簡介：第1頁共10頁中文中文33303330字高平滑鋁合金橫切面磨ODAKITOSHIMI1、YASUIHEIJI2和TOMITASUSUMU1機械工程、理工學(xué)院NISHIKAIGAN1125,TSUJIDO,來自神奈川縣的,日本部機械工程及材料科學(xué)、日本的熊本大學(xué)KUROKAMI2391,日本的熊本,摘要高平滑鋁合金加工變得越來越重要。一般來說是利用金剛石工具削磨鋁合金時期光滑的。然而由于金剛石工具的不易重磨性，高光滑研磨鋁合金已經(jīng)強烈所需。這份報告通過加工和研磨的對比來檢測磨削的條件對橫面高平滑研磨鋁合金的影響。實驗是用金剛石砂輪粗粒度和兩種類型的磨削液，即常規(guī)乳液型和特殊乳劑型，還有極壓添加劑來進行。實驗結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)用特殊乳液型獲得的特性要比用常規(guī)乳液型好。關(guān)鍵詞鋁合金、高質(zhì)量成分,高平滑磨、表面粗糙度、橫木表面削磨、金剛石砂輪、粗糙粒度、磨削液、極壓添加劑1介紹介紹鋁合金應(yīng)用于很多工業(yè)領(lǐng)域。最近由于其高質(zhì)量組件要求的增加,高光滑加工技術(shù)的使用越來越重要。目前,高平滑金剛石切割工具一般應(yīng)用于高品質(zhì)鋁合金組成部分的生產(chǎn)。然而金剛石工具是昂貴的并難以重磨，幾乎沒有關(guān)于高平滑磨鋁合金的研究，所以磨削技術(shù)已越來越重要。第3頁共10頁圖3實驗系統(tǒng)實驗進行了3實驗實驗PHOTOGRAPHICALLY面磨床如圖所示圖3。磨削條件下的數(shù)據(jù)以及材料列在表1。磨床加工,傳統(tǒng)的使用液體乳膠類型EC類型和特殊的乳液型包括良好的極壓添加劑ES類型。影響晶粒尺寸和濃度的合成輪分別是170和50,材料是由磨白氧化鋁棍棒WA棒。表1實驗條件及數(shù)據(jù)輪SDC170N75BW（直徑寬度Φ200㎜10㎜）加工條件輪旋轉(zhuǎn)速度VD20M/SWA棒WA150H切削深度TD1㎜表面速度VWP01M/S磨削條件下的輪旋轉(zhuǎn)速度VG10M/S,20M/S工件鋁合金JISA5086長寬100㎜30㎜）切削深度1ΜM平行表速度V1520M/MIN分成進給的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)FN00120M/MIN/PASS磨削液乳劑普通型EC型特殊類型ES型,包括良好的極壓添加劑稀釋10TIMES流量03L/S用顯微鏡和一個普通鐵筆觀察和測量研磨工件表面的粗糙度。因為它大于表面平行的磨削方向的粗糙度，所以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)磨削可以進行評估表面粗糙度,這是指正常加工表面粗糙度。表面粗糙度平均9測量分，在顯微鏡下可以觀察刀刃和輪子。用壓電類型的測功機來測磨削力的信號。4流體的加工效率的影響流體的加工效率的影響在研磨作業(yè)中，加工流體通常與磨削液是一樣的。首先，影響輪子的構(gòu)成表面上的加工流體可以得到檢測。圖4顯示的是出現(xiàn)在攜帶著兩個類型的選礦流體合成面的刀刃高度的變化，也就是說EC類型和ES類型。很明顯在相同的加工量上,ES類型系統(tǒng)類型會高于EC類型。極限壓力添加劑對去除粘合有良好的作用，其在于極壓添加劑如何能防止從重復(fù)黏貼的表面裝載2。

簡介：中文中文6900字用表面活性劑改性的涂氧化鐵砂對天然有機物的去除用表面活性劑改性的涂氧化鐵砂對天然有機物的去除摘要摘要氧化鐵改性石英砂（以下簡稱IOCS）用十六烷基三甲基溴化銨（以下簡稱HDTMA）改性后被用來當(dāng)作去除水中的天然有機物（以下簡稱NOM）的吸附劑從而進行試驗。改性劑只是將HDTMA覆在IOCS的表面，并不改變IOCS的物理性質(zhì)。不管是在批試吸附還是在動態(tài)柱吸附試驗中，在一個較寬PH范圍內(nèi)，用HDTMA改性后的IOCS表現(xiàn)出對NOM較快的初始吸附和更高的吸附能力。這種（吸附能力的）增強在較高PH值下更為顯著。與未改性的IOCS相比較，HDTMAIOCS能夠去除更過的疏水性物質(zhì)和NOM分子，且它的吸附能力受濾料本身的鐵強度變化的影響較小。HDTMAIOCS的這種吸附能力可以通過用NAOH溶液再生或用HDTMA溶液重塑。HDTMAIOCS吸附可能是一種很有前途的去除NOM替代技術(shù)。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞吸附，氧化鐵改性石英砂（IOCS），天然有機物，表面活性劑目錄1引言12材料與試驗方法321吸附劑的制備與特征322批量試驗423柱試驗43結(jié)果與討論531IOCS的特征532NOM去除批量測試6321吸附動力學(xué)6322吸附等溫線7323NOM的優(yōu)先吸附1033NOM去除柱試驗11331吸附過濾NOM11332再生和再利用124結(jié)論15致謝16參考文獻17

簡介：中文中文6650字出處出處BAYRAMD,?EKERSWAVELETBASEDNEURODETECTORFORLOWFREQUENCIESOFVIBRATIONSIGNALSINELECTRICMOTORSJAPPLIEDSOFTCOMPUTING,2013,13526832691基于小波的神經(jīng)探測器分析電機的低頻振動信號基于小波的神經(jīng)探測器分析電機的低頻振動信號DUYGUBAYRAM?，SERHATSEKERISTANBULTECHNICALUNIVERSITY，ELECTRICALENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT，34469ISTANBUL，TURKEY文章信息文章歷史于2010年9月23日收到初稿于2012年9月1日收到修改稿于2012年11月24日采納于2012年12月11日在網(wǎng)上發(fā)表摘要摘要本研究提出了一種基于小波的神經(jīng)探測器的方法來檢測一個有故障跡象的電機。故障的跡象，可以從低頻區(qū)域的振動信號中獲取。多分辨率小波應(yīng)用分析多分辨率小波分析是為了獲得低頻和高頻段的振動信號。因此利用光譜檢測故障的特性，正常情況下，功率譜密度PSD的部分波段用于自動聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)AANN來進行分析。在故障的情況下，可以利用訓(xùn)練網(wǎng)絡(luò)的輸入節(jié)點的自動聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的過程來進行判斷。因此，仿真結(jié)果表明，低頻率區(qū)域的自動聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的故障響應(yīng)可從光譜屬性中體現(xiàn)。因此，電機的損傷和衰老過程可以通過一些特定的頻率進行相關(guān)的檢測和識別。?2008ELSEVIER公司保留所有權(quán)圖1分解和重建計劃低頻段的振動信號在正常情況下，可獲得不同的故障特征，被使用于訓(xùn)練一個自動聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)AUTOASSOCIATIVENEURALNETWORKAANN。自動聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)是一種特殊的網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸入、輸出節(jié)點。網(wǎng)絡(luò)的輸出可用于定義故障情況下的譜密度23。使用這個屬性的自動聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，振動信號的譜密度在低頻帶的故障情況下，可應(yīng)用于訓(xùn)練獲得故障效應(yīng)的誤差變化24。已知的信號處理識別應(yīng)用程序，有很多技術(shù)在這一領(lǐng)域有所應(yīng)用。在這項研究中，為了設(shè)計一個神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)自動聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。為了這個目的，它被成功地用來確定光譜的變化數(shù)據(jù)。同時，它是一個有趣的應(yīng)用程序自動關(guān)聯(lián)拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)。就這些方面而言，自動聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的混合使用在拓撲與小波變換多分辨率小波分析，這項研究是絕對原創(chuàng)。本研究的另一個有趣的點，它提供了使用基于多分辨率小波分析順序濾波器結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，協(xié)同結(jié)構(gòu)形成了這些方法，每個方法都有支持它的力量。本研究的貢獻是新奇的形成一種混合結(jié)構(gòu)定義像一個基于小波的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和觀測光譜性質(zhì)在低頻振動信號相關(guān)的區(qū)域的衰老過程。剩下的內(nèi)容組織如下。在第二節(jié)，數(shù)學(xué)研究的背景。實驗分析和測量系統(tǒng)是在第三節(jié)。第4節(jié)說明了應(yīng)用程序的執(zhí)行分析。仿真本節(jié)給出結(jié)果。最后，得出結(jié)論。第五節(jié)，對未來工作的一些建議。2數(shù)學(xué)研究的背景數(shù)學(xué)研究的背景在這項研究中有，有三個主要的數(shù)學(xué)方法。這些方法是功率譜估計、多解析小波變換和自動關(guān)聯(lián)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)方法。2121功率譜密度估計功率譜密度估計

簡介：蘇州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（外文文獻原文）基于背景差值動態(tài)特征分組的實時目標(biāo)跟蹤基于背景差值動態(tài)特征分組的實時目標(biāo)跟蹤ZUWHANKIM加利福尼亞PATHPARTNERSFORADVANCEDTRANSPORTATIONTECHNOLOGY，加州伯克利分校，加州，美國HTTP//PATHBERKELEYEDU/ZUWHAN摘要摘要目標(biāo)檢測和跟蹤有著寬泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，其中包括智能交通系統(tǒng)。我們將介紹一種將背景差值算法和特征跟蹤分組算法相結(jié)合的目標(biāo)檢測和跟蹤算法。首先,我們展示一種增大背景差值的算法，其使用一種低頻特征作為線索。它所獲得的背景差值線索被用來提高特征檢測和分組的結(jié)果。然后，我們將闡述一種動態(tài)多級特征分組方法，其可以被用于實時應(yīng)用和提供高軌跡的質(zhì)量。一些從富有挑戰(zhàn)性的交通案例的視頻剪輯中得出的實驗性結(jié)果將被展示。1介紹和準(zhǔn)備工作介紹和準(zhǔn)備工作目標(biāo)檢測和跟蹤是計算機視覺中的主要研究領(lǐng)域。這些應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域中，有一種叫交通傳感分析。因為攝像機比大多數(shù)其他傳感器安裝起來更為廉價和容易，所以它們中的許多已被安裝于道路周邊，特別是在交通路口。由此產(chǎn)生的視頻圖像常被用來評估交通流量，檢測車輛、行人的信號時序，和為了安全而跟蹤車輛和行人。數(shù)十年來，已有眾多的車輛和行人檢測和跟蹤算法被提出，如15,19,16,3,6,9,14,1,18,還有許多商業(yè)系統(tǒng)用以檢測車輛（如“虛擬循環(huán)檢測器”）和行人。以上的系統(tǒng)（和許多其他的目標(biāo)跟蹤應(yīng)用）大多數(shù)是基于背景差值算法。它先從一組圖像中提取出一個靜態(tài)的背景假說，然后計算出背景假說和即時圖像的區(qū)別來找出前景目標(biāo)。背景差值算法需要的時間消耗較小，且在照明情況良好的時候顯示出強大的檢測能力。然而，在區(qū)分障礙物時僅僅考慮背景差值結(jié)果會導(dǎo)致極其復(fù)雜的問蘇州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（外文文獻原文）其給出一種多級特征分組算法用以處理多種型號的目標(biāo)，以此同時檢測旅游大巴和自行車；而且它引入了一種能夠適用于實時應(yīng)用和從不完整的特征跟蹤中產(chǎn)生高質(zhì)量目標(biāo)軌跡的動態(tài)特征分組（其與之前的使用優(yōu)質(zhì)長軌跡的工作截然相反）。在10中,一種將背景差值和特征跟蹤結(jié)合起來的方法被發(fā)現(xiàn)了。KANHEREETAL借此通過假設(shè)背景差值區(qū)域的下限即是目標(biāo)下限的方法，用背景差值結(jié)果為低角度攝像機估計了角特征的三維高度。雖然這樣的假設(shè)通常因遮蔽現(xiàn)象而失敗，但通過對多重圖像的冗余估計我們?nèi)钥梢詮拇罅康母挥刑魬?zhàn)性的高速公路視頻剪輯來獲得良好的結(jié)果。然而，一些背景差值和特征跟蹤分組算法的挑戰(zhàn)依然存在，例如路口處的長角軌跡和照明的變法。不僅如此，通過一幀一幀比較而來生成軌跡并不能實現(xiàn)高質(zhì)量的軌跡。在我們的框架體系中，也包括了一種高度估計算法，以此來作為一個進一步提高結(jié)果的線索。在第2部分中，我們介紹了一些我們對于背景差值算法做了些擴充。特征分組算法將會在第3部分中加以講解。多種應(yīng)用的結(jié)果將會在第4部分展示，而總結(jié)和前景將會在第5部分說明。2背景差值背景差值一種經(jīng)典的背景差值算法對像素密度采用了卡爾曼濾波器（或Α混合）以此來發(fā)現(xiàn)背景11,1∝11?∝21此處表示在T時刻的背景模型，是現(xiàn)在的圖像和的差別，而是二維BTDTBTMT移動目標(biāo)假設(shè)掩膜。這樣的方法在前景目標(biāo)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的情況下表現(xiàn)的不錯，但在背景被物體遮住時這種算法就開始乏力了。另一個問題是通常是通過劃分臨界值和采用形態(tài)MT學(xué)算子從產(chǎn)生，這樣的自我反饋會使得過濾不穩(wěn)定。例如，一個單獨的檢測錯DT誤和突然的光照變化會導(dǎo)致永久的錯誤（或者重影），這些錯誤甚至可能按一定規(guī)模成長直到覆蓋到整個圖像。突然的光照變化在許多領(lǐng)域中都時常發(fā)生，應(yīng)為大多數(shù)攝像機都有自動光圈。

