINGPERFORMANCEOFTHEPUMPSTHETOTALPIPELENGTHWASLESSTHAN10MINTHEIREXPERIMENTSKAWASHIMAETAL?9?EXAMINEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEVOLUMETRICFLUXESOFSUPPLIEDAIRANDDISCHARGEDPARTICLESUNDERTHECONDITIONTHATTHELIFTINGPIPEWAS6MINLENGTHAND50MMINDIAMETER,ANDCRUSHEDROCKS?ABOUT17MMINDIAMETER?WEREUSEDASSOLIDPARTICLESTHEOPERATIONPERFORMANCEOFAIRLIFTPUMPSFORCONVEYINGSOLIDPARTICLESDEPENDSUPONMANYFACTORS,FOREXAMPLE,THESCALEOFLIFTINGPIPES,THEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFLIQUIDANDSOLIDPHASES,THESIZEOFSOLIDPARTICLES,THEVOLUMEOFSUPPLIEDAIR,ANDTHESUBMERGENCERATIO?6,7?SINCETHEPUMPPOWEROFAIRLIFTSYSTEMSISSMALLCOMPAREDTOMECHANICALPUMPS,SUCHFACTORSCANAFFECTTHEPUMPOPERATIONDRASTICALLYTHUS,THEOPERATIONCONDITIONSOFTHEAIRLIFTPUMPSMUSTBECAREFULLYCHOSENTOSUITTHEIRACTUALUSEINORDERTODETERMINEPROPEROPERATINGCONDITIONS,SYSTEMATICEXPERIMENTSAREESSENTIALHOWEVER,THEREISSTILLINSUFFICIENTEXPERIMENTALDATAINTHELITERATURECONCERNINGTHEFLOWCHARACTERISTICSOFGASLIQUIDSOLIDMIXTURES,DESPITEMANYPRIORSTUDIESFURTHERMORE,INDESIGNINGAIRLIFTPUMPSFORCONVEYINGSOLIDPARTICLES,ONEOFTHEIMPORTANTREQUIREMENTSISTOESTIMATETHECRITICALBOUNDARYATWHICHTHESOLIDPARTICLESCANBETRANSPORTEDTHISHASNOTYETBEENINVESTIGATEDEXPERIMENTALLYINDETAILINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,THEOPERATIONPERFORMANCEOFARELATIVELYSMALLAIRLIFTPUMPFORCONVEYINGSOLIDPARTICLESISINVESTIGATEDTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHELIFTINGPIPEIS3200MMANDITSINNERDIAMETERIS18MMTHETIMEAVERAGEDCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMIXTURESINTHEPIPEAREEXAMINEDUNDERSTABLEPUMPOPERATINGCONDITIONSEMPHASISISPLACEDONTHECRITICALBOUNDARYATWHICHTHESOLIDPARTICLESCANBELIFTEDALONGTHEPIPEWEALSOINTENDTOPROVIDEUSEFULEXPERIMENTALDATAFORTHEAIRLIFTPUMPSYSTEMINORDERTODOSO,THEPARTICLESIZE,THEPARTICLEDENSITY,THEGASINJECTIONPOINT,ANDTHESUPPLIEDGASFLUXONTHEPUMPPERFORMANCEARESYSTEMATICALLYCHANGEDASPARAMETERSTHETRANSPORTPHENOMENAOFGASLIQUIDSOLIDMIXTURESWILLBEDISCUSSEDFROMBOTHEXPERIMENTALANDTHEORETICALVIEWPOINTS2EXPERIMENTALMETHODFIGURE1?A?SHOWSASCHEMATICOFTHEEXPERIMENTALAPPARATUSTHEBODYOFTHEAIRLIFTPUMPCONSISTSOFALIFTINGPIPE,ARESERVOIR,ASUCTIONBOX,ACHAMBERTOINJECTAIRINTOTHELIFTINGPIPE?GASINJECTOR?,APARTICLEFEEDER,ANDANAIRSEPARATORTHETOTALLENGTH,L,OFTHELIFTINGPIPEMADEOFTRANSPARENTPLASTICIS3200MMTHEINNERDIAMETEROFTHEPIPE,D,IS18MMTHEGASINJECTORISSETATACERTAINPOINTOFTHEPIPETHEBOTTOMENDOFTHELIFTINGPIPEISCONNECTEDTOTHERESERVOIRTHROUGHASUFFICIENTLYLARGEPIPEOFDIAMETER146MMWATERISCONTINUOUSLYSUPPLIEDTOTHERESERVOIRATTHETOPENDDURINGEXPERIMENTSTHEWATERSURFACELEVELINTHERESERVOIRISMAINTAINEDATLS?2420MMAWAYFROMTHETOPOFTHESUCTIONBOXBYDISCHARGINGEXCESSWATERTHROUGHANOVERFLOWPIPESINCETHEINNERDIAMETEROFTHERESERVOIR??146MM?ISMUCHLARGERTHANTHATOFTHELIFTINGPIPE,THEDOWNWARDFLOWINTHERESERVOIRISVERYSLOWCOMPAREDTOTHEUPWARDFLOWINTHELIFTINGPIPEASSUCH,THEFLOWINTHERESERVOIRNEGLIGIBLYAFFECTSTHEOPERATIONPERFORMANCEOFTHEPUMPCONTRIBUTEDBYTHEPETROLEUMDIVISIONFORPUBLICATIONINTHEJOURNALOFENERGYRESOURCESTECHNOLOGYMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDBYTHEPETROLEUMDIVISIONJUN2001REVISEDMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDJUN2002ASSOCIATEEDITORJKKESKACOPYRIGHT?2003BYASMEJOURNALOFENERGYRESOURCESTECHNOLOGYMARCH2003,VOL125?17DOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//MATERIALSTECHNOLOGYASMEDIGITALCOLLECTIONASMEORG/ON04/16/2015TERMSOFUSEHTTP//ASMEORG/TERMSSPHERICALSOLIDPARTICLESMADEOFALUMINAORGLASS,INTHEPARTICLEFEEDER,ARESUPPLIEDTOTHESUCTIONBOXTHROUGHTHEPIPE,TOGETHERWITHSOMEWATERTHEMATERIALDENSITY,?S,IS3600KG/M3FORALUMINA,AND2500KG/M3FORGLASS,RESPECTIVELY,ANDTHEPARTICLEDIAMETERS,DS,USEDINTHEEXPERIMENTSARE2,3,AND5MMTHEVOLUMERATEOFSUPPLIEDPARTICLESISCONTROLLEDBYTHEVOLUMEOFWATERANDTHENUMBEROFREVOLUTIONSOFTHESCREW,WHICHISSETATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEPARTICLEFEEDERBOTHTHEPARTICLESANDWATERARESUCKEDINTOTHELIFTINGPIPETHOUGHTHEBOTTOMENDOFTHESUCTIONPIPECOMPRESSEDAIRISSUPPLIEDTOTHECHAMBERTHROUGHANAIRFILTERANDAMASSFLOWCONTROLLERTHEAIRISINJECTEDINTOTHELIFTINGPIPEFROMTHECHAMBERDETAILSOFTHEGASINJECTORAREEXPLAINEDBELOWTHEGASINJECTIONPOINT,LG,FROMTHESUCTIONBOXISSETATLG?270MM,800MM,1300MM,OR2000MMINORDERTOEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFGASINJECTIONPOINTONOPERATINGPERFORMANCEATTHEOUTLETOFTHEPIPE,THEAIRISRELEASEDTOTHESURROUNDINGATMOSPHEREEXPERIMENTSARECARRIEDOUTUNDERSTABLEPUMPOPERATINGCONDITIONTHATTHEFLOWRATEOFTHEINJECTEDAIRISMAINTAINEDATAPRESETVALUEINSUCHCASES,THEMEANVOLUMEFLOWRATEFORWATERISALSOKEPTALMOSTCONSTANTTHUS,THEMEASUREMENTOFMEANFLOWPROPERTIESISPERFORMEDUNDERTHESTABLEOPERATINGCONDITIONTHEVOLUMEFLOWRATEOFTHEAIRISREGULATEDANDMEASUREDBYTHEGASMASSFLOWCONTROLLERTHEVOLUMERATEOFTHESUPPLIEDAIRISREPRESENTEDBYTHEGASVOLUMETRICFLUX?SUPERFICIALVELOCITY?,JGA,REDUCEDTOTHEATMOSPHERICSTATEITISWITHINTHERANGEOF0M/S?JGA?327M/SDUETOTHECAPACITYOFTHEAIRCOMPRESSORTHEMEASUREMENTACCURACYOFJGAISWITHIN?003M/STHEVOLUMEFLOWRATEOFWATER,QL,ISDETERMINEDBYTHEVOLUMEOFDISCHARGEDWATERANDTHESAMPLINGTIME,WHILETHEMASSFLOWRATEOFSOLIDPARTICLES,MS,ISMEASUREDBYTHEDISCHARGEDPARTICLEMASSANDTHESAMPLINGTIMETHEVOLUMEOFDISCHARGEDWATERISDIRECTLYMEASUREDBYAVOLUMETERTHEDISCHARGEDPARTICLEMASSISMEASUREDBYASCALE,AFTERTHEDISCHARGEDWETPARTICLESAREDRIEDUSINGHOTAIRDRYERINADDITION,THESAMPLINGTIMESEMPLOYEDARE10OR20SECONDSTHEVOLUMETRICFLUXES?SUPERFICIALVELOCITIES?,JS,FORSOLIDPHASEANDJL,FORLIQUIDPHASEAREDETERMINEDASFOLLOWS,JS?MS?SA,JL?QLA1INWHICHADENOTESTHECROSSSECTIONALAREAOFTHELIFTINGPIPETHEMEASUREMENTUNCERTAINTIESOFJLANDMSAREWITHIN?001M/S,AND?0002KG/S,RESPECTIVELYITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATBOTHJLANDJSARETIMEAVERAGEDVALUESTHEGASFLOWRATEANDTHEPARTICLEFLOWRATEARECONTROLLABLE,BUTTHEWATERFLOWRATECANNOTTHUS,THEGASANDPARTICLEFLOWRATESAREVARIEDSYSTEMATICALLYASPARAMETERSTOEXAMINETHEPUMPPERFORMANCESINCETHEMEASUREDWATERFLOWRATESSCATTERSLIGHTLYUNDERAFIXEDEXPERIMENTALCONDITION,FOURRUNSORMOREAREPERFORMED,ANDTHEARITHMETICMEANVALUESOFJLAREDETERMINEDINALMOSTCASES,THEDISPERSIONOFJLISAPPRECIABLYLARGERTHANTHEMEASUREMENTUNCERTAINTYBOTHTHEDISPERSIONOFJLANDTHEMEASUREMENTUNCERTAINTYARETAKENINTOACCOUNTFORDRAWINGTHEERRORBANDSOFJLINFIGURES2,4,5,7,AND8FIGURE1?B?SHOWSAGASINJECTORATTACHEDTOAVERTICALPIPEAIRISINJECTEDINTOTHECHAMBERTHROUGHTWOROUND5MMDIAMETERINTAKEPORTS,ANDTEMPORARILYSTOREDTHERETHEAIRISTHENINJECTEDINTOTHELIFTINGPIPETHROUGHSEVERALHOLESBOREDATREGULARINTERVALSALONGTHECIRCUMFERENTIALDIRECTIONSINCETHEREISTHEPOSSIBILITYTHATTHEHOLEDIAMETEROFTHEGASINJECTORASWELLASTHENUMBEROFHOLESAFFECTTHEPUMPPERFORMANCE,SOMEPRELIMINARYEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTANDAREDESCRIBEDINTHEFOLLOWINGPARAGRAPHSFIGURE2?A?SHOWSTHEEFFECTOFTHEGASINJECTORHOLEDIAMETERONDISCHARGEDWATERFLUXINTHECASEOFGASLIQUIDTWOPHASEFLOWJS?0M/SWHENTHEGASINJECTIONPOINTISSETATLG?270MM,ANDTHENUMBEROFHOLESISFOUR,ITISFOUNDTHATTHEHOLEDIAMETERAFFECTSTHEDISCHARGEDWATERFLUXVERYSLIGHTLYTHEMEANRELATIVEPRESSURES,PG,INTHECHAMBERTOTHEATMOSPHERICONEARELISTEDINTABLE1THERELATIVEPRESSUREFORCASE1ISHIGHERTHANTHEOTHERCASESBECAUSEOFTHESMALLHOLEDIAMETERFIGURES2?B?AND?C?SHOWTHEEFFECTOFTHENUMBEROFHOLESONTHEWATERFLUXFORTHECASEOFGASLIQUIDTWOPHASEFLOW?B?ANDGASLIQUIDSOLIDTHREEPHASEFLOW?C?,RESPECTIVELYTHENUMBEROFHOLESISONEORFOURALUMINAPARTICLESOFDIAMETER3MMAREUSEDASTHESOLIDPHASETHEGASINJECTIONPOINTISSETATLG?270MMTHEEFFECTOFTHENUMBEROFHOLESCANNOTBESEENONTHEDISCHARGEDWATERINEITHERCASEOFGASLIQUIDTWOPHASEFLOWANDGASLIQUIDSOLIDTHREEPHASEFLOWTHEREFORE,ITISCONFIRMEDFROMTHESERESULTSTHATTHEEFFECTOFTHEGASINJECTIONMETHODONTHEFIG2EFFECTOFTHEGASINJECTIONMETHODONPUMPPERFORMANCETABLE1PRESSUREINTHECHAMBERGASFLUXJGA,M/SPRESSUREINTHECHAMBERPG,MPACASE1?1MM?4CASE2?3MM?4CASE3?5MM?4CASE4?10MM?40330022002100210020065002300200021002009800300020002100201310035001900210020164004400190021002019600530019002100202290064002000210020262007600200021002029500890020002100203270102002000210020JOURN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簡介：畢業(yè)設計畢業(yè)設計論文論文外文資料翻譯外文資料翻譯學院計算機工程學院專業(yè)班級學生姓名學號指導教師外文出處外文HTTP//ENWIKIPEDIAORG/WIKI/JAVA_PROGRAMMING_LANGUAGE附件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文JAVA技術及技術及SSH框架和框架和JSP技術的介紹技術的介紹JAVA，是一種可以撰寫跨平臺應用軟件的面向對象的程序設計語言，由當時任職太陽微系統(tǒng)的詹姆斯高斯林（JAMESGOSLING）等人于1990年代初開發(fā)。它最初被命名為OAK，目標設置在家用電器等小型系統(tǒng)的編程語言，來解決諸如電視機、電話、鬧鐘、烤面包機等家用電器的控制和通訊問題。由于這些智能化家電的市場需求沒有預期的高，SUN放棄了該項計劃。就在OAK幾近失敗之時，隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，SUN看到了OAK在計算機網(wǎng)絡上的廣闊應用前景，于是改造了OAK，在1995年5月以“JAVA”的名稱正式發(fā)布了。JAVA伴隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的迅猛發(fā)展而發(fā)展，逐漸成為重要的網(wǎng)絡編程語言。JAVA編程語言的風格十分接近C語言。繼承了C語言面向對象技術的核心，JAVA舍棄了C語言中容易引起錯誤的指針（以引用取代）、運算符重載（OPERATOROVERLOADING）、多重繼承（以接口取代）等特性，增加了垃圾回收器功能用于回收不再被引用的對象所占據(jù)的內存空間。在JAVASE15版本中JAVA又引入了泛型編程（GENERICPROGRAMMING）、類型安全的枚舉、不定長參數(shù)和自動裝/拆箱等語言特性。JAVA不同于一般的編譯運行計算機語言和解釋執(zhí)行計算機語言。它首先將源代碼編譯成字節(jié)碼（BYTECODE），然后依賴各種不同平臺上的虛擬機來解釋執(zhí)行字節(jié)碼，從而實現(xiàn)了“一次編譯、到處執(zhí)行”的跨平臺特性。不過，這同時也在一定程度上降低了JAVA程序的運行效率。但在J2SE142發(fā)布后，JAVA的運行速度有了大幅提升。與傳統(tǒng)程序不同SUN公司在推出JAVA之際就將其作為一種開放的技術。全球數(shù)以萬計的JAVA開發(fā)公司被要求所設計的JAVA軟件必須相互兼容。“JAVA語言靠群體的力量而非公司的力量”是SUN公司的口號之一，并獲得了廣大軟件開發(fā)商的認同。這與微軟公司所倡導的注重精英和封閉式的模式完全不同。SUN公司對JAVA編程語言的解釋是JAVA編程語言是個簡單、面向對象、分布式、解釋性、健壯、安全與系統(tǒng)無關、可移植、高性能、多線程和動態(tài)的語言。JAVA的歷史的歷史DUKE，JAVA語言的吉祥物語言最開始只是太陽微系統(tǒng)（SUNMICROSYSTEMS）公司在1990年12月開始研究的一個內部項目。太陽微系統(tǒng)公司的一個叫做帕特里克諾頓的工程師被公司自己開發(fā)的C和C語言編譯器搞得焦頭爛額，因為其中的API極其難用。帕特里克決定改用NEXT，同時他也獲得了研究公司的一個叫做“STEALTH計劃”的項目的機會?！癝TEALTH計劃”后來改名為“GREEN計劃”，詹姆斯高斯林和麥克舍林丹也加入了帕特里克的工作小組。他們和其他幾個工程師一起在加利福尼亞州門羅帕克

簡介：1600單詞，單詞，9000英文字符英文字符,3050字文獻出處文獻出處COXT,PARKJHFACEBOOKMARKETINGINCONTEMPORARYORTHODONTICPRACTICEACONSUMERREPORTJJOURNALOFTHEWORLDFEDERATIONOFORTHODONTISTS,2014,324347原文FACEBOOKMARKETINGINCONTEMPORARYORTHODONTICPRACTICEACONSUMERREPORTTRENTCOX；JAEHYUNPARKABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFFACEBOOKHASBROUGHTADDITIONALMARKETINGOPPORTUNITIESTOORTHODONTICPRACTICESOCIALMEDIA–BASEDMARKETINGISDIFFERENTFROMTRADITIONALMARKETINGSTRATEGIESDUETOITSINTERACTIVENATURETHEAIMSOFTHISSTUDYWERETODETERMINECONSUMERSPERCEPTIONSOFFACEBOOKMARKETINGANDTODETERMINEWHICHFEATURESOFORTHODONTISTSFACEBOOKPAGESARETHEMOSTEFFECTIVEINATTRACTINGPATIENTSMETHODSTHISSURVEYBASEDSTUDYCONTAINED35QUESTIONSANDWASADMINISTEREDTO140INDIVIDUALSTHERESPONDENTSWEREAGED18YEARSOROLDERANDREPRESENTEDVARIOUSETHNICITIESTHISSTUDYDETERMINEDWHICHTYPESOFMARKETINGACTIVITYAREMOSTEFFECTIVEINATTRACTINGPATIENTSTHROUGHTHESOCIALMEDIAVENUEFACEBOOKTHEMAJORITYOFTHESURVEYITEMSWEREFORMATTEDBASEDONA5POINTLIKERTTYPESCALERESULTSEIGHTYTWOPERCENTOFTHERESPONDENTSCONSIDEREDTHEMSELVESTOBEACTIVEFACEBOOKUSERSFORTYPERCENTINDICATEDALIKELIHOODOFVISITINGANORTHODONTISTSFACEBOOKPAGEBEFORERECEIVINGTREATMENTATHISORHERPRACTICE,WITHAPPROXIMATELY35INDICATINGTHATTHEFACEBOOKPAGEWOULDBEANIMPORTANTFACTORINTHEIRDECISIONTHERESPONDENTSINDICATEDTHATTHEREWEREKEYELEMENTSOFFACEBOOKTHATWOULDATTRACTTHEIRATTENTIONANDHELPTHEMTOMAKETHEIRDECISIONABOUTWHERETORECEIVETREATMENTCONSUMERSINDICATEDTHATTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACEBOOKMARKETINGCOMPONENTSINORDEROFIMPORTANCEARE1ANORTHODONTISTSCREDENTIALS2BEFOREANDAFTERPHOTOGRAPHS3CONSUMERFOCUSEDCONTENTAND4THEORTHODONTISTSPHOTOGRAPHADDITIONALCOMPONENTSTHATAREEFFECTIVEINCLUDEALINKTOTHEPRACTICESELGINELUCIDATEDTHEFACTORSAFFECTINGPATIENTSELECTIONOFANORTHODONTICPRACTICEBYSURVEYING210INDIVIDUALSELGINFOUNDTHATTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORSINFLUENCINGTHEDECISIONAREBEINGMADETOFEELCOMFORTABLE,ACARINGATTITUDEOFTHEPRACTITIONER/STAFF,CLEARCOMMUNICATIONFROMTHEPRACTITIONER/STAFF,ANDACLEANOFFICETHELEASTIMPORTANTFACTORSWEREREPORTEDTOBEOFFICEAMENITIES,WHICHMAYINCLUDEREFRESHMENTS,VIDEOGAMES,ANDWIFIRESPONDENTSALSOINDICATEDTHATDOCTORDEMOGRAPHICS,SUCHASAGE,SEX,RELIGION,ANDETHNICITY,WEREDEEMEDASUNIMPORTANTBEDAIRETALPERFORMEDANON–CONSUMERBASEDSTUDYTODETERMINEORTHODONTISTSOPINIONSOFTHEFACTORSTHATINFLUENCEAPATIENTSCHOICEOFPRACTITIONERTHESTUDYCONCLUDEDTHATORTHODONTISTSBELIEVETHATTHEFACTORSAFFECTINGTHECHOICEMADEBYADULTPATIENTSAREADOCTORWHOMAKESYOUFEELCOMFORTABLE,ADOCTORWITHACARINGATTITUDE,ANDTHEDOCTORSOVERALLREPUTATIONSIMILARLY,ORTHODONTISTSFELTTHATTHEFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEDECISIONOFTHEPARENTSOFADOLESCENTSAREADOCTORWITHACARINGATTITUDE,ADOCTORWHOMAKESYOUFEELCOMFORTABLE,ANDASTAFFWITHACARINGATTITUDEARECENTARTICLEBYJORGENSENPROVIDESRECOMMENDATIONSFORORTHODONTISTSINTERESTEDINUSINGSOCIALMEDIATOPROMOTETHEIRPRACTICESHOWEVER,THISWORKWASBASEDONTHEAUTHORSOPINIONANDEXPERIENCERATHERTHANONDATAHESTATESTHATTHEPURPOSEOFSOCIALMEDIAMARKETINGISTOBRINGNEWPATIENTSINTOTHEPRACTICEFAMILIESOFTENREALIZETHENEEDFORORTHODONTICTREATMENTAND,WHETHERORNOTTHEYAREGIVENAREFERRAL,THEYBEGINASEARCHFORANYRECOMMENDATIONSORCOMPLAINTSFROMFORMERPATIENTSAFACEBOOKPAGECANBEUSEFULINALLOWINGTHEPROSPECTIVEPATIENTTOWITNESSTHEINTERACTIONSHAPPENINGONTHEFACEBOOKPAGEINCLUDINGFACEBOOKLIKESANDRECOMMENDATIONSANDITISIMPORTANTTOMAKEALINKTOTHEPRACTICESWEBSITECLEARANDPRESENTSOTHATTHEPOTENTIALPATIENTCANREFERENCETHISCOMPONENTOFTHEONLINEPRESENCEASWELLNOSTUDYHASSOUGHTTODETERMINEWHICHASPECTSOFSOCIALMEDIAMARKETINGTHROUGHFACEBOOKAREMOSTVALUABLEASDETERMINEDBYTHECONSUMERTHEPRESENTSTUDYSOUGHTTOMEETTHISNEEDBYEXPLORINGASPECTSOFAFACEBOOKPAGETHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYWASTODETERMINEWHICHASPECTSOFAFACEBOOKPAGEAREMOSTIMPORTANTTOTHECONSUMERANDAREMOSTEFFECTIVEFROMAMARKETINGSTANDPOINT2METHODSANDMATERIALSASURVEYCONTAINING35ITEMSREGARDINGRESPONDENTSDEMOGRAPHICS,FACEBOOKUSAGE,FACEBOOKPAGECONTENT,ANDOBJECTIVERATINGSOFORTHODONTICPRACTICES

簡介：THEDESIGNOFPARALLELKINEMATICMACHINETOOLSUSINGKINETOSTATICPERFORMANCECRITERIA1INTRODUCTIONMOSTINDUSTRIALMACHINETOOLSHAVEASERIALKINEMATICARCHITECTURE,WHICHMEANSTHATEACHAXISHASTOCARRYTHEFOLLOWINGONE,INCLUDINGITSACTUATORSANDJOINTSHIGHSPEEDMACHININGHIGHLIGHTSSOMEDRAWBACKSOFSUCHARCHITECTURESHEAVYMOVINGPARTSREQUIREFROMTHEMACHINESTRUCTUREHIGHSTIFFNESSTOLIMITBENDINGPROBLEMSTHATLOWERTHEMACHINEACCURACY,ANDLIMITTHEDYNAMICPERFORMANCESOFTHEFEEDAXESTHATISWHYPKMSATTRACTMOREANDMORERESEARCHERSANDCOMPANIES,BECAUSETHEYARECLAIMEDTOOFFERSEVERALADVANTAGESOVERTHEIRSERIALCOUNTERPARTS,LIKEHIGHSTRUCTURALRIGIDITYANDHIGHDYNAMICCAPACITIESINDEED,THEPARALLELKINEMATICARRANGEMENTOFTHELINKSPROVIDESHIGHERSTIFFNESSANDLOWERMOVINGMASSESTHATREDUCEINERTIAEFFECTSTHUS,PKMSHAVEBETTERDYNAMICPERFORMANCESHOWEVER,THEDESIGNOFAPARALLELKINEMATICMACHINETOOLPKMTISAHARDTASKTHATREQUIRESFURTHERRESEARCHSTUDIESBEFOREWIDEINDUSTRIALUSECANBEEXPECTEDMANYCRITERIANEEDTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTINTHEDESIGNOFAPKMTWEPAYSPECIALATTENTIONTOTHEDESCRIPTIONOFKINETOSTATICCRITERIATHATRELYONTHECONDITIONINGOFTHEJACOBIANMATRIXOFTHEMECHANISMTHEORGANISATIONOFTHISPAPERISASFOLLOWSNEXTSECTIONINTRODUCESGENERALREMARKSABOUTPKMS,THENISEXPLAINEDWHYPKMSCANBEINTERESTINGALTERNATIVEMACHINETOOLDESIGNSTHENAREPRESENTEDEXISTINGPKMTSANAPPLICATIONTOTHEDESIGNOFASMALLSCALEMACHINETOOLPROTOTYPEDEVELOPEDATIRCCYNISPRESENTEDATTHEENDOFTHISPAPER2ABOUTPARALLELKINEMATICMACHINES21GENERALREMARKSTHEFIRSTINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONOFPKMSWASTHEGOUGHPLATFORMFIGURE1,DESIGNEDIN1957TOTESTTYRES1PKMSHAVETHENBEENUSEDFORMANYYEARSINFLIGHTSIMULATORSANDROBOTICAPPLICATIONS2BECAUSEOFTHEIRLOWMOVINGMASSANDHIGHDYNAMICPERFORMANCESSINCETHEDEVELOPMENTOFHIGHSPEEDMACHINING,PKMTSHAVEBECOMEINTERESTINGALTERNATIVEMACHINETOOLDESIGNS3,4GUIDERAILINTERIORTOCAUSEITTOSCRATCH,THEATTRITIONORTHECORROSIONPHENOMENON7STEWARTPLATFORMSUITSINTHEMODULARPRODUCTIONREGARDINGTHEDIFFERENTMACHINESCOPE,ONLYNEEDCHANGETHECONNECTINGRODLENGTHANDTHECONTACTPOSITION,MAINTAINSALSOEASILY,DOESNOTNEEDTOCARRYONPARTSREMAKINGANDTOADJUST,ONLYNEEDTHENEWORGANIZATIONPARAMETERINPUT8TRANSFORMATIONCOORDINATESYSTEMISCONVENIENTBECAUSEDOESNOTHAVETHEENTITYCOORDINATESYSTEM,THEENGINEBEDCOORDINATESYSTEMANDTHEWORKPIECECOORDINATESYSTEMTRANSFORMDEPENDONTHESOFTWARETOCOMPLETECOMPLETELY,ISCONVENIENTWHENTHESTEWARTPLATFORMAPPLIESINTHEENGINEBEDANDTHEROBOT,MAYREDUCETHESTATICERROR,BECAUSEHIGHRIGIDITY,ASWELLASDYNAMICERRORBECAUSELOWINERTIABUTSTEWARTTHEPLATFORMINFERIORITYLIESINITSWORKINGSPACETOBESMALL,ANDITHASTHESINGULARPOINTLIMITINTHEWORKINGSPACE,BUTTHESERIALOPERATIONPLATFORM,THECONTROLLERMEETSTIMETHESINGULARPOINT,ACCOUNTANTWILLFIGUREOUTTHEACTUATIONORDERWHICHTHEDRIVEISUNABLETOACHIEVETOCREATETHENINGERROR,BUTTHESTEWARTPLATFORMWILLLOSETHESUPPORTPARTIALDIRECTIONSINTHESTRANGEPOSITIONTHESTRENGTHORMOMENTOFFORCEABILITY,WILLBEUNABLETOCOMPLETETHECONSTANTLOADOBJECTFIGURE2AABIPODPKMFIGURE2BABIGLIDEPKM22SINGULARITIESTHESINGULARCONFIGURATIONSALSOCALLEDSINGULARITIESOFAPKMMAYAPPEARINSIDETHEWORKSPACEORATITSBOUNDARIESTHEREARETWOTYPESOFSINGULARITIES5ACONFIGURATIONWHEREAFINITETOOLVELOCITYREQUIRESINFINITEJOINTRATESISCALLEDASERIALSINGULARITYACONFIGURATIONWHERETHETOOLCANNOTRESISTANYEFFORTANDINTURN,BECOMESUNCONTROLLABLE,ISCALLEDAPARALLELSINGULARITYPARALLELSINGULARITIESAREPARTICULARLYUNDESIRABLEBECAUSETHEYINDUCETHEFOLLOWINGPROBLEMSAHIGHINCREASEINFORCESINJOINTSANDLINKS,THATMAYDAMAGETHESTRUCTURE,

