簡介：第1頁共13頁中文中文6200字出處出處ENGINEERINGSTRUCTURES,2008,301131763185周期性靜水壓力作用下混凝土壩的診斷分析RARDITO,GMAIER,GMASSALONGO摘要本文提出并研究可能造成年代久遠的大型混凝土壩損害診斷的流程，可以概括如下?；炷羺^(qū)域的彈性模量按傳統(tǒng)意義上來說是一些參數(shù)，這些參數(shù)用來確認由于過去的物理化學(xué)過程或在極限荷載作用下造成的結(jié)構(gòu)損傷。在非破壞性診斷試驗中廠區(qū)的水庫水位年周期性改變被認為是不太重要的外部影響。我們通常用雷達來測量由于水庫水位從最高降至最低所引起的下游面的位移，目前這些儀器在水壩工程中是很具有創(chuàng)新性的。顯然由于周期熱效應(yīng)引起的可測位移所造成的不容忽視的影響已經(jīng)被人們所關(guān)注，我們已開始通過壩體內(nèi)部的溫度計按照一定的時間間隔來測量壩體溫度，根據(jù)它們的參數(shù)管理簡化的熱邊界條件，超過一年就可以通過傅里葉級數(shù)來表示溫度的時效性。最后，損傷診斷要用最小化來得出，通過彈性模量，在測量和計算所得的位移之間的一系列差異函數(shù)來計算，也可以在線性熱彈性力學(xué)背景下進行逆分析，還可以通過隨機擴展來驗證所提出的計算方法。關(guān)鍵詞混凝土大壩；損傷診斷；熱效應(yīng)；雷達監(jiān)控；隨機處理；逆分析1前言目前現(xiàn)存的一些重要的混凝土大壩特別是在歐洲和北美洲地區(qū)，經(jīng)過幾十年生產(chǎn)服務(wù)已經(jīng)存在了一些結(jié)構(gòu)上的破壞。最常見的惡化形式是一種被稱作硅酸鹽反應(yīng)的物理化學(xué)過程。經(jīng)過大約十年的潛伏期和超過三十至四十年的活躍期在達到飽和之前，這個過程會造成混凝土的剛度和強度的退化，并產(chǎn)生膨脹危害。膨脹會提高混凝土的自具應(yīng)力并導(dǎo)致壩體開裂。在二十世紀八十年代后硅酸鹽反應(yīng)才被人們逐漸的了解，然而在多物理場耦合計算力學(xué)領(lǐng)域中和大壩工第3頁共13頁譜，見索引【10】。然而，全面特征分析所有技術(shù)有以下幾個明顯的局限性（I）無損實驗必須在結(jié)構(gòu)響應(yīng)的塑性范圍內(nèi)，彈性模量才能被預(yù)估；（II）剛度退化對可測位移（敏感性分析可以證明）不產(chǎn)生影響的地方屬于壩體、壩內(nèi)部和壩基范圍；（III）裂縫和接縫的滲漏及加壓進水和結(jié)構(gòu)因素一樣是最基本的危害，它們很難通過全面逆分析來確定，同時需要各種監(jiān)測，最基本的監(jiān)測是目視檢查。這些情況在原位測試中常使用在必要的地方，像（B）所提及的那樣。在本文中，如果雷達設(shè)備齊全并且它可以在六個月中測出大壩位移，那么以周期性靜水荷載為基礎(chǔ)的診斷技術(shù)（E）是可以研究出來的。所要考慮的外部影響一般有水位從最高降至最低的波動和由夏至冬的溫度變化，在時間上來說這兩種因素都是周期性的。在第2部分中，國際大壩委員會基準研討會【11】提到的混凝土重力拱壩被作為事例，我們在通過幾何學(xué)和材料性質(zhì)來它的同時也用有限元方法對它進行建模。第3部分進行初步的熱分析，它利用了年周期性的合理假設(shè)并由簡要的傅里葉級數(shù)展開進行了有效計算。第4部分描述了整體熱彈性模型。第5部分包含了以大壩內(nèi)部溫度測量為基礎(chǔ)的標準化程序的介紹和應(yīng)用，它是由不同學(xué)者對混凝土壩簡化的熱邊界條件建立的評估公式。第6部分介紹了損傷診斷問題。逆分析程序在數(shù)值上得以確認，它建立在已知虛擬實驗數(shù)據(jù)模擬基礎(chǔ)上。為損傷定量尋求的參數(shù)是一些分散在大壩區(qū)域的彈性模量，一般來說每一個都是。損傷鑒定一般是通過一批一階優(yōu)化（“信賴域算法”）處理方式進行。鑒于目標函數(shù)沒有凸性，它的解決方案是受阻的，同時，為了避免局部最小化我們要采用不同的初始化。測量的隨機不確定性一般要考慮在內(nèi)而且它們的評估結(jié)果一般由蒙特卡羅法隨機量化。第7部分是專門對已取得的成果和開放問題研究展望的總結(jié)。特殊符號粗體符號代表矩陣和矢量；上標T表示轉(zhuǎn)置；疊加小點表示相對于時間T的導(dǎo)數(shù)。2參考案例及模型本文所提出的特征分析程序?qū)⒂孟挛乃f的實例大壩來論述，它代表了現(xiàn)今的主要技術(shù)。該大壩（圖1）屬于意大利PIANTELESSIO水力發(fā)電廠，對于

