簡(jiǎn)介：CHARACTERIZATIONOFPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSEMIXESFORDIFFERENTMARSHALLCOMPACTIONEFFORTSDEPARTMENTOFCVILIENGNIEERNIG,NATOINALINSTTIUTEOFTECHNOLOGYKARNATAKA,SURATHKA,LMANGAOLRE575025,INDIAABSTRACTPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSESPFCSAREMAINLYRECOMMENDEDASSURFACEDRAINAGELAYERSONHIGHSPEEDROADCORRIDORSANDRUNWAYPAVEMENTSPERMEABILITYANDSOUNDATTENUATIONCHARACTERISTICSARECONSIDEREDTOBETHEINDICESFORPERFORMANCEASSESSMENTOFPFCSONEOFTHEREASONSFORTHELOSSOFPERMEABILITYINPFCSISDENSIFICATIONUNDERHEAVYTRAFFICBUT,RESISTANCETORAVELLINGTOO,ISOFMAINCONCERNINTHECASEOFUNDERCOMPACTEDPFCSTHISPAPERSUMMARISESTHEDETAILSOFLABORATORYINVESTIGATIONONTHECHARACTERIZATIONOFPFCMIXESCORRESPONDINGTOFOURDIFFERENTGRADATIONSANDTWOBINDERCONTENTS,FORTHREELEVELSOFTHEMARSHALLCOMPACTIONTHEFINDINGSOFTHEINVESTIGATIONSUGGESTTHATTHESELECTIONOFTHECOMPACTIONLEVELFORPFCMIXDESIGNSHOULDBEBASEDONTHEDESIGNTRAFFICLEVEL,ANDTHEGRADATIONSELECTED2009ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSEPOROUSASPHALTMARSHALLCOMPACTIONAIRVOIDSVOIDSINCOARSEAGGREGATEPERMEABILITYMOISTURESUSCEPTIBILITYABRASIONLOSS1INTRODUCTIONPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSESPFCSARETYPICALOPENGRADEDASPHALTICMIXES,COMPOSEDOFRELATIVELYUNIFORMLYGRADEDAGGREGATEANDASPHALTCEMENTORMODIFIEDBINDERS,ANDAREMAINLYUSEDTOSERVEASDRAINAGELAYERS,EITHERATTHEPAVEMENTSURFACEORWITHINTHEPAVEMENTSTRUCTURE1PAVEMENTSSURFACEDWITHOPENGRADEDASPHALTICMIXESWEREFOUNDTOIMPROVEWETWEATHERSKIDRESISTANCE,MINIMIZEHYDROPLANING,REDUCESPLASHANDSPRAY,IMPROVENIGHTVISIBILITYDURINGWETWEATHERCONDITIONS,ANDREDUCETRAFFICTYRENOISE2,3INCOUNTRIESLIKETHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA,JAPAN,THEUNITEDKINGDOM,MALAYSIA,AUSTRALIA,NEWZEALAND,ANDSOUTHAFRICA,OPENGRADEDMIXESAREINUSEASSURFACELAYERSOVERHIGHSPEEDANDHEAVILYTRAFFICKEDHIGHWAYPAVEMENTS2–8THESEAREALSORECOMMENDEDFORSURFACINGRUNWAYPAVEMENTS910MANYAGENCIESAROUNDTHEWORLDUSEDIFFERENTTERMINOLOGIESFOROPENGRADEDMIXES,ANDSPECIFICATIONSTHATARESLIGHTLYDIFFERENTTHEVARIOUSTERMINOLOGIESUSEDINCLUDEOPENGRADEDASPHALTOGA,POROUSASPHALTPA,OPENGRADEDFRICTIONCOURSEOGFC,ANDPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSEPFC11BACKGROUNDTHEHIGHAIRVOIDSCONTENTINPFCSCONTRIBUTETOWARDSPAVEMENTSURFACESTRAIGHTRUNBITUMENANDCRUSHEDSTONEAGGREGATESARETHEMAJORCONSTITUENTSOFPFCMIXESTHESTRAIGHTRUNPAVINGGRADEBITUMENUSEDINTHEPRESENTINVESTIGATIONWASSUPPLIEDBYMANGALOREREFINERYANDPETROCHEMICALSLIMITEDMRPL,MANGALORECRUSHEDGRANITESTONEAGGREGATESOBTAINEDFROMLOCALSTONECRUSHINGPLANTSWEREUSEDINTHISSTUDYTABLE2SHOWSSOMEOFTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFBITUMENANDAGGREGATESTESTEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEASTMD94627ANDASTMD706415,RESPECTIVELYORDINARYPORTLANDCEMENTOPCWASUSEDASAPARTOFTHEMINERALFILLER,CONSTITUTING2BYMASSOFTOTALAGGREGATESWEIGHING1000GTHEPROCEDUREADOPTEDFORPREPARATIONOFTHEPFCSPECIMENSWASQUITETHESAMEASTHATADOPTEDFORDENSEGRADEDASPHALT,ASSUGGESTEDINASPHALTINSTITUTEMANUALSERIES228THEPROPERTIESOFCOMPACTEDMIXESINVESTIGATEDINCLUDEBULKSPECIFICGRAVITYGMB,AIRVOIDSCONTENTVA,STONEONSTONECONTACTCONDITION,PERMEABILITYK,MOISTURESUSCEPTIBILITY,ANDUNAGEDABRASIONLOSSTHESEPROPERTIESWEREEVALUATEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEGUIDELINESOFTHEASTMD706415TABLE3PROVIDESDETAILSONTHETESTSPERFORMEDFORVARIOUSEXPERIMENTALMIXESTHREEOBSERVATIONSWEREMADEONEACHEXPERIMENTALMIX3CHARACTERIZATIONOFPFCMIXES31BULKSPECIFICGRAVITYOFCOMPACTEDMIXTHETESTSFORBULKSPECIFICGRAVITYOFCOMPACTEDMIXESGMBWEREPERFORMEDON24MIXESASDESCRIBEDINTABLE3,WITHTHREEREPLICATESFOREACHMIXTHEGMBOFEACHCOMPACTEDMIXWASDETERMINEDUSINGTHEGEOMETRICMEASUREMENTSOFDIAMETER,HEIGHT,ANDTHEMASSOFTHESPECIMENINAIR,INACCORDANCEWITHASTMD706415THEINDIVIDUALANDMEANGMBVALUESWEREFOUNDTOBEINTHERANGEOF1935–2249,AND1984–2226,RESPECTIVELY,ASSHOWNINFIG2ITISEVIDENTTHATANINCREASEINTHECOMPACTIONEFFORTWILLLEADTODENSIFICATIONOFTHEMIX,RESULTINGINHIGHERDENSITIESFURTHER,ITISEVIDENTFROMTHE95CONFIDENCEINTERVALSTHATTHEREISNOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMEANGMBVALUESAMONGTHEMIXESWITHBINDERCONTENTSOF45AND50WHENCOMPARED,FORAPARTICULARGRADATIONANDCOMPACTIONLEVELTHEMIXESWITHGRADATIONSG1ANDG4EXHIBITEDHIGHERANDLOWERGMBVALUES,RESPECTIVELY,ESPECIALLYSINCEG4COMPRISEDOFCOARSERAGGREGATESTHEMEANGMBVALUESFORTHEMIXESWITHGRADATIONSG2ANDG3AREAPPROXIMATELYTHESAME,ASTHEMINORDIFFERENCESINGRADATIONSHAVENOTAFFECTEDTHEGMBVALUESSIGNIFICANTLY32AIRVOIDSTHEAIRVOIDSVACONTENTINACOMPACTEDMIXISRELATEDTOTHEGMBANDTHETHEORETICALMAXIMUMDENSITYGMMOFTHEUNCOMPACTEDMIX,DETERMINEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEASTMD204130THEINCREASEINTHECOMPACTIONEFFORTRESULTSINHIGHERGMB,RESULTINGINADECREASEINVAFIG3SHOWSTHEINDIVIDUALPLOTOFVAFOREACHMIXITALSOINDICATESTHEMEANVAOFTHEINDIVIDUALMIXESTESTED,ANDTHE95CONFIDENCEINTERVALFORTHEMEANTHELINECONNECTINGTHEMEANVASHOWSTHETRENDINVARIATIONSOFTHEVAWITHTHECOMPACTIONEFFORTTHEINDIVIDUALANDMEANVAVALUESWEREFOUNDTOBEINTHERANGEOF10–22,AND10–20,RESPECTIVELYASPERTHESTANDARDREQUIREMENTSOFASTMD706415,PFCMIXESSHOULDHAVEAMINIMUMVAOF18THEMEANVACORRESPONDING

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簡(jiǎn)介：KBEBASEDSTAMPINGPROCESSPATHSGENERATEDFORAUTOMOBILEPANELSJINQIAOZHENGYILINWANGZHIGANGLIABSTRACTASAUTOMOBILEBODYPANELSAREONEKINDOFSHEETMETALPARTWITHGROUPSOFFREEFORMSURFACES,THEPROCESSPLANNINGISMORECOMPLICATEDTHANCOMMONSHEETMETALSTAMPINGTOIMPLODEEFFECTIVELYANDPRACTICALLYBASEDONKBE,NEWFRAMEWORKSHAVEBEENPRESENTEDASINTELLIGENTMASTERMODELATTHESYSTEMLEVELANDASPROCEDUREMODELATTHEACTIVITYLEVELINACCORDANCEWITHTHESEFRAMEWORKS,ANINTELLIGENTCAPPSYSTEMHASBEENSPECIFICALLYDEVELOPEDBASEDONFEATURETECHNOLOGY,FEATURESHAVEBEENEXTRACTEDANDREPRESENTEDBYTHEOBJECTORIENTEDMETHODSTAMPINGFEATURESANDTHEIRPARAMETERSHAVEBEENDEFINEDANDEXTRACTEDBASEDONFEATURETECHNOLOGYANDSTAMPINGPROCESSRULESTHEWHOLEPRODUCTKNOWLEDGEHASBEENREPRESENTEDBYFRAMESWHICHDIRECTLYMAPTOOBJECTSORFEATURESINTHEOBJECTORIENTEDSENSERELEVANTAPPROPRIATEOPERATIONSFEATURESHAVEBEENASSIGNEDTOSTAMPINGFEATURESOFAPRODUCTBASEDONFEATUREOPERATIONCRITERIA,PARAMETERSOFTHESTAMPINGFEATUREANDTHEIRCORRELATIVITYTHISASSIGNMENTISADECISIONMAKINGACTIVITYUSINGASETOFRULESWITHADECISIONMAKINGTREEANDMODELBASEDREASONINGMETHODSWITHKNOWLEDGEBETWEENOPERATIONS,SUCHASOPERATIONSORDERCONSTRAINTDOAFTERANDOPERATIONSCOMBINATIONCONSTRAINT,PROCESSPATHSHAVEBEENIMPROVEDBASEDONRELEVANTINTELLIGENTREASONINGMETHODSBASEDONTHERELATIONSHIPSPREFERREDTOBETWEENPROCESSESANDMACHINES/DIES,THESTRUCTUREOFDIEANDMACHINEFOREACHPROCESSCANBEIDENTIFIED,SINCETHEPROCESSROUTEHASBEENDETERMINEDINTHISSTAMPINGPROCESSPLANNING,THEPROCEDUREANDINFORMATIONHAVEBEENCONTROLLEDBYAPROCESSCONTROLSTRUCTURETHATISASSOCIATIVEANDINTEGRATED1INTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,RESEARCHONTHECOMPUTERAIDEDPROCESSPLANNINGCAPPSYSTEMFORSHEETMETALHASBEENWIDELYREPORTEDPARKETAL1CONSTRUCTEDANAUTOMATEDPROCESSPLANNINGSYSTEMFORAXSYMMETRICDEEPDRAWINGPRODUCTSTESSA2ANDKANGANDPARK3PRESENTEDAGROUPTECHNOLOGYANDMODULARITYTOCONSTRUCTACAPPSYSTEMFORPROCESSSEQUENCEDESIGNINANEXPERTSYSTEMFORNONAXSYMMETRICDEEPDRAWINGPRODUCTSWITHELLIPTICALSHAPEGAOETAL4DEVELOPEDANADVANCEDSOFTWARETOOLSETUSEDFORTHEAUTOMATIONOFSHEETMETALFABRICATIONPLANNINGFORAIRCRAFTCOMPONENTSZUSSMANANDHORSCH5PROPOSEDAMOTIONPLANNINGAPPROACHFORROBOTASSISTEDMULTIPLEBENTPARTSBASEDONCSPACEANDAPOTENTIALFIELDWANGANDBOURNE6PROPOSEDANAUTOMATICPROCESSPLANNINGSYSTEMWITHTHEFEATURESWELLINVESTIGATEDANDTHEPRODUCTIONPLANSRESEARCHEDWITHNEARMINIMUMMANUFACTURINGCOSTSDEVINETAL7,8DEVELOPEDASHEETMETALCAPPSYSTEMCALLEDPARTS,WHICHINTEGRATESCUTTING,NESTING,BENDINGANDWELDINGPROCESSESFORBENDINGSEQUENCESSTREPPELETAL9SHOWEDTHEAMBIGUITYOFCONVENTIONALTOLERANCESANDPRESENTEDAMETHODWHICHREPLACESCONVENTIONALTOLERANCESWITHGEOMETRICALTOLERANCESFORPROCESSPLANNINGINSMALLBATCHSHEETMETALPARTMANUFACTURINGAMORALETAL10PROPOSEDAMETHODWHICHGENERATEDFEASIBLEBENDINGSEQUENCESOFASHEETMETALPARTHANDLEDBYAROBOT,ANDDISCUSSEDTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEBESTGRASPINGPOSITIONSANDREPOSITIONSAOMURAANDKOGUCHI11PROPOSEDAMETHODTOGENERATEBENDINGSEQUENCESOFASHEETMETALPARTHANDLEDBYAROBOTLIAOANDWANG12PROPOSEDANEVOLUTIONARYPATHPLANNINGAPPROACHFORROBOTASSISTEDHANDLINGMATCHINGOFVALIDCOMBINATIONSOFCOMPONENTS–ENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGE–THISENABLESMANUFACTURINGANDOTHERCONSIDERATIONSTOBEBUILTINTOTHEPRODUCTDESIGNWHENACANDIDATEAPPLICATIONAREAREQUIRESAHIGHDEGREEOFINTEGRATIONOFTHEABOVEELEMENTS,KBEISLIKELYTOBETHEBESTMETHODFORITSINTEGRATIONKBEISSOMETIMESTERMEDRULEBASEDENGINEERING,ASWITHINTHEDISCIPLINE,KNOWLEDGEISOFTENREPRESENTEDBYRULESTHESEMAYBEMATHEMATICALFORMULAEORCONDITIONALSTATEMENTS,ANDALTHOUGHSIMPLEINCONCEPT,THEYMAYTHENBECOMBINEDTOFORMCOMPLEXANDPOWERFULEXPRESSIONSKBESYSTEMS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,AREUSUALLYPROVIDEDWITHSPECIALIZEDGEOMETRICALCAPABILITIES,WITHTHEABILITYTOEMBEDENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGEWITHINAPRODUCTMODELTHEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLESOFTYPICALKBEAPPLICATIONSDEMONSTRATESOMEOFTHECONSIDERABLEBENEFITSTOBEGAINEDFROMITSUSE1LOTUSENGINEERINGTHISUSEDTHEINTEGRATEDCARENGINEERICESYSTEMINTHEDESIGNOFTHELOTUSELISEICECONSISTSOFAVEHICLELAYOUTSYSTEM,ANDMODULESTOSUPPORTTHEDESIGNOFSUSPENSION,ENGINES,POWERTRAIN,WHEELENVELOPEANDWIPERS172THEBOEINGCOMMERCIALAIRPLANEGROUPTHISUSESKBEASATOOLTOCAPTUREAIRPLANEKNOWLEDGETOREDUCETHERESOURCESREQUIREDFORPRODUCINGADESIGN183JAGUARCARSTHECOMPANY’SKBEGROUPDEVISEDASYSTEMTHATREDUCEDTHETIMETAKENTODESIGNANINNERBONNETFROM8WEEKSTO20MIN1922PROBLEMTOSOLVEINACAPPSYSTEMBASEDONKBEASTAMPINGCAPPSYSTEMSHOULDDEALWITHALLKNOWLEDGEINCLUDINGGEOMETRY,NONGEOMETRY,ENGINEERSEXPERIENCE,RULESANDCRITERIA,RESULTSOFTESTSANDNUMERICALSIMULATION,OREVENSUCCESSFULCASES,BECAUSEOFTHECOMPLEXITYOFAUTOMOBILEBODYPANELSTHEKNOWLEDGEISINVOLVEDINDIVERSEFIELDS,SUCHASMETALFORMINGTECHNOLOGY,METALFORMINGMECHANICS,MODERNDESIGNMETHODOLOGY,NUMERICALSIMULATIONTECHNOLOGY,ANDARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEACCORDINGLY,THECAPPSYSTEMHASTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMSWITHEXPRESSIONANDAPPLICATIONOFALLKNOWLEDGE,ANDINTEGRATIONOFALLMULTIDISCIPLINARYDESIGNACAPPSYSTEMISESSENTIALLYASETOFINSTRUCTIONSANDGUIDELINESONHOWTOPERFORMACOMPLEXPROCEDUREITDETAILSTHEINDIVIDUALSUBTASKS,HOWTHEYSHOULDBECARRIEDOUT,INWHATORDER,ANDHOWTHEWORKSHOULDBEDOCUMENTEDFURTHERMORE,ASSYSTEMREQUIREMENTSCHANGE,NEWSOLUTIONSTENDTOEVOLVEFROMEXISTINGONES,SOCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONSANDTHEIRDESCENDANTSCANOUTLIVETHEPERSONNELINVOLVEDINTHEIRINITI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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3520字出處出處WANGH,HUAWZNOTICEOFRETRACTIONBASEDONSLUICEMOVEMENTTURBULENTMOTIONWATERBODYTOORGANICMATTERDEGENERATIONEXPERIMENTANDRESEARCHC//INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONBIOINFORMATICSBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGIEEE,201114基于水閘中湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)與水體有機(jī)質(zhì)退化的實(shí)驗(yàn)和研究基于水閘中湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)與水體有機(jī)質(zhì)退化的實(shí)驗(yàn)和研究王海云，王振華（三峽大學(xué)液壓及環(huán)境工程學(xué)院，中國(guó)宜昌）本文摘要研究水閘中湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)有機(jī)化合物降解的影響。對(duì)葛洲壩船閘仿真試驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)的驗(yàn)證結(jié)果表明,該船閘在不同操作條件下所產(chǎn)生湍流度和能量顯著不同，水的再氧化速度與有機(jī)質(zhì)降解速率不同，生化需氧濃度明顯改變，湍流使得水文流場(chǎng)更加復(fù)雜化，河水的力學(xué)性能從層流的流動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥牧?逆流,或混流,表現(xiàn)出典型的非線性的特點(diǎn)。湍流動(dòng)能K和降解率K1的關(guān)系符合“一階反應(yīng)”理論,建立了一個(gè)關(guān)系式,采用以SPSS110數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)計(jì)算軟件的非線性擬合得到湍流動(dòng)能K和降解率K1很好的相關(guān)性，R209961,真實(shí)的反映了水閘中湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)有機(jī)物質(zhì)降解的影響。關(guān)鍵詞紊流，有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解，葛洲壩船閘,檢測(cè)一簡(jiǎn)介船閘對(duì)于水的輸送與水利設(shè)施的分布來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)重要的操作系統(tǒng)，水流條件和水力特性在閘室內(nèi)非常復(fù)雜,水環(huán)境中水的自凈能力受各種因素的影響，而且這些都是造成環(huán)境安全問(wèn)題的敏感因素。許多國(guó)內(nèi)外人士對(duì)船閘內(nèi)水的環(huán)境質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在船閘區(qū)域水的污染非常嚴(yán)重，水利設(shè)施所在區(qū)往往是水質(zhì)下降和水環(huán)境污染的高危區(qū)。因此，船閘中紊流水體的有機(jī)質(zhì)降解問(wèn)題受到了人們的廣泛關(guān)注，但是，就我們所看到的來(lái)說(shuō)，研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。輸水系統(tǒng)是船閘的重要組成部分,它的主要作用是在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成供水、排水,從而使水位上升和下降相一致。因?yàn)檩斔到y(tǒng)的水流流速大，水頭高，所以船閘區(qū)域的水文條件與天然河流的水文條件完全不同。大多數(shù)水質(zhì)污染過(guò)程不是有序、穩(wěn)定、均衡或肯定的,但在一個(gè)混亂,不穩(wěn)定、非均衡和隨機(jī)湍流狀態(tài)中，存在動(dòng)蕩非線性關(guān)系。在本文中葛洲壩船閘,通過(guò)湍流控制水中有機(jī)質(zhì)降解的實(shí)驗(yàn),并利用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù),獲得大量的第一手資料,以驗(yàn)證了該系統(tǒng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。二研究領(lǐng)域概述1葛洲壩船閘葛洲壩是長(zhǎng)江建成的第一個(gè)大型的水利項(xiàng)目，位于峽口處，根據(jù)其項(xiàng)目安排，其左岸河道與黃柏河交匯于長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)，那里分布著二號(hào)和三號(hào)船閘。2輸水系統(tǒng)2號(hào)船閘輸水系統(tǒng)進(jìn)口段使用的是規(guī)格為60米45米70米（長(zhǎng)寬高）的蓄水池的水。由底部垂直和水平分布的過(guò)道（寬5米，高7米）支持。閘室通道縱深4米橫向6米，灌裝、排空最大容量為287000立方米。3號(hào)船閘輸水系統(tǒng)底部輸水使用分散式消能，兩輸水廊道，兩個(gè)主要部分為3米4米通道，位于閘首處，輸水廊道內(nèi)尺寸4米2米。三實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器、設(shè)備模擬了在葛洲壩船閘中湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)作用下有機(jī)物的降解特點(diǎn)。湍流運(yùn)動(dòng)，模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)的裝置為一玻璃特制的水槽，其規(guī)格為長(zhǎng)8米,寬05米,高06米,底坡1,且水槽內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境跟現(xiàn)實(shí)環(huán)境類似。實(shí)驗(yàn)中將水流流速縮減為實(shí)際水流流速的1使之流入水槽和兩個(gè)截面，水流入口截面1代表長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)，入口截面2代表黃柏河，出口截面為閘室，如圖1所示。以水流流向?yàn)閄坐標(biāo)軸，沿槽寬度方向?yàn)閅坐表1實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)M條件、參數(shù)的總結(jié)編號(hào)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)M條件流量（1/S）水流狀況流入段數(shù)段長(zhǎng)度（CM）主流流向正方向與X軸夾角1水閘關(guān)閉，2，3號(hào)閘關(guān)閉65環(huán)流27反902水閘打開(kāi)15倍，2號(hào)閘關(guān)閉，3號(hào)閘打開(kāi)102環(huán)流28正753水閘打開(kāi)3倍，關(guān)閉3號(hào)閘，打開(kāi)2號(hào)閘82環(huán)流28正754水閘打開(kāi)，打開(kāi)2，3號(hào)閘65環(huán)流28正90表2四種工作條件下的葡萄糖降解情況（BOD5濃度）單位毫克/升條件1條件2時(shí)間（MIN）1號(hào)點(diǎn)2號(hào)點(diǎn)3號(hào)點(diǎn)4號(hào)點(diǎn)1號(hào)點(diǎn)2號(hào)點(diǎn)3號(hào)點(diǎn)4號(hào)點(diǎn)3073573073573572871072073060704705715720652640696680906806616726846075936536341206556076156255345046065721805335265275494784525815532404954844624802211944643613001921811422006260187162降解率701716761652931937692771條件3條件4時(shí)間（MIN）1號(hào)點(diǎn)2號(hào)點(diǎn)3號(hào)點(diǎn)4號(hào)點(diǎn)1號(hào)點(diǎn)2號(hào)點(diǎn)3號(hào)點(diǎn)4號(hào)點(diǎn)3073073073273573073073273560683665703680670663684680906376036576476056016125811205525375615745315525384951804884494745124533974544032402742513042802542292842443007370172185706715887降解率8949037717199039217778972水位變化根據(jù)表1中船閘三種不同的操作條件,進(jìn)行了水位動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn),從4號(hào)測(cè)量點(diǎn)得到了水位變化數(shù)據(jù),顯示在圖2、3、4、顯示水位變化明顯受條件影響,最大的變化,介于248厘米,367厘米,出現(xiàn)在A截面,毗鄰截面。圖5顯示，在90分鐘至120分鐘之間，受條件影響，各截面水位先是上漲然后下降。