簡介：視頻會議通過視頻會議通過TCP/IP協(xié)議在個人電腦上的實現(xiàn)協(xié)議在個人電腦上的實現(xiàn)BYJOHNFMCGOWAN,PHDDESKTOPVIDEOEXPERTCENTERAPRIL24,1997總體簡介總體簡介目前，視頻會議系統(tǒng)通過TCP/IP協(xié)議的局域網(wǎng)和廣域網(wǎng)在個人電腦上大量的安裝和配置仍具有許多挑戰(zhàn)。除了視頻會議應用程序之外，還有視頻會議系統(tǒng)的使用和在個人計算機之內頻繁地修改如下五個子系統(tǒng)等挑戰(zhàn)。?視頻顯示?視頻采集?音頻輸出?音頻輸入?TCP/IP網(wǎng)絡（包括網(wǎng)卡和TCP/IP的軟件）每個子系統(tǒng)因本身就是較為復雜的。因此，在視頻會議系統(tǒng)的設施和配置期間，問題可能會發(fā)生系統(tǒng)的任何地方。此外，程序又必須在用戶端安裝，而在大多數(shù)個人計算機上，視頻會議系統(tǒng)硬件和軟件并不是標準的。通常來講，不同的個人計算機上的軟硬件導致在每臺個人計算機安裝的硬件和軟件變化極大。即使一個經驗豐富的安裝高手在一臺特殊用戶的個人計算機上也可能遇到陌生的情況。所有版本的WINDOWSWINDOWS31,WINDOWSFORWORKGROUPS31,WINDOWS95,WINDOWS的即將發(fā)布的“MEMPHIS”,以及WINDOWSNT都是建立在一個有處理系統(tǒng)部件和VENDORSUPPLIED設備驅動程序的復雜的系統(tǒng)之上的。一些設備驅動程序實際上是通過硬件設備實現(xiàn),如視頻顯示卡,視頻采集板、聲卡、網(wǎng)卡等。其他的設備驅動程序與硬件設備驅動性能有很多共同之處,但除TCP/IP協(xié)議的實施和具有系統(tǒng)特征的軟件之外。設備驅動程序是非常強大的,因為在所有版本的WINDOWS系統(tǒng)中他們在接入硬體和軟件上都處在一個特權水平上。即使是在WINDOWS95,WINDOWS31中,系統(tǒng)仍允許多個應用程序占用操作系統(tǒng)的內存或其他的應用程序的內存。設備驅動操作的特權級別就意味著驅動比一個應用程序造成更為嚴重的損害。例如，難以言喻的奇怪的系統(tǒng)崩潰以及以及設備間沖突事故。此外，大多數(shù)的系統(tǒng)配置和安裝問題都和驅動有關。盡管在此領域中將會遇到很多的問題不可能被預期,本文將會給出通過TCP/IP的網(wǎng)絡實現(xiàn)的個人電腦上的視頻會議系統(tǒng)的有關整個安裝和配置問題的一個概述。視頻顯示視頻顯示視頻會議系統(tǒng)的重點在于個人計算機的視頻顯示視頻適配器和視頻驅動程序。視頻顯示驅動程序可以包含細微的錯誤，這將導致與應用程序發(fā)生沖突其中也包括與視頻會議的應用程序發(fā)生沖突，造成包括一般保護錯誤和在屏幕上更新等問題在內的許多問題。一般來說，要確保視頻卡具有的是最新驅動程序。大部分主流的視頻卡和視頻芯片供應商都會在其網(wǎng)站和FTP站點提供相應產品的驅動程序。對于部分用戶有可能使用特殊顯示卡驅動而不是一般的視頻芯片驅動程序的情況，用戶應向芯片制造商獲取相應的驅動程序。例如，對于鉆石系列的多媒體視頻卡，無論是鉆石顯卡還是S3顯卡，其供應商在生產鉆石系列芯片時都提供了相應的驅動程序。在鉆石系列中，同S3相比大大增強了鉆石顯卡的驅動程序。的ISA和PCI視頻采集卡有時會遇到資源沖突，這是由于即插即型卡設計實現(xiàn)的缺陷所造成的。視頻采集是通過VFW驅動程序來進行處理的。在WINDOWS31和WINDOWSFORWORKGROUPS系統(tǒng)下所提供的最新的16位的VFW程序是VFW11E版本。而在WINDOWS95系統(tǒng)中提供了一個帶有視頻壓縮功能的32位的VFW版本，此版本和VFW11E版還有一些未知的差異和聯(lián)系，WINDOWS95系統(tǒng)中所提供的這個版本的VFW已經具有視頻采集的功能了。基于WINDOWS95OEM服務版本2（OSR2）的ACTIVEMOVIE10，可以在WINDOWS95的早期版本中安裝，但它不提供任何對視頻拍攝的支持。視頻采集卡的軟件安裝過程中應安裝VFW視頻采集驅動程序。此驅動是有如下行定義的MSVIDEOXXXXDRV在MICROSOFTWINDOWSSYSTEMINI文件中進行驅動選擇。視頻顯示應處理的問題視頻顯示應處理的問題?重新啟動?檢查IRQ或者其他資源是否沖突?檢查視頻采集攝像頭和網(wǎng)線連接若有電氣連接故障微調網(wǎng)線?檢查視頻采集卡是否在主板上插裝好?用顯卡檢查視頻會議系統(tǒng)的錯誤記錄文檔?確保有正確或者最新的顯卡適配器驅動?用WINDOWS系統(tǒng)的控制面板重裝顯卡驅動?使用顯卡安裝程序重新安裝顯卡驅動?在WINDOWS31下，通過編輯SYSTEMINI中手動安裝驅動程序（請備份原始SYSTEMINI）?安裝新的或不同的顯卡視頻會議的應用程序視頻會議的應用程序視頻會議系統(tǒng)的客戶端視頻會議系統(tǒng)的客戶端安裝視頻會議系統(tǒng)的第一步都來自于應用程序的安裝。這些通常是INSTALLSHIELD或其它商業(yè)公司提供的安裝程序。安裝程序將安裝包括所有應用的軟件組件。安裝程序經常也會伴隨著安裝視頻會議系統(tǒng)所需的視頻捕獲卡和聲卡。不幸的是，安裝程序有時會安裝失敗。如果懷疑程序安裝的有問題，請先卸載視頻會議系統(tǒng)的程序，然后重新運行安裝程序進行安裝。在絕大多數(shù)情況下，這樣操作都會有所幫助。總結總結視頻會議系統(tǒng)通過TCP/IP網(wǎng)絡在個人電腦上的實現(xiàn)可能會涉及大量的個人電腦和網(wǎng)絡的安裝和配置。不幸的是，在個人電腦上安裝和配置系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件是很復雜一件事。但在個人電腦上安裝和配置系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件也不是像研究火箭科學那樣艱難。它需要有很多的步驟來去實現(xiàn)，特別是對于像視頻會議系統(tǒng)這樣復雜的產品。單獨拿出每一步來說都很簡單，但很多簡單的步驟組合在一起，導致了一個相當復雜的過程。技術支持人員或用戶必須避免被繁雜的步驟和頻頻出現(xiàn)的各種奇怪的問題所嚇倒，哪怕問題是出現(xiàn)在WINDOWS系統(tǒng)上的安裝問題。

簡介：附錄附錄A譯文譯文空氣污染的虛擬現(xiàn)實模型空氣污染的虛擬現(xiàn)實模型本文致力于通過MATLAB系統(tǒng)的虛擬現(xiàn)實語言及其工具箱來描述并建模。選用這個系統(tǒng)（MATLAB系統(tǒng)和虛擬現(xiàn)實建模語言系統(tǒng)）可以通過可視化的二維插補法來顯示出空氣污染的數(shù)據(jù)。1引言引言近年來，三維數(shù)據(jù)信息在很多領域上（不僅僅在科技方面）被關注，它提供清晰且智能的信息編排在3D模型中是非常必要的，例如醫(yī)療方面。而且它在不同領域上的使用也是越來越頻繁。使用復雜的數(shù)學工具處理信息的結果是隨之自然形成的三維圖像模型。從虛擬建模語言被開發(fā)出來后，便可以觀察或處理個人計算機上所有用戶的三維空間的數(shù)據(jù)。目前最常用的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)瀏覽器（微軟的IE瀏覽器和網(wǎng)景的領航員瀏覽器）已經內置了瀏覽虛擬現(xiàn)實建模語言的插件。這里還有許多其它的免費的插入式模塊的軟件用于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，那些軟件能夠進入虛擬世界并觀察它、甚至是很好的控制它。多虧這些事實，3D建模的應用領域按著預期發(fā)展。這篇論文的目標是使用MATLAB系統(tǒng)來對捷克共和國空氣污染等級的三維模型進行處理，并且使用虛擬現(xiàn)實建模語言作為最終的表現(xiàn)形式。2背景背景虛擬現(xiàn)實場景的創(chuàng)建一般有兩種途徑第1種是采用OPENGL，VRML，DIRECT3D等語言創(chuàng)建，對于非計算機專業(yè)的人員來說，利用OPENGL編寫出復雜的三維應用無疑是一個挑戰(zhàn)。VRML語言雖然本身編寫起來非常簡單，但這種語言功能較弱，而且在處理復雜的進程方面顯得力不從心，與其它高級語言的連接也不夠方便。DIRECT3D是微軟公司推出的三維圖形編程API，它主要應用于三維游戲的編程，需要編程人員具有較高的C等高級語言的編程功底，因而也難以普及。因此，通過這種途徑創(chuàng)建虛擬現(xiàn)實場景需要有較好的編程能力，同時需要熟悉某種語言，適合于專業(yè)的開發(fā)人員；第2種方法是采用某種虛擬現(xiàn)實環(huán)5在MATLABMATLAB系統(tǒng)和虛擬現(xiàn)實建模語言環(huán)境下的三維模型系統(tǒng)和虛擬現(xiàn)實建模語言環(huán)境下的三維模型樣條插值法已經應用到數(shù)據(jù)為PM10（特殊材料到10‘U’U’M）的測量，在一個特定的時間里的捷克共和國的自動監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。該算法意味著在MATLABR12系統(tǒng)提供的空氣污染的模型結果在圖2中被展示。虛擬現(xiàn)實工具箱已經用來建立VRMLWRL文件了。用任何文本編輯器編輯這個VRMLWRL的程序都必須謹慎的按照下面的要求來創(chuàng)建VRML文件。1坐標系統(tǒng)無論是MATLAB系統(tǒng)還是虛擬建模語言都是用右側的直角坐標系，但是是按照像圖3一樣的按X軸旋轉。2單位雖然在MATLAB環(huán)境下有可能用任何的系統(tǒng)單位，但虛擬現(xiàn)實建模語言的長度值一般用米，角度一般用弧度，而時間一般用秒。

