簡介：中文中文36503650字附錄一附錄一外文翻譯外文翻譯葉輪機械中的液壓非定常流動分析葉輪機械中的液壓非定常流動分析艾伯特魯普雷希特液壓機械與流體力學研究所斯圖加特大學，德國摘要摘要計算流體動力學（CFD）在當今流體機械領(lǐng)域于流體機械搜索和發(fā)展，以及設(shè)計過程中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。不過在這些仿真過程中幾乎都是應(yīng)用了穩(wěn)態(tài)激勵。但是在本文中，將用非定常模擬顯示不同的例子。這里所提出的例子含有不穩(wěn)定的應(yīng)用程序與自激，如渦脫落或渦繩、尾水管，以及不穩(wěn)定的應(yīng)用程序與外部被迫改變或移動的幾何形狀，如轉(zhuǎn)子，定子之間的相互作用。這些例子中對非定常流動的要求，潛力和限定條件進行了評估分析。同時特別對湍流模型和必要的計算工作要求進行了討論。引言引言是雷諾應(yīng)力，這是從湍流模型計算。該不可壓縮流連續(xù)性方程讀取為IJ??（2）0???IIXU并且不包含隨時間變化的變量，需要強調(diào)的是，方程（1）及（2）表現(xiàn)在不同時間和空間。在空間它們顯示橢圓行為，因此它們應(yīng)具備所有表面的邊界條件。同時由于他們的拋物線性質(zhì)，在任何時候他們都不具備反饋?；谶@個原因在將來他不需要任何的邊界條件。這正如SCHEMATI卡利圖所示（圖2），這就是時間離散與空間離散研究方法不同的原因。對于空間離散通常應(yīng)用有限體積或有限元逼近。時間離散則采用與其不同的方法。不過，大多是使用有限差分的方法。其中的幾個最常引用的有限差異近似如圖3示。除此之外，明確多點結(jié)構(gòu)的RUNGE庫塔型或預測校正圖表也常得到應(yīng)用。

簡介：河南科技大學畢業(yè)設(shè)計1外文資料PERFORMANCEOFICESTORAGESYSTEMUTILIZINGACOMBINEDPARTIALANDFULLSTORAGESTRATEGYABSTRACTACOMBINEDSYSTEMISANEWTHERMALSTORAGESTRATEGYADOPTEDINTHISSTUDYWITHWHICHTHETWOOTHERKNOWNSTRATEGIESNAMELY,PARTIALANDFULLLOAD,ARECOMPAREDTHERESULTSREVEALEDTHATTHECOMBINEDSYSTEMREQUIRESLARGEREQUIPMENTSIZETHANTHATREQUIREDBYPARTIALSYSTEMTOSATISFYTHESAMECOOLINGLOADFACTORSFANDFTHATPFMAYBEMULTIPLIEDBYTHEDAILYAVERAGECOOLINGLOADTODETERMINETHEOPTIMUMCHILLERSSIZEFORACOMBINEDSYSTEMAREFOUNDTHESEFACTORSAREAPPLICABLEFORANYCOOLINGLOADANDAREBASEDONAGIVENCHILLERCONDENSINGANDEVAPORATINGCONDITIONASUSEDINTHISSTUDYTHESEFACTORSAREFOUNDTOVARYWITHTHENUMBEROFONPEAKHOURSCOMBINEDSTRATEGYREQUIREDCHILLERSIZEWASFOUNDTODECREASEWITHDECREASEINONPEAKPERIOD,HENCETHEOPTIMUMCHILLERSIZEFORTHISNEWSTRATEGYWASFOUNDTOOCCURATZEROONPEAKHOURS,ANDIE,WHENTHECOMBINEDSYSTEMSTARTSTOOPERATEASAPARTIALSTRATEGYSYSTEMKEYWORDSICESTORAGESYSTEM1INTRODUCTIONTHERMALSTORAGEISTHETEMPORARYSTORAGEOFHIGHORLOWTEMPERATUREENERGYFORLATERUSEAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMTHATEMPLOYSTHERMALSTORAGEEQUIPMENTINCORPORATESTWOSTRATEGIES,THEPARTIALANDFULLLOADFOREITHEROFTHESESTRATEGIES,INVESTIGATIONSWEREMADETODETERMINETHEPOSSIBLESAVINGINCHILLERSIZEASCOMPAREDWITHCONVENTIONALCOOLINGSYSTEMTHEPARTIALANDFULLSTORAGESTRATEGIESWEREPREVIOUSLYSTUDIEDINDEPENDENTLYANDTHERESULTSOBTAINEDHADSHOWNTHATTHECHILLERSIZEREQUIREDINPARTIALSTRATEGYISSMALLERTHANTHATREQUIREDINFULLSTRATEGYTOSATISFYTHESAMECOOLINGLOAD河南科技大學畢業(yè)設(shè)計3FULLSTRATEGIESATTHESAMETIME,ITISIMPORTANTTOFINDTHEMINIMUMCOMBINATIONCHILLERSIZETHATWILLSATISFYTHECOOLINGLOADATASETOFCONDITIONSTHESECONDITIONSARETHEEVAPORATINGANDCONDENSINGPRESSUREANDTEMPERATUREANDTHENUMBEROFONPEAKHOURSDURINGWHICHONLYTHEPARTIALCHILLERISKEPTRUNNINGTHEPROCEDUREADOPTEDINTHISSTUDYINFINDINGTHEMINIMUMCHILLERSIZEMAYBESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWAANINITIALASSUMPTIONOFTHEPARTIALCHILLERSIZEISTOBEMADETHECHILLERSIZETHUSASSUMEDSHOULDBERELATED,SOMEHOW,TOTHECOOLINGLOADTWODISTINCTVALUESOFTHECOOLINGLOADARETHEMAXIMUMANDTHEAVERAGEVALUEANDTHELATERISCHOSENINTHISSTUDYHENCETHEINITIALPARTIALCHILLERSIZEWILLBETHEAVERAGECOOLINGLOADMULTIPLIEDBYACERTAIN,ARBITRARILYSELECTED,FACTORFPBSINCEAIRCOOLEDCHILLERISUSED,ITSCONDENSINGTEMPERATUREWOULDVARYACCORDINGTOINLETAMBIENTAIRTEMPERATURETHEREFORETHEINITIALPARTIALCHILLERSIZEWOULDBEBASEDONTHECONDENSINGTEMPERATUREATWHICHMAXIMUMCOOLINGLOADOCCURSCCHILLERCAPACITYISTHENDETERMINEDHOURLYANDFORTHEDAILYCYCLEATTHEDIFFERENTEXISTINGCONDENSINGTEMPERATUREDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEDAILYCYCLECOOLINGLOADANDTHEDAILYTOTALPARTIALSTRATEGYCHILLERCAPACITYWOULDBEMETBYTHEFULLSTRATEGYCHILLERTHESIZEOFTHISCHILLERISASSUMEDTOBEEQUALTOTHEAVERAGECOOLINGLOADMULTIPLIEDBYAFACTORFANDMUSTEQUALTOTHEDIFFERENCEINDICATEDABOVEIFTHISCONDITIONISNOTSATISFIEDTHENANOTHERVALUEOFFFISSELECTEDETHECOMBINEDSTRATEGYCHILLERSIZEOBTAINEDBYTHEINITIALRUNWITHTHEASSUMEDFPANDCALCULATEDFFMAYNOTBETHEOPTIMUMTHEREFOREANITERATIONPROCEDUREISADOPTEDANDTHEFACTORFPISCHANGEDPROGRESSIVELYUNTILAMINIMUMCHILLERSIZEISOBTAINEDFINORDERTOFINDTHERELATIONBETWEENOPTIMUMCHILLERSIZEANDCOOLINGLOADATDIFFERENTONPEAKHOURS,THEABOVEPROCEDUREISREPEATEDFOREACHONPEAKPERIODSTARTINGFROMSIXANDENDINGWITHZEROONPEAK

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文資料翻譯學院建筑工程學院專業(yè)土木工程姓名鄧銳學號081401235外文出處WWWGHCIVILCOM附件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導教師評語簽名年月日用外文寫2FIGURE1BOUTIRONBRIDGE，VICHYFIGURE2EUGENFREYSSINET大約在同一時間，這個工作也在英格蘭的BRE實驗室進行著（（格蘭維爾1930年）和（1933））。徐變的發(fā)現(xiàn)將歸功于誰，受到了爭論，但FREYSSINET對預應(yīng)力混凝土的研究和成功的應(yīng)用是大家都公認的。還有相關(guān)問題需要討論，比如預應(yīng)力混凝土的工作機理是怎樣的因為有好幾個的關(guān)于它的思維方式。這些不同的哲學是在一定程度上的矛盾，當然也包含年輕的工程師。它也反映，在某程度上，有很多種看法。容許應(yīng)力設(shè)計哲學認為，預應(yīng)力混凝土的一種方式，靠消除拉應(yīng)力避免開裂；目的是在徐變的損失后保持足夠的壓縮。由于徐變產(chǎn)生預應(yīng)力損失，這一理念源于FREYSSINET的推理和主要的有效應(yīng)力的概念。極限強度哲學認為，預應(yīng)力的一種利用高鋼筋作為加固的方式。當它用來作為加固時高強度鋼的高彈性應(yīng)變的能力無法被利用；如果鋼筋是先張法，大部分的應(yīng)變量在鋼筋粘接混凝土前之前已經(jīng)損失。這種方式的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計通常設(shè)計為全橋處于永久荷載，但高活載下是允許裂紋。這種想法源于DISCHINGER從他1936

簡介：THESTUDYOFGOVERNMENTWEBSITEINFORMATIONDISCLOSUREINTAIWANYUANFACHEN1,SANDYYULANYEH2,ANDKUOCHINGWU11DEPARTMENTOFINFORMATIONMANAGEMENT,CENTRALPOLICEUNIVERSITY,TAIWANWKCMAILCPUEDUTW2DEPARTMENTOFFOREIGNAFFAIRSPOLICE,CENTRALPOLICEUNIVERSITY,TAIWANSANDYMAILCPUEDUTWABSTRACTTAIWAN’SFREEDOMOFINFORMATIONACTTFOIAAIMSATPROTECTINGPEOPLE’SRIGHTTOKNOWANDMAKINGTHEINFORMATIONEASILY,EVENLYFORMULATEDANDOBTAINEDBYTHEPUBLICTHEACCESSTOGOVERNMENTINFORMATIONNOTONLYENHANCESPEOPLE’SUNDERSTANDING,TRUST,ANDSUPERVISIONONPUBLICAFFAIRS,BUTALSOPROMOTESTHEIRPARTICIPATIONINDEMOCRACYTHEGOALOFOPENANDTRANSPARENTADMINISTRATIONCANBEACHIEVEDONLYBYSHARINGTHEINFORMATIONWITHTHEPUBLICALLGOVERNMENTAGENCIESMUSTHAVEEVERYTHINGSET,ESPECIALLYAFTERONEYEARADJUSTMENTOFTFOIATHATWASPASSEDINDECEMBER2005INEXPECTATIONOFPUBLICIZINGGOVERNMENT’SEFFORTSANDACHIEVEMENT,WEDESIGNASCORECARDONTHEBASISOFREGULATIONSMADEBYTFOIAFORALLGOVERNMENTALWEBSITESMEANWHILE,WEALSOCONDUCTASURVEYOF248GOVERNMENTALWEBSITESTOSEEWHETHERTHEWEBSITESOFFERLEGALANDPROPERINFORMATIONTOTHEPUBLICORNOTTHEFINDINGSOFTHERESEARCHCONFIRMTHATTHEINFORMATIONDISCLOSEDONGOVERNMENTWEBSITESSTILLREMAINSINSUFFICIENT,EXCEPTFORDATAONOFFICIALORGANIZATIONS,DUTIES,ADDRESSES,TELEPHONENUMBERS,FAXNUMBERS,WEBSITES,EMAILADDRESSES,ANDTHELIKEMOREOVER,THEINFORMATIONDISCLOSEDONTHEWEBSITESHASAREMARKABLECONNECTIONWITHORGANIZATIONALLEVELSANDFUNCTIONALATTRIBUTESOFALLGOVERNMENTOFFICESINGENERAL,ACCORDINGTOTHESCORECARD,TFOIASCORESONLY125ONTHEAVERAGE,FARFROMTHEREGULATEDFULLSCORE30APPARENTLY,TFOIASTILLHASMUCHROOMFORIMPROVEMENT1INTRODUCTIONINTHEWORLDECONOMICFORUMWEFRATINGOFCOMPETITIVENESS,TAIWANWASRANKEDASTHETHIRDINTHEWORLDIN2004WHENTHETOTALOFINTERNETUSERSWASAPPROXIMATELY10,330,000ANDTHEPOPULATIONTOSURFTHENETWASUPTO9,050,000WITHTHERAPIDGROWINGNATUREOFNETWORK,MUCHMOREINVESTMENTONHUMANRESOURCES,FACILITIES,ANDSERVICESAREURGENTLYNEEDEDTAIWANISPRESENTLYATTHETHIRDSTAGEOFPLANNINGTOPROMOTE‘THEADVANCEDTYPE’OFELECTRONICGOVERNMENTRETROSPECTIVELY,ATTHEFIRSTSTAGE,THEELECTRONICGOVERNMENTBROUGHTFORTHINNOVATIONSINTHENETWORKINGOFPUBLICSERVICES,EXPANDINGANDPROMOTINGGOVERNMENTINFORMATIONDISCLOSUREATTHESECONDSTAGE,THEFUNCTIONANDCONVENIENCEOFTHEELECTRONICGOVERNMENTHELPEDENCOURAGEPEOPLE’SPARTICIPATIONINPUBLICAFFAIRSANDREMOLDTAIWANGOVERNMENTTHOROUGHLY,MAKINGPOSSIBLEPROGRESSIVETRANSITIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFACIVICSOCIETYPERRITTRUSTAD,20004034174TFOIAMEASUREMENTANDSTATISTICALANALYSIS41SAMPLINGMETHODANDSURVEYDESIGNTHISRESEARCHSTARTSWITHINVESTIGATINGTAIWANGOVERNMENTORGANIZATIONWEBSITESSINCETHEREARETOOMANYGOVERNMENT’SAGENCIESINTAIWAN,ITISIMPOSSIBLETODOACOMPREHENSIVESTUDYOFALLGOVERNMENTAGENCIESDUETOTHELIMITATIONOFTIMEANDRESOURCESHENCE,THISRESEARCHEMPLOYSTHEPURPOSIVESAMPLINGMETHODTOGETINFORMATIONOF250GOVERNMENTWEBSITES,INCLUDINGADMINISTRATIVEORGANIZATIONS,PUBLICHOSPITALS,JUDICIALUNITS,POLICE/FIREOFFICES,COUNTYANDMUNICIPALGOVERNMENTS,CONGRESS,ETCTHISRESEARCHEXAMINESTHETOTALAMOUNTOF250SAMPLESCOLLECTEDFROMCENTRALGOVERNMENTWEBSITES,AMONGTHEM248SAMPLESAREVALIDFORANALYSISTHEONLYTWOINVALIDSAMPLESINDICATETHATTHESEWEBSITESDONOTHAVETHEFUNCTIONTOPROVIDEANYSERVICETHERESEARCHUSESA3POINTSCALEINSURVEYDESIGNTHEQUESTIONNAIREOFTHESTUDY,TAKENFROMARTICLE7OFTFOIA,CORRESPONDSTOTHEDICTIONANDPHRASINGOFTHESAIDLAWABOUTTHEINFORMATIONTHATTHEGOVERNMENTSHOULDDISCLOSEPUBLICLY,EXCEPTFORSOMEWORDINGCOMMONLYUSEDINQUESTIONNAIRETABLE1TABLE1THECONTENTOFARTICLE7OFTFOIAITEMNOOCONTENTSQ1Q2Q3Q4Q5WHETHERORNOTTHEWEBSITEOFFERSTREATY,DOCUMENTSOFFOREIGNRELATIONS,LAW,EMERGENCYORDER,ANDORDER,REGULATIONORDERINGANDLOCALAUTONOMYREGULATIONDECREEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHESTANDARDLAWOFCENTRALREGULATIONWHETHERORNOTTHEWEBSITEOFFERSTHEEXPLANATORYSTIPULATIONSANDJUDGMENTCRITERIAREGARDINGTHEUNIFIEDTHEEXPLICATIONOFTHELAW,RECOGNITIONOFFACTS,ANDTHEEXERCISEOFEXECUTIVEJUDGMENT,WHICHAREDECREEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTTOHELPTHEGOVERNMENTAGENCYATALOWERLEVELORITSSUBORDINATESWHETHERORNOTTHEWEBSITEOFFERSDATAONITSORGANIZATION,DUTY,ADDRESS,TELEPHONENUMBER,FACSIMILENUMBER,WEBSITE,ANDEMAILACCOUNTWHETHERTHEWEBSITEOFFERSADMINISTRATIVEGUIDELINESTODOCUMENTSANDPAPERWORKRELATEDTOTHEAGENCYORNOTWHETHERTHEWEBSITEOFFERSITSADMINISTRATIVEPLAN,BUSINESS

簡介：中文中文9934字出處出處CIVILENGINEERINGANDENVIRONMENTALSYSTEMS,2009,264323338本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）計（論文）外文翻譯外文翻譯（20132013屆）屆）題目目學生姓名學生姓名學號專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級系名稱園林藝術(shù)系指導教師指導教師2012年12月28日2哈馬碧濱水新城和生態(tài)村代表瑞典兩種類型的可持續(xù)住宅。哈馬碧濱水新城是一個大型的城市住宅開發(fā)項目,而農(nóng)業(yè)村是小型的住宅開發(fā)項目。到了90年代末，10個生態(tài)村已建成或在規(guī)劃的過程中還有70個項目正在瑞典討論中PALMLINDéN1999）。這些類型的可持續(xù)住宅領(lǐng)域有高度特定的生態(tài)目標，但他們的方法是不同的一個是自頂而下，另一個是自底而上的，可達到不同的效果。中國經(jīng)濟改革始于1978年,目的是將中國的計劃經(jīng)濟向市場經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)化。瑞典在20世紀90年代后期放松管制也有類似的目的（SILVEIRA2001）。隨著高速的發(fā)展，中國正面臨能源短缺的問題。在過去的十年中，空調(diào)在建筑中的使用頻率迅速增加，這也是最近夏季電力短缺的主要原因之一。為了應(yīng)對這一挑戰(zhàn)，中國政府制定了十一五計劃（20062010），為國家的可持續(xù)發(fā)展制定了一個發(fā)展藍圖。能源效率是計劃中一個重要的部分。共提出了10個節(jié)能項目高效節(jié)能熱水氣；區(qū)域熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)（CHP）；利用工業(yè)余熱；替代石油；電力系統(tǒng)的能源效率；動力系統(tǒng)的能源效率；建筑物的能源效率；照明設(shè)施的能源效率；政府辦公室的能源效率；建立檢測系統(tǒng)；技術(shù)支持系統(tǒng)的能源效率（中國人民共和國國務(wù)院2006年）。盡管中國政府已經(jīng)建立了能源效率的政策，但在幾十年前它還沒有能力引導房地產(chǎn)市場。1978年以前,幾乎所有的建筑物被計劃由國家出資建設(shè)。今天，大多數(shù)中國房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)項目在以市場為基礎(chǔ)的原則下經(jīng)營，參與中國房地產(chǎn)市場的各種資金大部分來源于私人。在過去的十年中，房地產(chǎn)投資迅速增加（圖2）。圖2年度中國房地產(chǎn)投資（1元≈1/8美元）（資料來源中國國家統(tǒng)計局2006年統(tǒng)計）最初投資者竭盡所能地最大限度提高他們的利潤而忽略其他責任。當這個早期緊張忙碌的氣氛漸漸平靜下來，中國政府、開發(fā)商、建筑師和消費者開始意識到能源效率的重要性。然而，他們幾乎沒有這方面的經(jīng)驗。政府對房地產(chǎn)市場已經(jīng)建立初步條例，但還遠不夠完整，形勢非常復

簡介：英文文獻

簡介：外文翻譯LINEARMATRIXINEQUALITYBASEDFUZZYCONTROLFORINTERIORPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORWITHINTEGRALSLIDINGMODECONTROLFAGUANGWANG,SEUNGKYUPARK,HOKYUNAHNDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,CHANGWONNATIONALUNIVERSITY,KOREAABSTRACTRECENTLY,INTERIORPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORIPMSMISWIDELYUSEDINVARIOUSAPPLICATIONS,SUCHASELECTRICVEHICLESANDCOMPRESSORSITHASAHIGHREQUIREMENTINWIDELOADVARIATIONS,HIGHSPEEDCONDITION,STABILITY,PROVIDINGAFASTRESPONSEANDMOSTIMPORTANTTHINGISTHATITCANBEAPPLIEDEASILYANDEFFICIENTLYHOWEVER,THECONTROLOFIPMSMISMOREDIFFICULTTHANSURFACEPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORSPMSMBECAUSEITSNONLINEARITYDUETOTHENONZERODAXISCURRENTWHICHCANBEZEROINSPSMBUTNOTIPMSMINTHISPAPER,THEIPMSMISCONTROLLEDVERYEFFICIENTALGORITHMBYUSINGTHECOMBINATIONOFLINEARCONTROLANDFUZZYCONTROLWITHLINEARMODELSDEPENDINGONCERTAINOPERATINGPOINTSTHEH∞LINEARMATRIXINEQUALITYLMIBASEDINTEGRALSLIDINGMODECONTROLISALSOUSEDTOENSURETHEROBUSTNESSTHEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSOFTHISPAPERAREEASYTOBEDETERMINEDANDIMPLEMENTEDEASILYINDEXTERMSFUZZYCONTROL,H∞CONTROL,INTEGRALSLIDINGMODECONTROL,INTERIORPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORIPMSM,LINEARMATRIXINEQUALITYIINTRODUCTIONFROM1980S’,WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSEMICONDUCTOR,IPMSMSUPPLIEDBYCONVERTERSOURCEHASBEENWIDELYSTUDIED12THEDEVELOPMENTOFMICROCOMPUTERMADETHEVECTORCONTROLSYSTEMOFIPMSMWELLCONTROLLEDBYSINGLECHIPIPMSMPOSSESSESSPECIALFEATURESFORADJUSTABLESPEEDDRIVESWHICHDISTINGUISHITFROMOTHERCLASSESOFACMACHINES,ESPECIALLYSURFACEPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORTHEMAINCRITERIAOFHIGHPERFORMANCEDRIVESAREFASTANDACCURATESPEEDRESPONSE,QUICKRECOVERYOFSPEEDFROMANYDISTURBANCESANDINSENSITIVITYTOPARAMETERVARIATIONS3INORDERTOACHIEVEHIGHPERFORMANCES,THEVECTORCONTROLOFIPMSMDRIVEISEMPLOYED46CONTROLTECHNIQUESBECOMECOMPLICATEDDUETOTHENONLINEARITIESOFTHEDEVELOPEDTORQUEFORNONZEROVALUEOFDAXISCURRENTMANYRESEARCHERSHAVEFOCUSEDTHEIRATTENTIONONFORCINGTHEDAXISCURRENTEQUALSTOZEROINTHEVECTORCONTROLOFIPMSMDRIVE,WHICHESSENTIALLYMAKESTHEMOTORMODELLINEAR4,7HOWEVER,INREALTIMETHEELECTROMAGNETICTORQUEISNONLINEARINNATUREINORDERTOINCORPORATETHENONLINEARITYINAPRACTICALIPMSMDRIVE,ACONTROLTECHNIQUEKNOWNASMAXIMUMTORQUEPERAMPEREMTPAISDEVISEDWHICHPROVIDESMAXIMUMTORQUEWITHMINIMUMSTATORCURRENT3THISMTPASTRATEGYISVERYIMPORTANTFROMTHELIMITATIONOFIPMSMANDINVERTERRATINGPOINTSOFVIEW,WHICHOPTIMIZESTHEDRIVEEFFICIENCYWHEREANDΜIZTISTHEMEMBERSHIPFOREVERYFUZZYRULEFROM1WEGET7TAKE6INTO7,WECANGETTHECLOSEDLOOPSYSTEMEQUATIONSIFWESETAPRESENTTHEERRORBOUNDARYOFEVERYRULEANDSATISFYTHEFOLLOWINGCONDITION

簡介：外文出處SIGNALS,SYSTEMSANDCOMPUTERS,2005CONFERENCERECORDOFTHETHIRTYNINTHASILOMARCONFERENCEON附件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文指導教師評價1．翻譯內(nèi)容與課題的結(jié)合度□優(yōu)□良□中□差2．翻譯內(nèi)容的準確、流暢□優(yōu)□良□中□差3．專業(yè)詞匯翻譯的準確性□優(yōu)□良□中□差4．翻譯字符數(shù)是否符合規(guī)定要求□符合□不符合指導教師簽名年月日2據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)的范圍不同，使用順序最小二乘法方案進行融合。順序性質(zhì)提供了基于每個時間步長的當前估計選擇高效的傳感器，從而使精度得到改善。結(jié)果，使用實際的模型和情況進行評估，說明了分布式定位比較集中的方法產(chǎn)生更小誤差和消耗更少的能量。值得注意的是，當參與的傳感器的數(shù)量很少時，分布式的定位在精度方面的優(yōu)勢更為突出，然而當參與的傳感器的數(shù)量是很大的時候，能夠節(jié)約更多的能量。該方法也很強勁，其精確度基本不受目標信號低能量（低信噪比）的影響并且序列瞬時誤差的估算可以被近似，并用于協(xié)調(diào)成本和系統(tǒng)性能評估。Ⅱ．聚類的目標定位因為集中處理全球的信息或從所有傳感器收集測試數(shù)據(jù)似乎沒有吸引力，或許可能是可行的，尤其是在一個龐大而密集的傳感器領(lǐng)域，由于通信成本高的要求，適當?shù)慕鉀Q辦法是在任務(wù)中將傳感器分攤成更小的組來操作，其中每個組都有一個地方處理單元。對本地數(shù)據(jù)進行融合和壓縮的處理可以用來為原始數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)交净蜃罱K用戶節(jié)約能量。這些傳感器通常稱為集群并且一個傳感器被選中成為簇首，它扮演一個本地進程單元的角色。在傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中用來分散處理的通用節(jié)能聚類協(xié)議可以在文獻6中找到。一個目標定位問題使用聚類技術(shù)可能需要較為具體的表述。既然最終目標是要找出一個特定的點也是最有可能的目標位置，在相應(yīng)的目標區(qū)域關(guān)鍵信息應(yīng)是可靠的。因此，可能需要最為有效的聚類，而且激發(fā)了一個在特定的時間和地點高效的集群設(shè)計。集群形成協(xié)議的目的是用于目標定位和跟蹤，這在文獻7中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，其中，動態(tài)時空聚類（DSTC）算法，提出了一種基于最近點方法CPA的集群形成協(xié)議的功能。在文獻8中ZHAO等人介紹的驅(qū)動傳感器信息查詢使用一個信息效用的措施使得動態(tài)聚類獲得最大信息增益。聲目標跟蹤動態(tài)聚類，已經(jīng)在文獻9中提出了。假設(shè)一個放置在人煙稀少的高功能傳感器方案（可望發(fā)揮簇頭的作用）并且當簇頭檢測到的聲信號強度超過預定的閥值時會形成一個群集。群集的重點是整合在每個群集成員收集到的代表從每個群集賺取知識的測量值。這是相當具體的應(yīng)用，以描述與集群的形成相關(guān)的信息管理機制。一般來說，所有成員與簇頭溝通是直接的或者是多跳通信。在集群里信號處理功能是在轉(zhuǎn)移壓縮數(shù)據(jù)到基站或最終用戶之前被執(zhí)行。我們稱這是一個集中的處理方案。某一特定的應(yīng)用,如目標定位使用傳統(tǒng)的方法，然而，需要謹慎的設(shè)計，以獲得準確和成本效益的系統(tǒng)。最主要的原因是，在每個傳感器觀測是通常時間序列數(shù)據(jù)。當群的設(shè)計是大到達地方化準確性要求，為了單獨傳送在群頭將被處理的所有群成員的這樣數(shù)據(jù)，特別需要花費的很多通信。另一種方法是將分布式處理后，通過根據(jù)為特定應(yīng)用程序的使用方法的特點而定的某種手段。我們利用一個眾所周知的方案，基于范圍差的定位，在傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的分布式處理表明當與集中的方法進行比較，該系統(tǒng)的性能可以提高。

簡介：LOHRASBIF,GHAHIJLM,YAZDANSHENASMEINFLUENCEOFWEAVETYPEANDWEFTDENSITYONWORSTEDFABRICPILLINGFIBRESORONEMAYCONCLUDETHAT,INSOMECASES,LESSPILLINGFORMSONTHESURFACEWHENTHEWARPOUTNUMBERSTHEWEFTIELESSENGAGEMENTBETWEENWARPANDWEFT,PROVIDEDTHATTHEDENSITYOFTHEWARPISFARLARGERTHANTHATOFTHEWEFTBUTINSOMEFABRICS,INCREASINGTHEWEFTDENSITYWILLFORMFEWERPILLSONTHESURFACEFABRICKEYWORDSWORSTEDFABRICS,WEAVETYPE,WEFTDENSITY,PILLING1THEESTABLISHMENTOFALOCALISEDAREAOFHIGHFUZZDENSITY,2THEDEVELOPMENTOFALOOSEENTANGLEMENTWITHINTHATAREA,3THETIGHTENINGOFTHEENTANGLEMENTINTOAROUGHLYSPHERICALMASSOFFIBRE,4THEPULLINGOUTOFTHEANCHORFIBRESTOFORMADISCRETE,MOBILEPILL,5THEFRACTUREOFCERTAINFIBREDUETOTHERELOCATIONOFAPILL,6THEFRACTUREOFREMAININGFIBREANDTHELOSSOFTHEPILL6MICROPILLDEVELOPMENTISCOVEREDBYTHEFIRSTTHREESTEPS,WHICHMEANSTHEFIRSTENTANGLEMENTZONETHEDEVELOPMENTOFFUZZINTOAPILLISSHOWNINFIGURE1GINTISANDMEADSHOWEDTHATTHEINCREASEDSTRENGTHANDFLEXLIFEOFSYNTHETICFIBRESREDUCESTHERATEOFPILLWEAROFF,RESULTINGINHIGHERPILLDENSITIESANDAGREATLYINCREASEDPILLLIFEINADDITION,THETENACITYANDRIGIDITYOFTHEFIBRESAFFECTTHEFUZZDEVELOPMENTPHASE26ANDSUBSEQUENTFUZZENTANGLEMENTINSUCHAWAYTHATFIBRESWITHARELATIVELYHIGHTENINTRODUCTIONPILLINGISANIMPORTANTPROBLEMNOTONLYFORTEXTILEANDCLOTHESMANUFACTURERSBUTALSOFORUSERSTHEEFFECTOFTHEPILLINGPROCESSRESULTSINASIGNIFICANTDECREASEINFABRICQUALITYANDANEGATIVEINFLUENCEONUSERCOMFORT1SIROSPUNYARNSAREQUITESUFFICIENTANDCOMPARABLETOTWOPLIEDYARNSINMANYOFTHEPERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICSOFWOVENWORSTEDFABRICSWHENOPTIMUMCONDITIONSAREPROVIDEDINTHEIRPRODUCTIONPROCESSSUCHFABRICSRESISTTHEFORMATIONOFPILLINGANDABRASIONATNEARLYTHESAMELEVEL,ANDHAVEASIMILARAPPEARANCE2APARTFROMTHEHIGHVARIETYOFGARMENTDESIGNS,DURABILITYISALSOANIMPORTANTFACTORTHEREFORECERTAINSPECIFICATIONSLIKEPILLING,WHICHAFFECTSDURABILITY,ISONEOFTHECRITICALPROBLEMSINTHEGARMENTINDUSTRYPILLINGISAFABRICDEFECTWHICHISOBSERVEDASSMALLFIBREBALLSORGROUPSCONSISTINGOFINTERVENEDFIBRESTHATHAVEBEENATTACHEDTOTHEFABRICSURFACEBYONEORMOREFIBRES3PILLINGOFTENREPRESENTSASERIOUSDEFECTINAFABRICORGARMENTNOTONLYDOESITDETRACTFROMTHEAPPEARANCEANDHANDLEOFTHEPRODUCT,BUTITALSOHASANACCELERATINGEFFECTONTHERATEOFFIBREREMOVALFROMTHEYARNSTRUCTURE,HENCEMATERIALLYREDUCINGTHESERVICELIFE4THROUGHTHEPILLFORMATIONPROCESS,FIBREENTANGLEMENTMAKESSOMEDEFORMITIESONTHEFABRICSURFACE5PILLINITIATIONANDDEVELOPMENTFOLLOWAWELLESTABLISHEDPATTERNWITHSIXSTAGESFIGURE1STEPSINPILLFORMATION51FUZZ,2LOOSEENTANGLEMENT,3PILLTIGHTENTANGLEMENT,4SPIRALENTANGLEMENT412FIBRESTEXTILESINEASTERNEUROPE2011,VOL19,NO58866WEAVETYPESANDWEFTDENSITIES,SUPPLIEDBYTHEIRANMERINOSANDMOTAHHARICOMPANIESDETAILEDSPECIFICATIONSOFTHESAMPLESARELISTEDINTABLE1ITMUSTBENOTEDTHATTHEFIBREPROCESSESANDSPINNINGSYSTEMSAREEXACTLYTHESAMEEACHSAMPLEWASPROCESSEDWITH4DIFFERENTWEFTDENSITIES,APARTFROMSAMPLENO6,WHICHHADFIVEDIFFERENTWEFTDENSITIESTHESIZEOFTHESAMPLESWAS90150CMWEPREPARED3PIECESOFEACHSAMPLE,THEBACKANDFRONT,ANDTHEWARPANDWEFTDIRECTIONSWEREMARKEDTOENSURETHERANDOMNESSOFTHETESTS,WECHOSESAMPLESFROMDIFFERENTPLACESOFTHEFABRICSURFACEITMUSTBENOTEDTHATINTHEMARTINDALETEST,TWOPIECESOFTHESAMPLESMUSTBEINFULLCONTACTWITHEACHOTHERTESTSWEREPERFORMEDINSTANDARDCONDITIONS65RHAND20°CINTHEPILLINGTEST,ONEPIECEOFTHESAMPLEHADTOBESETONTHELOWERHEADOFTHEMACHINETABLE4TECHNICALDATAFORWOOLFIBREOFA384/2TEXAND25/2TEXYARNCOUNTTESTTYPETESTRESULT384/2TEX25/2TEXFIBREFINENESS,ΜM2219WEIGHTOFSLIVER,G/M2064MEANLENGTH,MM7063TABLE5TECHNICALDATAFORPOLYESTERTOPSOFA384/2TEXAND25/2TEXYARNCOUNTTESTTYPETESTRESULT384/2TEX25/2TEXFIBREFINENESS,ΜM2424MEANLENGTH,MM9191TABLE6TECHNICALDATAFORYARNTWISTANDTWISTDIRECTIONWARPANDWEFTCOUNT,TEXTPMTWOPLYTWISTDIRECTIONTWOPLYTPMONEPLYTWISTDIRECTIONTWOPLY50/2575S662Z384/2636S732Z25/2821S944ZTABLE2TECHNICALDATAFORWOOLFIBREOF50/2TEXYARNCOUNTTESTTYPETESTRESULTFIBREFINENESS,ΜM233WEIGHTOFSLIVER,G/M1867MEANLENGTH,MM57TABLE3TECHNICALDATAFORPOLYESTERTOPSOF50/2TEXYARNCOUNTTESTTYPETESTRESULTFIBREFINENESS,DTEX3MEANLENGTH,MM666IEONTHEFELT,ANDTHESMALLERPIECEHADTOBEADJUSTEDTOTHEMOVINGHEADOFTHEMACHINETHETESTCYCLESWERESETAT125,500,750,1000,1500AND2000ACCORDINGTOISO129452000AFTEREACHTESTRUN,THENUMBEROFPILLSWASCOUNTEDHORIZONTALLYBYAMAGNIFIERUNDERAFLUORESCENTLIGHTITMUSTBENOTEDTHATTHELIGHTSHOULDBESETATANANGLEOF5TO15DEGREESTOTHEFABRICSURFACE,ANDALSOTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHESAMPLESANDTHEEYEMUSTBEBETWEEN30TO50CMTHEMEANVALUEOFTHENUMBEROFPILLSOFEACHSAMPLEWASRECORDED8RAWMATERIALSPECIFICATIONSTHESPECIFICATIONSOFWOOLFIBRESPROCESSEDTOA50/2TEXYARNCOUNTBYTHEIRANMERINOSCOMPANYARELISTEDINTABLE2TECHNICALDATAOFTHEPOLYESTERFIBREAREALSOGIVENINTABLE3TECHNICALDATAOFFIBREPROCESSEDTOA384/2TEXAND25/2TEXYARNCOUNTBYTHEMOTAHHARICOMPANYCANALSOBESEENINTABLES4,5AND6NRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTHEYARNTWISTQUANTITYCOULDAFFECTTHEPILLINGPROPERTIESOFFABRICSANINCREASEINTHETWISTFACTORRESULTSINADECREASEINFIBREMIGRATION,FUZZGENERATIONANDPILLINGWEUSEDTHESAMETPMANDTWISTDIRECTIONFORTHEWEFTANDWARPYARNSAMPLESTOELIMINATETHEEFFECTOFTHETWISTPARAMETERONTHEPILLINGFABRICSWORSTEDFABRICWITH50/2TEXWARPANDWEFTASREGARDSSAMPLE1,WEAVETWILL1/2LEFTTORIGHTFROMFIGURE5AITISOBVIOUSTHATWHENTHEWEFTDENSITYISINCREASEDFIRSTFROM15TO16ANDTHENTO185,THENUMBEROFPILLSDECREASESFROM69TO60THISAPPROACHISCONTINUEDBYINCREASINGTHEWEFTDENSITYMOREOVER,FIGURE5BILLUSTRATESTHATBYINCREASINGTHEWEFTDENSITYOFTHEFABRICX,THENUMBEROFPILLSYDECREASEACCORDINGTOTHELINEAREQUATIONY108415–2641XANDCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENT0699ACCORDINGTOTABLE7,THESIGNIFICANCELEVELOFTHEEXAMINATIONISLESSTHAN5,ANDITISCONCLUDEDTHATTHEREISAREALRELATIONBETWEENPILLINGANDTHEWEFTDENSITYOFFABRICASREGARDSSAMPLE2WEAVETWILL2/1LEFTTORIGHT,INFIGURE6AWECANSEETHATTHENUMBEROFPILLSDECREASESFROM65TO51WHENTHEWEFTDENSITYISINCREASEDFIRSTFROM15TO16ANDTHENTO185MOREOVER,INFIGURE6BITISILLUSTRATEDTHATBYINCREASINGTHEWEFTDENSITYOFTHEFABRICX,THENUMBEROFPILLSYDECREASESACCORDINGTOTHELINEAREQUATIONY123245–3805XANDCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENT0758ACCORDINGTOTABLE8,THESIGNIFICANCELEVELOFTHEEXAMINATIONISLESSTHAN5,ANDITISCONCLUDEDTHATTHEREISAREALRELATIONBETWEENPILLINGANDTHEWEFTDENSITYOFFABRICTHECOMPUTEDSIGFROMTHETTESTINTABLE9ISABOUT005,WHICHMEANSSAMPLES1AND2AREOBVIOUSLYDIFFERENTINTHEIRRESPONSESTOTHETESTTHEMEANVALUEOFPILLSINSAMPLE2ISLOWERCOMPAREDTOSAMPLE1SAMPLES1AND2HAVENEARLYTHESAMEWEAVECONSTRUCTIONASWELLASTHESAMETWISTPERMETERANDTWISTDIRECTIONSAMPLE1TWILL1/2LEFTTORIGHTANDSAMPLE2TWILL2/1LEFTTORIGHTHOWEVER,THEREISMOREWARPYARNONTHEFABRICSURFACEINSAMPLE2,ANDTHEDENSITYOFTHEWARPISFARMORETHANTHATOFTHEWEFT,HENCEFIBRESCANNOTEASILYCOMEOUTFROMTHEFABRICSURFACETOFORMPILLS,ANDTHUSTHENUMBEROFPILLSISFEWERTHANINSAMPLE2

簡介：FIBERSANDPOLYMERS2008,VOL9,NO1,212621IMPROVEMENTSOFSURFACEFUNCTIONALITYOFCOTTONFIBERSBYATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTHAKARAHANANDE?ZDOANDEPARTMENTOFTEXTILEENGINEERING,EGEUNIVERSITY,35100,BORNOVA,IZMIR,TURKEYRECEIVEDJULY18,2007REVISEDNOVEMBER12,2007ACCEPTEDNOVEMBER27,2007ABSTRACTTHISSTUDYAIMSTOINVESTIGATETHEVIABILITYOFATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTOVERRAWCOTTONFABRICSURFACESASANALTERNATIVEMETHODFORSUPERSEDINGTHEWETTEXTILEPRETREATMENTPROCESSESFORTHISPURPOSE,THEFABRICSAMPLESWERETREATEDWITHAIRPLASMAANDARGONATMOSPHERICPLASMATHEREAFTER,THEHYDROPHILICITYANDTHEWICKABILITYOFPLASMATREATEDSAMPLESINCREASED,ANDALSOTHECONTACTANGLESDECREASEDSIGNIFICANTLYCHEMICALCHANGESWEREANALYZEDBYFTIRATRANDXPSMORPHOLOGICALCHANGESWEREOBSERVEDBYSEMTHERESULTSWEREINSPECTEDFORASSESSINGTOWHATEXTENTTHEREPLACEMENTMIGHTBEACHIEVEDBYINDUCINGTHISSURFACEMODIFICATIONMETHODKEYWORDSATMOSPHERICPLASMA,AIRPLASMA,ARGONPLASMA,SURFACEMODIFICATION,COTTONINTRODUCTIONCOTTONISMAINLYCOMPOSEDOFCELLULOSEWITHSOMENONCELLULOSICCOMPONENTSTHESENONCELLULOSICCOMPONENTSAREWAXES,PECTINANDSOMEPROTEINS,ANDTHEYAREMAINLYFOUNDINTHECUTICLELAYERANDTHEPRIMARYWALLWHICHARETHEOUTERMOSTLAYERSOFTHECOTTONFIBERTHESEHYDROPHOBICIMPURITIES,ESPECIALLYCOTTONWAX,AFFECTTHEUPTAKEOFDYEINGANDFINISHINGSOLUTIONSTOREMOVETHESEIMPURITIESFROMTHECOTTONSURFACE,CERTAINCHEMICALMETHODSAREUSEDINTHETEXTILEINDUSTRYTHESECONVENTIONALMETHODSAREENERGYCONSUMINGPROCESSESWITHNEGATIVEENVIRONMENTALIMPACT1INTHISCONCERN,MANYALTERNATIVEENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYMETHODSWEREDEVELOPEDPLASMATREATMENTISONEOFTHOSEMETHODSANDCANBEUSEDASANEFFECTIVETECHNIQUEFORMODIFYINGTHESURFACEPROPERTIESOFCOTTONFABRICWITHOUTALTERINGTHEINTERIORPARTOFTHEFIBER24