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（本科畢業(yè)論文）外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目VIBRATIONSUPPRESSIONOFFIXEDTIMEJIBCRANEMANEUVERS文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源網(wǎng)絡(luò)文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期201011院（部）機(jī)電工程學(xué)院專業(yè)機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化班級(jí)機(jī)械0808姓名秦梅學(xué)號(hào)2008072135指導(dǎo)教師周海濤翻譯日期2012326山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（或畢業(yè)論文，二選一）外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文2TROLLEYTRANSLATIONANDLOADLINELENGTHCHANGETHECOUPLED,NONLINEAREQUATIONSOFMOTIONANDADJOINTEQUATIONS,OBTAINEDFROMTHEAPPLICATIONOFPONTRYAGINSMAXIMUMPRINCIPLE,ARESOLVEDANALYTICALLYFORTHECASESOFCONSTANTANDVARIABLEHOISTINGSPEEDSINBOTHCASESTHEMANEUVERSAREDEVELOPEDSUCHTHATTHEPAYLOADISRESIDUALOSCILLATIONFREEMOUSTAFAANDEBEIDDEMONSTRATEASTATEFEEDBACKCONTROLLERFORDAMPINGLOADSWAYFORAGANTRYCRANECONFIGUREDTOMOVEALONGTWOORTHOGONALDIRECTIONSINTHEHORIZONTALPLANETHISWORKISEXPANDEDONBYEBEIDETALTOINCORPORATEACTUATORDYNAMICSINTOTHECRANEMODELFLIESSETALINVESTIGATEAFEEDBACKLINEARIZINGCONTROLLERFORAONEDIMENSIONALGANTRYCRANETROLLEYTRAVERSALANDLOADLINELENGTHCHANGESARECONSIDEREDSIMULATIONRESULTSINDICATETHEABILITYOFTHECLOSEDLOOPCONTROLLERTOCONTROLLOADSWAYFORRELATIVELYSLOWMANEUVERSTHISSAMESYSTEMISEXAMINEDBYNGUYENWHERESIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFANONLINEARST2TEFEEDBACKCONTROLLERISUSEDSMALLMOTIONSAREASSUMEDABOUTASPECIFIEDOPERATINGPOINTTHISALLOWSFORDECOUPLEDEQUATIONSOFMOTIONANDDECOUPLEDCONTROLLERDESIGNSAKAWAANDNAKAZUMIINVESTIGATEAROTARYCRANEUNDERGOINGHUBANDBOOMROTATIONANDLOADHOISTINGUSINGACOMBINEDOPENANDCLOSEDLOOPAPPROACHTHEOPENLOOPINPUTTOTHECRANEISDESIGNEDBASEDONAPOSTULATEDSETOFFUNCTIONSSUCHTHATTHESWAYMOTIONOFTHELOADISEXCITEDMINIMALLYTHECLOSEDLOOPCONTROLLERISTHENSWITCHEDONWHENTHEMANEUVERISNEARTHEEND,PROVIDINGSIGNIFICANTSWAYDAMPINGVAHAETALGENERATESUBOPTIMAL,MINIMUMTIMEINPUTSFORAROTARYCRANETRACKINGISACHIEVEDVIAASTATEFEEDBACKCONTROLLAWHOWEVER,RADIALSWAY,DUETOCENTRIPETALACCELERATIONOFTHEPAYLOAD,ISNOTCOMPENSATEDSOUISSIANDKOIVOCONSIDERAROTARYCRANEUNDERGOINGABOOMROTATIONBOOMMANEUVERUSINGAPROPORTIONALINTEGRALDERIVATIVECONTROLLERSIMILARTOFLIESSET。AL4THESIMULATIONMODELCONSIDERSBOTHRADIALANDTANGENTIALPAYLOADSWAY,HOWEVER,THECONTROLSTRATEGYUSEDRESULTSINRESIDUALLOADOSCILLATIONINTHISPAPERAPROCEDUREFORGENERATINGOPENLOOPINPUTSFORAROTARYJIBCRANEISINTRODUCEDTHEPRIMARYMANEUVEROFINTERESTISTHERESIDUALOSCILLATION,POINTTOPOINTMOVEMENTOFAPAYLOADTHEINPUTANGULARACCELERATIONTOTHEJIBMOTORISPOSTULATEDASHAVINGAPULSECOASTPULSEFORMANUMERICALOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUEISUSEDTOGENERATETHEPARAMETERSWHICHDEFINETHISPULSESEQUENCESUCHTHATTHEMANEUVERISRESIDUALOSCILLATIONFREEOFSECONDARYINTERESTAREMANEUVERSWHERETHEPAYLOADOSCILLATESINASPECIFIEDMANNERATTHEENDOFTHEMANEUVERAGAIN,

簡(jiǎn)介：譯文二1基于模糊邏輯技術(shù)圖像上邊緣檢測(cè)基于模糊邏輯技術(shù)圖像上邊緣檢測(cè)2摘要摘要模糊技術(shù)是經(jīng)營(yíng)者為了模擬在數(shù)學(xué)水平的代償行為過(guò)程的決策或主觀評(píng)價(jià)而引入的。下面介紹經(jīng)營(yíng)商已經(jīng)完成了的計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)應(yīng)用。本文提出了一種基于模糊邏輯推理戰(zhàn)略為基礎(chǔ)的新方法，它被建議使用在沒(méi)有確定閾值的數(shù)字圖像邊緣檢測(cè)上。這種方法首先將用33的浮點(diǎn)二進(jìn)制矩陣將圖像分割成幾個(gè)區(qū)域。邊緣像素被?映射到一個(gè)屬性值與彼此不同的范圍。該方法的魯棒性所得到的不同拍攝圖像將與線性SOBEL運(yùn)算所得到的圖像相比較。并且該方法給出了直線的線條平滑度、平直度和弧形線條的良好弧度這些永久的效果。同時(shí)角位可以更清晰并且可以更容易的定義。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞模糊邏輯，邊緣檢測(cè)，圖像處理，電腦視覺(jué)，機(jī)械的部位，測(cè)量1引言引言在過(guò)去的幾十年里，對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)的興趣，研究和發(fā)展已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)了不少。如今，它們出現(xiàn)在各個(gè)生活領(lǐng)域，從停車場(chǎng)，街道和商場(chǎng)各角落的監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)到主要食品生產(chǎn)的分類和質(zhì)量控制系統(tǒng)。因此，引進(jìn)自動(dòng)化的視覺(jué)檢測(cè)和測(cè)量系統(tǒng)是有必要的，特別是二維機(jī)械對(duì)象1,8。部分原因是由于那些每天產(chǎn)生的數(shù)字圖像大幅度的增加比如，從X光片到衛(wèi)星影像，并且對(duì)于這樣圖片的自動(dòng)處理有增加的需求9,10,11。因此，現(xiàn)在的許多應(yīng)用例如對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)圖像進(jìn)行計(jì)算機(jī)輔助診斷，將遙感圖像分割和分類成土地類別比如，對(duì)麥田，非法大麻種植園的鑒定，以及對(duì)作物生長(zhǎng)的估計(jì)判斷，光學(xué)字符識(shí)別，閉環(huán)控制，基于目錄檢索的多媒體應(yīng)用，電影產(chǎn)業(yè)上的圖像處理，汽車車牌的詳細(xì)記錄的鑒定，以及許多工業(yè)檢測(cè)任務(wù)比如，紡織品，鋼材，平板玻璃等的缺陷檢測(cè)。歷史上的許多數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)被生成圖像，以幫助人們分析相比較于數(shù)字表之類的，圖像顯然容易理解多了12。所以這鼓勵(lì)了數(shù)字分析技術(shù)在數(shù)據(jù)處理方面的使用。此外，由于人類善于理解圖像，基于圖像的分析法在算法發(fā)展上提供了一些幫助比如，它鼓勵(lì)幾何分析，并且也有助于非正式確認(rèn)的結(jié)1ABDALLAHAALSHENNAWY,AYMANAALYEDGEDETECTIONINDIGITALIMAGESUSINGFUZZYLOGICTECHNIQUEWORLDACADEMYOFSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY,2009,51178186??J輸入圖像模糊圖像模糊推理系統(tǒng)圖像去模糊結(jié)果圖像專家知識(shí)庫(kù)模糊邏輯模糊集理論圖二模糊圖像處理的一般結(jié)構(gòu)最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)可以使用神經(jīng)模糊功能開(kāi)發(fā)邊緣檢測(cè)，在一個(gè)相對(duì)較小的原型邊緣設(shè)置上訓(xùn)練之后，再用古典邊緣檢測(cè)在樣品圖像中進(jìn)行分類。這項(xiàng)工作是BEZDEK等人開(kāi)創(chuàng)的，他們訓(xùn)練一個(gè)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)去像正規(guī)的SOBEL算子一樣給出相同的模糊的結(jié)果。然而，通過(guò)筆者和合作者的工作已表明訓(xùn)練神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)去分類脆值是個(gè)更有效的BEZDEK計(jì)劃變體。神經(jīng)模糊邊緣檢測(cè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)甚至超過(guò)傳統(tǒng)的邊緣檢測(cè)。在27,28系統(tǒng)中的描述，模糊推理系統(tǒng)的輸入是通過(guò)向原始圖像申請(qǐng)高通濾波器，SOBEL算子和低通濾波器而獲得的。然后整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成對(duì)比增強(qiáng)濾波器起作用，另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，轉(zhuǎn)換成輸入類里指定數(shù)量的部分圖像。為數(shù)字圖像上的邊緣檢測(cè)，一種新型的基于模糊邏輯推理策略的FIS方法已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了，而不是確定閥值或需要訓(xùn)練算法。這種提出的方法通過(guò)將圖像分割成浮動(dòng)33的二進(jìn)制區(qū)域開(kāi)始。一個(gè)直接的模糊推理系統(tǒng)測(cè)繪一個(gè)從浮動(dòng)矩陣上得到不同值的范圍來(lái)檢測(cè)邊緣。A模糊圖像處理模糊圖像處理是所有方法的集合，包括理解，描繪或處理作為模糊集的段或特征的圖像。描繪或處理取決于選定的模糊技術(shù)或需要解決的問(wèn)題。模糊圖像處理有三個(gè)主要階段圖像模糊化，隸屬度值的修改，以及必要是的圖像去模糊化，如圖2所示。模糊化和去模糊化的步驟歸咎于我們不具備硬件模糊。因此，圖像數(shù)據(jù)的編碼模糊和對(duì)結(jié)果的解碼去模糊化使通過(guò)模糊技術(shù)處理圖像變?yōu)榭赡?。模糊圖像處理的主要力量是中間步驟隸屬度值的修改。當(dāng)圖像數(shù)據(jù)從灰度平面轉(zhuǎn)換成隸屬度平面模糊，通過(guò)模糊技術(shù)修改隸屬度。這可以是一個(gè)模糊聚類，一個(gè)基于規(guī)則的模糊方法，模糊積分方法等29。