簡介：AMIXTUREINTEGERVALUEDARCHMODELFUKANGZHU,QILI,DEHUIWANG?SCHOOLOFMATHEMATICS,JILINUNIVERSITY,CHANGCHUN,JILIN130012,PRCHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED1JUNE2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM22OCTOBER2009ACCEPTED26JANUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE4FEBRUARY2010KEYWORDSAUTOCORRELATIONEMALGORITHMINTEGERVALUEDTIMESERIESMIXTUREMODELMODELSELECTIONSTATIONARITYABSTRACTWEPROPOSEAMIXTUREINTEGERVALUEDARCHMODELFORMODELINGINTEGERVALUEDTIMESERIESWITHOVERDISPERSIONTHEMODELCONSISTSOFAMIXTUREOFKSTATIONARYORNONSTATIONARYINTEGERVALUEDARCHCOMPONENTSTHEADVANTAGESOFTHEMIXTUREMODELOVERTHESINGLECOMPONENTMODELINCLUDETHEABILITYTOHANDLEMULTIMODALITYANDNONSTATIONARYCOMPONENTSTHENECESSARYANDSUFFICIENTFIRSTANDSECONDORDERSTATIONARITYCONDITIONS,THENECESSARYARBITRARYORDERSTATIONARITYCONDITIONS,ANDTHEAUTOCORRELATIONFUNCTIONAREDERIVEDTHEESTIMATIONOFPARAMETERSISDONETHROUGHANEMALGORITHM,ANDTHEMODELISSELECTEDBYTHREEINFORMATIONCRITERIONS,WHOSEPERFORMANCESARESTUDIEDVIASIMULATIONSFINALLY,THEMODELISAPPLIEDTOAREALDATASETP1,Y,PKMODELISFIRSTORDERSTATIONARY,THENFROM22WEHAVEM?EDXTT?EDMTT?PKK?1AKBK01?PKK?1PPKI?1AKBKITHEOREM2SUPPOSETHATTHEPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHKP,Y,PMODELISFIRSTORDERSTATIONARYANECESSARYANDSUFFICIENTCONDITIONFORTHEPROCESSTOBESECONDORDERSTATIONARYISTHATALLROOTSOF1?C1Z?1?????CPZ?P?0LIEINSIDETHEUNITCIRCLE,WHEREFORU,L1,Y,P1,CU?XKK?1AKB2KU?XP?1V?1XJI?JJ?VBKIBKJBVUYU001ACP?XKK?1AKB2KPYL0?XKK?1AKBKLYLL?XKK?1AKXJI?LJ?LBKI01A?1ANDYLU?XKK?1AKXJI?LJ?UBKIUALWHEREBANDB?1AREDP?1T?DP?1TMATRICESSUCHTHATB?DYIJTP?1IJ?1ANDB?1BIJI,J1P1INTHEFOLLOWING,WEGIVETWOSPECIALCASESOFTHEOREM2COROLLARY1SUPPOSETHATTHEPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHKP,Y,PMODELISFIRSTORDERSTATIONARYWHENP1,THESECONDORDERSTATIONARITYCONDITIONISPKK?1AKB2K1O1WHENP2,THESECONDORDERSTATIONARITYCONDITIONISD2TD1O1,WHERED1?XKK?1AKB2K1T2PKK?1AKBK1BK2??PKK?1AKBK1??1?PKK?1AKBK2D2?XKK?1AKB2K2ASANILLUSTRATION,CONSIDERTHEMINARCH21,1MODELTHECONDITIONSFORFIRSTANDSECONDORDERSTATIONARITIESAREA1B11TA2B21O1ANDA1B211TA2B221O1,RESPECTIVELYNOTETHATITISPOSSIBLEFORONEOFTHECOMPONENTSTOBEANONSTATIONARYINARCHPROCESSYETFORTHETIMESERIESTOSTILLBESECONDORDERSTATIONARYWEILLUSTRATETHISPOINTWITHASIMULATEDSERIESFROMTHEFOLLOWINGMINARCH21,1MODELAA1?075