簡介：JOURNALOFALLOYSANDCOMPOUNDS4812009379–384CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALOFALLOYSANDCOMPOUNDSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JALLCOMEFFECTSOFRAREEARTHELEMENTSGDANDYONTHESOLIDSOLUTIONSTRENGTHENINGOFMGALLOYSLGAOA,B,RSCHENA,?,EHHANAASTATEKEYLABORATORYFORCORROSIONANDPROTECTION,INSTITUTEOFMETALRESEARCH,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,62WENCUIROAD,SHENYANG110016,PEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINABGRADUATESCHOOLOFTHECHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,BEIJING100049,PEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED31DECEMBER2008RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM24FEBRUARY2009ACCEPTED26FEBRUARY2009AVAILABLEONLINE13MARCH2009KEYWORDSMG–GD–YALLOYSOLIDSOLUTIONSTRENGTHENINGHALL–PETCHRELATIONSHIPMECHANICALPROPERTIESABSTRACTANUMBEROFMG–GD,MG–YBINARYANDMG–GD–YTERNARYALLOYSAREINVESTIGATEDINTERMSOFSOLIDSOLUTIONSTRENGTHENINGEFFICIENCYINTHISWORKITISFOUNDTHATBOTHGADOLINIUMANDYTTRIUMINSOLIDSOLUTIONGIVEACNCONCENTRATIONDEPENDENCEOFTHEYIELDSTRENGTH,WHERECISTHESOLUTEATOMCONCENTRATIONANDN1/2OR2/3THISSIMPLIFIEDANALYSISILLUSTRATESTHATWEAREABLETOSATISFACTORILYPREDICTTHETERNARYSOLIDSOLUTIONSTRENGTHENINGINMG–GD–YALLOYSGDANDYINSOLIDSOLUTIONAREFOUNDTOGIVEACONSIDERABLYHIGHERSTRENGTHENINGEFFECTTHANALANDZNITISSUGGESTEDTHAT,INADDITIONTOTHECLASSICALSIZEAND/ORMODULUSMISFITSMODEL,THEVALENCYEFFECTMAYACCOUNTFORTHEENHANCEDSTRENGTHENINGOFGDANDYINMG?2009ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONMAGNESIUMALLOYSHAVEGREATPOTENTIALTOBEUSEDASSTRUCTURALMATERIALSBECAUSETHEYARETHELIGHTESTAMONGALLTHESTRUCTURALALLOYSINUSE1–12COMPAREDWITHALUMINUMALLOYS,HOWEVER,THESTRENGTHOFMAGNESIUMALLOYSISSTILLRELATIVELYLOWWHICHLIMITSTHEIREXTENSIVEAPPLICATIONTOIMPROVETHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFMGALLOY,MG–RERAREEARTHELEMENTS,SUCHASGD,Y,CE,ND,MISCHMETAL,ETCALLOYSHAVEBEENGIVENTREMENDOUSATTENTIONDUETOTHEIRHIGHSPECIFICSTRENGTHATBOTHROOMANDELEVATEDTEMPERATURESASWELLASTHEIREXCELLENTCREEPRESISTANCE1,3,6,7,9,12AMONGTHEM,MG–GD–YSYSTEMISONEOFTHEPROMISINGCANDIDATESFORANOVELMGBASEDAGEHARDENABLEALLOYINGENERAL,PRECIPITATIONHARDENINGANDSOLIDSOLUTIONSTRENGTHENINGARETWOMAJORMECHANISMSFORTHESTRENGTHENINGBYREADDITIONSTOINCREASETHESTRENGTHOFMGALLOYS13,14THESTRUCTUREANDMORPHOLOGYOFTHEPRECIPITATEPHASESANDTHEPRECIPITATIONSEQUENCEINTHEMG–GD–YALLOYSHAVEBEENRELATIVELYWELLESTABLISHED8,10,11,15HOWEVER,SOLIDSOLUTIONSTRENGTHENINGINTHISSYSTEMHASNOTBEENINVESTIGATEDYETPREVIOUSWORK13,16,17INDICATEDTHATYTTRIUMSHOWSSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERSOLIDSOLUTIONSTRENGTHENINGEFFICIENCYTHANTHATOFZNORALINTHISWORK,THESTRENGTHOFANUMBEROFMG–GD,MG–YBINARYANDMG–GD–YTERNARYSOLIDSOLUTIONALLOYSWEREINVESTIGATEDTHE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL862423926646FAX862423894149EMAILADDRESSESRONGSHICHENYAHOOCOM,RSCHENIMRACCNRSCHENAIMOFTHEWORKWASTOISOLATETHEINDIVIDUALSOLIDSOLUTIONSTRENGTHENINGEFFECTSOFGDANDYATOMSANDTOPREDICTTHESTRENGTHOFTHETERNARYSOLIDSOLUTIONALLOYSTERMSAFFECTINGTHESTRENGTHENINGEFFICIENCYWEREALSODISCUSSED2EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURESINTHISSTUDY,ANUMBEROFMG–GD,MG–YBINARYANDMG–GD–YTERNARYALLOYSWEREINVESTIGATEDTHEALLOYSWEREPREPAREDFROMHIGHPURITYMAGNESIUM9997,ANDMG–25GDWT,MG–25YWTMASTERALLOYSBYMELTINGINANELECTRICRESISTANCEFURNACEATABOUT780?CUNDERPROTECTIONWITHANANTIOXIDIZINGFLUXTHEMELTSWEREPOUREDINTOAMILDSTEELMOULDPREHEATEDTO200–300?CWITHADIAMETEROF100MMTHECHEMICALCOMPOSITIONSWEREDETERMINEDBYUSINGINDUCTIVELYCOUPLEDPLASMAATOMICEMISSIONSPECTROSCOPYICPALLTHEALLOYSWERESOLUTIONTREATEDAT535–540?CFOR15–9HSEETABLES1AND2FORAFULLDESCRIPTION,FOLLOWEDBYQUENCHINGINTOHOTWATERAT～70?CTHESOLUTIONTREATMENTSWEREOPTIMIZEDACCORDINGTOTHEMG–GDANDMG–YBINARYPHASEDIAGRAM18ANDMG–GD–YTERNARYPHASEDIAGRAM19,20INORDERTOMAKETHESECONDARYPHASETODISSOLVEINTOTHEMGMATRIXCOMPLETELYTENSILETESTSWEREPERFORMEDATANINITIALSTAINRATEOF1010?3S?1ATROOMTEMPERATUREWITHANEXTENSOMETERATTACHEDTOTHESPECIMENFLATTENSILESPECIMENSWITHAGAUGELENGTHOF25MMANDCROSSSECTION36MM2WEREMACHINEDFROMTHESOLUTIONTREATEDMATERIALTHREESPECIMENSWEREUSEDFOREACHTESTCONDITIONTOENSURETHEREPRODUCIBILITYOFTHEDATAHARDNESSTESTINGWASCARRIEDOUTONAVICKERSTESTERWITHALOADOF500GANDAHOLDINGTIMEOF15SNOTFEWERTHAN10MEASUREMENTSWEREMADEFOREACHALLOYBOTHTHEHARDNESSANDTENSILETESTSWERECONDUCTEDWITHINHOURSOFQUENCHINGSPECIMENSWEREETCHEDINA5VOLNITALSOLUTIONAFTERMECHANICALPOLISHINGFORMICROSTRUCTURALOBSERVATIONTHEMEANGRAINSIZEDWASMEASUREDBYTHELINEARINTERCEPTMETHODUSINGTHEEQUATIOND174L,WHERELISTHELINEARINTERCEPTGRAINSIZEDETERMINEDBYOPTICALMICROSCOPY21ATLEAST300GRAINBOUNDARIESWERECOUNTEDFOREACHALLOYWITHVARIOUSGDCONTENTS09258388/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2009ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJALLCOM200902131LGAOETAL/JOURNALOFALLOYSANDCOMPOUNDS4812009379–384381FIG2EFFECTOFCONCENTRATIONOFGDONTHEHARDNESSOFTHEMG–GDALLOYSTHEHARDNESSOFTERNARYMG–GD–YALLOYSISPLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHETOTALALLOYINGCONTENTGDYATERRORBARSARESTANDARDDEVIATIONSTHEREISLITTLECONSENSUSONTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHEHALL–PETCHPARAMETER,K,INMGBASEDALLOYS,WITHVALUESRANGINGFROM135MPA?M1/28TO1250MPA?M1/224,ANDFEWSTUDIES8WERECONDUCTEDONTHEHALL–PETCHRELATIONSHIPINMG–GDBASEDALLOYSTHEREFORE,SOMEADDITIONALEXPERIMENTSWEREPERFORMEDTHEMG–049ATGDALLOYMELTSWEREPOUREDINTOTHREEDIFFERFIG3ATYPICALNOMINALSTRESS–NOMINALSTRAINCURVESFORTHESTUDIEDMG–GDALLOYSBTENSILEPROPERTIESOFTHEMG–GDALLOYSASAFUNCTIONOFTHEATOMCONCENTRATIONOFSOLUTE?02ISTHE02PROOFSTRENGTH?UTSISTHEULTIMATETENSILESTRENGTHANDΕFISTHEELONGATIONTOFAILUREFIG4OPTICALMICROSTRUCTUREOFMG–049ATGDALLOYWITHDIFFERENTGRAINSIZE,AD164?M,BD71?M,CD63?MBYCASTINGINTOTHREEDIFFERENTMOULDSENTMOULDSTOOBTAINDIFFERENTCOOLINGRATE,ANDSPECIMENSWITHGRAINSIZEVARYINGFROM～63?MTO164?MWEREPRODUCED,ASSEENINFIG4THENOMINALSTRESS–NOMINALSTRAINCURVESOBTAINEDFROMTENSILETESTEDSPECIMENSWITHDIFFERENTGRAINSIZEATROOMTEMPERATUREWEREPRESENTEDINFIG5ATHESPECIMENSWITHTHESMALLESTGRAINSIZE～63?MEXHIBITEDTHEHIGHEST02PROOFSTRENGTH～734MPA,WHILE02PROOFSTRENGTHDECREASEDWITHINCREASINGGRAINSIZE～71?MAND～164?MTHE02PROOFSTRENGTHOFMG–049ATGDALLOYEXHIBITSGRAINSIZEDEPENDENCEACCORDINGTOHALL–PETCHRELATIONSHIP,ASSHOWNINFIG5BINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,THEEXPERIMENTALHALL–PETCHRELATIONISEXPRESSEDAS?02465188D?1/2,NAMELY,THE?0ANDKARE465MPAAND188MPA?M1/2,RESPECTIVELY,INTHESOLUTIONTREATEDMG–049ATGDALLOYTHEHALL–PETCHPARAMETERSOFPUREMAGNESIUM25DURINGTENSILETESTINGWEREREPORTED

簡介：英文翻譯系別自動化系專業(yè)自動化班級191003學(xué)生姓名周兵學(xué)號103658指導(dǎo)教師聶聰1引言萬向者往往是在當(dāng)代運用戰(zhàn)術(shù)導(dǎo)彈。他們應(yīng)該提供快速，準(zhǔn)確的由目標(biāo)檢測器產(chǎn)生的視軸誤差信號的跟蹤設(shè)在內(nèi)部萬向支架，在導(dǎo)引頭控制的要求更為嚴(yán)重的結(jié)局部分參與。性能結(jié)果丟失的距離不夠大因此降低了一個成功的截取的概率。一個兩自由度的（2DOF）的速率陀螺儀通常安裝在內(nèi)部萬向支架，并直接饋送慣性角速率，以扭矩裝置提供瞄準(zhǔn)誤差跟蹤和穩(wěn)定反對基地運動1，2。后者是導(dǎo)彈的角和直線運動的參與過程的結(jié)果并通過機械裝置傳送到平衡環(huán)。準(zhǔn)確的尋求穩(wěn)定的成像是至關(guān)重要的減少圖像涂抹,足夠的目標(biāo)獲取,進而影響分割和跟蹤。此外,小質(zhì)量的平衡增加干擾的平衡環(huán)的導(dǎo)彈加速度。在戰(zhàn)術(shù)導(dǎo)彈子系統(tǒng)的包裝嚴(yán)重受容積和空氣動力學(xué)限制，最終規(guī)定的可操作性。萬向求職者通常定位在導(dǎo)彈的前末端。不是很少的大小導(dǎo)引頭及其配套制度決定的形狀導(dǎo)彈的前部尖端。在這種情況下，形狀笨重，更激烈成為產(chǎn)生沖擊波的降低導(dǎo)彈的性能。導(dǎo)引頭可以通過減少從萬向部件卸下速率陀螺和使用一個捷聯(lián)式結(jié)構(gòu)。然而，這種方法要求內(nèi)部萬向支架角速率相對于該的估計彈體。的相對角速度分化萬向節(jié)，并進一步匹配濾波，以減少噪音一直在一個線性化方法中使用3，以穩(wěn)定的單一軸萬向成像導(dǎo)引頭的運動不安。不正確由圖像分割算法的輸出被忽視?；？刂埔咽褂?下的假設(shè)的非耦合相同俯仰和偏航通道再次單軸萬向?qū)б^和評價對代表命令信號。需要提出的控制律的第一和第二時間導(dǎo)數(shù)的計算命令信號，以及萬向架的完美測量角位移和相對彈體率。本文提出延長上述配方，以應(yīng)付具有偏航和俯仰控制成像的動態(tài)導(dǎo)引頭。該方法是基于模型的非線性與在其隨時間變化的慣性導(dǎo)引頭使用動態(tài)擴展卡爾曼濾波（EKF），針對的估計相對角位移的平衡環(huán)。此外，圖像序列分析，假設(shè)目標(biāo)分割已經(jīng)解決，并在其質(zhì)心位置的有噪聲估計圖像平面是可供在光學(xué)方面解決流21估計的視覺反饋的扭矩裝置。該方法是通過評估與脫靶的統(tǒng)計評估通過蒙特卡羅模擬閉環(huán)包括導(dǎo)引頭的控制和戰(zhàn)術(shù)十字形的動態(tài)模型導(dǎo)彈。該導(dǎo)彈是由純

簡介：942COMPARISONOFTOTALPERFORMANCESFORHIGHSPEEDEMSTYPEMAGNETICALLYLEVITATEDRAILWAYVEHICLESHINICHIKUSAGAWA,JUMPEIBABA,KATSUHIKOSHUTOH,EISUKEMASADADEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,FACULTYOFSCIENCETECHNOLOGYTOKYOUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCE2641YAMAZAKI,NODA,CHIBA2788510,JAPANTEL81471241501EXT3767/FAX81471241810EMAILKUSAGAWAEMASADAEENODATUSACJP,SHUTOHEENODATUSACJP,MASADAEENODATUSACJPDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,FACULTYOFSCIENCETECHNOLOGYTHEUNIVERSITYOFTOKYO731HONGO,BUNKYOKU,TOKYO1138656,JAPANTEL81358416563/FAX81358418575,EMAILBABAASCTUTOKYOACJPKEYWORDS–CONTROLPERFORMANCE,ELECTROMAGNETICSUSPENSION,MAGNETICLEVITATIONANDVEHICLEWEIGHTREDUCTIONABSTRACTBECAUSEHIGHSPEEDOPERATIONOFMAGLEVVEHICLECAUSESLARGEVARIATIONOFGAPLENGTHWITHHIGHFREQUENCY,ITREQUIRESHIGHMAGNETCURRENTANDITSHIGHSPEEDCONTROLONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREDUCTIONOFTOTALWEIGHTOFAVEHICLEISKEYISSUEFORREALIZATIONOFHIGHSPEEDMAGLEVSYSTEMWITHTHESHORTSTATORPROPULSIONPRINCIPLETOSOLVETHESEPROBLEMSKEEPINGITSCONTROLPERFORMANCETOCOPEWITHHIGHSPEEDOPERATION,THREETYPESOFCONTROLSCHEMESAREDISCUSSEDANDCOMPAREDWITHSIMULATIONRESULTSOFMAGLEVOPERATIONALPERFORMANCES,ITISSHOWNTHATPROPOSEDSCHEMESENABLETOREDUCETHEWEIGHTOFMAGNETSANDCURRENTCONTROLLERSASWELLASKEEPINGITSCONTROLPERFORMANCES1INTRODUCTIONATYPEOFTHEMAGNETICALLYLEVITATEDRAILWAYSYSTEMMAGLEVWITHTHEELECTROMAGNETICSUSPENSIONSYSTEMEMS,WHICHISNAMEDHSST,WILLBEPUTINTOREVENUESERVICEASANURBANTRANSPORTINNAGOYA,JAPANATTHEBEGINNINGOFAPRIL20051ITSMAXIMUMSPEEDISLIMITEDTO100KM/H,THOUGHITSRUNNINGTESTOPERATIONSHAVEBEENCOMPLETEDUPTO130KM/HHOWEVER,INORDERTOEXTENDITSAPPLICATIONSINTOTHEHIGHSPEEDANDMIDDLEDISTANCESYSTEMINTHEFUTURE,THEDESIGNOFITSEMSSYSTEMISREEXAMINEDFORIMPROVEMENTOFRIDINGCOMFORTANDPERFORMANCESOFATRAINONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREDUCTIONOFTHETOTALWEIGHTOFVEHICLEISKEYISSUEFORREALIZATIONOFHIGHSPEEDMAGLEVSYSTEMWITHTHESHORTSTATORPROPULSIONPRINCIPLEBECAUSETHEWEIGHTOFMAGNETS,INCLUDINGSUPPORTINGSTRUCTURESANDCURRENTCONTROLLERS,OCCUPIESCONSIDERABLEPARTOFTHETOTALWEIGHT,ITSREDUCTIONWITHINTRODUCTIONOFANEWCONTROLSCHEMEISSTUDIED944SECONDARYSUSPENSIONANDISFEDBACKTOTHE“CONTROLMODEL”ASAVARIATIONOFANEXTERNALFORCEONTHEGAPLENGTHCONTROLINFIG4,INTHEELECTRICCIRCUITOFTHE“CONTROLMODEL”,THECASCADECONTROLISCARRIEDOUTTOGIVETHEFASTRESPONSETOTHEFLUCTUATIONOFGAPLENGTH?Z,ANDTHECURRENTCONTROLLOOPISCOMPOSEDOFCURRENTCONTROLLERLIKE1THEGAPLENGTHISCONTROLLEDBYLIFTCONTROLLERLIKE2INADDITION,THEVELOCITYFEEDBACK,WHICHCORRESPONDSTOTHEDIFFERENTIATIONSIGNALOFGAPLENGTH,ISADDEDTOTHE“CONTROLMODEL”TOSTABILIZETHERESPONSESEVERYPARAMETEROFBOTHTWOCONTROLLERS,INCLUDINGKANDC,AREOPTIMIZEDBYUSEOFGATOSATISFYBOTHTRACKFOLLOWINGPERFORMANCEANDRIDINGCOMFORTOFPASSENGERSCURRENTCONTROLLERSKCSGCCCCCC?LIFTCONTROLLER???????STKKCSGLCLCLC1CONTROLMODELCONTROLLERSTEADYSTATEGAPLENGTHZ08MMCURRENTCONTROLLEREXCITATIONCURRENTI0286ACCC100KG8325A/VKCC1286KC535LIFTCONTROLLERKI4294N/AKLC000028KX15352164N/MT001KM3575AS2/MCLC4000MODULE4MAGNETSKP100MASSM1270KGKV015CABINMASSMG8000KGPITCHINGEQUIVALENTMASSMΦ2000KGSECONDARYSUSPENSIONK5000N/MC1220NS/MCURRENTCONTROLLER11KI1/SKG1/MKX1/SKC1/SKVLIFTCONTROLLERKMVELOCITYFEEDBACK＋＋＋＋＋－－FEXSYMMETRYCONTROLOFTHEFRONTMODULECSKREARMODULE1/2L1/2PITCHINGMODEVERTICALMODE222GCSKMSCSK222CSKMSCSKΦLLENGTHOFTHEVEHICLEBODYCURRENTCONTROLGAPLENGTHCONTROLCONTROLMODEL?WΦ?WG?Z?Z?I?E?ZR?IRINPUTFIG4CONTROLBLOCKDIAGRAMFORLEVITATIONCONTROLSYSTEMTABLEIPARAMETERSFORLEVITATIONCONTROLSYSTEM12