簡(jiǎn)介：外文資料翻譯英文原文1CURRENTDEVELOPMENTSINACCOUNTINGANDTHEDYNAMICSOFECONOMICCALCULATIONTHOMASCTAYLORBACKGROUNDTHEROLEOFACCOUNTINGASARTICULATEDINAUSTRIANECONOMICTHEORYISSECURELYFASTENEDTOTHETASKOFECONOMICCALCULATIONLUDWIGVONMISESDISTINGUISHESBETWEENPROSPECTIVEORANTICIPATIVECALCULATIONINVOLVINGTHE“PRECALCULATIONOFEXPECTEDCOSTSANDEXPECTEDPROCEEDS“RELATINGTOAPLANNEDCOURSEOFACTIONANDRETROSPECTIVECALCULATIONTHATESTABLISHESTHERESULTSOFPASTACTION,THE“ACCOUNTINGOFPROFITORLOSS“ANDHISDEVASTATINGARGUMENTTHATTHEINABILITYOFTHESOCIALISTPLANNERSTOCALCULATETHECOSTSOFALTERNATIVECOURSESOFACTIONRENDERSSOCIALISMIMPOSSIBLEANDESTABLISHESTHECRITICALROLEOFCOSTACCOUNTINGINBUSINESSDECISIONSUNDERCAPITALISMONEOFTHELONGSTANDINGDIFFICULTIESINCOSTACCOUNTINGHASBEENTHEALLOCATIONOF“INDIRECTCOSTS“TOVARIOUSOBJECTSSUCHASPRODUCTS,DEPARTMENTS,DIVISIONS,ETCFOREXAMPLE,TRADITIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGHASLONGDEPENDEDONPREDETERMINEDOVERHEADRATESINORDERTOAPPLYTHEINDIRECTCOSTOFMANUFACURINGTODIFFERENTPRODUCTSBYMEANSOFSOMEBASESUCHASDIRECTLABORCOSTORDIRECTLABORHOURSMISESWASWELLAWAREOFTHEPROBLEMOFASSIGNINGINDIRECTCOSTSFORPURPOSESOFDEPARTMENTALPROFITABILITYANALYSISTHEELABORATEMETHODSOFMODERNBOOKKEEPING,ACCOUNTANCY,ANDBUSINESSSTATISTICSPROVIDETHEENTERPRISERWITHAFAITHFULIMAGEOFALLHISOPERATIONSHEISINAPOSITIONTOLEARNHOWSUCCESSFULORUNSUCCESSFULEVERYONEOFHISTRANSACTIONSWASWITHTHEAIDOFTHESESTATEMENTSHECANCHECKTHEACTIVITIESOFALLDEPARTMENTSOFHISCONCERNNOMATTERHOWLARGEITMAYBETHEREIS,TOBESURE,SOMEAMOUNTOFDISCRETIONINDETERMININGTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFOVERHEADCOSTSBUTAPARTFROMTHIS,THEFIGURESPROVIDEAFAITHFULREFLECTIONOFALLTHATISGOINGONINEVERYBRANCHORDEPARTMENTTHEREMAINDEROFTHISARTICLEWILLDISCUSSMOREFULLYTHEPROBLEMOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONASWIDELYPRACTICEDTODAY,ANDEXPLAINHOWSOMELEADINGCOMPANIESAREIMPLEMENTINGFUNDAMENTALLYNEWAPPROACHESTOCOSTASSIGNMENTANDHOWTHESEAPPROACHESCREATEMOREEFFECTIVETOOLSFORENTREPRENEURIALDECISIONSTHEPROBLEMOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONTHEASSIGNMENTOFINDIRECTCOSTSTOPRODUCTS,DEPARTMENTS,ANDOTHERCOSTOBJECTSHASBEENALONGSTANDINGPROBLEMINCOSTACCOUNTINGINDIRECTCOSTSAREDISTINGUISHED外文資料翻譯英文原文3ACTIVITIESTHATCONSUMETHERESOURCESBYDETERMININGTHECOSTSOFDIFFERENTACTIVITIESASAFIRSTSTAGEINTHECOSTINGPROCESS,OBJECTSCANULTIMATELYBEASSIGNEDCOSTSACCORDINGTOTHEIRDEMANDSFORACTIVITIESSEPARATEPREDETERMINEDACTIVITYRATESARETHUSUSEDRATHERTHANTHEAMORPHOUSOVERHEADRATESOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONABCISFUNDAMENTALLYDIFFERENTFROMTRADITIONALCOSTINGBECAUSEITINSISTSUPONEXPLICITCAUSEANDEFFECTCONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEVARIOUSACTIVITIESANDCOSTSORCONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESASAFIRSTSTAGEASSIGNINGCOSTSTOOBJECTSFOLLOWSINASECONDSTAGEINVOLVINGTHELINKAGEOFOBJECTSTOACTIVITIESTHROUGHTHEUSEOFACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERSANACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERIS“AQUANTITATIVEMEASUREOFTHEOUTPUTOFANACTIVITY“KAPLANANDCOOPER1998,P95TOILLUSTRATE,CONSIDERTHEACTIVITYOFSETTINGUPAMACHINETOPROCESSDIFFERENTBATCHESOFMATERIALSTHEACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERWOULDBESETUPSORSETUPHOURSASSUMETHATTOTALSETUPCOSTIS44,800FORASPECIFICPERIODOFPRODUCTIONIFTHEPROJECTEDTOTALNUMBEROFSETUPSIS70,THENANACTIVITYRATEOF640PERSETUPWOULDBEUSEDTOCOSTDIFFERENTPRODUCTSDEPENDINGONTHENUMBEROFSETUPSREQUIREDOBVIOUSLY,PRODUCTSMANUFACTUREDINSMALLLOTSIZESWILLBEASSIGNEDDISPROPORTIONATELYMOREOFTHESETUPCOSTTHANTHOSEPRODUCEDINLARGERUNSTOILLUSTRATEFURTHER,ASSUMETHAT1,000UNITSOFPRODUCTAAREPRODUCEDEACHPERIODREQUIRING30SETUPSTOACCOMMODATETHESMALLINDIVIDUALORDERSOFCUSTOMERSALSO,PRODUCTBISALARGEVOLUMEITEMINVOLVINGTHEPRODUCTIONANDSALEOF20,000UNITSANDONLY40SETUPSEACHPERIODAPPLYINGTHESETUPRATEOF640PERSETUP,PRODUCTAWOULDBEASSIGNED19,200ANDPRODUCTB25,600FORATOTALSETUPCOSTASSIGNEDOF44,800ABCNONETHELESSHASTODEALWITHTHEFACTTHATMOSTCOSTSOFBUSINESSOPERATIONSTODAYAREFIXEDINMANUFACTURING,OFTENTHEONLYPURELYVARIABLECOSTSRELATETODIRECTMATERIALSANDTOUTILITIESSUCHASELECTRICITYTHEISSUEISNOTUNIQUETOABC,FOREVENTRADITIONALOVERHEADALLOCATIONCANNOTAVOIDTHENECESSITYOFAPPLYINGFIXEDOVERHEADCOSTSTOPRODUCTSTHESOLUTIONREVOLVESAROUNDTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEAMOUNTOFCAPACITYASCRIBEDTOTHERESOURCESASSIGNEDTOEACHACTIVITYTOILLUSTRATE,ASSUMEENGINEERINGRESOURCESCOST280,000EACHPERIODANDHAVETHECAPACITYTOPRODUCE4,000ENGINEERINGCHANGEORDERSTHEACTIVITYDRIVEREACHPERIODTHEACTIVITYRATEOF70PERCHANGEORDERWOULDBEUSEDTOCHARGEDIFFERENTPRODUCTSLINESFORUSINGTHISENGINEERINGSERVICEIFDURINGTHEPERIODONLY3,800CHANGEORDERSWEREGENERATED,AFIVEPERCENTREDUCTIONINACTIVITYLEVELS,THEN14,000OFENGINEERINGCOSTSWOULDNOTBEASSIGNEDTOPRODUCTSBUTWOULDBEREPORTEDASANUNFAVORABLEVOLUMEVARIANCEANDWRITTENOFFTO

簡(jiǎn)介：外文翻譯外文翻譯基于數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的服裝銷售預(yù)測(cè)基于數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的服裝銷售預(yù)測(cè)原文出處1CELIAFRANK,BALAJIVEMULAPALLI,LESMSZTANDERA,AMARRAHEJAFORECASTINGWOMEN’SAPPARELSALESUSINGMATHEMATICALMODELINGJNATIONALTEXTILECENTERANNUALREPORT,2003,111102SEBASTIENTHOMASSEY,MICHELHAPPIETTE,JEANMARIECASTELAINASHORTANDMEANTERMAUTOMATICFORECASTINGSYSTEMAPPLICATIONTOTEXTILELOGISTICSJEUROPEANJOURNALOFOPERATIONALRESEARCH,2005,161275284譯文1基于數(shù)學(xué)建模的女性服裝銷售預(yù)測(cè)目標(biāo)這項(xiàng)工作的目的是為了演示在服裝銷售預(yù)測(cè)中，類似人造的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和模糊邏輯模型的一些簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算方法。1、摘要銷售預(yù)測(cè)是服裝供應(yīng)鏈鎖管理中的主要部分，并且對(duì)于收益性來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要。服裝管理者需要一個(gè)精細(xì)的預(yù)測(cè)工具，像尺寸、價(jià)格、顏色、氣候數(shù)據(jù)、價(jià)格變動(dòng)、營(yíng)銷策略等外因和時(shí)間這樣的內(nèi)因都必須被考慮進(jìn)去。盡管用一貫的氣象學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)預(yù)報(bào)工具來(lái)建立模型是很常見(jiàn)的，但是它們本質(zhì)上反應(yīng)出來(lái)的僅僅只是歷史數(shù)據(jù)和一個(gè)線性趨勢(shì)。非常規(guī)的人工智能工具例如模糊邏輯和人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，可以有效地將銷售模型的外因和內(nèi)因考慮進(jìn)去，并且允許從任意非線性近似函數(shù)得出直接的推導(dǎo)。在這個(gè)研究中，預(yù)測(cè)模型是建立在單變量分析和多變量分析的基礎(chǔ)上的。建立在多元模糊邏輯分析學(xué)上的模型比那些建立在其他基礎(chǔ)上的模型要好得多。模型的效力是通過(guò)比較擬合優(yōu)度統(tǒng)計(jì)資料、R2中的一個(gè)來(lái)測(cè)試的，也包含不同形態(tài)服裝的實(shí)際銷售和預(yù)測(cè)銷售的比較。五個(gè)月的銷售數(shù)據(jù)（2001812）當(dāng)做原始數(shù)據(jù)用于我們的模型，然后做出一個(gè)2002年一個(gè)月份的銷售預(yù)測(cè)。模型的效力是通過(guò)比較擬合優(yōu)度統(tǒng)計(jì)資料、R2中的一個(gè)來(lái)測(cè)試的，也包含實(shí)際銷售和預(yù)測(cè)銷售的比較。一個(gè)093的R2由多變量分析獲得（075是單變量分析），這明顯比由單季性的指數(shù)平滑獲得的090和冬季的三項(xiàng)參數(shù)模式得來(lái)的075要高得多。另一種模型，基于人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的方集合體規(guī)則的條件部分。構(gòu)成規(guī)則的THEN部分。去模糊化把由前階段獲得的輸出變量（銷售）的語(yǔ)言值（S）轉(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)真實(shí)的輸出值。這可以通過(guò)處理基值來(lái)完成，新結(jié)果要在平衡所有結(jié)果后找出來(lái)。模糊邏輯模型應(yīng)用于分組數(shù)據(jù)模型，銷售價(jià)值計(jì)算每個(gè)尺寸類的組合。這整段時(shí)間的總銷售額是通過(guò)總結(jié)所有分組項(xiàng)目的銷售額來(lái)計(jì)算的。N趨向于一系列尺寸顏色組合的點(diǎn)。為了計(jì)算日常銷售，要用到兩種不同的方法61分?jǐn)?shù)貢獻(xiàn)法根據(jù)觀察，每個(gè)工作日的分?jǐn)?shù)貢獻(xiàn)對(duì)于整個(gè)周銷售來(lái)說(shuō)是恒定不變的。表格4和圖形2描述了一個(gè)工作日對(duì)于周銷售的分?jǐn)?shù)貢獻(xiàn)，從預(yù)測(cè)的周銷售能預(yù)測(cè)日常銷售。