簡介：PROCEEDINGSOFTHE3RDINTERNATIONALMODELICACONFERENCE,LINK?PING,NOVEMBER34,2003,PETERFRITZSONEDITORPAPERPRESENTEDATTHE3RDINTERNATIONALMODELICACONFERENCE,NOVEMBER34,2003,LINK?PINGSUNIVERSITET,LINK?PING,SWEDEN,ORGANIZEDBYTHEMODELICAASSOCIATIONANDINSTITUTIONENF?RDATAVETENSKAP,LINK?PINGSUNIVERSITETALLPAPERSOFTHISCONFERENCECANBEDOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//WWWMODELICAORG/CONFERENCE2003/PAPERSSHTMLPROGRAMCOMMITTEE?PETERFRITZSON,PELAB,DEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONSCIENCE,LINK?PINGUNIVERSITY,SWEDENCHAIRMANOFTHECOMMITTEE?BERNHARDBACHMANN,FACHHOCHSCHULEBIELEFELD,BIELEFELD,GERMANY?HILDINGELMQVIST,DYNASIMAB,SWEDEN?MARTINOTTER,INSTITUTEOFROBOTICSANDMECHATRONICSATDLRRESEARCHCENTER,OBERPFAFFENHOFEN,GERMANY?MICHAELTILLER,FORDMOTORCOMPANY,DEARBORN,USA?HUBERTUSTUMMESCHEIT,UTRC,HARTFORD,USA,ANDPELAB,DEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONSCIENCE,LINK?PINGUNIVERSITY,SWEDENLOCALORGANIZATIONVADIMENGELSONCHAIRMANOFLOCALORGANIZATION,BODILMATTSSONKIHLSTR?M,PETERFRITZSONPETERBEATERANDMARTINOTTERFACHHOCHSCHULESüDWESTFALENINSOESTDLR,GERMANYMULTIDOMAINSIMULATIONMECHANICSANDHYDRAULICSOFANEXCAVATORPP331340FIGURE1SCHEMATICDRAWINGOFEXCAVATORWHERETHEOPERATORISSITTINGITCANROTATEAROUNDAVERTICALAXISWITHRESPECTTOTHECHAINTRACKITALSOHOLDSTHEDIESELENGINE,THEHYDRAULICPUMPSANDCONTROLSYSTEMFURTHERMORE,THEREISABOOM,ANARMANDATTHEENDABUCKETWHICHISATTACHEDVIAAPLANARKINEMATICLOOPTOTHEARMBOOM,ARMANDBUCKETCANBEROTATEDBYTHEAPPROPRIATECYLINDERSFIGURE2SHOWSTHATTHEREQUIREDPRESSURESINTHECYLINDERSDEPENDONTHEPOSITIONFORTHE“STRETCHED”SITUATIONTHEPRESSUREINTHEBOOMCYLINDERIS60HIGHERTHANINTHERETRACTEDPOSITIONNOTONLYTHEPOSITIONBUTALSOTHEMOVEMENTSHAVETOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTFIGURE3SHOWSASITUATIONWHERETHEARMHANGSDOWNIFTHECARRIAGEDOESNOTROTATETHEREISAPULLINGFORCEREQUIREDINTHECYLINDERWHENROTATING–EXCAVATORSCANTYPICALLYROTATEWITHUPTO12REVOLUTIONSPERMINUTE–THEFORCEINTHEARMCYLINDERCHANGESITSSIGNANDNOWAPUSHINGFORCEISNEEDEDTHISCHANGEISVERYSIGNIFICANTBECAUSENOWTHE“ACTIVE”CHAMBEROFTHECYLINDERSWITCHESANDTHATMUSTBETAKENINTOACCOUNTBYTHECONTROLSYSTEMBOTHFIGURESDEMONSTRATETHATASIMULATIONMODELMUSTTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHECOUPLINGSBETWEENTHEFOURDEGREESOFFREEDOMTHISEXCAVATORHASASIMPLERMODELTHATUSESACONSTANTLOADFOREACHCYLINDERANDTHESWIVELDRIVELEADSTOERRONEOUSRESULTSJANSSONETAL1998FIGURE2DIFFERENTWORKINGSITUATIONSFIGURE3EFFECTOFCENTRIFUGALFORCES4LOADSENSINGSYSTEMEXCAVATORSHAVETYPICALLYONEDIESELENGINE,TWOHYDRAULICMOTORSANDTHREECYLINDERSTHEREEXISTDIFFERENTHYDRAULICCIRCUITSTOPROVIDETHECONSUMERSWITHTHEREQUIREDHYDRAULICENERGYATYPICALDESIGNISALOADSENSINGCIRCUITTHATISENERGYEFFICIENTANDUSERFRIENDLYTHEIDEAISTOHAVEAFLOWRATECONTROLSYSTEMFORTHEPUMPSUCHTHATITDELIVERSEXACTLYTHENEEDEDFLOWRATEASASENSORTHEPRESSUREDROPACROSSANORIFICEISUSEDTHEREFERENCEVALUEISTHERESISTANCEOFTHEORIFICEASCHEMATICDRAWINGISSHOWNINFIGURE4,AGOODINTRODUCTIONTOTHATTOPICISGIVENINANON1992THEPUMPCONTROLVALVEMAINTAINSAPRESSUREATTHEPUMPPORTTHATISTYPICALLY15BARHIGHERTHANTHEPRESSUREINTHELSLINELOADSENSINGLINEIFTHEDIRECTIONALVALVEISCLOSEDTHEPUMPHASTHEREFOREASTANDBYPRESSUREOF15BARIFITISOPENTHEPUMPDELIVERSAFLOWRATETHATLEADSTOAPRESSUREDROPOF15BARACROSSTHATDIRECTIONALVALVENOTETHEDIRECTIONALVALVEISNOTUSEDTOTHROTTLETHEPUMPFLOWBUTASAFLOWMETERPRESSUREDROPTHATISFEDBACKANDASAREFERENCERESISTANCETHECIRCUITISENERGYEFFICIENTBECAUSETHEPUMPDELIVERSONLYTHENEEDEDFLOWRATE,THETHROTTLINGLOSSESARESMALLCOMPAREDTOOTHERCIRCUITSIFMORETHANONECYLINDERISUSEDTHECIRCUITBECOMESMORECOMPLICATED,SEEFIGURE5EGIFTHEBOOMREQUIRESAPRESSUREOF100BARANDTHEBUCKETAPRESSUREOF300BARTHEPUMPPRESSUREMUSTBEABOVE300BARWHICHWOULDCAUSEANUNWANTEDFIGURE4SCHEMATICSOFASIMPLELSSYSTEMZ?HEPETERBEATERANDMARTINOTTERMULTIDOMAINSIMULATIONMECHANICSANDHYDRAULICSOFANEXCAVATORTHEMODELICAASSOCIATIONMODELICA2003,NOVEMBER34,2003