PLASMAISGENERATEDWHENAGASISEXPOSEDTOANELECTROMAGNETICFIELDATLOWPRESSUREANDNEARAMBIENTTEMPERATURETHECHEMISTRYOFTHEPLASMATAKESPLACEINNONEQUILIBRIUMCONDITIONS5PLASMASCANBECLASSIFIEDASLOWPRESSUREANDATMOSPHERICPLASMASBOTHPLASMASCANBEUSEDFORSURFACEMODIFICATIONOFMATERIALSVACUUMSYSTEMSARETIME,SPACE,ANDENERGYCONSUMINGPROCESSES,ANDSOMEMATERIALPROPERTIES,SUCHASTHICKNESSANDSIZE,AREHIGHLYDEPENDENTONTHEDIMENSIONOFTHEDEVICEAND,INADDITION,THEPROCESSISNOTACONTINUOUSONEONTHEOTHERHAND,ATMOSPHERICPLASMACANBEGENERATEDUNDERATMOSPHERICCONDITIONSANDDOESNOTREQUIREVACUUMSYSTEMSWITHCONTINUOUSANDOPENPERIMETERFABRICFLOW6THEEFFICIENCYOFPLASMATREATMENTSDEPENDONTREATMENTCONDITIONSOFTIME,PRESSURE,POWERANDGASTHESPECIESTHATPARTICIPATEINPLASMAREACTIONS,SUCHASEXCITEDATOMS,FREERADICALSANDMETASTABLEPARTICLES,ELECTRONSANDIONS,CANINTERACTEITHERPHYSICALLYORCHEMICALLYWITHSUBSTRATES7NUMEROUSRESEARCHESHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTTOIMPROVEWETTABILITY,WATERREPELLENCYANDSOILRELEASINGPROPERTYOFTEXTILEFIBERSANDFABRICSBYUSINGPLASMATECHNOLOGY811ADDITIONALLY,MODIFICATIONSOFCONVENTIONALDYEING,PRINTINGANDFINISHINGPROPERTIESHAVEBEENACHIEVEDBYPLASMATREATMENTMETHODSHOWEVER,LOWPRESSUREPLASMAWASUSEDINMOSTOFTHESTUDIESINTHISSTUDY,THEEFFECTSOFAIRANDARGONATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTSONTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFCOTTONFABRICSWEREINVESTIGATEDTHEWETPROCESSESINTEXTILEFINISHINGUNFORTUNATELYREQUIREGREATAMOUNTSOFWATERTHISREQUISITELEADSENORMOUSENERGYCONSUMPTIONALONGWITHTHEPOLLUTIONOFSUBTERRANEANWATERWITHWASTEWATERASWELLASTHERMALPOLLUTIONTHEREFORETHEMAINPURPOSESOFTHISSTUDYARETOINVESTIGATETHEPOTENTIALOFVIABILITYOFTHEATMOSPHERICPLASMAMETHODSFORREDUCINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDWATERPOLLUTIONASBEINGANALTERNATIVEMETHODIEREPLACEMENTOFWETTEXTILEPRETREATMENTPROCESSESEXPERIMENTALMATERIALSINTHISSTUDY,100RAWCOTTONFABRIC,PLAINWEAVE,153G/M2,45ENDSCM?1,26PICKSCM?1SAMPLESWEREUSEDATMOSPHERICPLASMATREATMENTSFORPLASMATREATMENT,ADIELECTRICBARRIERDISCHARGEDBDATMOSPHERICPLASMADEVICEWASUSED12THESAMPLESWEREPLACEDBETWEENTHEELECTRODESANDTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEELECTRODESWAS02CMINALLTREATMENTS,AIRANDARGONWEREUSEDASTHEPROCESSINGGASWITHTHEPOWEROF50,100,130WATTSWITHDIFFERENTTIMEINTERVALS,NAMELY20,40AND60SECONDSCHARACTERIZATIONTECHNIQUESTHEHYDROPHILICITYABSORBENCYOFFABRICSWASMEASUREDACCORDINGTOAATCC791995STANDARDINTHISSTANDARD,ADROPOFWATERWASALLOWEDTOFALLFROMAFIXEDHEIGHTONTOGOCORRESPONDINGAUTHORESENOZDOGANEGEEDUTREFFECTOFATMOSPHERICPLASMAONCOTTONFIBERSFIBERSANDPOLYMERS2008,VOL9,NO123ASCOULDBESEENFROMTHEOUTCOMESOFTHETABLE3,PLASMATREATMENTSIMPROVEDTHEWICKABILITYOFRAWCOTTONFABRICS14THEWICKINGHEIGHTINCREASEDREMARKABLYASHYDROPHILICITYANDTHECONTACTANGLEVALUES,BUTTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTWOPLASMASCOULDBESEENMORECLEARLYFROMWICKINGRESULTSINTABLES2AND3,ITCOULDBESEENTHATTHE130WTREATMENTSFOR60SECHADTHESAMEHYDROPHILICITYANDCONTACTANGLEVALUES,BUTTHEWICKINGHEIGHTSWEREHIGHERWITHARGONGASTHISWASPROBABLYCAUSEDBYTHEETCHINGEFFECTOFARGONGASASSTATEDBEFORE,NOBLEGASSESHAVEHIGHERETCHINGTENDENCYASCOULDBESEENFROMSEMPICTURES,MODIFICATIONOFTHESURFACEBYARGONPLASMAWASMOREEFFECTIVETHANTHEAIRPLASMATHECRACKSFORMEDONTHESURFACEWERETHECAUSEOFTHEDECREASEOFCAPILLARYPRESSUREWHICHIMPROVEDTHEWICKABILITY16WICKINGRESULTSGAVECOMPARATIVELYMOREEXTENSIVEINFORMATIONABOUTTHESURFACEMODIFICATIONPHENOMENONTHANHYDROPHILICITYANDCONTACTANGLEMEASUREMENTITALSOREVEALEDHOMOGENEITYOFTHETREATMENT17IFTHETREATMENTINDUCEDAHOMOGENOUSSTRUCTURE,THENTHEWICKINGTENDENCYWOULDBESIMILARINEVERYPARTOFTHEFABRICW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簡介：?INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGY351998283–310STATUSOFWORLDWIDECOALMINEMETHANEEMISSIONSANDUSECAROLJBIBLER,JAMESSMARSHALL,RAYMONDCPILCHERRA?ENRIDGERESOURCESINCORPORATED,58425ROAD,GRANDJUNCTION,CO81505,USARECEIVED10JANUARY1997REVISED27JUNE1997ACCEPTED27JUNE1997ABSTRACTUNDERGROUNDCOALMINESWORLDWIDELIBERATEANESTIMATED29–41109M3OFMETHANEANNUALLY,OFWHICHLESSTHAN23109M3AREUSEDASFUELTHEREMAININGMETHANEISEMITTEDTOTHEATMOSPHERE,REPRESENTINGTHELOSSOFAVALUABLEENERGYRESOURCEMETHANEISALSOAMAJORGREENHOUSEGASANDISTHUSDETRIMENTALTOTHEENVIRONMENTWHENVENTEDTOTHEATMOSPHERECOALMINEMETHANERECOVERYANDUSEREPRESENTSACOSTEFFECTIVEMEANSOFSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCINGMETHANEEMISSIONSFROMCOALMINING,WHILEINCREASINGMINESAFETYANDIMPROVINGMINEECONOMICSTHEWORLD’STENLARGESTCOALPRODUCERSARERESPONSIBLEFOR90OFGLOBALMETHANEEMISSIONSASSOCIATEDWITHTHECOALFUELCYCLECHINAISTHELARGESTEMITTEROFCOALMINEMETHANE,?FOLLOWEDBYTHECOMMONWEALTHOFINDEPENDENTSTATES,ORCISPARTICULARLYRUSSIA,UKRAINEANDKAZAKHSTAN,THEUNITEDSTATES,POLAND,GERMANY,SOUTHAFRICA,THEUNITEDKINGDOM,AUSTRALIA,INDIAANDTHECZECHREPUBLICMOSTOFTHESECOUNTRIESUSEAPORTIONOFTHEMETHANETHATISLIBERATEDFROMTHEIRCOALMINES,BUTTHEUTILIZATIONRATETENDSTOBELOWANDSOMECOUNTRIESUSENONEATALLCOALMINEMETHANEISCURRENTLYUSEDFORAVARIETYOFPURPOSESMETHANEISUSEDFORHEATINGANDCOOKINGATMANYMINEFACILITIESANDNEARBYRESIDENCESITISALSOUSEDTOFUELBOILERS,TOGENERATEELECTRICITY,DIRECTLYHEATAIRFORMINEVENTILATIONSYSTEMSANDFORCOALDRYINGSEVERALMINESINTHEUNITEDSTATESSELLHIGHQUALITYMINEGASTONATURALGASDISTRIBUTORSTHEREARESEVERALBARRIERSTODECREASINGMETHANEEMISSIONSBYINCREASINGCOALMINEMETHANEUSEMANYOFTHESAMEBARRIERSARECOMMONTOANUMBEROFTHESUBJECTCOUNTRIESTECHNICALBARRIERSINCLUDELOWPERMEABILITYCOALS,VARIABLEORLOWGASQUALITY,VARIATIONSINGASSUPPLYANDDEMANDANDLACKOFINFRASTRUCTUREECONOMICANDINSTITUTIONALBARRIERSINCLUDELACKOFINFORMATIONPERTINENTTODEVELOPMENTOFTHERESOURCE,LACKOFCAPITALANDLOWNATURALGASPRICESAPOSSIBLEOPTIONFORCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELQ19702454088FAXQ19702452514EMAILCBIBLERRAVENRIDGECOM01665162R98R1900Q1998ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED?PIIS0166516298000384CJBIBLERETALRINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOALGEOLOGY351998283–310285TABLE1A?93ESTIMATED1990COALFUELCYCLEMETHANEEMISSIONSFROMTHETENLARGESTCOALPRODUCINGCOUNTRIES10MCOUNTRYUNITEDSTATESEPACOALINDUSTRYADVISORY??