簡(jiǎn)介：EXPERIMENTALSTUDYONSHEARBEHAVIORINNEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSOFSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONTINUOUSBEAMSGUOPINGLI1CHUNLEIZHANG2ANDCHANGYANNIU3ABSTRACTEXTERNALPRESTRESSINGTECHNOLOGYHASACHIEVEDWIDEAPPLICATIONINBRIDGESALTHOUGHPREVIOUSTESTSHAVEMADEGREATPROGRESSINSHEARBEHAVIOROFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMS,THERESEARCHMAINLYFOCUSEDONSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSTOSTUDYTHEEFFECTSOFJOINTSANDLARGENEGATIVEMOMENTSONTHESHEARBEHAVIOROFSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONTINUOUSBEAMS,ASERIESOFCANTILEVERBEAMSPECIMENSWEREDESIGNEDTOSIMULATETHENEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSINCONTINUOUSBEAMSTHEN,THECRACKDEVELOPINGBEHAVIOR,FAILUREMODEBEHAVIOR,ANDMECHANICALBEHAVIOROFSPECIMENSWITHDIFFERENTSHEARSPANTOEFFECTIVEDEPTHRATIOS,JOINTTYPES,JOINTLOCATIONS,ANDRATIOSOFINTERNALTOEXTERNALTENDONSWEREINVESTIGATEDINTHISEXPERIMENTALSTUDYTHETESTRESULTSSHOWTHATFAILURECRACKSOFSEGMENTALSPECIMENSAREWEBSHEARCRACKS,WHOSELOCATIONSANDINCLINATIONANGLESAREINDEPENDENTOFJOINTSEVENTUALLY,BOTHSIDESOFTHESPECIMENSMOVERELATIVELYALONGFAILURECRACKSANDTHESPECIMENSFAILSUDDENLYTHERESULTSALSOREVEALTHATTHEDEFLECTIONSOFSEGMENTALSPECIMENSAFTERCRACKINGDEVELOPVERYQUICKLY,ANDTHESTRESSINCREMENTSOFPRESTRESSINGTENDONSREACH20–24OFTHETENSILESTRENGTH,WHICHARELARGERTHANTHOSEOFMONOLITHICSPECIMENSINADDITION,THESHEARSTRENGTHPROVIDEDBYTHECONCRETEEFFECTSINREGIONSNEARTHEINTERIORSUPPORTSOFCONTINUOUSBEAMSISLOWERTHANTHATINREGIONSNEARTHESUPPORTSOFSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMS,ANDTHECONTRIBUTIONSOFTHESTIRRUPANDPRESTRESSINGTENDONTOTHESHEARSTRENGTHARE14–21AND8–18,RESPECTIVELY,INWHICHTHECONTRIBUTIONOFSTIRRUPISGREATERTHANTHATOFSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSDOI101061/ASCEBE194355920000351?2013AMERICANSOCIETYOFCIVILENGINEERSCEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSCONCRETEBRIDGESPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONTINUOUSBEAMSJOINTSSHEARFAILURESCRACKINGAUTHORKEYWORDSEXTERNALPRESTRESSINGCONTINUOUSBEAMSJOINTSSHEARFAILURECRACKINGINTRODUCTIONEXTERNALPRESTRESSINGTECHNOLOGYHASBEENWIDELYADOPTEDINCONCRETEBRIDGESFORMORETHAN30YEARSPREVIOUSRESEARCHHASSHOWNTHATTHEREISNOOBVIOUSDIFFERENCEINTHESTRUCTURALBEHAVIORBETWEENINTERNALLYANDEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDSTRUCTURESREGARDINGSERVICELIMITSTATESHOWEVER,THISISDIFFERENTFROMULTIMATELIMITSTATESEXTERNALTENDONSAREANCHOREDONLYATTHETWOENDSOFTHEBEAM,RESULTINGINTHEIRSTRESSINCREMENTSLIMITEDANDTHEYIELDINGPOINTHARDLYREACHEDONTHEBASISOFTHEINVESTIGATIONSOFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESINSERVICE,ITISFOUNDTHATMANYAPPLICATIONSOFEXTERNALPRESTRESSINGTECHNOLOGYHAVEBEENMADEONSEGMENTALBRIDGESVIRLOGEUX1993CORVEN1993EIBL1993MULLER1993ANUMBEROFTESTSHAVEBEENMADEONMONOLITHICANDSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDBEAMSFOUREETAL1993A,BREZENDEMARTINSETAL1993RAMIREZETAL1993APARICIOETAL2002LI2007SAIBABUETAL2009,ANDTHERESULTSSHOWTHATJOINTSHAVEASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONTHEFORMATIONOFCRACKSANDFAILUREMODESOFBEAMSTANANDTJANDRA2003REPORTEDSHEARDEFICIENCYOFEXTERNALTENDONSFORSTRENGTHENINGTHESHEARSTRENGTHOFBEAMS,ANDLI2007DEVELOPEDTESTSONSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMSANDIDENTIFIEDTHEIRDIFFERENCESWITHMONOLITHICONESINSHEARBEHAVIORANDSHEARSTRENGTHBASEDONTHEEXISTENCEOFJOINTSHOWEVER,WHENSUMMARIZINGTHEPREVIOUSRESULTS,ITCANBESEENTHATRESEARCHONSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDBEAMSPRIMARILYFOCUSEDONFLEXURALSTRENGTHFOUREETAL1993BREZENDEMARTINSETAL1993NAAMANANDJEONG1993DRONNADULLA1993LIANDZHANG2007TANANDTJANDRA2007NG2003HARAJLI1993,ANDLIMITEDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREREPORTEDINTHELITERATUREONSHEARSTRENGTHTHEEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMSFOCUSEDONSHEARBEHAVIOROFSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSANDFLEXURESHEARBEHAVIOROFCONTINUOUSBEAMSAPARICIOETAL2002RAMIREZETAL1993LI2007BUYUKOZTURKETAL1990TURMOETAL2006THEMOMENTANDSHEARINNEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSNEARINTERIORSUPPORTSOFCONTINUOUSBEAMSARERELATIVELYLARGECOMPAREDWITHTHOSENEARSUPPORTSOFSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSMOSTPREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVENOTCONSIDEREDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFSHEARBEHAVIORINTHESEREGIONSINEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONTINUOUSBEAMSFOUREETAL1993ADESIGNEDASERIESOFTESTSCOMPRISINGSIXTSHAPEDEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCANTILEVERBEAMSTOSIMULATETHENEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSOFCONTINUOUSBEAMSANDINVESTIGATETHEDIFFERENCESINSHEARSTRENGTHBETWEENEXTERNALLYANDINTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDBEAMSHOWEVER,THEEFFECTOFJOINTSONTHEMECHANICALBEHAVIORWASNOTINCLUDEDINTHEIRTESTSTHEREFORE,ITSHOULDBEBENEFICIALTOSTUDYSHEARBEHAVIORINNEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSOFSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONTINUOUSBEAMSANDTOINVESTIGATETHEWHOLEPROCESSFROM1PROFESSOR,DEPTOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,TONGJIUNIV,SHANGHAI200092,CHINAEMAILLGPTJTONGJIEDUCN2PHDCANDIDATE,DEPTOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,TONGJIUNIV,SHANGHAI200092,CHINACORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAIL3ZHANGTONGJIEDUCN3ASSISTANTENGINEER,SHANGHAIMUNICIPALENGINEERINGDESIGNINSTITUTEGROUPCO,LTD,3GUOKANGRD,SHANGHAI200092,CHINAEMAILNEILTJGMAILCOMNOTETHISMANUSCRIPTWASSUBMITTEDONSEPTEMBER5,2011APPROVEDONNOVEMBER30,2011PUBLISHEDONLINEONDECEMBER2,2011DISCUSSIONPERIODOPENUNTILSEPTEMBER1,2013SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTHISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL18,NO4,APRIL1,2013?ASCE,ISSN10840702/2013/4328–338/2500328/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/APRIL2013JBRIDGEENG,2013,184328338DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYSULTANQABOOSUNIVERSITYON08/30/16COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSON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簡(jiǎn)介：THECHINESEECONOMY,VOL40,NO6,NOVEMBER–DECEMBER2007,PP6–23?2007MESHARPE,INCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDISSN1097–1475/2007950000DOI102753/CES10971475400601ZHONGXIUZHAOANDKEVINHONGLINZHANGCHINA’SINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEWORLDABSTRACTTHISARTICLESTUDIESCHINA’SINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSUSINGINTERNATIONALPERSPECTIVESANDCOMPARISONADOPTINGTHEINDEXOFCOMPETITIVEINDUSTRIALPERFORMANCEDEVELOPEDBYTHEUNITEDNATIONSINDUSTRIALORGANIZATIONUNIDO,WEASSESSCHINA’SPOSITIONINTHEWORLDANDANALYZETHEDYNAMICSOFITSINDUSTRIALCAPABILITIES,FOCUSINGONFIVEDRIVERSOFINDUSTRIALCAPABILITYSKILLS,TECHNOLOGICALEFFORTS,INWARDFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTFDI,ROYALTYANDTECHNICALPAYMENTSABROAD,ANDMODERNINFRASTRUCTUREWEFINDTHATCHINA’SBIGJUMPININDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSISLARGELYASSOCIATEDWITHITSPARTICIPATINGINTERNATIONALPRODUCTIONNETWORKSTHECORRESPONDINGDANGERSWITHSUCHCONNECTION,HOWEVER,ARELOWDOMESTICVALUEADDEDANDMERELYSERVINGASANEXPORTPLATFORMCHINACANBECOMEAGLOBALINDUSTRIALPOWERONLYIFITSUCCEEDSINUPGRADINGINDUSTRYANDDOMESTICINNOVATIONWHATISTHESTATEOFCHINA’SINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEWORLDPERHAPSTHECLEARESTIMPRESSIONISONEOFRAPIDECONOMICGROWTHSINCE1979,WHENCHINASTARTEDITSECONOMICREFORMSANDOPENDOORPOLICYHOWEVER,ASADEVELOPINGCOUNTRYINTHEERAOFGLOBALIZATION,CHINAFACESTHECHALLENGEOFHOWINDUSTRIALENTERPRISESCANBECOMEANDREMAININTERNATIONALLYCOMPETITIVEZHONGXIUZHAOISAPROFESSORATTHESCHOOLOFINTERNATIONALTRADEANDECONOMICS,UNIVERSITYOFINTERNATIONALBUSINESSANDECONOMICS,BEIJING,CHINAKEVINHONGLINZHANGISANASSOCIATEPROFESSORINTHEDEPARTMENTOFECONOMICS,ILLINOISSTATEUNIVERSITY,NORMAL,IL61790–420068THECHINESEECONOMYBYTHEUNITEDNATIONSINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTORGANIZATIONUNIDO,WEASSESSCHINA’SPOSITIONINTHEWORLDANDANALYZETHEDYNAMICSOFITSINDUSTRIALCAPABILITIESINTHEPERIOD1985–1998ANDCPROBLEMSANDCHALLENGESFORCHINATOSUSTAINITSINDUSTRIALGROWTHSINCE1998SOMEPOLICYISSUESFACINGCHINAAREIDENTIFIEDINRECENTINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT,ESPECIALLYHOWTOINCREASEDOMESTICVALUEADDEDINGLOBALPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSANDWHATSHOULDBEDONEININDUSTRIALUPGRADINGANDDOMESTICINNOVATIONINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSTHEORYANDEVIDENCEWHYDOESINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSMATTERSINCETHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION,MANUFACTURINGHASBEENTHEENGINEFORECONOMICGROWTHANDFORTRANSFORMINGTHEECONOMICSTRUCTUREOFPOORCOUNTRIESINPARTICULAR,ITHASBEENTHECATALYSTFORSHIFTINGTHEMFROMSIMPLE,LOWVALUEACTIVITIESWITHPOORGROWTHPROSPECTSTOACTIVITIESWITHHIGHPRODUCTIVITY,INCREASINGRETURNS,ANDSTRONGGROWTHPOTENTIALUNIDO2002THEGROWTHOFTECHNOLOGYDRIVENECONOMICACTIVITIESINTHEPASTTWODECADESDOESNOTCHANGETHISFACT,DESPITETHERISINGSHAREOFSERVICESININCOMEANDTHEMUCHHYPEDGROWTHOFTHE“NEWECONOMY”INDEED,RAPIDTECHNICALPROGRESSMAKESINDUSTRIALIZATIONEVENMOREIMPORTANTTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES1INDUSTRIALPERFORMANCEREFLECTSTHECOMPLEXINTERACTIONOFMANYFACTORS,INCLUDINGINSTITUTIONS,SKILLS,TECHNOLOGIES,INFRASTRUCTURE,NETWORKING,POLITICALANDSOCIALSTABILITY,ANDOTHERFACTORSTOMAKEANALYSESUSEFULANDALSOWORKABLE,WEHAVETOBELIMITEDTOAFEWOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTDETERMINANTS,INSTEADOFINCLUDINGALLFACTORSARECENTSTUDYBYUNIDO2002IDENTIFIEDFIVEDRIVERSTHATAREDIRECTLYRELEVANTTOINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSSKILLS,TECHNOLOGICALEFFORT,INWARDFOREIGNFDI,ROYALTYANDTECHNICALPAYMENTSABROAD,ANDMODERNINFRASTRUCTURESKILLSSKILLSHAVEALWAYSBEENIMPORTANTFORINDUSTRIALPERFORMANCEBUTTHEYHAVEBECOMEEVENMORECRUCIALBECAUSEOFTHEEXPLOSIVEGROWTHOFTHEWEIGHTLESSECONOMYANDTHEHIGHINFORMATIONCONTENTOFINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES

簡(jiǎn)介：PECKINGORDERANDDEBTCAPACITYCONSIDERATIONSFORHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESSEEKINGFINANCINGTOMRVANACKER?SOPHIEMANIGARTACCEPTED24JUNE2008/PUBLISHEDONLINE28OCTOBER2008?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLC2008ABSTRACTTHISPAPEREXAMINESINCREMENTALFINANCINGDECISIONSWITHINHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESALARGELONGITUDINALDATASET,FREEOFSURVIVORSHIPBIAS,TOCOVERFINANCINGEVENTSOFHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESFORUPTO8YEARSISANALYZEDTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCESHOWSTHATPROFITABLEBUSINESSESPREFERTOFINANCEINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,EVENIFTHEYHAVEUNUSEDDEBTCAPACITYEXTERNALEQUITYISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTFORUNPROFITABLEBUSINESSESWITHHIGHDEBTLEVELS,LIMITEDCASHFLOWS,HIGHRISKOFFAILUREORSIGNIFICANTINVESTMENTSININTANGIBLEASSETSTHESEFINDINGSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEEXTENDEDPECKINGORDERTHEORYCONTROLLINGFORCONSTRAINTSIMPOSEDBYDEBTCAPACITYITSUGGESTSTHATNEWEQUITYISSUESAREPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTOALLOWHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESTOGROWBEYONDTHEIRDEBTCAPACITYKEYWORDSFINANCINGDECISIONS?PECKINGORDERTHEORY?DEBTCAPACITY?GROWTHJELCLASSIFICATIONSG32?L261INTRODUCTIONALTHOUGHFEWINNUMBER,HIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESCONTRIBUTEDISPROPORTIONATELYTOEMPLOYMENTANDWEALTHCREATIONINANECONOMYSTOREY1994THISMAKESORGANIZATIONALGROWTHACENTRALAREAOFRESEARCHINENTREPRENEURSHIPANDAMAJORPOLICYCONCERNPROPERFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,INCLUDINGRAISINGSUITABLEFINANCING,ISONEOFTHEKEYFACTORSSHAPINGHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESNICHOLLSNIXON2005THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOOFFERANINSIGHTINTOTHEDISCRETEFINANCINGDECISIONSTAKENWITHINHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESARETHOUGHTTOBEPARTICULARLYSEVEREINTHISSETTINGFRANKANDGOYAL2003,CAUSINGASUBSTANTIALWEDGEBETWEENTHECOSTSOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALDEBTANDEQUITYFINANCINGCARPENTERANDPETERSEN2002AWETHEREFOREFOCUSONTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYTOEXPLAINTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYPREDICTSTHEEXISTENCEOFAFINANCINGHIERARCHY,WHEREBUSINESSMANAGERSAVOIDTHECOSTOFEXTERNALFINANCINGIFPOSSIBLEASARESULT,THEYWILLFIRSTPREFERTOUSEINTERNALFUNDS,THENDEBTANDFINALLYOUTSIDEEQUITYASALASTRESORTTOFINANCEINVESTMENTSMYERS1984MYERSANDMAJLUF1984THEIMPACTOFCOMPANYCHARACTERISTICSONFINANCIALDECISIONMAKINGMAYVARYACCORDINGTOTHERESEARCHSETTINGHARRISANDRAVIV1991ITISTHEREFOREIMPORTANTTOTESTFINANCIALTHEORIESINSETTINGSWHEREOURKNOWLEDGEISLIMITEDTODETERMINETHEGENERALIZABILITYOFTHETHEORIESACROSSDIFFERENTSETTINGSTRVANACKERCARPENTERANDPETERSEN2002ABERGERANDUDELL1998ASYMMETRICINFORMATIONISPROBABLYONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTREASONSWHYOUTSIDEFUNDSARETHOUGHTTOBESUBSTANTIALLYMORECOSTLYCOMPAREDTOINTERNALFUNDSBERGERANDUDELL19981INFORMATIONALASYMMETRYENTAILSTHATWHILEBUSINESSMANAGERSHAVEPRIVATEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEVALUEOFASSETSINPLACEANDFUTUREGROWTHOPTIONS,OUTSIDEINVESTORSCANMERELYESTIMATETHESEVALUESFACEDWITHTHERISKOFADVERSESELECTION,OUTSIDEINVESTORSWILLDEMANDA‘‘LEMONS’’PREMIUMFORTHESECURITIESOFFEREDBYTHEBUSINESSAKERLOF1970THEMORERISKYTHESECURITY,THEHIGHERTHEPREMIUMWILLBE,ASRISKEXACERBATESTHEEFFECTSOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRYMYERS1984ASARESULT,COMPANIESPREFERTOFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,WHICHARENOTSUBJECTTOASYMMETRICINFORMATIONPROBLEMSWHENINTERNALFUNDSAREINSUFFICIENTTOMEETTHEFINANCINGNEEDS,MANAGERSWILLTURNTOMORECOSTLYOUTSIDEFUNDSINTHISSITUATIONCOMPANIESAREEXPECTEDTOISSUETHESAFESTSECURITIESFIRSTASTHESEWILLSUFFERLESSFROMINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESANDHENCEBESUBJECTTOLOWERPREMIUMSMYERS1984MYERSANDMAJLUF1984THISIMPLIESMANAGERSWILLFIRSTRAISEDEBTFINANCINGANDONLYCONSIDERNEWEQUITYASALASTRESORTTHERESULTINGFINANCINGHIERARCHYISOFTENREFERREDTOASAPECKINGORDERANDISONEOFTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALTHEORIESINTHEFINANCIALLITERATUREFRANKANDGOYAL2003INTHISPAPERTHEFOCUSISONTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYASAFRAMEWORKTOUNDERSTANDINCREMENTALFINANCINGDECISIONSCONSEQUENTLY,THISRESEARCHISINLINEWITHPRIORSTUDIES,SUCHASHELWEGEANDLIANG1996SHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999ANDFRANKANDGOYAL2003,WHICHFOCUSONTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFQUOTEDAMERICANCOMPANIESTHEIRDIRECTTESTSOFTHETWOMAINTENETSOFTHEPECKINGORDERMODELIE,1COMPANIESPREFERTOFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGSAND2EXTERNALEQUITYISONLYISSUEDASALASTRESORTIFOUTSIDEFUNDSARENEEDEDHAVEOFFEREDINCONCLUSIVEANDEVENCONTRADICTORYRESULTS,HOWEVERHELWEGEANDLIANG1996,STUDYINGAPANELOFUSCOMPANIESTHATCONDUCTEDANIPOIN1983,FINDTHATTHEPROBABILITYOFOBTAININGOUTSIDEFUNDSISNOTRELATEDTOASHORTFALLININTERNALLYGENERATEDFUNDS,WHICHISINCONTRASTWITHPREDICTIONSOFTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYHOWEVER,CONSISTENTWITHPECKINGORDERPREDICTIONS,THEYFINDTHATFIRMSWITHACASHSURPLUSAVOIDOUTSIDEFINANCINGFINALLY,FIRMSACCESSINGTHECAPITALMARKETDONOTFOLLOWAPECKINGORDERWHENCHOOSINGTHETYPEOFSECURITYTOOFFERSHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999,HOWEVER,DRAWADIFFERENTPICTUREOFTHEPREDICTIVEPOWEROFTHEPECKINGORDERMODELBASEDONASAMPLEOF157USFIRMSTHATTRADEDCONTINUOUSLYBETWEEN1971AND1989,THEYCONCLUDETHAT‘‘THEPECKINGORDERTHEORYISANEXCELLENTFIRSTORDERDESCRIPTOROFCORPORATEFINANCINGBEHAVIOR,ATLEASTINOURSAMPLEOFMATURECORPORATIONS’’SHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999,P242FRANKANDGOYAL2003SHOWTHATFORAMOREELABORATESAMPLEOFPUBLICLYQUOTEDUSCOMPANIES,THEGREATESTSUPPORTFORTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYISFOUNDAMONGLARGEFIRMSSMALLERFIRMS,WHICHAREEXPECTEDTOBEMORELIKELYTOBESUBJECTTOINFORMATIONASYMMETRIES,DONOTSEEMTOFOLLOWAPECKINGORDERADDITIONALLY,THEPECKINGORDERTHE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簡(jiǎn)介：THEROLEOFTRANSPORTATIONINLOGISTICSCHAINYUNGYUTSENGPHDCANDIDATETRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILYUNGYUTSENGUNISAEDUAUWENLONGYUEPROGRAMDIRECTORTRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILWENYUEUNISAEDUAUMICHAELAPTAYLORDIRECTORTRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILMICHAELTAYLORUNISAEDUAUABSTRACTTHEOPERATIONOFTRANSPORTATIONDETERMINESTHEEFFICIENCYOFMOVINGPRODUCTSTHEPROGRESSINTECHNIQUESANDMANAGEMENTPRINCIPLESIMPROVESTHEMOVINGLOAD,DELIVERYSPEED,SERVICEQUALITY,OPERATIONCOSTS,THEUSAGEOFFACILITIESANDENERGYSAVINGTRANSPORTATIONTAKESACRUCIALPARTINTHEMANIPULATIONOFLOGISTICREVIEWINGTHECURRENTCONDITION,ASTRONGSYSTEMNEEDSACLEARFRAMEOFLOGISTICSANDAPROPERTRANSPORTIMPLEMENTSANDTECHNIQUESTOLINKTHEPRODUCINGPROCEDURESTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPAPERISTODEFINETHEROLEOFTRANSPORTATIONINLOGISTICSFORTHEREFERENCEOFFURTHERIMPROVEMENTTHERESEARCHWASUNDERTAKENTOASSISTLOGISTICSMANAGERS,RESEARCHERSANDTRANSPORTATIONPLANNERSTODEFINEANDCOMPREHENDTHEBASICVIEWSOFLOGISTICSANDITSVARIOUSAPPLICATIONSANDTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENLOGISTICSANDTRANSPORTATIONKEYWORDSLOGISTICS,TRANSPORTATION,CITYLOGISTICS1INTRODUCTIONSINCELOGISTICSADVANCEDFROM1950S,THEREWERENUMEROUSRESEARCHESFOCUSEDONTHISAREAINDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONSDUETOTHETRENDOFNATIONALISATIONANDGLOBALISATIONINRECENTDECADES,THEIMPORTANCEOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTHASBEENGROWINGINVARIOUSAREASFORINDUSTRIES,LOGISTICSHELPSTOOPTIMISETHEEXISTINGPRODUCTIONANDDISTRIBUTIONPROCESSESBASEDONTHESAMERESOURCESTHROUGHMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESFORPROMOTINGTHEEFFICIENCYANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFENTERPRISESTHEKEYELEMENTINALOGISTICSCHAINISTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM,WHICHJOINTSTHESEPARATEDACTIVITIESTRANSPORTATIONOCCUPIESONETHIRDOFTHEAMOUNTINTHELOGISTICSCOSTSANDTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSINFLUENCETHEPERFORMANCEOFLOGISTICSSYSTEMHUGELYTRANSPORTINGISREQUIREDINTHEWHOLEPRODUCTIONPROCEDURES,FROMMANUFACTURINGTODELIVERYTOTHEFINALCONSUMERSANDRETURNSONLYAGOODCOORDINATIONBETWEENEACHCOMPONENTWOULDBRINGTHEBENEFITSTOAMAXIMUMTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTORECLARIFYANDREDEFINETHEPOSITIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTRANSPORTATIONANDLOGISTICSSYSTEMSTHROUGHCOLLECTINGANDANALYSINGVARIOUSAPPLICATIONPROCEEDINGSOFTHEEASTERNASIASOCIETYFORTRANSPORTATIONSTUDIES,VOL5,PP16571672,20051657LOGISTICSSERVICESCOMPRISEPHYSICALACTIVITIESEGTRANSPORT,STORAGEASWELLASNONPHYSICALACTIVITIESEGSUPPLYCHAINDESIGN,SELECTIONOFCONTRACTORS,FREIGHTAGENEGOTIATIONSMOSTACTIVITIESOFLOGISTICSSERVICESAREBIDIRECTIONINFORMATIONSYSTEMSINCLUDEMODELLINGANDMANAGEMENTOFDECISIONMAKING,ANDMOREIMPORTANTISSUESARETRACKINGANDTRACINGITPROVIDESESSENTIALDATAANDCONSULTATIONINEACHSTEPOFTHEINTERACTIONAMONGLOGISTICSSERVICESANDTHETARGETSTATIONSINFRASTRUCTURECOMPRISESHUMANRESOURCES,FINANCIALRESOURCES,PACKAGINGMATERIALS,WAREHOUSES,TRANSPORTANDCOMMUNICATIONSMOSTFIXEDCAPITALISFORBUILDINGTHOSEINFRASTRUCTURESTHEYARECONCRETEFOUNDATIONSANDBASEMENTSWITHINLOGISTICSSYSTEMSFIGURE1OVERVIEWOFLOGISTICSSYSTEMSOURCEBTRE,200123HISTORYANDADVANCEMENTOFLOGISTICSLOGISTICSWASINITIALLYAMILITARYACTIVITYCONCERNEDWITHGETTINGSOLDIERSANDMUNITIONSTOTHEBATTLEFRONTINTIMEFORFLIGHT,BUTITISNOWSEENASANINTEGRALPARTOFTHEMODERNPRODUCTIONPROCESSTHEMAINBACKGROUNDOFITSDEVELOPMENTISTHATTHERECESSIONOFAMERICAINTHE1950SCAUSEDTHEINDUSTRIALTOPLACEIMPORTANCEONGOODSCIRCULATIONSTHETERM,LOGISTICS,WASINITIALLYDEVELOPEDINTHECONTEXTOFMILITARYACTIVITIESINTHELATE18THANDEARLY19THCENTURIESANDITLAUNCHEDFROMTHEMILITARYLOGISTICSOFWORLDWARIITHEPROBABLEORIGINOFTHETERMISTHEGREEKLOGISTIKOS,MEANING‘SKILLEDINCALCULATING’BTRE,2001MILITARYDEFINITIONSTYPICALLYINCORPORATETHESUPPLY,MOVEMENTANDQUARTERINGOFTROOPSINASETANDNOW,ANUMBEROFRESEARCHESWERETAKENANDMADELOGISTICSAPPLICATIONSFROMMILITARYPROCEEDINGSOFTHEEASTERNASIASOCIETYFORTRANSPORTATIONSTUDIES,VOL5,PP16571672,20051659

簡(jiǎn)介：英文文獻(xiàn)原文ACASCADEDITERATIVEFOURIERTRANSFORMALGORITHMFOROPTICALSECURITYAPPLICATIONSABSTRACTACASCADEDITERATIVEFOURIERTRANSFORMCIFTALGORITHMISPRESENTEDFOROPTICALSECURITYAPPLICATIONSTWOPHASEMASKSAREDESIGNEDANDLOCATEDINTHEINPUTANDTHEFOURIERDOMAINSOFA4FCORRELATORRESPECTIVELY,INORDERTOIMPLEMENTTHEOPTICALENCRYPTIONORAUTHENTICITYVERIFICATIONCOMPAREDWITHPREVIOUSMETHODS,THEPROPOSEDALGORITHMEMPLOYSANIMPROVEDSEARCHINGSTRATEGYMODIFYINGTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSOFBOTHMASKSSYNCHRONOUSLYASWELLASENLARGINGTHESEARCHINGSPACECOMPUTERSIMULATIONSSHOWTHATTHEALGORITHMRESULTSINMUCHFASTERCONVERGENCEANDBETTERIMAGEQUALITYFORTHERECOVEREDIMAGEEACHOFTHESEMASKSISASSIGNEDTODIFFERENTPERSONTHEREFORE,THEDECRYPTEDIMAGECANBEOBTAINEDONLYWHENALLTHESEMASKSAREUNDERAUTHORIZATIONTHISKEYASSIGNMENTSTRATEGYMAYREDUCETHERISKOFBEINGINTRUDEDKEYWORDSOPTICALSECURITY–OPTICALENCRYPTION–CASCADEDITERATIVEFOURIERTRANSFORMALGORITHM1INTRODUCTIONOPTICALTECHNIQUESHAVESHOWNGREATPOTENTIALINTHEFIELDOFINFORMATIONSECURITYAPPLICATIONSRECENTLYRéFRéGIERANDJAVIDIPROPOSEDANOVELDOUBLERANDOMPHASEENCODINGTECHNIQUE,WHICHENCODESAPRIMARYIMAGEINTOASTATIONARYWHITENOISETHISTECHNIQUEWASALSOUSEDTOENCRYPTINFORMATIONINTHEFRACTIONALFOURIERDOMAINANDTOSTOREENCRYPTEDINFORMATIONHOLOGRAPHICALLYPHASEENCODINGTECHNIQUESWEREALSOPROPOSEDFOROPTICALAUTHENTICITYVERIFICATIONWANGETALANDLIETALPROPOSEDANOTHERMETHODFOROPTICALENCRYPTIONANDAUTHENTICITYVERIFICATIONUNLIKETHETECHNIQUESMENTIONEDABOVE,THISMETHODENCRYPTSINFORMATIONCOMPLETELYINTOAPHASEMASK,WHICHISLOCATEDINEITHERTHEINPUTORTHEFOURIERDOMAINOFA4FCORRELATORFORINSTANCE,GIVENTHEPREDEFINITIONSOFASIGNIFICANTIMAGEFX,YASTHEDESIREDOUTPUTANDAPHASEDISTRIBUTIONEXP{JBU,V}INTHEFOURIERDOMAIN,IT’SEASYTOOPTIMIZETHEOTHERPHASEFUNCTIONEXP{JPX,Y}WITHAMODIFIEDPROJECTIONONTOCONSTRAINTSETSPOCSALGORITHM10THEREFORETHEIMAGEFX,YISENCODEDSUCCESSFULLYINTOEXP{JPX,Y}WITHTHEAIDOFEXP{JBU,V}INOTHERWORDS,THEFIXEDPHASEEXP{JBU,V}SERVESASTHELOCKWHILETHERETRIEVEDPHASEEXP{JPX,Y}SERVESASTHEKEYOFTHESECURITYSYSTEMTORECONSTRUCTTHEORIGINALINFORMATION,THEPHASEFUNCTIONSEXP{JPX,Y}ANDEXP{JBU,V}MUSTMATCHANDBELOCATEDINTHEINPUTANDTHEFOURIERPLANERESPECTIVELYABOOKASISETALIMPLEMENTEDTHISSCHEMEWITHAJOINTTRANSFORMCORRELATORFOROPTICALVERIFICATIONHOWEVER,BECAUSETHEKEYEXP{JPX,Y}CONTAINSINFORMATIONOFTHEIMAGEFX,YANDTHELOCKEXP{JBU,V},ANDTHE4FCORRELATORHASACHARACTEROFLINEARITY,ITISPOSSIBLEFORTHEINTRUDERTOFINDOUTTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHELOCKFUNCTIONBYSTATISTICALLYINITIALIZATIONOFTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEMASKSSUPPOSETHEITERATIONPROCESSREACHESTHEKTHITERATIONK1,2,3,,ANDTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSINTHEINPUTANDTHEFOURIERPLANEAREREPRESENTEDASAND,RESPECTIVELYTHENANESTIMATIONOFTHETARGETIMAGEISOBTAINEDATTHEOUTPUTOFTHECORRELATORDEFINEDBYWHEREFTANDIFTDENOTETHEFOURIERTRANSFORMANDTHEINVERSEFOURIERTRANSFORM,RESPECTIVELYIFFKX,YSATISFIESTHECONVERGENTCRITERION,THEITERATIONPROCESSSTOPS,ANDANDARETHEOPTIMIZEDDISTRIBUTIONSOTHERWISE,THEFKX,YISMODIFIEDTOSATISFYTHETARGETIMAGECONSTRAINTASFOLLOWSTHENTHEMODIFIEDFUNCTIONISTRANSFORMEDBACKWARDTOGENERATEBOTHOFTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSASFOLLOWSWHEREANG{}DENOTESTHEPHASEEXTRACTIONFUNCTIONTHENKISREPLACEDBYK1FORTHENEXTITERATIONITISSHOWNINEQS3AAND3BTHATBOTHOFTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSAREMODIFIEDINEVERYITERATION,ACCORDEDTOTHEESTIMATIONOFTHETARGETIMAGEINTHEPRESENTITERATIONITENSURESHEALGORITHMCONVERGESWITHMUCHFASTERSPEEDANDMORECONSISTENTFORTHEPHASEMASKSINGENERAL,THECONVERGENTCRITERIONCANBETHEMSEORTHECORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTHEITERATEDANDTHETARGETIMAGE,WHICHAREDEFINEDBYWHEREMNISTHESIZEOFTHEIMAGE,ANDEDENOTESTHEMEANOFTHEIMAGE

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4300字，字，2700單詞，單詞，13500英文字符英文字符出處出處GRAYC,GREATEDCATHEAPPLICATIONOFPARTICLEIMAGEVELOCIMETRYTOTHESTUDYOFWATERWAVESJOPTICSLASERSINENGINEERING,1988,9S3–4265276光學(xué)與激光工程9（1988）265276粒子圖像測(cè)速技術(shù)在水波研究中的應(yīng)用粒子圖像測(cè)速技術(shù)在水波研究中的應(yīng)用CGRAYCAGREATED愛(ài)丁堡大學(xué)物理系，詹姆斯克拉克麥克斯韋巴德建筑，國(guó)王建筑，梅菲爾德街道，英國(guó)愛(ài)丁堡EH93JZ，（1987年9月1日收到，1987年12月21日采納）摘要粒子圖像測(cè)速技術(shù)（PIV）對(duì)水波下速度分布測(cè)量的應(yīng)用是可以描述的，二維水波產(chǎn)于實(shí)驗(yàn)室波浪水槽里被一股強(qiáng)大的CW氬離子激光照明的測(cè)量區(qū)域。攝影記錄和隨后的電光分析的影片提供了在實(shí)驗(yàn)室波浪水槽的位移，因此速度場(chǎng)可以用來(lái)傳遞波浪。這個(gè)典型的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果和通過(guò)與線性波理論的比較闡明了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。引言在水波下的速度分布的研究是一門(mén)具有重大現(xiàn)實(shí)意義科目，因?yàn)檫@些知識(shí)對(duì)海洋結(jié)構(gòu)的預(yù)測(cè)力來(lái)說(shuō)是必不可少的。在許多情況下，特別是當(dāng)該波被打破或到達(dá)一個(gè)不穩(wěn)定點(diǎn)時(shí)，沒(méi)有可靠的分析和計(jì)算技術(shù)能夠給出可靠的結(jié)果。在這種情況下，設(shè)計(jì)者必須訴諸于在實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行模擬建波，并充分地利用測(cè)試的標(biāo)度律。實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量的主要困難是，傳統(tǒng)的速度探頭，如小型螺旋槳米或熱線風(fēng)速計(jì)，要么不能回應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確的波浪環(huán)境，要么遭受嚴(yán)峻的校準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題。激光多普勒測(cè)速儀（LDA）已成功地應(yīng)用于測(cè)量水波速度1，但在其應(yīng)用程序中仍會(huì)遇到的很多問(wèn)題。主要的困難與當(dāng)測(cè)量正在波谷水平之上被記錄時(shí)激光束僅淹沒(méi)的波周期的一部分的事實(shí)是相關(guān)的。憑借先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)，分析了多普勒信號(hào)表示它已經(jīng)可以克服這些困難，速度分布的詳細(xì)研究，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)作為結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的目的已被利用。2盡管有這些進(jìn)步，這種類型的測(cè)量裝置的基本限制依然存在。水波研究設(shè)計(jì)人員一般感興趣的是在一個(gè)指定的表面輪廓下的速度向量圖。但是，激光多普勒技術(shù)，測(cè)定的僅僅是在任何給定的時(shí)刻的一個(gè)固定空間點(diǎn)。之后，僅可以構(gòu)建完整的向量圖在波個(gè)人檔案的問(wèn)題的情況下，可以準(zhǔn)確地重復(fù)了很多次，探頭移動(dòng)到繼承整個(gè)流場(chǎng)點(diǎn)層擴(kuò)大鋁板網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生的。水槽兩側(cè)的狹窄的水槽和緊密配合的造波機(jī)，確保生成的波是二維的，并且是沒(méi)有顯著垂直于水槽兩邊的流體運(yùn)動(dòng)。氬離子激光燈的一個(gè)032米寬，3毫米厚的薄片，被用來(lái)照亮的水槽內(nèi)的平面是很好的，進(jìn)入水槽通過(guò)玻璃基體和通過(guò)垂直于基底并平行于玻璃邊的波傳遞。光從激光器到薄板的擴(kuò)展是通過(guò)使用短焦距柱面透鏡來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。一個(gè)正面的切片鏡子反射的激光的擴(kuò)大片通過(guò)基地水槽。該鏡像到它的長(zhǎng)度從后面看，中間拉緊為了稍微低頭，它具有重準(zhǔn)直光表的效果。由于光垂直入射到玻璃基體，因此不需要的反射被減少到最低限度。當(dāng)使用高功率激光和采取的步驟可能會(huì)相當(dāng)減少的影響（包括不斷擴(kuò)大的鏡片多層鍍膜技術(shù)）有助于最大限度地到達(dá)測(cè)量表面以及減少對(duì)眼睛的損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，強(qiáng)烈的反射光通過(guò)反射的光損失?？刂圃谂蛎浰渲械墓馄灿兄诒３忠粋€(gè)恒定的光強(qiáng)度，垂直穿過(guò)的測(cè)量區(qū)域內(nèi)，否則，這些成為不太激烈的進(jìn)一步把油箱作為光繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。水箱中的水的種子是一定量的針葉樹(shù)花粉。這種形式的播種適合這種應(yīng)用，因?yàn)槠浔阋讼啾?，其他的播種材料如為在波浪水槽（1000HTRES）的體積的水，這將是昂貴的乳膠球?；ǚ垡彩且粋€(gè)不錯(cuò)的直播媒體，因?yàn)樗侵行愿×υ谒?，所有的粒子都是相似的大?。s50100微米），它吹散了不少的光。水箱中的水的種子與一定量的針葉樹(shù)花粉。這種形式的播種是適合這種應(yīng)用，因?yàn)槠浔阋讼啾绕渌N材料如乳膠球，這將是昂貴的，在波浪水槽的水的體積（千升）?；ǚ垡彩且粋€(gè)不錯(cuò)的直播媒體，因?yàn)樗侵行愿×υ谒校械牧Ｗ佣际窍嗨频拇笮。s50100微米），它吹散了不少的光。該物質(zhì)的暴露是一個(gè)敏感400ASA單色膜，以便使用短脈沖時(shí)間0002S是足以致動(dòng)所述乳液。照片的流量是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的35毫米。尼康F2單反相機(jī)，電機(jī)膜提前的F2855毫米的平焦微距鏡頭。平攝像頭基座，使自動(dòng)曝光和顯影的電影有一個(gè)真正的精神水平，這是隨后的分析所依據(jù)的。最后的照明平面上的寬度，以便測(cè)量其在膠片上的圖像的寬度的測(cè)量可用于計(jì)算M的對(duì)象/所需的最終速度的計(jì)算的圖像的放大倍率。條紋分析雙重曝光膜的流量上捕獲的位移場(chǎng)確定的點(diǎn)，逐點(diǎn)通過(guò)測(cè)量由相交的探頭的激光束的遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)中產(chǎn)生的衍射條紋的間距和取向，因?yàn)樵诘湫偷南喈?dāng)大的噪聲本PIV條紋（圖2），并且由于所需的測(cè)量點(diǎn)（50500）的典型的大量的，它是必要的自動(dòng)化分析條紋。一個(gè)低功率（1MW）的氦氖激光器，用來(lái)照亮安裝在手動(dòng)X，Z載物臺(tái)允許探針激光束，以在任何一點(diǎn)上相交的膜曝光和顯影，負(fù)片。F2的一個(gè)50毫米尼康相機(jī)鏡頭投射的功率譜的薄膜上的小的照明區(qū)域的攝像管的十字LDH402室內(nèi)攝像機(jī)條紋數(shù)字化到一個(gè)數(shù)組中的6464的強(qiáng)度值與一個(gè)8

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文題目禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究學(xué)生姓名張文娟學(xué)號(hào)2008105421專業(yè)電氣工程及自動(dòng)化班級(jí)20081096指導(dǎo)教師楊力森評(píng)閱教師完成日期2012年1月12日禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究操作區(qū)時(shí)就需要很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。FAN和MCDONALD用了兩次拉姆達(dá)的迭代來(lái)解決有操作禁區(qū)區(qū)域的受限經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度問(wèn)題。HOPFIELD神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)過(guò)去常單獨(dú)使用3和文獻(xiàn)4，以解決非凸經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度優(yōu)化問(wèn)題。許多參數(shù)的調(diào)整必須為HOPFIELD網(wǎng)絡(luò)做出來(lái)，以確保其一致性和銜接到一個(gè)可行的解決方案中去。本文探討使用改良粒子群優(yōu)化技術(shù)5來(lái)解決一些有禁止作業(yè)區(qū)的單位的約束經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度問(wèn)題。應(yīng)用“近”最好方案升級(jí)調(diào)查，該技術(shù)是一種并行人口為基礎(chǔ)的搜尋方法，每個(gè)迭代包括候選方案的全體人口。以雙方速度優(yōu)化的形式，以每個(gè)人在人口更新其內(nèi)部問(wèn)題空間中的位置的方式，改良粒子群優(yōu)化技術(shù)被運(yùn)用到原始的粒子群優(yōu)化算法中來(lái)。這是旨在阻止個(gè)人在問(wèn)題限制區(qū)以外的可探尋地區(qū)活動(dòng)，并降低這種算法導(dǎo)致的現(xiàn)今局部最小值的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由于沒(méi)有梯度信息的擬議技術(shù)的利用，它可以應(yīng)用到一類非常廣泛的優(yōu)化問(wèn)題中來(lái)，包括約束和限制優(yōu)化問(wèn)題，仿真結(jié)果表明，無(wú)需梯度信息，該技術(shù)達(dá)到很好的精度，并且使用非常簡(jiǎn)單的算術(shù)和邏輯運(yùn)算而無(wú)需任何額外的調(diào)整參數(shù)。2．問(wèn)題陳述．問(wèn)題陳述考慮一些有禁止操作區(qū)單位的約束調(diào)度問(wèn)題，應(yīng)儲(chǔ)備的數(shù)學(xué)公式如下在這里I所有在線機(jī)組指數(shù)；發(fā)電成本（元/時(shí)）；第I號(hào)機(jī)組產(chǎn)生的功率（單位兆瓦）；第I號(hào)機(jī)組的成本系數(shù)函數(shù)；所上線機(jī)組的全集。受以下限制（1）功率平衡在此傳輸損耗（兆瓦）；總負(fù)荷需求（兆瓦）；