A2?025L1T?1T05XT?1L2T?2T15XT?1THETIMEPLOTS,THESAMPLEAUTOCORRELATIONFUNCTIONS,THESAMPLEPARTIALAUTOCORRELATIONFUNCTIONS,ANDAHISTOGRAMFORTHESIMULATEDSERIESARESHOWNINFIGS1AND2,RESPECTIVELYTHESIMULATEDTIMESERIESAPPEARSTOBESTATIONARYANDBIMODALASTHEMINARCHMODELISAMIXTUREOFINARCHMODELS,THERANGEOFAUTOCORRELATIONSOFTHETIMESERIESGENERATEDBYTHEMINARCHMODELSHOULDBESIMILARTOTHATOFANINARCHMODELFORASECONDORDERSTATIONARYPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHMODEL,WEHAVECOVDXT?MTXT?JT?E?DXT?MTTDXT?J?MT??E?DXT?J?MTEDDXT?MTTJFT?1T??0THENCOVDXTXT?JT?COVDMTXT?JT?COVXPI?1XKK?1AKBKIXT?IXT?JSORJ?XPI?1XKK?1AKBKIRJI?JJJ?1PWHERERJISTHELAGJAUTOCORRELATIONNOTETHATTHESEEQUATIONSARESIMILARTOTHEYULE–WALKEREQUATIONSFORTHEORDINARYINARCHPPROCESSSEEWEI?,2009,WHERETHECOEFFICIENTPKK?1AKBKIREPLACESTHELAGICOEFFICIENTOFTHEINARCHPPROCESSSPECIALLY,FORTHEMINARCHK1,Y,1MODEL,RJ??PKK?1AKBK1?JTHERANGEOFPOSSIBLEAUTOCORRELATIONSISASGREATASTHATOFTHESTANDARDINARCHPROCESS,SINCETHEINARCHMODELISJUSTALIMITINGCASEOFTHEMINARCHMODELITISNOTDIFFICULTTOMODIFYTHEMINARCHMODEL21TOHANDLENONSTATIONARYTIMESERIESTHISCANBEDONEBYRESTRICTINGONEOFTHEROOTSOFTHEEQUATION1?BK1Z?1?????BKPKZ?PK?0TOBE1FOREACHOFTHEKCOMPONENTSHOWEVER,ITISEQUIVALENTTOTHEFITTINGOFASTATIONARYMINARCHMODELFORTHEDIFFERENCESERIESXT?XT?1THENECESSARYANDSUFFICIENTCONDITIONFORTHEPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHKP1,Y,PKMODELTOBEMTHORDERSTATIONARYISDIFFICULTTOBEGIVENNEXT,WEWILLDERIVEANECESSARYCONDITIONFORTHEPROCESSXTTHATISMTHORDERSTATIONARYTHEOREM3SUPPOSETHATTHEPROCESSXTFOLLOWINGAMINARCHKP1,Y,PKMODELISMTHORDERSTATIONARY,THENQO1,WHEREQ?XKK?1AKXPKI?1BKIMARTICLEINPRESSFZHUETAL/JOURNALOFSTATISTICALPLANNINGANDINFERENCE14020102025–20362027

簡介：1本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目EXPORTSOFHIGHTECHNOLOGYPRODUCTSFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESISITREALORASTATISTICALARTIFACT出處2000UNU/INTECH,DISCUSSIONPAPERS作者SUNILMANI原文EXPORTSOFHIGHTECHNOLOGYPRODUCTSFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESISITREALORASTATISTICALARTIFACTSUNILMANIMAY2000ABSTRACTTHISPAPERFIRSTDEVELOPSACONSISTENTTIMESERIESDATAONTHEEXPORTSOFHIGHTECHNOLOGYPRODUCTSFROMESSENTIALLYTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESANANALYSISOFTHEDATASHOWSTHATDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESAREINCREASINGLYBECOMINGEXPORTERSOFMANUFACTUREDPRODUCTSASAGAINSTPRIMARYPRODUCTSINTHEPASTSECONDTHEWORLDTRADEISINCREASINGLYBECOMINGATRADEINHIGHTECHPRODUCTSWHATISMORESTRIKINGISTHESIGNIFICANTINCREASEOFTHETECHNOLOGYCONTENTOFEXPORTSBYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESVERYNEARLYAQUARTEROFTHEEXPORTSFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESISNOWINHIGHTECHPRODUCTSTHIRD,THESHAREOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINHIGHTECHEXPORTSHAVESHOWNDRAMATICINCREASESITHASINCREASEDFROMABOUT8PERCENTIN1988TOABOUT23PERCENTBY1997BUTTHEREISCONSIDERABLECONCENTRATIONOFITINAFEWCOUNTRIESTHEPAPERTHENSEEKSTOEXPLAINWHETHERTHESEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESAREREALEXPORTERSOFHIGHTECHPRODUCTSORNOTTHISISACCOMPLISHEDBYACAREFULEXAMINATIONOFTHEDEGREEOFPRODUCTSPECIALISATIONBYBOTHDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,BYEXAMININGTHEIRRECORDWITHRESPECTTOPATENTINGANDFINALLYBYANALYSINGCERTAININDICATORSOFHIGHTECHCOMPETITIVENESSTHEPAPERCONCLUDESBYPRESENTINGACASESTUDYOFALEADINGHIGHTECHEXPORTERFROMTHEDEVELOPINGWORLD1DEFINITIONOFHIGHTECHNOLOGYECONOMISTSHAVEBEENATTEMPTINGTOMEASURETHETECHNOLOGYCONTENTOFWORLDTRADETHISISACCOMPLISHEDINTERMSOFTHETECHNOLOGYEMBODIEDINPRODUCTSTHATAREEXPORTEDFROMACOUNTRYADMITTEDLYITISADIFFICULTEXERCISEANDNOMETHODISFOOLPROOFANDPERFECTTHEGREATESTDIFFICULTYISINCLASSIFYINGPRODUCTSACCORDINGTOTHETECHNOLOGYCONTENTEMBODIEDINITSEVERALATTEMPTSINTHISDIRECTIONHAVEBEENMADEINTHEPASTINTHEFOLLOWINGIUNDERTAKEAQUICKREVIEWOFTHEMETHODOLOGIESTHISISESSENTIAL,ASIWILLATTEMPTTOSHOWTHATDEPENDINGONTHEDEFINITIONOFHIGHTECHNOLOGYTHATISEMPLOYED,ITISPOSSIBLETOGETSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTRESULTSTHEFIRSTSYSTEMATICEFFORTINTHISDIRECTIONWASBYDAVIS1982HEDEFINEDHIGHTECHNOLOGY3ALLTHECOUNTRIESACCORDINGTOTHEIRHIGHTECHEXPORTINTENSITY,ANDTHENTHERANKINGISENTIRELYDIFFERENTTABLE8TABLE7CONCENTRATIONINEXPORTSOFHIGHTECHPRODUCTSBASEDONABSOLUTEVALUESSHAREOFTHETOP10HIGHTECHEXPORTINGCOUNTRIESINPERCENTCONCENTRATIONWITHINEACHCATEGORYINPERCENTSHAREOFTOP5DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESSHAREOFTOP5DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES19886866871989777687199075748619917878821992787685199377768619947775861995767387199674728219977572851998777295NOTETHETOP5DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESARETHEUS,JAPAN,GERMANY,UKANDFRANCEANDTHETOP5DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESARESINGAPORE,KOREA,MALAYSIA,CHINAANDMEXICOSOURCEINTECH2000TABLE8RANKINGOFDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESACCORDINGTOHIGHTECHEXPORTINTENSITYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESRANKNAMEAVERAGEEXPORTINTENSITYRANKNAMEAVERAGEEXPORTINTENSITY1IRELAND42821SINGAPORE49782USA3192MALAYSIA43133JAPAN25113PHILIPPINES38334UK24964THAILAND22795NETHERLANDS21715KOREA2162NOTESAVERAGEDURINGTHEPERIOD198898MALTA,WHICHHASANAVERAGEEXPORTINTENSITYOF5572PERCENT,ISTHEHIGHESTINTHEWORLDFORTHETIMEBEING,THISHASBEENEXCLUDEDSOURCEINTECH2000ITMAYWELLBETHATSOMEOFTHESECOUNTRIESANDESPECIALLYTHOSEFROMTHEDEVELOPINGWORLDANDPERHAPSIRELANDFROMTHEDEVELOPEDWORLDARENOREALMANUFACTURERSOFHIGHTECHPRODUCTSTHISPOINTWILLBEEXAMINEDINSOMEDETAILINTHELASTSECTION22THECATCHINGUPOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINHIGHTECHEXPORTS

簡介：目錄I目錄附件附件1外文文獻原文第1頁附件附件2外文文獻譯文第11頁附件附件3硬件設(shè)計電路第20頁附件附件4軟件設(shè)計電路第23頁附錄2ABOUTAT89C511FUNCTIONCHARACTERISTICSDESCRIPTIONAT89C51ISALOWPOWERCONSUMPTION,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8BITMICROCONTROLLER,HASTHE8KINSYSTEMPROGRAMMABLEFLASHMEMORYUSEHIGHDENSITYATMELCOMPANYTHEBELTPASSWORDNONVOLATILESTORAGETECHNOLOGYANDMANUFACTURING,ANDINDUSTRIAL80S51PRODUCTINSTRUCTIONSANDPINFULLYCOMPATIBLECHIPFLASHALLOWPROGRAMMEMORYINSYSTEMPROGRAMMABLE,ALSOSUITABLEFORCONVENTIONALPROGRAMMERINASINGLECHIP,HAVEDEXTEROUS8BITSCPUANDINSYSTEMPROGRAMMABLEFLASH,MAKEAT89C51FORMANYEMBEDDEDCONTROLAPPLICATIONSYSTEMPROVIDESTHEHIGHFLEXIBLE,SUPEREFFICIENTSOLUTIONAT89C51HASTHEFOLLOWINGSTANDARDFUNCTION8KBYTESFLASH,256BYTESRAM,32BITI/OMOUTHLINE,THEWATCHDOGTIMER,TWODATAPOINTER,THREE16TIMER/COUNTER,A6VECTORLEVEL2INTERRUPTSTRUCTURE,FULLDUPLEXSERIALPORT,PIECEINSIDECRYSTALSTIMELYCLOCKCIRCUITINADDITION,AT89C51CANDROPTO0HZSTATICLOGICOPERATION,SUPPORTTWOSOFTWARECANCHOOSEPOWERSAVINGMODEIDLEMODE,THECPUTOSTOPWORKING,ALLOWINGTHERAM,TIMER/COUNTER,SERIALPORTS,INTERRUPTIONCONTINUETOWORKPOWERLOSTPROTECTIONMODE,RAMCONTENTBEINGSAVED,HASBEENFROZEN,MICROCONTROLLERALLWORKSTOP,UNTILTHENEXTINTERRUPTIONORHARDWARERESETSOFARASSHOWNINFIGURE1FORTHEAT89C51PINSALLOTMENTP101P112P123P134P145P156P167P178RST/VPD9RXDP3010TXDP3111INT0P3212INT1P3313T0P3414T1P3515WRP3616RDP3717XTAL218XTAL119END20P20A821P21A922P22A1023P23A1124P24A1225P25A1326P26A1427P27A1528PSEN29EA/VPD31ALE/PROG30P07AD732P06AD633P05AD534P04AD435P03AD336P02AD237P01AD138P00AD039VCC40FIGURE1THEAT89C51PINSALLOTMENT2INTERRUPTINTRODUCTIONAT89C51HASSIXINTERRUPTSOURCESTWOEXTERNALINTERRUPTION,AND,THREETIMERINTERRUPTTIMER0,1,2ANDASERIALINTERRUPTSEACHINTERRUPTSOURCECANBEPASSEDBUYBITSORREMOVEIETHERELEVANTSPECIALREGISTERINTERRUPTALLOWCONTROLBITRESPECTIVELYMAKEEFFECTIVEORINVALIDINTERRUPTSOURCEIEALSOINCLUDESANINTERRUPTALLOWTOTALCONTROLBITEA,ITCANBEABANALLINTERRUPTSIESIXISNOTAVAILABLEFORAT89C51,IE5BITSAREALSONOTBEUSEDUSERSOFTWARESHOULDNOTGIVETHESEBITSWRITE1THEYAT89SERIESFORNEWPRODUCTRESERVEDTIMER2CANBETF2ANDTHET2CONREGISTERSEXF2ORLOGICALTRIGGEREDPROGRAMINTOANINTERRUPTSERVICE,THESIGNBITCANBEIMPROVEDBYHARDWAREQING0INFACT,THEINTERRUPTSERVICEROUTINEMUSTDETERMINE

簡介：1INNOVATIVEDESIGNOFTHELIFTINGMECHANISMSFORFORKLIFTTRUCKSJIANYIWANG,JINGSHANZHAO?,FULEICHU,ZHIJINGFENGDEPARTMENTOFPRECISIONINSTRUMENTSANDMECHANOLOGY,TSINGHUAUNIVERSITY,BEIJING100084,PRCHINA叉車叉車提升系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計提升系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計清華大學(xué)精密儀器與機械學(xué)系JIANYIWANG,JINGSHANZHAO,FULEICHU,ZHIJINGFENG中華人民共和國，北京，清華大學(xué)100084摘要摘要叉車是物流行業(yè)最重要的搬運工具之一，然而，傳統(tǒng)的叉車提升系統(tǒng)不僅影響司機的視野，而且質(zhì)量過重，從而提高了整車的自重，降低了燃油經(jīng)濟性。因此，本文的重點是創(chuàng)新設(shè)計叉車的提升系統(tǒng)。首先，我們提出了空間連桿升降機構(gòu)，然后，在此基礎(chǔ)上進行貨叉的提升和車架的理論研究。最后，提出一個新的升降系統(tǒng)，并用電腦模擬他的可行性。該連桿升降機構(gòu)利用靈活的電纜驅(qū)動器和剛體導(dǎo)引，這不僅給操作者提供了一個廣闊的眼界也降低了車輛自重，因此提高燃油經(jīng)濟性。3圖1空間多連桿結(jié)構(gòu)支點1是基礎(chǔ)，剛體4通過兩個平面RRR開環(huán)聯(lián)動鏈ABC和DEF與基礎(chǔ)連接。易得這兩個運動鏈都是平面開環(huán)聯(lián)動鏈，因此作為軌道的剛體4必須和品面Α和平面Β都平行。