‘BESTESTIMATE’USEPA,1994ABOARDESTIMATEIEA,1994CHINA140–244113FORMERSOVIETUNION71–8874UNITEDSTATES53–8453GERMANY15–1818SOUTHAFRICA12–3413UNITEDKINGDOM09–1313POLAND08–2221AUSTRALIA07–1207INDIA0607FORMERCZECHOSLOVAKIA04–0704TOTAL319–528323ACIABESTIMATESDONOTINCLUDEEMISSIONSASSOCIATEDWITHCOALCOMBUSTION?INVESTIGATEDMETHANEEMISSIONSFROMCOALMININGWORLDWIDETHEUSEPA1994A?ESTIMATESTHATTHECOALFUELCYCLEWHICHINCLUDESCOALMINING,POSTMININGCOAL93TRANSPORTATIONANDHANDLING,ANDCOALCOMBUSTIONEMITS35TO5910MOFMETHANETOTHEATMOSPHEREANNUALLYTABLE1SHOWSMETHANEEMISSIONSFROMTHEWORLD’STENLARGESTCOALPRODUCERS,WHICHARERESPONSIBLEFOR90OFGLOBALMETHANEEMISSIONSASSOCIATEDWITHTHECOALFUELCYCLEUNDERGROUNDCOALMININGISTHEPRIMARYSOURCEOFTHESEEMISSIONS,ACCOUNTINGFOR70TO95OFTOTALEMISSIONSTHEREAREMANYOPPORTUNITIESFORDECREASINGCOALMINEMETHANEEMISSIONSBYINCREASINGRECOVERYOFTHISABUNDANTFUELSECTION2EXAMINESTHESTATUSOFMETHANERECOVERYANDUSEINKEYCOUNTRIESWORLDWIDE2COALMINEMETHANERECOVERYANDUSEINSELECTEDCOUNTRIES21CHINA?9THEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINACHINAPRODUCESABOUT1210RAWTONSOFHARD?COALANNUALLYEIA,1996IN1990,COALMININGACTIVITIESINCHINAEMITTEDANESTIMATED93?614TO2410M10TO1610TONOFMETHANETOTHEATMOSPHERE,CONTRIBUTINGONETHIRDOFTHEWORLD’STOTALFROMTHISSOURCENOTONLYISCHINATHELARGESTCOALPRODUCERINTHEWORLDITISUNIQUEINTHATUNDERGROUNDMINESPRODUCEOVER95OFTHENATION’SCOALBECAUSEOFTHEGREATDEPTHANDHIGHRANKOFCHINA’SCOALS,UNDERGROUNDCOALMINESHAVEHIGHERMETHANEEMISSIONSTHANSURFACEMINES??THEREARECURRENTLY108COALMININGADMINISTRATIONSCMASINCHINAFIG1,WHICHMANAGEMORETHAN650MINESTHESESTATEOWNEDMINESARERESPONSIBLEFORMOSTOFCHINA’SMETHANEEMISSIONS,BUTTHEREARENUMEROUSGASSYLOCAL,TOWNSHIP,ANDPRIVATEMINESTHATCUMULATIVELYPRODUCEOVERONEHALFOFCHINA’SCOALHOWEVER,THESENONSTATE?OWNEDMINESARENOTGASSYINTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYORIEA,1994

簡介：LOSSLESSIMAGECOMPRESSIONWITHLOSSYIMAGEUSINGADAPTIVEPREDICTIONANDARITHMETICCODINGSEISHITAKA“ANDMIKIOTAKAGIINSTITUTEOFINDUSTRIALSCIENCE,UNIVERSITYOFTOKYOABSTRACTLOSSLESSGRAYSCALEIMAGECOMPRESSIONISNECESSARYINMANYPURPOSES,SUCHASMEDICALIMAGE,IMAGEDATABASEANDSOONLOSSYIMAGEISIMPORTANTASWELL,BECAUSEOFITSHIGHCOMPRESSIONRATIOINTHISPAPER,WEPROPOSEALOSSLESSIMAGECOMPRESSIONSCHEMEUSINGALOSSYIMAGEGENERATEDWITHPEGDCTSCHEMEOURCONCEPTIS,SENDAPEGCOMPRESSEDLOSSYIMAGEPRIMALY,THENSENDRESIDUALINFORMATIONANDRECONSTRUCTTHEORIGINALIMAGEUSINGBOTHTHELOSSYIMAGEANDRESIDUALINFORMATION3DIMENSIONALADAPTIVEPREDICTIONANDANADAPTIVEARITHMETICCODINGAREUSED,WHICHFULLYUSESTHESTATISTICALPARAMETEROFDISTRIBUTIONOFSYMBOLSOURCETHEOPTIMALNUMBEROFNEIGHBORPIXELSANDLOSSYPIXELSUSEDFORPREDICTIONISDISCUSSEDTHECOMPRESSIONRATIOISBETTERTHANPREVIOUSWORKANDQUITECLOSETOTHEORIGINALLYLOSSLESSALGORITHM1INTRODUCTIONTODAYTHEREAREMANYSTUDIESONIMAGECOMPRESSION,PARTICULARLYONLOSSYANDVERYLOWBITRATECOMPRESSIONFORIMAGEDATABASE,SUCHHIGHCOMPRESSIONRATIOISIMPORTANTFORSTORAGEANDALSOFORQUICKTRANSMISSION,BUTTODEALWITHVARIOUSKINDSOFUSERSDEMAND,LOSSLESSIMAGETRANSMISSIONISINDISPENSABLEINTHISPAPER,WEPROPOSEANEFFECTIVELOSSLESSCOMPRESSIONALGORITHMFORGRAYIMAGEUSINGLOSSYCOMPRESSEDIMAGETHELOSSYCOMPRESSIONSCHEMEUSESTHEJOINTPHOTOGRAPHICEXPERTSGROUPDISCRETECOSINETRANSFORMPEGDCTALGORITHMASTHELOSSYCODINGALGORITHMFIRSTWESEARCHTHESIMILARPAIRSOFPIXELSCONLEXTS,ACCORDINGTOTHEIRNEIGHBORPIXELSFORSUCHPIXELSWHICHHAVECONTEXTS,WEPREDICTTHEIRVALUESFROMTHECONTEXTSANDTHENEIGHBORSONTHEOTHERHAND,FOREACHPIXELWHICHDOESNTHAVEITSCONTEXTPAIRS,WECALCULATETHEEDGELEVELACCORDINGTOTHEDIFFERENCEOFADJACENTPIXELVALUESFOREACHEDGELEVELOFPIXELS,WECALCULATETHEPREDICTIVECOEFFICIENTSOFLINEARCOMBINATIONUNDERTHELEASTSQUAREERRORCRITERIONNOTONLYTHEPIXELSWHICHHAVEALREADYPROCESSEDBUTALSOTHEPIXELSOFTHELOSSYIMAGEISUSEDFORPREDICTIONFOREVERYPIXEL,THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENPREDICTEDVALUEANDREALVALUEISCALCULATED,ANDTHEDIFFERENCEISCONVERTEDTOANONNEGATIVEVALUEBEFOREBEINGENCODED,ACCORDINGTOTHEIRDISTRIIUTIONINENTROPYCODINGSTAGE,WEUSETHEARITHMETICCODINGITISMADEADAPTIVE,ANDINITIALERRORDISTRIBUTIONISGIVENONLYBYONEPARAMETER,WHICHISSPECIFICFOREACHEDGELEVELSSTATISTICALDISTRIBUTIONTHEPIXELSBELONGINGTOTHEDIFFERENTEDGELEVELSAREENCODEDINDEPENDENTLY16610680314/9430001994IEEE168ABFIGURE2AORIGINALIMAGE‘GIRL’ANDBJPEGCOMPRESSEDIMAGEQUA1ITYVALUE5ABFIGURE3AIMAGEOFQVALUE,BIMAGEOFPREDICTIONERROROFSIMPLEPREDICTION

簡介：EMBOOPENEMBOMEMBER‘SREVIEWTHEMAKINGOFACHLOROPLASTTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHETERMSOFTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTIONLICENSE,WHICHPERMITSDISTRIBUTION,ANDREPRODUCTIONINANYMEDIUM,PROVIDEDTHEORIGINALAUTHORANDSOURCEARECREDITEDTHISLICENSEDOESNOTPERMITCOMMERCIALEXPLOITATIONORTHECREATIONOFDERIVATIVEWORKSWITHOUTSPECIFICPERMISSIONMARKTWATERSANDJANEALANGDALEDEPARTMENTOFPLANTSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFOXFORD,SOUTHPARKSROAD,OXFORD,UKSINCEITSENDOSYMBIOTICBEGINNING,THECHLOROPLASTHASBECOMEFULLYINTEGRATEDINTOTHEBIOLOGYOFTHEHOSTEUKARYOTICCELLTHEEXCHANGEOFGENETICINFORMATIONFROMTHECHLOROPLASTTOTHENUCLEUSHASRESULTEDINCONSIDERABLECOORDINATIONINTHEACTIVITIESOFTHESETWOORGANELLESDURINGALLSTAGESOFPLANTDEVELOPMENTHERE,WEGIVEANOVERVIEWOFTHEMECHANISMSOFLIGHTPERCEPTIONANDTHESUBSEQUENTREGULATIONOFNUCLEARGENEEXPRESSIONINTHEMODELPLANTARABIDOPSISTHALIANA,ANDWECOVERTHEMAINEVENTSTHATTAKEPLACEWHENPROPLASTIDSDIFFERENTIATEINTOCHLOROPLASTSWEALSOCONSIDERRECENTFINDINGSREGARDINGSIGNALLINGNETWORKSBETWEENTHECHLOROPLASTANDTHENUCLEUSDURINGSEEDLINGDEVELOPMENT,ANDHOWTHESESIGNALSAREMODULATEDBYLIGHTINADDITION,WEDISCUSSTHEMECHANISMSTHROUGHWHICHCHLOROPLASTSDEVELOPINDIFFERENTCELLTYPES,NAMELYCOTYLEDONSANDTHEDIMORPHICCHLOROPLASTSOFTHEC4PLANTMAIZEFINALLY,WEDISCUSSRECENTDATATHATSUGGESTTHESPECIFICREGULATIONOFTHELIGHTDEPENDENTPHASESOFPHOTOSYNTHESIS,PROVIDINGAMEANSTOOPTIMIZEPHOTOSYNTHESISTOVARYINGLIGHTREGIMESTHEEMBOJOURNAL200928,2861–2873DOI101038/EMBOJ2009264PUBLISHEDONLINE10SEPTEMBER2009SUBJECTCATEGORIESSIGNALTRANSDUCTIONPLANTBIOLOGYKEYWORDSCHLOROPLASTBIOGENESISPHOTOMORPHOGENESISPHOTOSYNTHESISPLASTIDNUCLEUSSIGNALINGTRANSCRIPTIONFACTORINTRODUCTIONASADEFININGFEATUREOFPLANTS,THECHLOROPLASTREPRESENTSAMARVELOFEVOLUTIONSINCEITSORIGINASACYANOBACTERIALSYMBIONTABOUT1TO15BILLIONYEARSAGODOUZERYETAL,2004YOONETAL,2004,THISORGANELLEHASBECOMEFULLYINTEGRATEDINTOTHELIFECYCLEOFPHOTOSYNTHETICEUKARYOTESANDHASESSENTIALLYUNDERPINNEDGLOBALECOSYSTEMSPHOTOSYNTHESISCOMPRISESTWOCONCEPTUALLYDISTINCTPHASESTHATOCCURENTIRELYWITHINTHECHLOROPLASTTHELIGHTDEPENDENTREACTIONSTAKEPLACEONTHETHYLAKOIDMEMBRANE,INWHICHLIGHTENERGYDRIVESELECTRONTRANSPORTBETWEENASERIESOFMULTISUBUNITPROTEINCOMPLEXESINTWOOFTHESECOMPLEXES,PHOTOSYSTEMIPSIANDPHOTOSYSTEMIIPSII,PROTEINBOUNDCHLOROPHYLLPIGMENTSAREEXCITEDBYLIGHTANDINITIATEELECTRONFLOW,SOGENERATINGATPANDREDUCINGEQUIVALENTSTHISCHEMICALENERGYISTHENUSEDINTHELIGHTINDEPENDENTREACTIONSTHATTAKEPLACEINTHECHLOROPLASTSTROMA,INWHICHCO2ISFIXEDBYRUBISCOTOGENERATESUGARSSUBSEQUENTLY,THISCARBOHYDRATEISEITHERIMMEDIATELYEXPORTEDTOTHECYTOSOLORISSTOREDWITHINTHECHLOROPLASTASSTARCHBEYONDPHOTOSYNTHESIS,THECHLOROPLASTISALSOTHESITEOFFATTYACIDBIOSYNTHESIS,NITRATEASSIMILATIONANDAMINOACIDBIOSYNTHESISGIVENTHEIMPORTANCEOFPLANTPRODUCTSTOHUMANBEINGS,PHOTOSYNTHETICDEVELOPMENTANDTHEBIOGENESISOFCHLOROPLASTSHAVERECEIVEDINTENSESCRUTINYINSEEDPLANTS,CHLOROPLASTSDEVELOPFROMANONPHOTOSYNTHETICFORMCALLEDTHEPROPLASTID,WHICHISTRANSMITTEDBETWEENGENERATIONSTHROUGHTHEOVULEANDISMAINTAINEDINMERISTEMATICSTEMCELLSHOWDOESACHLOROPLASTDEVELOPFROMAPROPLASTIDHOWISPHOTOSYNTHETICCOMPETENCEREACHEDANDSUSTAINEDTHESEARECERTAINLYCOMPLEXANDOPENQUESTIONS,BUTTWOCENTRALTHEMESEMERGEFIRST,THECOORDINATIONANDINTEGRATIONOFMULTIPLEPARALLELPROCESSES,NONEOFWHICHOPERATESINISOLATION,AREABSOLUTELYNECESSARYTHISTHEMEISMOSTCLEARLYSHOWNBYTHEFACTTHATMUTATIONSINSINGLECHLOROPLASTCOMPONENTSCANHAVEMAJORRAMIFICATIONSBEYONDTHEIMMEDIATEPROCESSINQUESTIONSECOND,CONSTANTINTERORGANELLARCROSSTALKOCCURSBOTHDURINGTHEINITIALCONSTRUCTIONOFTHECHLOROPLASTANDTOMAINTAINFORMANDFUNCTIONINMATURETISSUESCOUPLEDWITHTHENEEDTORESPONDTOACONSTANTLYVARIABLEENVIRONMENT,THISCROSSTALKREFLECTSTHEEXISTENCEOFTWOGENOMESANDTHENEEDTOREGULATEDYNAMICALLYTHERELATIVEINPUTFROMEACHTOWARDSCONSTITUENTPARTSOFTHECHLOROPLASTTHISREVIEWCOVERSSOMEOFTHEMAJORCELLULARANDDEVELOPMENTALASPECTSOFCHLOROPLASTBIOGENESISTHATENCOMPASSTHEABOVETHEMESLIGHTSIGNALLINGDURINGPHOTOMORPHOGENESISINSEEDPLANTS,LIGHTISAPREREQUISITEFORTHESYNTHESISOFCHLOROPHYLL,ANDCHLOROPLASTSDONOTDEVELOPINTHEDARKPHOTOMORPHOGENESISDESCRIBESTHEDEVELOPMENTALPROGRAMMEUNDERTAKENBYSEEDLINGSEXPOSEDTOLIGHT,ANDISTYPIFIEDBYTHEINHIBITIONOFHYPOCOTYLGROWTH,THEDEVELOPMENTOFCHLOROPLASTSANDTHEOPENINGOFCOTYLEDONSINEUDICOTYLEDONOUSSPECIESLIGHTISPERCEIVEDBYASUITERECEIVED12JULY2009ACCEPTED12AUGUST2009PUBLISHEDONLINE10SEPTEMBER2009CORRESPONDINGAUTHORDEPARTMENTOFPLANTSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFOXFORD,SOUTHPARKSROAD,OXFORD,OX13RB,UKTELT441865275099FAXT441865275074EMAILJANELANGDALEPLANTSOXACUKTHEEMBOJOURNAL200928,2861–2873|INADDITION,COP1PREFERENTIALLYINTERACTSWITHTHEUNPHOSPHORYLATEDFORMOFHY5,FURTHERSUPPRESSINGLEVELSOFBIOLOGICALLYACTIVEHY5HARDTKEETAL,2000INPARALLEL,PIF3ISBOUNDTOGBOXSEQUENCESINTARGETPROMOTERS,INHIBITINGTRANSCRIPTIONOFPHOTOMORPHOGENESISRELATEDGENESBBLUELIGHTEXPOSURETRIGGERSTHEPHOTOACTIVATIONOFCRY1,WHICHLEADSTOTHEEXITOFCOP1FROMTHENUCLEUSANDTHUSALLOWSHY5LEVELSTOINCREASEHY5ISDEPHOSPHORYLATED,INCREASINGITSBIOLOGICALACTIVITYANDFURTHERREDUCINGITSAFFINITYFORCOP1MOREHY5ISTHENAVAILABLETOBINDTOGBOXMOTIFSANDPROMOTETRANSCRIPTIONOFGENESSUCHASLIGHTHARVESTINGCHLOROPH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簡介：TESTANDANALYSISFORULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFEXISTINGREINFORCEDCONCRETEARCHRIBSJIANRENZHANG1CHUANXILI2FEIHONGXU3ANDXIAOMINGYU4ABSTRACTTHESTRUCTURALPERFORMANCEOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEBRIDGESGRADUALLYDETERIORATESDUETOMATERIALAGINGANDCONCRETECRACKINGREPORTEDHEREARETHEEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSANDTHENONLINEARFINITEELEMENTANALYSISOFTWOARCHRIBSREMOVEDFROMADECOMMISSIONEDBRIDGEANDREINSTALLEDINTHELABORATORYTHEOLDBRIDGEHADBEENINSERVICEFOR28YEARSTHEFULLSCALESTATICTESTSFORTWOARCHRIBSWEREPERFORMEDTHELOAD–DISPLACEMENTANDLOAD–STRAINRELATIONSHIPS,THERESIDUALLOADCARRYINGCAPACITY,ANDTHEFAILUREFORMAREEXPLOREDINDETAILTHESTRUCTURALANALYSISSOFTWAREMARCISINVOKEDINTHETHEORETICALCOMPUTATIONSBOTHGEOMETRICALANDMATERIALNONLINEARITIESARECONSIDEREDMOREOVER,THEMATERIALAGINGANDTHESTRUCTURALDAMAGEAREINTRODUCEDINTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELFORCOMPARISON,THEUNDAMAGEDANDGEOMETRICALLYPERFECTARCHRIBISANALYZEDATTHESAMETIMEACOMPARISONBETWEENTHEEXPERIMENTALANDTHEORETICALRESULTSISMADEITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATTHEINITIALCRACKS,THEREINFORCEMENTCORROSION,ANDTHEVARIATIONOFTHEARCHAXIALLINESHAPEARETHECRUCIALEFFECTSFORTHESTRUCTURALULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYANDFAILUREMODEDOI101061/?ASCE?10840702?2007?121?4?