簡介：中文中文7358字出處出處EUROPEANJOURNALOFOPERATIONALRESEARCH,1997,1013419429供應(yīng)鏈合作伙伴關(guān)系運籌學(xué)的機遇供應(yīng)鏈合作伙伴關(guān)系運籌學(xué)的機遇MICHAELJMALONI,WCBETON摘要摘要最近日趨成熟的許多概念性文獻都集中研究供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系。理論上說，在供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系內(nèi)部，各成員之間傳統(tǒng)的競爭性障礙已經(jīng)緩和，變成互利關(guān)系，從而使信息流增加，不穩(wěn)定性減少，使得供應(yīng)鏈產(chǎn)生更大效益。有關(guān)供應(yīng)鏈的概念性文獻十分廣泛，但很少有研究人員就供應(yīng)鏈問題進行更深入的分析性研究。本論文將從定性的概念性和分析性運籌學(xué)角度對供應(yīng)鏈研究做一綜述。供應(yīng)鏈整合的日趨重要對運籌學(xué)提出了挑戰(zhàn)，要求其更加關(guān)注供應(yīng)鏈建模，并且運籌學(xué)研究者將會有許多機會為如今的供應(yīng)鏈研究提供證據(jù)。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字采購；供應(yīng)鏈管理；合作關(guān)系；物流系統(tǒng)；物流建模；環(huán)境問題；運籌學(xué)1引言引言過去二十年來，經(jīng)驗豐富需求更大的消費者使得歐美的產(chǎn)品制造公司面臨日益增強的全球競爭。歐美公司的產(chǎn)品制造能力一旦領(lǐng)先世界，便會陷入低成本高質(zhì)量的競爭，這是由于太平洋沿岸公司引進了新型現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)觀念，以獲得更嚴(yán)格的管制和更流暢的制造過程。在其示例性的變化背后，環(huán)太平洋公司在減少交訂貨時間和成本的同時能夠提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)率，歐美公司不得不對他們自己的生產(chǎn)過程進行重新的考慮和設(shè)計。最近研究表明，歐美公司在未來的20年內(nèi)將會受到更大的挑戰(zhàn)，之后許多文獻都嘗試將環(huán)太平洋公司的產(chǎn)品制造觀念運用于歐美產(chǎn)品加工過程。現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)觀念使得買方和供應(yīng)方之間的關(guān)系發(fā)生了變革。傳統(tǒng)的供應(yīng)鏈關(guān)系是由純粹的競爭導(dǎo)致的，但對于很多成功的亞洲公司來說，它已經(jīng)由敵對關(guān)系演變?yōu)槌墒斓墓?yīng)鏈合作伙伴關(guān)系。供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系，也稱戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟，是指位于供應(yīng)渠道中的兩個獨立的實體間為達到特定的目的和利益而組成的關(guān)系。建立該關(guān)系的目的是通過降低總成本，減少供應(yīng)鏈上的庫存，增加信息共享來提高各渠道成員的公司資本和執(zhí)行能力。制造商并不是只關(guān)心價格，他們還希望供應(yīng)商能與他們合作，一起提供更好的服務(wù)，科技創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計。美國的克萊斯勒公司就是一個變革的例子，該公司已經(jīng)成為與供應(yīng)商發(fā)展伙伴關(guān)系的領(lǐng)頭羊。當(dāng)克萊斯勒團隊設(shè)計出一條新的LH線（道奇勇士，鷹型轎車，君王）以及新的緊湊型轎車（NEON），盡管供應(yīng)商有限，但超過70來自于外購，為實現(xiàn)這一供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系，克萊斯特邀請了一些重要的供應(yīng)商見證了產(chǎn)品制造的早期過程，并在設(shè)計階段之前就選擇供應(yīng)商，為其新型轎車實際事先獲得95的零件供應(yīng)。這樣一來，就省去了競爭性的競標(biāo)環(huán)節(jié)。和環(huán)太平洋的競爭對象一樣，克萊斯特的一些供應(yīng)鏈伙伴完全有責(zé)任開發(fā)自身，并與其他副承包商一起開發(fā)零件。最終，原先需要五至六年完成的LH線，只需39個月就完成了，而NEON僅僅31個月就被開發(fā)出來了。關(guān)于提高供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系的概念性文獻一直很多，而這些研究對于伙伴關(guān)系的未來和效果持非常樂觀的態(tài)度，大多數(shù)文獻集中于朝相關(guān)供應(yīng)聯(lián)盟的轉(zhuǎn)變，以及實施成功的伙伴關(guān)系所需的重要因素。所期待的結(jié)果就是一種互利雙贏的伙伴關(guān)系，并形成一種協(xié)作式的、整體效益大于部分的供應(yīng)鏈。最終用戶有望在更短時間內(nèi)獲得質(zhì)量更高、成本更低的價值產(chǎn)品。隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)繼續(xù)實施供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了眾多有關(guān)設(shè)計、實施和控制供應(yīng)鏈的研究機會。本論文既回顧了關(guān)于供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系的演變過程及其重要性的概念性物流文獻，又運籌學(xué)范疇的缺點。因此對運籌學(xué)研究人員提出了測試和豐富當(dāng)前供應(yīng)鏈研究基礎(chǔ)的挑戰(zhàn)。運籌學(xué)建模將有望提高設(shè)計、實施以及供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系在各產(chǎn)業(yè)的普及。2傳統(tǒng)的采購傳統(tǒng)的采購公司采取大膽的措施打破內(nèi)部和相互之間的障礙，緩和不確定性，加強對供應(yīng)和分銷渠道的控制。過去幾十年內(nèi)，大多數(shù)公司進行了內(nèi)部功能整合，而目前需要與供應(yīng)商和消費者進行外部整合（圖1）。供應(yīng)鏈合作關(guān)系縮短了買方與供應(yīng)商之間的差距，引導(dǎo)制造商在供應(yīng)商更少的基礎(chǔ)上進行聯(lián)需的典型的600700個供應(yīng)商，他們的LH線只需近200個供貨商。正如一個公司在內(nèi)化合法供應(yīng)商之前必須依賴更少的供應(yīng)商，大量減少供應(yīng)商數(shù)量的目標(biāo)阻止了供應(yīng)商結(jié)成聯(lián)盟。3供應(yīng)商合作關(guān)系供應(yīng)商合作關(guān)系通過減少供應(yīng)商基礎(chǔ)，制造者將會利用與供應(yīng)商的伙伴關(guān)系。哈佛商學(xué)院的研究結(jié)果表明，美國在國際市場上的競爭力下降的一個關(guān)鍵原因來源于對供應(yīng)商關(guān)系等無形利益的投資減少。傳統(tǒng)上，驅(qū)動美國公司成功的基礎(chǔ)在于自治，并把競爭視為一個維護歐美公司優(yōu)勢的進化機制的維護者。美國的長遠計劃是獨立的，并為確保隱私的企業(yè)信息付出了很大的努力。然而，最近幾十年來，許多歐美公司已經(jīng)意識到了與其他公司共享技術(shù)、信息、以及共同計劃的好處。商業(yè)研究人員也表示，這不僅是一種更開放的相關(guān)態(tài)度，而且對于保持公司競爭優(yōu)勢也是很重要的。概念性供應(yīng)鏈文獻幾乎只關(guān)注消費者滿意度最大化。因為這種垂直的關(guān)系涉及到長遠獨立的規(guī)劃和運營，供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系的概念使得整個產(chǎn)業(yè)都發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)型。根據(jù)麥克尼爾，以離散的實體運行是不可能的，但是，盡管幾乎沒有公司是完全離散運營的，傳統(tǒng)的西方經(jīng)營方式采用的是離散的而不是相關(guān)的經(jīng)營策略，正如表1所顯示的，企業(yè)間的相關(guān)主義力求遠離離散交易的觀點，打破傳統(tǒng)的企業(yè)間障礙。公司團結(jié)起來，共享技術(shù)、信息和計劃，從而降低不確定性，增強控制。最終，各方能從合作中獲得利潤。NIEDERKOFLER1991，RING，VANDEVEN1992,1994，BERGQUIST及其他1995就戰(zhàn)略伙伴進行了概述。31供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系歐美公司將戰(zhàn)略性的買方與供應(yīng)商伙伴關(guān)系視為環(huán)太平洋供應(yīng)鏈過程取得成功的根本動力，開始效仿這些供應(yīng)商聯(lián)盟。盡管亞洲公司并不對轉(zhuǎn)向供應(yīng)商伙伴關(guān)系負完全責(zé)任，F(xiàn)ARMER認為，由于原材料短缺，石油危機，政府價格控制，以及供應(yīng)商態(tài)度的普遍變化，即將會出現(xiàn)許多供應(yīng)商聯(lián)盟，這一觀點的成功主要可由太平洋沿岸驗證。當(dāng)代制造業(yè)的提高需要供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系形成的嚴(yán)格控制，越來越多的證據(jù)表明，西方公司已經(jīng)開始實施這種相關(guān)戰(zhàn)略。表2傳統(tǒng)供應(yīng)和伙伴供應(yīng)的對比傳統(tǒng)與供應(yīng)商的關(guān)系供應(yīng)鏈的伙伴關(guān)系以價格為選擇供應(yīng)商的原則多重的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)短期的合約關(guān)系長期的伙伴關(guān)系以競價為主以供應(yīng)商的價格為考慮大量的供應(yīng)商數(shù)目少許的供貨商數(shù)目信息不共享信息共享供貨有問題時由供應(yīng)商自行解決有問題時相互合作解決一開始，要涉及供應(yīng)商，首先要將其納入跨職能的采購團隊。TRENTANDMONCZKA1994認為這些團隊的建立將會提高供應(yīng)鏈的效力。然而，供應(yīng)聯(lián)盟的范疇不止這一點，合作各方的交流更相關(guān)，形成一種相互依賴的深入的關(guān)系，從而使彼此獲利。供應(yīng)伙伴關(guān)系強調(diào)的是一種直接、長期的協(xié)作，鼓勵共同計劃和解決問題。表2展示了與傳統(tǒng)思維相比，形成供應(yīng)伙伴關(guān)系的重要因素。32供應(yīng)伙伴關(guān)系的優(yōu)點供應(yīng)伙伴關(guān)系的優(yōu)點許多企業(yè)通過收購尋求縱向整合，以掌握供應(yīng)商專業(yè)知識，但MACBETH和FERGUSON1994認為無需所有制和艱巨的退出壁壘，伙伴關(guān)系也能提供類似的利潤。供應(yīng)商能夠從更高的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量中獲利，并通過規(guī)模經(jīng)濟效益、減少管理和切換、流程整合、過程協(xié)調(diào)以及數(shù)量折扣來降低交易成本。此外，市場對于供應(yīng)商的需求穩(wěn)定性以及買方的供應(yīng)穩(wěn)定性會增強這種關(guān)系。SCOTT和WESTBROOK1991只出了一些制造過程中的其他優(yōu)點，其中包括安裝時間的減少、流程設(shè)計圖的改進、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的改善、數(shù)