簡介：ARXIV10035062V1PHYSICSGENPH26MAR2010AUTOMATICPOLISHINGPROCESSOFPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDSONA5AXISMILLINGCENTERJOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYXAVIERPESSOLES,CHRISTOPHETOURNIERLURPA,ENSCACHAN,61AVDUPDTWILSON,94230CACHAN,FRANCECHRISTOPHETOURNIERLURPAENSCACHANFR,TEL33147402996,FAX33147402211ABSTRACTTHEPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDMANUFACTURINGPROCESSINCLUDESPOLISHINGOPERATIONSWHENSURFACEROUGHNESSISCRITICALORMIRROREFFECTISREQUIREDTOPRODUCETRANSPARENTPARTSTHISPOLISHINGOPERATIONISMAINLYCARRIEDOUTMANUALLYBYSKILLEDWORKERSOFSUBCONTRACTORCOMPANIESINTHISPAPER,WEPROPOSEANAUTOMATICPOLISHINGTECHNIQUEONA5AXISMILLINGCENTERINORDERTOUSETHESAMEMEANSOFPRODUCTIONFROMMACHININGTOPOLISHINGANDREDUCETHECOSTSWEDEVELOPSPECIALALGORITHMSTOCOMPUTE5AXISCUTTERLOCATIONSONFREEFORMCAVITIESINORDERTOIMITATETHESKILLSOFTHEWORKERSTHESEAREBASEDONBOTHFILLINGCURVESANDTROCHOIDALCURVESTHEPOLISHINGFORCEISENSUREDBYTHECOMPLIANCEOFTHEPASSIVETOOLITSELFANDSETUPBYCALIBRATIONBETWEENDISPLACEMENTANDFORCEBASEDONAFORCESENSORTHECOMPLIANCEOFTHETOOLHELPSTOAVOIDKINEMATICALERROREFFECTSONTHEPARTDURING5AXISTOOLMOVEMENTSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEMETHODINTERMSOFTHESURFACEROUGHNESSQUALITYANDTHESIMPLICITYOFIMPLEMENTATIONISSHOWNTHROUGHEXPERIMENTSONA5AXISMACHININGCENTERWITHAROTARYANDTILTTABLEKEYWORDSAUTOMATICPOLISHING,5AXISMILLINGCENTER,MIRROREFFECT,SURFACEROUGHNESS,HILBERT’SCURVES,TROCHOIDALCURVES1SURFACEROUGHNESSPARAMETERSRAARITHMETICAVERAGEDEVIATIONOFTHESURFACE2DSAARITHMETICALMEANHEIGHTOFTHESURFACE3DSQROOTMEANSQUAREDEVIATIONOFTHESURFACESSKSKEWNESSOFTOPOGRAPHYHEIGHTDISTRIBUTIONSKUKURTOSISOFTOPOGRAPHYHEIGHTDISTRIBUTION3

簡介：淮陰工學院畢業(yè)設計論文外文資料翻譯學院院機械工程學院專業(yè)業(yè)機械設計制造及其自動化姓名名XXXXX學號號XXXXXXXXXX外文出外文出處處FORSCHUNGSZENTRUMKARLSRUHE,用外文寫INSTITUTMATERIALFORSCHUNG,GERMANY附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文開發(fā)由粉末微注射成型微型環(huán)形齒輪泵由于公差降低了表面粗糙度的范圍，所以我們要針對從宏觀世界到微觀系統(tǒng)提出的各種問題，縮減設備。因此，裝配等系統(tǒng)增加任何磨損的問題都會對微系統(tǒng)的功能上產生極端影響。近年來，大多數(shù)微細的熱塑性塑料或脆性材料都會產生一種現(xiàn)象，如硅深蝕刻。然而，這些材料的機械性能，不利于機械磨損微細。為了滿足耐磨金屬和陶瓷制成的微細明顯的需求，發(fā)展微型金屬注射成型（微MIM）/微型陶瓷注射成型（微CIM）技術幾年前就開始在FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM卡爾斯魯厄展開研究。文章介紹了微粉末注射成型（ΜPIM）和正常的PIM以及產生過程中的變化之間的特殊區(qū)別。然而，人們必須要牢記PIM的路線，使得它很難達到所要求的公差變小的要求。在本文演示的微型環(huán)形齒輪泵和微型陶瓷注射成型（微CIM）適應發(fā)展的結果報告中。為了CIM，LIGA技術制成了模具鑲件。通過掃描電鏡（SEM）和微PMMA注塑模具的質量評價。隨后，微CIM使用了氧化鋯原料。微細分別從基材分離，脫脂，燒結和表面完工。表面粗糙度進行了評估，流程進行了優(yōu)化。11介紹介紹微系統(tǒng)技術是21世紀最領先的技術之一。市場分析，例如，預測市場成交量在不久的將來達到40億美元118％的穩(wěn)定年增長率。最近，大多數(shù)微系統(tǒng)的熱塑性塑料之所以可以很容易地通過微注射成型是由于其低粘度的處理。硅深蝕刻微，微電子技術，也出現(xiàn)2。然而，這些材料力學性能低，耐磨性低，過多的脆性，應防止這些材料制成的微合理使用壽命。PIM是一種近凈成形制造工藝以及建立大規(guī)模生產。限制出現(xiàn)多個操作步驟，從原材料到最后部分，納入粉生產，原料制備，注射成型，脫脂，燒結，最后結束，見圖1。PIM的過程中使用的原料由聚合物粘結劑和金屬或陶瓷粉末組成。通常情況下，原料包含粉5060％，根據(jù)顆粒形狀和粒度分布。注塑成型后，大部分粘合劑從綠色部分被刪除。一個所謂的棕色的粉末顆

簡介：IMPROVINGENERGYEFFICIENCYTHROUGHTHEDESIGNOFTHEBUILDINGENVELOPEHATICESOZERISTANBULTEKNIKUNIVERSITESIAYAZAGAKAMPUSUREKTORLUKBINASI,34469MASLAKISTANBUL/TURKEYARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED19OCTOBER2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM3MAY2010ACCEPTED6MAY2010KEYWORDSBUILDINGENVELOPEDESIGNHOTELENERGYPERFORMANCEENERGYMODELINGABSTRACTBUILDINGS,THEIRSURROUNDINGSANDRELATEDENTERPRISESPRODUCEMORECO2,GENERATEMOREPOLLUTION,CONSUMEMOREENERGY,ANDWASTEMORENATURALRESOURCESTHANANYOTHERHUMANENTERPRISEORINDUSTRYMOREOVER,CONSIDERABLEPARTSOFTHESEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSARETHERESULTSOFTHELODGINGINDUSTRY1HOTELSAREDESIGNEDASMULTIFUNCTIONALBUILDINGSTOPROVIDEDIFFERENTCOMFORTLEVELSANDSERVICESTOGUESTSITISOFTENDESIROUSTOPAYFOREXCLUSIVEAMENITIESRESORTSAREOFTENDEVELOPEDINUNTOUCHEDANDVERYSENSITIVEECOSYSTEMSWITHLITTLEORNOCONSIDERATIONTAKENFORTHENATURALORCULTURALSURROUNDINGSMOSTSTRATEGIESAPPLIEDINDESIGNANDMANYOFTHESERVICESOFFEREDBYLODGINGESTABLISHMENTSREQUIRETHECONSUMPTIONOFSUBSTANTIALQUANTITIESOFENERGY,WATERANDNONDURABLEPRODUCTSTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHERESOURCEUSESTARTINGFROMTHEBUILDINGDESIGNTOTHEENDUSERSINHOTELFACILITIESISTYPICALLYLOW,ANDTHERESULTINGENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSAREGREATERTHANTHOSECAUSEDBYOTHERTYPESOFCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSOFSIMILARSIZE2DECISIONSTAKENDURINGTHEARCHITECTURALBUILDINGDESIGNPLAYASIMPORTANTAROLEINREDUCINGTHESEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSASDOESTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEBUILDINGWITHAGOALOFENHANCINGTHEOVERALLENERGYPERFORMANCEOFHOTELBUILDINGS,THISPAPERREPRESENTSARESEARCHDESIGNPROJECT,LOCATEDIN_IZMIRTURKEY,BASEDONTHEEFFECTOFPASSIVESOLARDESIGNTECHNIQUESFORDESIGNINGTHEBUILDINGENVELOPESTODEVELOPANDDEMONSTRATEHIGHPERFORMANCE?