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSBRIDGESCONCRETE,REINFORCEDBEARINGCAPACITYFINITEELEMENTMETHODULTIMATELOADSINTRODUCTIONEVALUATIONOFTHERESIDUALSTRENGTHANDREMAININGLIFEOFCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEATTRACTEDMUCHATTENTIONINRECENTYEARSASTHESTRUCTURESCONTINUETOAGEALARGENUMBEROFREINFORCEDCONCRETE?RC?BRIDGESWEREBUILTINTHEPAST50YEARSINCHINAUNFORTUNATELY,MANYOFTHEMAREGREATLYDAMAGEDDUETOTHEINCREASINGTRAFFICLOADS,ENVIRONMENT,MATERIALAGING,ANDINADEQUATEMAINTENANCEMOREANDMOREOLDRCBRIDGESNEEDTOBEREPAIRED,REHABILITATED,ORBEPUTOUTOFSERVICEANDREPLACEDACRUCIALPROBLEMISTHEASSESSMENTOFTHEIRRESIDUALLOADCARRYINGCAPACITIESTHISISACHALLENGEFORTHEBRIDGEENGINEERSBECAUSEOFTHECOMPLEXITYANDRANDOMNESSOFCONCRETECRACKING,CONCRETEDAMAGE,ANDREINFORCEMENTCORROSIONINTHESEEXISTINGAGEDRCBRIDGESTHERESEARCHERSWERE,THEREFORE,MOTIVATEDTOINVESTIGATEWHETHERITISRATIONALTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHEINSIGHTTHEYGAINEDFROMTHENONDESTRUCTIVESTATICANDDYNAMICTESTSINTEGRATINGTHEORETICALANALYSISVALUABLEINVESTIGATIONSHAVEBEENDONEBYBAKHTANDJAEGER?1990?,DOUGLASETAL?1990?,LAWETAL?1995A,B?,ENRIGHTANDFRANGOPOL?2000?,FARHEYETAL?2000?,NOWAKETAL?2000?,MARAGAKISETAL?2001?,BROWNJOHNETAL?2003?,ANDFUANDLU?2003?HOWEVER,ITISVERYDIFFICULTTOOBTAINTHELOADCURVESANDTHEVIBRATINGMODESBYEXPERIMENTINTHEFIELD,ESPECIALLYNEARTHEFAILUREPERIODINSOMECASES,THEANALYTICALRATINGFACTORSWOULDBEMISLEADINGTHEEXPERIMENTALSTUDYONTHEEXISTINGBRIDGEMEMBERSINTHELABORATORYISADIRECTANDEFFECTIVEWAYTOEVALUATETHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYTHESTRUCTURALRESPONSEPARAMETERSCOULDBEEASILYOBTAINEDONTHEOTHERHAND,THEVARIOUSPARAMETERSDESCRIBINGTHEAGEDRCBRIDGEBEHAVIORSCOULDNOTBEEASILYQUANTIFIEDCONSEQUENTLY,THEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSPROVIDEARATIONALREFERENCEFORTHETHEORETICALANALYSISINTHISWORK,TWOARCHRIBSWERESALVAGEDFROMA28YEAROLDRCBRIDGEANDSENTTOTHELABORATORYTHEEXPERIMENTALPROCEDURE,INCLUDINGTHEREINSTALLATIONSOFTWOARCHRIBSINTHELABORATORY,ISEXPLAINEDTHESTATICANDDYNAMICTESTSWERECARRIEDOUTBYINVOKINGTHESTRUCTURALFINITEELEMENTANALYSISSOFTWAREMARC,THETHEORETICALANALYSISISPERFORMEDINWHICHBOTHTHEGEOMETRICALANDMATERIALNONLINEARITIESARECONSIDEREDTHETHEORETICALRESULTSAREINAGREEMENTWITHTHESTATICTESTRESULTSTESTBACKGROUNDASSHOWNINFIG1,BEIMENBRIDGE,AUNIFORMCROSSSECTIONCATENARYARCHBRIDGEWITHTHREESPANS,WASCONSTRUCTEDIN1973ITISLOCATEDINCHANGINGCOUNTY,HUNANPROVINCE,CHINATHEMAINLOADCARRYINGMEMBERSARETHERCARCHRIBSWITHTHESPANOF20MIN2002,THEBRIDGEWASFOUNDTOBEINADANGEROUSSTATETHESURFACECONCRETEOFSOMEARCHRIBSHADFLAKEDANDTHECONCRETESTRENGTHCOULDNOTSATISFYTHEBRIDGECODESANDREGULATIONSINCONCLUSION,ITHADNOVALUESTOBEREHABILITATEDANDREINFORCEDCONSEQUENTLYTHEOWNERDECIDEDTODISMANTLETHISBRIDGEBEFORETHEBRIDGEWASDEMOLISHED,INORDERTOSTUDYTHEMECHANICALPROPERTYANDTHERESIDUALSTRENGTHOFITSMAINSTRUCTURAL1PROF,COLLEGEOFBRIDGEANDSTRUCTENGRG,CHANGSHAUNIVOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,45CHILINGROAD,TIANXINDISTR,410076,CHANGSHA,HUNAN,CHINAEMAILJIANRENZHOTMAILCOM2PROF,COLLEGEOFBRIDGEANDSTRUCTENGRG,CHANGSHAUNIVOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,45CHILINGROAD,TIANXINDISTR,410076,CHANGSHA,HUNAN,CHINA3ASSOCPROF,COLLEGEOFBRIDGEANDSTRUCTENGRG,CHANGSHAUNIVOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,45CHILINGROAD,TIANXINDISTR,410076,CHANGSHA,HUNAN,CHINA4ASSOCPROF,COLLEGEOFBRIDGEANDSTRUCTENGRG,CHANGSHAUNIVOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,45CHILINGROAD,TIANXINDISTR,410076,CHANGSHA,HUNAN,CHINANOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILJUNE1,2007SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONAPRIL15,2004APPROVEDONSEPTEMBER23,2005THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL12,NO1,JANUARY1,2007?ASCE,ISSN10840702/2007/14–12/25004/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/JANUARY/FEBRUARY2007DOWNLOADED07NOV2010TO1132402338REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICENSEORCOPYRIGHTVISITHTTP//WWWASCELIBRARYORGOFTHEDAMAGECONDITIONSTOTHISEND,SOMEMEASUREMENTITEMSARECHOSENASFOLLOWS1MATERIALPROPERTIESOFCONCRETE2CRACKCONDITION?LOCATION,WIDTH,ANDLENGTH?3REINFORCEMENTCORROSION4LOADVALUESPRODUCEDBYJACKS5HORIZONTALDISPLACEMENTATTHESPRINGLINE6VERTICALANDLATERALDISPLACEMENTSAND7DISTRIBUTIONSTRAINSOFTHETYPICALCROSSSECTIONSARRANGEMENTOFMEASURINGPOINTSINORDERTOCOMPARETHETESTRESULTSBETWEENTWODIFFERENTDAMAGEDARCHES,THEMEASURINGPOINTSOFTHEDISPLACEMENTSANDSTRAINSFORTHETWOARCHRIBSWEREARRANGEDINTHESAMEWAYNINEPOINTSFORMEASURINGTHEVERTICALDISPLACEMENTSANDSEVENPOINTSFORMEASURINGTHELATERALDISPLACEMENTSWERERESPECTIVELYCHOSENFOREACHARCHINADDITION,ONEPOINTFORMEASURINGTHEHORIZONTALDISPLACEMENTATEACHSUPPORTWASARRANGEDASARESULT,THEREWEREEIGHTEENDISPLACEMENTMEASURINGPOINTSINEACHARCHTHELOADINGP?THEVALUEOFLOADATSINGLELOADINGPOINT?WASAPPLIEDSIMULTANEOUSLYATTHREEDIFFERENTLOCATIONS,SAYL/4,L/2,AND3L/4,RESPECTIVELY,BYASPECIFICJACKREACTIONSYSTEMTHELOADINGPOINTSANDTHEDISPLACEMENTMEASURINGPOINTSARESHOWNINFIG6BEFORETESTING,ITWASFOUNDTHATTHEREWEREMANYDISTRIBUTEDCRACKSINEACHARCHRIBTHESECRACKSWOULDGREATLYAFFECTTHELOCALSTRAINSTHIRTYSEVENPOINTSFORMEASURINGTHELOCALSTRAINVALUESWEREARRANGEDINEACHARCHASSHOWNINFIG7TESTPROCEDUREPRESENTCONDITIONSDETECTIONANACCURATEDETECTIONOFDAMAGEISOFIMPORTANCEFORTHEEVALUATIONOFTHEBRIDGETHEREFORE,THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTEPISTOKNOWTHEDAMAGECONDITIONS,THEMATERIALPROPERTIES,ANDTHESECTIONALSIZESTHECOVERINGLAYERTHICKNESSESANDDIAMETERSOFTHESTEELBARSWEREMEASUREDBYEQUIPMENTTHECOVERINGLAYERAVERAGETHICKNESSWAS30CMATTHEBOTTOMAND35CMATTHESIDETHECROSSSECTIONALSIZESWEREMEASUREDBYTHESTEELRULERTHERESULTSCANBEFOUNDINFIG2THROUGHTHENAKEDEYE,THESURFACECRACKSOFBOTHTHEARCHESWEREVISIBLETHEINITIALCRACKSOBSERVEDBYDIALMAGNIFYINGGLASSWEREMAINLYDISTRIBUTEDINTHEAREASOFTHEWESTSPRING,THEL/4AND3L/4LOCATIONS,ANDTHEEASTSPRINGRELATIVELY,THENUMBEROFCRACKSFORBOTHTHEARCHESNEARTHEL/8LOCATIONWASMORETHANINOTHERPLACESTHEMAXIMUMLENGTHOFTHEVERTICALCRACKSWAS12CMINTHENORTHARCHAND725CMINTHESOUTHARCHTHEMAXIMUMWIDTHWAS012MMINTHENORTHARCHAND015MMINTHESOUTHARCHTHEREWASACRACKALONGTHEAXIALLINEINTHENORTHARCHTHELENGTHWAS45CMANDTHEWIDTHWAS041MMINADDITION,THEREWERETWOCRACKSINTHESOUTHARCHTHEMAXIMUMLENGTHWAS51CM,ANDTHEMAXIMUMWIDTHWAS048MMTHECRACKDISTRIBUTIONSAREILLUSTRATEDINFIG8ACCURATEEVALUATIONFORTHECONSTITUTIVERELATIONSHIPOFCONCRETEWASAKEYSTEPTOOBTAININGTHERELIABLEFINITEELEMENTFIG6MEASURINGPOINTSOFDISPLACEMENTSANDLOADINGPOINTSFIG7MEASURINGPOINTSOFSTRAINS6/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/JANUARY/FEBRUARY2007DOWNLOADED07NOV2010TO1132402338REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICENSEORCOPYRIGHTVISITHTTP//WWWASCELIBRARYORG