簡介：DESIGNANDFABRICATIONOFLOWCOSTFILAMENTWINDINGMACHINEFHABDALLA,SAMUTASHER,YAKHALID,SMSAPUAN,AMSHAMOUDA,BBSAHARI,MMHAMDANBABSTRACTINGENERAL,THECOMPOSITEPIPESAREFABRICATEDUSINGGLASSFIBERANDPOLYESTERRESINMATRIXBYHANDLAYUPANDALSOBY2AXISFILAMENTWINDINGMACHINEINTHISWORK,AFILAMENTWINDINGMACHINEWASDESIGNEDANDDEVELOPEDFORTHEFABRICATIONOFPIPESANDROUNDSHAPESPECIMENSALATHETYPEMACHINEANDAWETWINDINGMETHODWEREUSEDINTHEDESIGNOFTHEMACHINEITPROVIDESACAPABILITYFORPRODUCINGPIPESPECIMENSWITHANINTERNALDIAMETERUPTO100MMANDLENGTHSUPTO1000MMTHERANGEOFTHEWINDINGANGLE,ORTHEFIBERORIENTATIONANGLE,STARTSFROM20TO90DEPENDINGONTHEMANDRELDIAMETERUSEDMANDRELSPEEDISKEPTCONSTANTAS136REVOLUTIONSPERMINUTERPMWHILETHESPEEDOFSCREWOFDELIVERYUNITVARIESFROM0RPMTOAMAXIMUMOF250RPMINTHEFILAMENTWINDINGPROCESSUSED,ASINGLEGLASSROVINGISDRAWNTHROUGHABATHOFPRECATALYZEDRESINWHICHISMOUNTEDONTHELEADSCREWBYTHEROTATINGMANDRELACONTROLUNITWASUSEDTOCONTROLTHEWHOLEPROCESSANDACHIEVEREGULARWINDINGANDGOODSURFACEFINISHTUBESAMPLESANDOTHERCIRCULARSPECIMENSOFDIFFERENTDIMENSIONSWEREPRODUCEDUSINGTHISMACHINEFORTHEDIFFERENTMECHANICALTESTSANDAPPLICATIONSKEYWORDSFILAMENTWINDINGCOMPOSITETUBEGLASSFIBERMATRIXFIBERORIENTATIONANGLE1INTRODUCTIONFILAMENTWINDINGHASEMERGEDASTHEPRIMARYPROCESSFORCOMPOSITECYLINDRICALSTRUCTURESFABRICATIONATLOWCOSTINTHISPROCESS,COMPOSITELAYERSARESUCCESSIVELYWOUNDONAROTATINGMANDREL,ASPRESENTEDINFIG1THELAYERSMAYBEWRAPPEDATDIFFERENTANGLESVARYINGFROMHOOPLAYERS,WHICHAREPERPENDICULARTOTHECYLINDERAXIS,TOHELICALLAYERSWHICHAREATANANGLETOTHECYLINDERAXISTHECONSTRUCTIONOFCOMPOSITECYLINDERBYFILAMENTWINDINGCONSISTSOFTHREEMAJORSTEPS1,THEFIRSTISTHEDESIGN,WHICHINCLUDESTHESELECTIONOFMATERIALS,GEOMETRY,ANDFIBERORIENTATIONSWHILETHESECONDISFIBERPLACEMENT,THEMECHANICALMEANSBYWHICHTHEFIBERSAREPLACEDINTHEIRPROPERPOSITIONSFINALLY,THETHIRDISTHESELECTIONANDCONTROLOFCONDITIONSWHICHMUSTBEMAINTAINEDDURINGTHEMID1970S,MACHINEDESIGNONCEAGAINMADEADRAMATICSHIFTTHISTIMETHEADVANCEMENTOFSERVOTECHNOLOGYENTEREDTHEREALMOFTHEMACHINEDESIGNHIGHSPEEDCOMPUTERSALLOWEDFORRAPIDDATAPROCESSING,RESULTINGINSMOOTHERMOTIONANDGREATERFIBERPLACEMENTACCURACYTHE1980SAND1990SSAWTHEINCREASEDUSEOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYCOMPUTERSANDMOTIONCONTROLCARDSBECAMETHEESSENTIALPIECESOFHARDWARETHATWEREINCLUDEDINALMOSTEVERYMACHINEMACHINESPEEDCONTROLWASGREATLYIMPROVEDCOMPUTERCONTROLSYSTEMSCOULDTRACKPOSITIONANDVELOCITYWITHINCREASEDACCURACYADDITIONALAXESOFMOTIONSWEREALSOINCORPORATEDINTOMACHINEDESIGNALLOWINGFORFOUR,FIVEANDEVENSIXAXESOFCONTROLLEDMOTION2MANUFACTURINGTECHNIQUESTHEPROPERTIESOFACOMPOSITEPRODUCTARENOTONLYDEPENDENTONTHEPROPERTIESOFFIBERANDRESINMATRIX,BUTAREALSODEPENDENTONTHEWAYBYWHICHTHEYAREPROCESSEDTHEREAREAVARIETYOFPROCESSINGTECHNIQUESFORFABRICATINGCOMPOSITEPARTS/STRUCTURERESINTRANSFERMOULDING,AUTOCLAVEMOULDING,PULTRUSIONANDFILAMENTWINDINGOUTOFTHESEPROCESSES,FILAMENTWINDINGINVOLVESLOWCOSTANDISTHEFASTESTTECHNIQUEFORMANUFACTURINGOFFIBERREINFORCEDCYLINDRICALCOMPONENTSASHIGHPRESSUREPIPESANDTANKS3WINDINGMETHODSTHEREARETWODIFFERENTWINDINGMETHODSIWETWINDING,INWHICHTHEFIBERSAREPASSEDTHROUGHARESINBATHANDWOUNDONTOAROTATINGMANDRELIIPREPREGWINDING,INWHICHTHEPREIMPREGNATEDFIBERTOWSAREPLACEDONTHEROTATINGMANDRELAMONGTHESEWINDINGMETHODS,WETWINDINGISMORECOMMONANDWIDELYUSEDFORMANUFACTURINGFIBERREINFORCEDTHERMOSETTINGMATRIXCOMPOSITECYLINDERSCOMPAREDWITHPREPREGWINDING,WETWINDINGHASSEVERALADVANTAGESLOWMATERIALCOSTSHORTWINDINGTIMEANDTHERESINFORMULATIONWHICHCANBEEASILYVARIEDTOMEETSPECIFICREQUIREMENTS31WINDINGPATTERNSINFILAMENTWINDINGPROCESS,THEWINDINGTENSIONCANEASILYBECONTROLLEDWINDINGTENSION,WINDINGANGLEAND/ORRESINCONTENTINEACHLAYEROFREINFORCEMENTCANBEVARIEDUNTILTHEDESIREDTHICKNESSANDSTRENGTHOFTHECOMPOSITEAREACHIEVEDTHEPROPERTIESOFTHEFINISHEDCOMPOSITECANBEVARIEDBYTHETYPEOFWINDINGPATTERNSELECTEDINGENERAL,THEREARETHREEBASICFILAMENTWINDINGPATTERNSWHICHAREASFOLLOWS311HOOPWINDINGITISKNOWNASTHEGIRTHORCIRCUMFERENTIALWINDINGINHOOPWINDING,AHIGHANGLEHELICALWINDINGAPPROACHESANANGLEOF90EACHFULLROTATIONOFTHEMANDRELADVANCESTHEBANDDELIVERYBYONEFULLBANDWIDTHASSHOWNINFIG2

簡介：中文中文2646字中國貴州中南部鋅尾礦的現(xiàn)狀分析中國貴州中南部鋅尾礦的現(xiàn)狀分析摘要摘要在鋅礦石的浮選過程中,有價值的金屬成分提取后會剩余豐富的礦山尾礦。本文用X射線衍射和紅外分析分析一個從中國貴州省南部取的鋅尾礦樣品的特點，并用化學(xué)分析調(diào)查其成分?；瘜W(xué)相分析也能進行識別鋅、鐵和重金屬鉛、鎘、鉻、汞和砷的賦存特點。尾礦的礦物相主要是白云石CAMGCO32和少許黃鐵礦FES2。礦山尾礦中重金屬主要是鉛，其濃度為348ΜG/G且近60的鉛在硫化物中。基于礦物相和礦山尾礦金屬的賦存提出綜合利用技術(shù)。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞鋅尾礦相位分析重金屬綜合利用率一引言引言中國有豐富的鋅礦石資源其探明儲量大約為013億公噸數(shù)據(jù)對鉛鋅礦石。在鋅萃取和使用浮選技術(shù)富集后,會留下豐富的礦山尾礦和重金屬例如鉛、鎘等。不僅污染在尾礦池附近的土壤、沉積物和地下水或地表水和使居民陷于大風(fēng)險中,這些重金屬對尾礦利用也帶來了額外的困難。發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)成分、礦物相、密度和尾礦中重金屬的賦存對于保護環(huán)境和尾礦池附近的居民和利用有效的固體廢物是非常重要的。二金屬特征和方法金屬特征和方法通過礦石浮選一個從中國貴州省南部取的鋅尾礦樣品，其剩下的泥樣用空氣烘干后分別用X射線衍射和紅外分析分析其表征。粉末X射線衍射的測量是使用X射線衍射儀D/MAX3C模型,RIGAKU有限公司，日本在掃描率2°/分鐘2Θ角從10°至80°。紅外光譜收集使用傅里葉變換紅外光譜法NICOLET5700傅立葉變換紅外光譜模型,熱費舍爾科學(xué)公司,美國與傳統(tǒng)的溴化鉀顆粒的方法。尾礦的化學(xué)成分使用濕化學(xué)法進行了分析。賦存的元素鋅、鐵和重金屬鉛、鎘、鉻、汞和砷采用順序化學(xué)萃取過程進行研究。在這個化學(xué)相分析程序中，干樣起初是用去離子水溶解而固相用高速離心機進行分離,然后用ICPMS/OES三個特征振動波,寬峰在波號為1438CM1處而高峰在880CM1處和728CM1處,代表在白云石中碳酸鹽組的特征振動波,分別分配給非對稱拉伸振動V3,擺脫平面彎曲振動V2和面內(nèi)彎曲振動V4圖2。特征振動帶的硫化物,包括黃鐵礦,一般小于400CM超過傅立葉變換紅外光譜儀可檢測范圍,因此在這里無法分析。表1列出了在鋅尾礦中主要化學(xué)成分的化學(xué)濃度。主要的成分有MGO、CAO、FE2O3、FEO、S和大部分因焚燒流失的LOI二氧化碳。與100相比,各組分的總數(shù)量為9554，差距為446卻不知是什么組分,在ICPMS/OES測量之下，獲得了尾礦中其他成分的可能濃度。當(dāng)LOI完全統(tǒng)計為二氧化碳,鋅尾礦中的摩爾比率CAOMGOCO2為100109962，幾乎等于化學(xué)計量比112的白云石CAMG（CO32或

簡介：附錄附錄A譯文譯文一種用于一種用于CMOS集成寬量程的電阻式氣敏傳感器的高精度溫度集成寬量程的電阻式氣敏傳感器的高精度溫度控制系統(tǒng)控制系統(tǒng)GIUSEPPEFERRIVINCENZOSTORNELLI發(fā)行2005年10月22日/修訂2005年12月22日/公認2005年12月28日/網(wǎng)上發(fā)行2006年4月3日施普林格商業(yè)科技媒體有限公司，2006年○C摘要摘要在這篇文章中我們提出一種適用于寬量程的電阻式氣體傳感器集成界面，它能夠通過恒功率加熱器在0℃–350℃的工作溫度下加熱傳感器。該溫度控制系統(tǒng)是由一個傳感器加熱器（設(shè)置傳感器溫度大約在200℃溫度），一個R/F或R/T轉(zhuǎn)換器，即把電阻阻值轉(zhuǎn)換為一段頻率（或時間），且可以揭示六十年的變化（10KΩ到10GΩ），和一個控制整個系統(tǒng)循環(huán)的數(shù)字子系統(tǒng)組成。該界面擁有高靈敏度和精度，并且在合適溫度時有良好的穩(wěn)定性，可供電漂移和低功率特性，所以它能被用于便攜式電子產(chǎn)品。在制造的芯片上檢驗其測量值，其理論值和仿真結(jié)果極其一致性。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞智能傳感器、CMOS傳感器界面、電阻式氣敏傳感器、溫度控制、低功率、CMOS集成電路1、簡介、簡介最近，由于傳感器界面在敏感元素和電子接口方面的優(yōu)勢，人們對其越來越感興趣。我們設(shè)計一個傳感器界面時，最重要且須牢記的規(guī)則是精確度，重復(fù)性，互換性，長時間穩(wěn)定性，對化學(xué)和物理污染物的抵抗性，尺寸，能量功耗，便與傳感器相匹配的第二阻值而被簡化了。如此無干擾控制傳感器的溫度是由可能的。該解決方案已被證明是更有趣的和負擔(dān)得起的考慮±15V可用的電源電壓。溫度控制電路，顯示了一個60兆瓦的電力消耗，使整個系統(tǒng)可以被認為適合于便攜式應(yīng)用10，11。邏輯塊被分為兩個獨特的子模塊，模擬和數(shù)字模塊，如圖2所示。R/FR/T轉(zhuǎn)換器產(chǎn)生周期與熱敏電阻阻值成正比的方波信號。數(shù)字計數(shù)器的指SENSR定時間窗口的使用取決于幾個因素，譬如分辨率和熱敏電阻的靈敏度。關(guān)SENSR于模擬和數(shù)字這兩獨特的模塊的法則和細節(jié)將在一下章節(jié)中介紹。圖1擬議的界面溫度控制系統(tǒng)圖2溫度控制系統(tǒng)基本結(jié)構(gòu)3、阻值和周期的轉(zhuǎn)換、阻值和周期的轉(zhuǎn)換以揭示阻值大的變化，阻值和周期R/T或頻率R/F的轉(zhuǎn)換時必要的12。這樣在早先的文章提到當(dāng)存在大阻值變化時使用CMOS移相器是沒有必要的且不適用的1011。圖3說明了擬議R/TR/F界面在基本模塊層次的原理。原先的電路13在簡化，線性度和工作范圍方面已經(jīng)有所修改和完善。而且，在國

簡介：附錄A英文文獻原文DEVELOPMENTOFANOVELDRIVETOPOLOGYFORAFIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTORTSWEERAKOONANDLSAMARANAYAKE（DEPTOFELECTRICALANDELECTRONICENGINEERING,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFPERADENIYA,SRILANKA）ABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,ANOVELDRIVETOPOLOGYFORAFIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTORISDESCRIBEDINDETAILCOMMERCIALLYOFFTHESHELF,LOWCOST,STANDARDSTEPPERMOTORDRIVEICSAREUSEDTODERIVEANOVELDRIVETOPOLOGYFORFIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTORSWHICHENABLESCLOSEDLOOPSPEEDANDPOSITIONCONTROLPOWEREDBYINNERCURRENTCONTROLLOOPITISPROVEDTHATTHEDERIVEDTOPOLOGYCANBEGENERALIZEDTOANYSTEPPERMOTORWITHHIGHERODDNUMBEROFPHASESTHEDESIGNEDDRIVERCONSISTSOFFULLSTEP,HALFSTEP,CLOCKWISEANDCOUNTERCLOCKWISEDRIVEMODESWITHTHESPEEDCONTROLANDCURRENTCONTROLKEYWORDSFIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTOR,THERETURNDRIVE,SPEEDCONTROL,MULTIMODEIINTRODUCTIONINMOSTOFTHEROBOTICSANDAUTOMATIONENGINEERINGDESIGNSVARIOUSTYPESOFSTEPPERMOTORSAREUSEDTOOBTAINTHEREQUIREDMOTIONPROFILESSTEPPERMOTORSAREPREFERRED,ASTHEYDONOTREQUIREFREQUENTMAINTENANCEANDDUETOTHEIRABILITYTOOPERATEINMANYHARSHENVIRONMENTSSELECTIONOFTHEMOTORSANDTHEIRDRIVECIRCUITSDEPENDONTHEREQUIREDPERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEAPPLICATIONSTHETWOPHASEANDFOURPHASESTEPPERMOTORSARETHEMOSTCOMMONTYPESAVAILABLEINTHEMARKETHOWEVER,FORAPPLICATIONSREQUIRINGHIGHPRECISION,LOWNOISEANDLOWERVIBRATION,FIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTORSAREUSEDDUETOSMALLERSTEPANGLE,FIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTORSOFFERHIGHERRESOLUTION,LOWERVIBRATIONANDHIGHERACCELERATIONSANDDECELERATIONSTHEREFOREITISESSENTIALTOMAKESURETHATTHESEMOTORCHARACTERISTICSCANBEOBTAINEDFROMTHEDESIGNEDDRIVETOPOLOGYBECAUSETHEFIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTORSAREARARELYUSEDTYPEINTHEROBOTICAPPLICATIONSANDTHECONSTRUCTIONISTYPICALLYCOMPLICATED,ITISVERYDIFFICULTTOFINDDRIVERICS,WHICHAREMANUFACTUREDEXCLUSIVEFORTHEMASARESULT,THEAVAILABLEDRIVERCIRCUITSFORFIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTORSAREVERYEXPENSIVEUSINGTHEAVAILABLEDRIVECONTROLICSMANUFACTUREDFORCOMMONKINDSOFSTEPPERMOTORSSUCHAS2PHASEDAND4PHASEDANDUSINGTHEMINMODELINGNEWDRIVERTOPOLOGYFOROTHERSTEPPERMOTORSWOULDBEACOSTEFFECTIVEAPPROACHTHEICL297INTEGRATESALLTHECONTROLCIRCUITRYREQUIREDTOCONTROLBIPOLARANDUNIPOLARSTEPPERMOTORSTHEL298NDUALHBRIDGEDRIVEFORMSACOMPLETEMICROPROCESSORTOSTEPPERMOTORINTERFACEHERE,NOVELDRIVETOPOLOGYISINVESTIGATEDANDDEVELOPEDFORFIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTORSBYADDINGAMICROPROCESSORANDLOGICALCONTROLSYSTEMWITHL297ANDL298NTHECOMPLETETOPOLOGYISDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPERSECTIONIIEXPLAINSTHECOMPONENTCHARACTERISTICSSECTIONIIIISONTHECONTROLLOGICCIRCUITDESIGNPHENOMENATHEINTERFACEDESIGNISGIVENINSECTIONIVWITHRESULTSINSECTIONVFINALLYTHECONCLUSIONSAREPRESENTEDINSECTIONVIIICHARACTERISTICANALYSISOFMAINCOMPONENTSTHEICL297CANBEUSEDWITHANHBRIDGEDRIVERICFORMOTORDRIVEAPPLICATIONSASSHOWNINFIG11INTHISDESIGNHBRIDGEFUNCTIONISACHIEVEDFROMTHEL298NORL293ETHISMAYCHANGEDTON/TONTOFF,WHERETHETONANDTOFFARESWITCHONANDOFFDURATIONSRESPECTIVELYOFTHEHBRIDGEINTHECHOPPERCIRCUIT,THEFLIPFLOPISSETBYEACHPULSEFROMTHEOSCILLATOR,ENABLINGTHEOUTPUTANDALLOWINGTHELOADCURRENTTOINCREASEASITINCREASESTHEVOLTAGEACROSSTHESENSINGRESISTORINCREASESANDWHENTHISVOLTAGEREACHESVREFTHEFLIPFLOPISRESET,DISABLINGTHEOUTPUTUNTILTHENEXTOSCILLATORPULSEARRIVESINTHISMETHODVREFDETERMINESTHEPEAKLOADCURRENTTHEL298NISAMONOLITHICCIRCUITCONTAINSTWOHBRIDGESINADDITION,THEEMITTERCONNECTIONSOFTHELOWERTRANSISTORSAREBROUGHTOUTTOEXTERNALTERMINALSALLOWINGTHECONNECTIONOFCURRENTSENSINGRESISTERSQQSETCLRSRVREFCOMPARATORVSENSEFROMOSCFIG22CIRCUITCONTAININGTHEFLIPFLOP,THEOSCILLATORANDTHECOMPARATORUSEDFORCURRENTCONTROLLINGBCURRENTCONTROLININHIBITCHOPPERMODEINHIBITCHOPPERCONTROLMODEANDPHASELINECHOPPERCONTROLMODEARETWOOFTHEMOSTCOMMONTYPESOFCURRENTCONTROLTECHNIQUESAVAILABLEINTHELATTERCASEWHENTHEVOLTAGEACROSSTHESENSINGRESISTORREACHESTOVREF,ONLYTHELOWSIDESWITCHISMADEOFFHENCETHISMETHODISNOTSUITABLEANDINHIBITCHOPPERCONTROLMODEHASTOBEUSEDTHEREQUIREDSWITCHINGSEQUENCESFORTHISCANBETAKENDIRECTLYFROML297INHIBITCHOPPERMODECANBESELECTEDBYPULLINGDOWNGROUNDEDTHECONTROLINPUTSIGNALOFL297THENCHOPPERACTSONINHTOCONTROLTHECURRENTTHROUGHTHEMOTORCOILSTHEREFORETHECONTRIBUTIONOFINHSIGNALGENERATEDFROML297ISVERYIMPORTANTTOCREATEENABLESIGNALFORL298NINTHECASEWHENTHEVOLTAGEACROSSTHESENSINGRESISTERREACHESTOVREF,THECHOPPERFLIPFLOPISRESETANDINHISACTIVATEDANDISBROUGHTTOLOWTHENITTURNSOFFALLFOURSWITCHESOFTHEBRIDGETHECHOPPINGFREQUENCYISDETERMINEDBYTHEINTERNALOSCILLATOROFTHEL297AFTERSWITCHINGOFFALLTRANSISTORS,THEDIODESPROVIDEAPATHTODIVERTTHEWINDINGCURRENTTHESWITCHESOFTHEHBRIDGEAREMADEONINTHENEXTOSCILLATORCYCLEIIILOGICCIRCUITDESIGNINGINANYMODEOFOPERATIONS,WAVEPATTERNSOFA,B,CANDDPHASESOFTHEL297REPEATAFTERFOURCLOCKCYCLESASSHOWNINFIG31TRANSLATIONOFTHEREPETITIONOFTHEPHASEWAVEFORMAFTERTHETENCLOCKCYCLESISESSENTIALTODERIVETHEDRIVETOPOLOGYFORTHEFIVEPHASESTEPPERMOTOR

簡介：外文翻譯（原文）1CONTROLOFTWOPMLINEARMOTORSWITHASINGLEINVERTERAPPLICATIONTOELEVATORDOORSABSTRACTTHISWORKCONSIDERSTHECONTROLOFTWOPMSYNCHRONOUSMOTORSUSINGASINGLEINVERTERTHESTANDARDAPPROACHTOTHECONTROLOFAPMSYNCHRONOUSMOTORISTOUSEASINGLEINVERTERWHICHPROVIDESINDEPENDENTCONTROLOFTHEDIRECTANDQUADRATUREVOLTAGESANDTHEREFOREOFTHEDIRECTANDQUADRATURECURRENTSOFTHEMOTORHERE,ANAPPROACHISPRESENTEDTHATPROVIDESINDEPENDENTTORQUECONTROLOFTWOPMSYNCHRONOUSMOTORSUSINGASINGLEINVERTERINTHISAPPROACH,THEQUADRATURECURRENTOFEACHMOTORISCONTROLLEDWHILEITISSHOWNTHATTHEDIRECTCURRENTISUNCONTROLLABLEBOTHPARALLELANDSERIESCONNECTIONSOFTHETWOMOTORSTOTHESINGLEINVERTERARECONSIDEREDANDITISSHOWNHOWTHESINGULARITYOFTHECONTROLLERCANBEAVOIDEDINEACHCASETHEMETHODOLOGYISAPPLIEDTOTHECONTROLOFELEVATORDOORS1INTRODUCTIONCOMPOSEDBYTHEORDEROFRELAYCONTROLSYSTEMISAREALIZATIONOFTHEFIRSTELEVATORCONTROLMETHODHOWEVER,TOENTERTHENINETIES,WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYANDTHEWIDESPREADAPPLICATIONOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THESAFETYOFELEVATORS,RELIABILITYOFTHEINCREASINGLYHIGHDEMANDONTHERELAYCONTROLWEAKNESSESAREBECOMINGEVIDENTELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMRELAYSTHEFAILURERATEHIGH,GREATLYREDUCESTHERELIABILITYANDSAFETYOFELEVATORS,ANDESCALATORSSTOPPEDOFTENTOTAKEWITHTHESTAFFABOUTTHEINCONVENIENCEANDFEARANDTHEEVENTRATHERTHANTAKINGTHELIFTORSQUATATTHEENDOFTHELIFTWILLNOTONLYCAUSEDAMAGETOMECHANICALCOMPONENTS,BUTALSOPERSONALACCIDENTMAYOCCURPROGRAMMABLELOGICCONTROLLERPLCISTHEFIRSTORDERLOGICCONTROLINACCORDANCEWITHTHENEEDSOFDEVELOPEDSPECIFICALLYFORINDUSTRIALENVIRONMENTAPPLICATIONSTOOPERATETHEELECTRONICDIGITALCOMPUTINGDEVICEGIVENITSADVANTAGES,外文翻譯（原文）3FORFIELDWEAKENINGHERE,ANAPPROACHISPRESENTEDTHATPROVIDESINDEPENDENTTORQUECONTROLOFTWOPMSYNCHRONOUSMOTORSUSINGASINGLEINVERTERINTHISAPPROACH,THEQUADRATURECURRENTOFEACHMOTORISCONTROLLEDWHILETHEDIRECTCURRENTISUNCONTROLLABLESUCHANAPPROACHWASALSOCONSIDEREDINTHEWORK6THISPROBLEMWASMOTIVATEDBYTHECONTROLOFELEVATORDOORSACONVENTIONALELEVATORDOORSYSTEMHASTHETWODOORSMECHANICALLYCONNECTEDTOASINGLECABLEWHICHFORCESTHETWODOORSTOOPENANDCLOSETOGETHERDUETOTHEMECHANICALCOUPLINGUSINGPOSITIONSENSORFEEDBACKFROMTHEWALL,THEPOSITIONOFTHEDOORSISTHENCONTROLLEDBYAMOTOR/INVERTERSYSTEMTHATPUSHES/PULLSONTHECABLETHEOBJECTIVEHEREWASTOCONSIDERADIFFERENTSYSTEMWHERETHECABLESYSTEMISELIMINATEDANDEACHOFTHETWODOORSOFTHEELEVATORAREACTUATEDUSINGALINEARSYNCHRONOUSMOTORTHETWOMOTORSMUSTRELIABLYOPENANDCLOSETHETWODOORSOFTHEELEVATORWHILEMAINTAININGASTIFFNESSINTHEDIFFERENTIALDIRECTIONOFMOTIONONTHEORDEROF100,000N/MTOHAVETHE“FEEL”O(jiān)FTHECONVENTIONALCABLEDRIVENDOORSFOREXAMPLE,INACONVENTIONALELEVATORDOORSYSTEMIFONEDOORISHELD,THEOTHERDOORMUSTSTOPATTHESAMEPOSITIONSINCETHEDOORSAREATTACHEDTOASINGLECABLEWHOSESTIFFNESSIS100,000N/MTHISSAMEBEHAVIORISSTILLDESIREDINTHENEWSYSTEMANDREQUIRESONEBEINGABLETOINDEPENDENTLYCONTROLEACHOFTHEDOORSIE,THEIRLINEARMOTORACTUATORSTOMAINTAINTHESTIFFNESSHOWEVER,INORDERTOREDUCECOSTS,THEQUESTIONCONSIDEREDHEREISTHATOFBEINGABLETOINDEPENDENTLYCONTROLTHETWOLINEARMOTORSUSINGASINGLEINVERTERTHEOUTLINEOFTHERESTOFTHEPAPERISASFOLLOWSSECTION2BRIEFLYDESCRIBESTHEMODELINGOFPMSYNCHRONOUSMOTORS,SECTION3DEVELOPSALINEARPMMOTORMODELFROMTHEROTARYMODEL,PRESENTSTHEDOORMODELANDSUMMARIZESTHESTANDARDPMSYNCHRONOUSMOTORCONTROLALGORITHM,SECTION4CONSIDERSTHECONTROLOFTWOLINEARPMMOTORSUSINGASINGLEINVERTERFORBOTHTHEPARALLELANDSERIESCONNECTIONFINALLY,SECTION5OFFERSSOMECONCLUSIONS2MODELINGANDCONTROLOFPMSYNCHRONOUSMOTORS

簡介：85ZCHENGETALEDS,URBANCHINAINTHENEWERAMARKETREFORMS,CURRENTSTATE,ANDTHEROADFORWARD,DOI101007/9783642542275_5,?SPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG2014ABSTRACTCONCOMITANTWITHTHEGROWTHOFCONFLICTSOVERLANDUSE,CHINAHASWITNESSEDANINCREASING‘NOTINMYBACKYARD’NIMBYSYNDROMETHROUGHOUTTHECOUNTRYTHELEGALFOUNDATIONFORENVIRONMENTALACTION,PUBLICENVIRONMENTALAWARENESSANDLATENTNIMBYPARTICIPANTSHAVESHOWNTHEPOTENTIALFORAFORTHCOMINGNEIGHBOURHOODENVIRONMENTALPROTESTINURBANCHINA,ANDALSOIMPLIEDSOMESPECIALRESISTANCETACTICSTHISCHAPTEREXPLORESTWONIMBYPROTESTSINBEIJINGANDSUGGESTSTHATNIMBYACTIONINCHINAISSIMILARTOTHATINTHEWESTINSOMEPROTESTTACTICSANDINTERNALRHYTHMSBUTDISTINCTIVEINTHESINGLESUPPORTIVENETWORKRATHERTHANRELYINGONADIVERSIFIEDEXTERNALSOCIALNETWORK,LIKENONGOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONSNGOSORMEDIA,THEMOSTEFFECTIVESUPPORTERFORCHINA’SNIMBYACTIONISGOVERNMENTTHEREFORE,CHINESENIMBYACTIONSTRUGGLESFORSUPPORTFROMGOVERNMENTBYUSINGCHINA’SADMINISTRATIVESYSTEMETHOSFURTHERMORE,WITHNIMBYPRACTICES,THERESIDENTSSTRENGTHENTHEIRAWARENESSOFPROPERTYRIGHTS,ASWELLASESTABLISHTHEIRIDENTITY,ASTHECITIZENSPURSUEPUBLICPARTICIPATIONANDENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE51INTRODUCTIONSINCETHEOPENINGUPREFORMIN1978,CHINA’SECONOMYHASGROWNRAPIDLY,WITHANAVERAGEANNUALGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPGROWTHRATEOFNEARLY10CONCOMITANTWITHTHISSWIFTECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,CHINAHASEXPERIENCEDRAPIDURBANIZATIONSINCETHELATE1990S,CHINA’SRATEOFURBANIZATIONHASINCREASEDBYCHAPTER5CHINA’SNOTINMYBACKYARDPROTESTINTHEPROCESSOFURBANIZATIONYINGWUANDXUEZHENDAIYWUNATIONALINSTITUTEOFSOCIALDEVELOPMENT,THECHINESEACADEMYOFSOCIALSCIENCES,BEIJING,CHINAEMAILWYINGCASSORGCNXDAISCHOOLOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,CENTRALUNIVERSITYOFFINANCEANDECONOMICS,BEIJING,CHINA87NIMBYACTIONBECOMEINCREASINGLYCOMMONSOMEASIANSOCIETIES,SUCHASJAPAN,INDIAANDTAIWAN,ALSOFACEDTHENIMBYPHENOMENONINTHEIRURBANIZATIONPROCESSESKAWASHIMA2000HSU2006DEGROOT2008ACCORDINGTOEMPIRICALRESEARCH,THREEELEMENTSFACILITATENIMBYACTIONTHESEELEMENTSAREGEOGRAPHICCONFLICT,RISKPERCEPTIONANDACTIONABILITYFIRST,GEOGRAPHICPROXIMITYISTHEUNIVERSALRULEOFALLNIMBYSTHECLOSERRESIDENTSARETOANUNWANTEDFACILITY,THEMORELIKELYTHEYARETOOPPOSEITDEAR1992SECOND,PUBLICPERCEPTIONISALSOINTEGRALTONIMBYBEHAVIOURIFTHELOCALSDISTRUSTTHEGOVERNMENTORTHEPROJECTSPONSORSANDTHEYPERCEIVETHEFACILITIESTOBERISKYANDTHREATENING,THEYUNDERTAKESOMEOPPOSITIONALBEHAVIOURTHEGREATERTHENEGATIVEIMPACTORPERCEIVEDRISK,THELESSACCEPTABLETOTHESITE,ANDMORELIKELYTOEVOKEANIMBYRESPONSEKRAFTANDCLARY1991THELASTELEMENTOFNIMBYACTIONABILITYHASNOTBEENNOTICEDMUCHTHEACTIONABILITYCONTAINSTWOELEMENTSWILLINGNESSANDCAPABILITYONONEHAND,INDIVIDUALSINTHECOMMUNITYSHOULDBEWILLINGTOENGAGEINOPPOSITIONALBEHAVIOURTODOSO,THEYHAVETOOVERCOMEPSYCHOLOGICALREACTANCE,DEEMTHEOPPOSITIONASTHEIRNEED,ANDBELIEVETHEIREFFORTCOULDCHANGETHESITUATIONTHORNTONANDKNOX2002ONTHEOTHERHAND,THECOMMUNITYMUSTKNOWHOWTOUSEAPPROPRIATETACTICSTOPROMOTETHEIRNIMBYCAMPAIGN,SUCHASUNIFYINGLOCALORNONLOCALSOCIALNETWORKSSHEMTOV2003WILLINGINDIVIDUALSANDANABLECOMMUNITYMAKENIMBYACTIONPOSSIBLETO‘PROTECTTHEIRTURF’,RESIDENTSTAKEVARIEDTACTICSDURINGTHENIMBYACTION,SUCHASNEIGHBOURHOODPETITIONS,LETTERWRITINGCAMPAIGNSTOTHERELEVANTSTAKEHOLDERS,LOBBYINGOFLOCALOFFICIALS,APPEALINGTOTHEMEDIAANDDEMONSTRATIONSDEAR1992FOREXAMPLE,DEGROOTDEGROOT2008FOUNDTHATSOMECOMMUNITIESININDIADEPENDONTHELOCALNGOSTORAISEAWARENESSANDBUILDSOCIALCAPITALCABLEETALCABLEETAL1988NOTICEDTHATACTIVISTSALSORELYONSTATEANDNATIONALANTINUCLEARORGANISATIONSTOGAINMOREGLOBALSUPPORTAGAINSTNUCLEARPOWERFACILITIESINTHEIRNEIGHBOURHOODOR,SOMETIMES,THEPROTESTORSEXTENDLOCALCIVILRIGHTSISSUESTOABROADERRHETORICWITHMAXIMUMVALUE,LIKE‘SOCIALJUSTICE’OR‘HUMANRIGHT’BULLARD1993NOMATTERWHATKINDOFACTIONSTHEYTAKE,THEBASICPRINCIPALISTOFOMENTANDCHANNELCOMMUNITYOPPOSITIONFURTHERMORE,THEOPPOSITIONEVOLVESWITHTHEUNDERSTANDINGANDINVOLVEMENTOFTHELOCALPOPULATIONDEAR1976SUMMARISEDTHEEVOLUTIONOFOPPOSITIONASATHREESTAGECYCLEINTHEYOUTHSTAGE,THEOPPOSITIONSTARTSWITHASMALLGROUPRESIDINGVERYNEARTOTHEPROPOSEDDEVELOPMENTNIMBYACTIONSAREUSUALLYRAWANDBLUNTRESPONSESBYINDIVIDUALOPPONENTSANDTHENMOVESTOTHEMATURITYSTAGEINORDERTOINSTITUTIONALIZETHERESOURCESOFTHECOMMUNITYANDUNIFYTHEVOICEADDRESSINGTHEPROBLEM,THEDEBATEMOVESINTOAPUBLICANDORGANISATIONALFORUMTHROUGHWHICHTHEOPPOSITIONTACTICSAREIMPROVEDCONSEQUENTLY,THEAIMANDACTIONSOFTHISSTAGEBECOMECLEARERANDMORERATIONALBECAUSECONFLICTRESOLUTIONISOFTENTIMECONSUMING,THEPROCESSCOULDLASTALONGTIMEATTHEOLDSTAGE,SOMEKINDOFARBITRATIONPROCESSMAYBEADOPTEDANDONEOFTHESTAKEHOLDERSMAYGAINAVICTORY,OR,SOMETIMES,THEOUTCOMEISJUSTINCONCLUSIVETHEABOVEMENTIONEDELEMENTS,TACTICSANDPROCEDURESAREJUSTTHEGENERALMODEHOWEVER,NIMBYISAMULTIDIMENSIONALPHENOMENONANDITSOPERATION5CHINA’SNOTINMYBACKYARDPROTESTINTHEPROCESSOFURBANIZATION