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONUTILITYEXPENSESREPRESENTTHEFASTESTGROWINGOPERATINGCOSTFORHOTELIERSANDHAVEBEENINCREASINGBYANAVERAGEOF12PERYEARFROM2004TO2006THEREISASIGNIFICANTINCREASEINENERGYUSE,COST,ANDANINCREASEOFGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSTHROUGHTHEHOTELINDUSTRY3THEREISRESEARCHONHOW,WHERE,ANDWHENENERGYISUSEDANDTHESAVINGSWHICHARELIKELYTOOCCURFROMTHESTANDPOINTOFTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEHOTELFACILITIESHOWEVER,ASIGNIFICANTPARTOFTHEHOTELENERGYCONSUMPTIONCANBEREDUCEDDURINGTHEARCHITECTURALDESIGNSINCETHISHASADIRECTIMPACTONCHOOSINGANDSIZINGTHEMECHANICALSYSTEMOFTHEBUILDINGWHICHINTURNAFFECTSTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONOFTHEBUILDINGDURINGITSLIFETIMETHEREFOREIDENTIFYINGTHEENERGYCONSUMINGBUILDINGCOMPONENTSISCRITICALFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEBUILDINGDESIGNERS,BUILDINGOWNERSANDUTILITIESTOEXAMINETHEPOSSIBILITIESOFREDUCINGBUILDINGENERGYCONSUMPTION,NOTONLYTHROUGHEFFICIENTBUILDINGSYSTEMSANDMANAGEMENT,BUTALSOWITHBUILDINGARCHITECTURALCHARACTERISTICSTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOSHOWHOWTOREDUCETHEENERGYDEMANDBYPASSIVEDESIGNPROPERLYDESIGNEDBUILDINGSCANSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEENERGYCONSUMPTIONFURTHERMORELOWERENERGYUSEREDUCESGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONCARBONDIOXIDE,METHANE,NITROUSOXIDEANDREDUCESOPERATIONALCOSTS4RESEARCHTHATHASBEENDONEONHOTELENERGYEFFICIENCYGIVESACLEARUNDERSTANDINGABOUTHOTELENERGYCONSUMPTIONPATTERNSTHEAVERAGEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYFORHOTELSIS87KBTUH/FT22748KWH/M261OFTHISISFROMELECTRICITYAND39ISFROMNATURALGASANDOTHERFUELSTHISTRANSLATESTO531KBTUH/FT216774KWH/M2OFELECTRICITYAND034THERMS/SF10655KWH/M2OFNATURALGASASSHOWNONTABLE1,FIGS1AND23WHENITISCOMPAREDWITHOTHERCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSSUCHASOFFICEANDRETAIL,THEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYOFHOTEL’SISHIGHERTHEAVERAGEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYFOROFFICEBUILDINGSIS798KBTUH/FT2251,57KWH/M2AND815KBTUH/FT2256,93KWH/M2FORRETAILPROPERTIES3THEREFOREEVALUATINGTHEHOTELBUILDINGSTHROUGHENERGYEFFICIENTPERSPECTIVEHASBECOMEMORECRITICALNEVERTHELESSNONEOFTHERESEARCHGIVESANYINFORMATIONABOUTIMPORTANCEOFTHEENVELOPEOFTHEHOTELBUILDINGSINTERMSOFTHEBUILDINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONEXAMPLESOFTHESERESEARCHESFROMLITERATUREAREGIVENBELOWTOPROVETHATNONEOFTHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDSOFARHASCONSIDEREDIMPORTANCEOFTHEBUILDINGENVELOPEINTHEUSA,THEYEARLYAVERAGEENERGYINTENSITYFORLODGINGBUILDINGSIN2007RANGEDFROM15KBTUH/FT248KWH/M2TO300KBTUH/FT2947KWH/M2TYPICALLY,NEARLY75PERCENTOFAHOTEL’SORMOTEL’STOTALENERGYUSECANBEATTRIBUTEDTOSPACETELT905679845188EMAILADDRESSHSOZERHOTMAILCOMCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTBUILDINGANDENVIRONMENTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/BUILDENV03601323/ESEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JBUILDENV201005004BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT4520102581E25933THEBUILDINGMODELFORTHEEVALUATION,AHYPOTHETICALMODELWASCREATEDATYPICAL21STORYLIGHTWEIGHTSTRUCTUREDHOTELBUILDINGBASEDONANEXISTINGHOTELWHICHWASCONSTRUCTEDIN1992INIZMIRHASBEENCREATEDTOEVALUATEITSENERGYEFFICIENCY,ASSHOWNONFIGS6E8DURINGTHE90’STHEREWEREN’TANYREGULATIONONENERGYPERFORMANCEOFBUILDINGSINTURKEYTHEMINISTRYOFPUBLICWORKSANDSETTLEMENTMPWSISRESPONSIBLEBODYFORTHEREGULATORYFRAMEWORKOFTHEBUILDINGSECTORREGULATIONONENERGYPERFORMANCEOFBUILDINGSBECAMEEFFECTIVEONDECEMBER200817HOWEVER,THEREISSTILLANEEDFORAMETHODOLOGYTOEVALUATETHEENERGYPERFORMANCEOFTHEBUILDINGANDALSOTHEREARESOMEGAPSESPECIALLYFORBIGSCALEBUILDINGS4ENERGYANALYSISENERGYEFFICIENCYRUNSWEREMADEWITHEQUEST,AFORMSANDGRAPHICSINPUTMODELINGINTERFACETOTHEDOE22ENERGYANALYSISPROGRAM18DEVELOPEDBYUSDEPARTMENTOFENERGYEQUESTISFIG3JANUARYANDJULYTEMPERATUREPROFILESFORPALERMOITALYE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