簡介：JOURNALOFCHROMATOGRAPHYA,7641997177–182DETERMINATIONOFHIGHERFATTYACIDSINOILSBYHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHYWITHELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONTFUSE,FKUSU,KTAKAMURASCHOOLOFPHARMACY,TOKYOUNIVERSITYOFPHARMACYANDLIFESCIENCE14321,HORINOUCHI,HACHIOJI,TOKYO19203,JAPANRECEIVED15APRIL1996REVISED15AUGUST1996ACCEPTED22OCTOBER1996ABSTRACTASYSTEMOFHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHYWITHELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONWASDEVELOPEDFORTHESEPARATIONANDDETERMINATIONOFHIGHERFATTYACIDSANOCTADECYLSILICAODSCOLUMNWASUSEDASTHESTATIONARYPHASEANDANETHANOL–ACETONITRILE1090MIXTUREASTHEMOBILEPHASETHEELUATEWASMIXEDWITHAQUINONESOLUTIONWHICHWASCOMPOSEDOF6MM2METHYL1,4NAPHTHOQUINONEAND76MMLICLOINETHANOL–ACETONITRILE1090THROUGHAMIXINGCOILPEAKHEIGHTFOR4HIGHERFATTYACIDSMEASUREDAT2415MVVSSATURATEDCALOMELELECTRODESCEWASLINEARAGAINSTTHEAMOUNTOFACIDBETWEEN20AND1200PMOLFREEFATTYACIDSINVARIOUSOILSAMPLESWEREDETERMINEDBYTHISMETHOD,WHICHWASFOUNDNOTONLYSENSITIVEANDREPRODUCIBLEBUTALSOASIMPLEMEANSFORSEPARATINGANDDETERMININGFREEFATTYACIDSINOILSKEYWORDSELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONFATTYACIDS1INTRODUCTIONPHOREPRIORTHECOLUMNSEPARATIONISREQUIREDFORSENSITIVEDETECTIONINHPLCMANYDERIVATIZINGMANYATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADEFORTHESEPARATIONLABELLINGREAGENTSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORTHISANDDETERMINATIONOFFATTYACIDSBYGASCHROMATOGPURPOSE4–13ACATALYSTINSOMECASESISREQUIREDRAPHYGC1–3ANDHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROFORCOMPLETEDERIVATIZATIONOWINGTOTHEPOORREACMATOGRAPHYHPLC4–13INCURRENTGCANALYSISTIVITYOFCARBOXYLGROUPS4FORTHEDERIVATIZATIONCOMMONLYEMPLOYEDTODAY,FREEFATTYACIDSAREOFFATTYACIDSWITHSUCHREAGENTS,THEAMOUNTOFGENERALLYCONVERTEDTOTHEIRMETHYLESTERSANDTHENREAGENT,REACTIONTEMPERATUREANDTIMEARECRITICALFORINJECTEDINTOACAPILLARYGCMETHYLATIONANDGCHIGHREACTIONEFFICIENCYANDAVOIDINGANYSIDEPRODCONDITIONS,SUCHASPROGRAMMEDTEMPERATURE,SPLITUCTFORMATIONWATERISOFTENANINCOMPATIBLEENINJECTION,ASWELLASTYPEOFCAPILLARYCOLUMN,CARRIERVIRONMENTFORDERIVATIZATIONREACTIONSANDTOFINDAGAS,ANDDETECTOR,AREALLIMPORTANTDETERMINANTSOFSOLUTIONTOTHISPROBLEM,EXAMINATIONWASMADEOFHIGHACCURACYANDPRECISIONTHEMAINADVANTAGEOFTHEUSEOFAQUEOUSMICELLARSYSTEMSFORDERIVATIZAHPLCWITHFLUORESCENTDETECTIONHPLCFLOFFATTYTION5ALTHOUGHFLUORIMETRICDETECTIONISQUITEACIDSISHIGHSENSITIVITYHOWEVER,OWINGTOTHEWEAKSENSITIVE,FLUORESCENTINTENSITYISLIABLETOVARYOWINGABSORPTIONANDFLUORESCENTPROPERTIESOFFATTYACIDS,TOTHEPRESENCEOFSUBSTANCESINCOMPLICATEDSAMPLESDERIVATIZATIONWITHASTRONGCHROMOPHOREORFLUOROUNLESSTHEREISACLEANUPPROCEDUREFORTHEIRELIMINATIONITISTHUSHIGHLYDESIRABLETODEVELOPASIMPLECORRESPONDINGAUTHORANDRAPIDMETHODTHATREQUIRESNOSUCHPROCEDURE00219673/97/1700COPYRIGHT?1997ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0021967396009065TFUSEETAL/JCHROMATOGRA7641997177–1821793RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTHATAPPLIEDPOTENTIALTHATWOULDGIVETHEREDUCTIONCURRENTOFPROTONATEDQUINONETHEREDUCTIONPOTENTIALOFPROTONATEDQUINONEWAS31VOLTAMMETRICREDUCTIONOFVKINTHEPRESENCELESSNEGATIVETHANTHATOFDISSOLVEDOXYGENTHE3OFFATTYACIDSHALFPEAKPOTENTIALOFTHEFIRSTREDUCTIONWAVEOFOXYGENINETHANOLCONTAINING38MMLICLOWAS4PROTONATIONOFQUINONEATTHEELECTRODESURFACE2730MVVSSCEHOWEVER,THEREMAYHAVEBEENOCCURSPRIORTOITSELECTRONTRANSFERPROTONATEDBACKGROUNDCURRENTDUETOTHEDISSOLVEDOXYGEN,QUINONEISREDUCEDATAPOTENTIALLESSNEGATIVETHANSINCETHEOXYGENWASREDUCEDATPOTENTIALSMORETHATOFQUINONETOGIVEANEWPEAKONTHEVOLTNEGATIVETHAN2300MVVSSCEAMMOGRAMOFQUINONE17,18HIGHERFATTYACIDS,SUCHASPALMITICACID,INANETHANOLSOLUTIONCON32HPLCECDTAININGVKANDLICLOWEREPREVIOUSLYFOUNDTO34GIVERISETOAPEAKOFPROTONATEDVKONTHEINCONSIDERATIONOFTHEABOVE,HPLCECDOFFATTY3VOLTAMMOGRAMOFVKATAPOTENTIALLESSNEGATIVEACIDSWASCARRIEDOUTREVERSEDPHASESEPARATIONOF3THANTHEREDUCTIONPOTENTIALOFVKVKITSELFGAVEHIGHERFATTYACIDSWASDONEUSINGANODSCOLUMN33ACLEARREDUCTIONPEAKAT2720MVVSSCE,ANDAANDAMPOFANETHANOL–ACETONITRILEMIXTURETHEPEAKOFPROTONATEDVKWASNOTEDAT2320MVVSDISSOLVEDOXYGENINMPANDTHEQUINONESOLUTION3SCEAFTERADDINGPALMITICACIDTOTHESOLUTIONTHEWASREMOVEDBYTHEDEGASSORA20MLALIQUOTOFPEAKHEIGHTWASPROPORTIONALTOADDEDACIDCONSOLUTIONCONTAININGFATTYACIDSWASINJECTEDINTOTHECENTRATION16COLUMNTHEELUATEWASMIXEDWITHTHEQUINONETHEHALFPEAKPOTENTIALOFAPEAKOFPROTONATEDSOLUTIONANDTHEFATTYACIDSWASDETECTEDWITHECDVKWASPREVIOUSLYSHOWNTOSHIFTTOAMOREEXAMINATIONWASMADEOFHOWTHERATIOOFACETONI3NEGATIVEPOTENTIALACCOMPANIEDBYANINCREASEINPKTRILETOETHANOLINTHEMPINFLUENCEDTHESEPARATIONAOFTHEADDEDACID17HOWEVER,HALFPEAKPOTENTIALSANDSENSITIVITYFORACIDDETERMINATIONINFIG2,THEOFPREPEAKSFORDIFFERENTHIGHERFATTYACIDSWERERETENTIONTIMEAANDTHEPEAKHEIGHTSBOFSIGNALSESSENTIALLYTHESAME,SINCEACIDSTRENGTHWASNEARLYFOR200PMOLLINOLEIC,OLEIC,PALMITICANDSTEARICACIDTHESAMEEACHFATTYACIDCOULDTHUSBEDETECTEDATWEREPLOTTEDAGAINSTTHERATIOOFTHETWOSOLVENTS,INFIG2RETENTIONTIMEAANDPEAKHEIGHTBASFUNCTIONSOFSOLVENTRATIOOFTHEMOBILEPHASEALINOLEICACID,BOLEICACID,CPALMITICACID,DSTEARICACIDAMOUNTOFACID5200PMOLHPLCCONDITIONSQUINONESOLUTION,6MMVK176MMLICLOINETHANOL–ACETONITRILE34MIXTURESAMPLEVOLUME,20MLCOLUMN,LICHROSPHER100RP18250MM34MMID,5MMCOLUMNTEMPERATURE,ROOMTEMPERATUREFLOWRATE,11ML/MINAPPLIEDPOTENTIAL,2415MVVSSCE