剛體4只能做平行兩個平面相交線MN的運動，所以剛體4是直的。曲柄滑塊機構(gòu)是一個共同的機制，適用開環(huán)三連桿結(jié)構(gòu)。它被廣泛使用，它的例子應(yīng)用很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)在汽油和柴油發(fā)動機7。然而，在應(yīng)用曲柄滑塊機構(gòu)，死點可能導(dǎo)致動作失敗。為提高穩(wěn)定性和避免死點，文RRRKINEMATICRPRKINEMATIC鏈，這是由2個轉(zhuǎn)動副和移動副，也可以只生成平面運動無死點。假設(shè)的垂直平面的支持塊和RPRKINEMATIC鏈位于對稱關(guān)于縱向?qū)ΨQ平面的車輛。如圖2所示，對向夾角平面是Θ0°Θ180°。2RPRKINEMATIC鏈分別放置在兩個位面上，。每一RPRKINEMATIC鏈包括2個轉(zhuǎn)動副和移動副，連桿和滑道。連接桿和滑道通過一個移動副連接。叉架由兩個擠壓轉(zhuǎn)動副分別與兩根連桿相連。如上面所討論的，在這樣一個空間連桿結(jié)構(gòu)，軌道叉框架的運動軌跡是一條直線。

簡介：URBANANDLANDSCAPEPERSPECTIVESHIROYUKISHIMIZUAKITOMURAYAMAEDSBASICANDCLINICALENVIRONMENTALAPPROACHESINLANDSCAPEPLANNINGEDITORIALCOMMITTEEPAOLAPITTALUGASILVIASERRELIPROJECTASSISTANTSMONICAJOHANSSONLAURALUTZONIAIMSANDSCOPEURBANANDLANDSCAPEPERSPECTIVESISASERIESWHICHAIMSATNURTURINGTHEORETICREFLECTIONONTHECITYANDTHETERRITORYANDWORKINGOUTANDAPPLYINGMETHODSANDTECHNIQUESFORIMPROVINGOURPHYSICALANDSOCIALLANDSCAPESTHEMAINISSUEINTHESERIESISDEVELOPEDAROUNDTHEPROJECTUALDIMENSION,WITHTHEOBJECTIVEOFVISUALISINGBOTHTHECITYANDTHETERRITORYFROMAPARTICULARVIEWPOINT,WHICHSINGLESOUTTHETERRITORIALDIMENSIONASTHECITY’SSPACEOFCOMMUNICATIONANDNEGOTIATIONTHESERIESWILLFACEEMERGINGPROBLEMSTHATCHARACTERISETHEDYNAMICSOFCITYDEVELOPMENT,LIKETHENEW,FRESHRELATIONSBETWEENURBANSOCIETIESANDPHYSICALSPACE,THERIGHTTOTHECITY,URBANEQUITY,THEPROJECTFORTHEPHYSICALCITYASAMEANSTOREVEALCIVITAS,SIGNSOFNEWSOCIALCOHESIVENESS,THESENSEOFCONTEMPORARYPUBLICSPACEANDTHESUSTAINABILITYOFURBANDEVELOPMENTCONCERNEDWITHADVANCINGTHEORIESONTHECITY,THESERIESRESOLVESTOWELCOMEARTICLESTHATFEATUREAPLURALISMOFDISCIPLINARYCONTRIBUTIONSSTUDYINGFORMALANDINFORMALPRACTICESONTHEPROJECTFORTHECITYANDSEEKINGCONCEPTUALANDOPERATIVECATEGORIESCAPABLEOFUNDERSTANDINGANDFACINGTHEPROBLEMSINHERENTINTHEPROFOUNDTRANSFORMATIONSOFCONTEMPORARYURBANLANDSCAPES

簡介：1一、英文原文一、英文原文ANASSESSMENTOFTHESUITABILITYOFFPGABASEDSYSTEMSFORUSEINDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSING★★★RUSSELLJPETERSENANDBRADLHUTCHINGSBRIGHAMYOUNGUNIVERSITY,DEPTOFELECTRICALANDCOMPUTERENGINEERING,459CB,PROVOUT84602,USAABSTRACTFPGASHAVEBEENPROPOSEDASHIGHPERFORMANCEALTERNATIVESTODSPPROCESSORSTHISPAPERQUANTITATIVELYCOMPARESFPGAPERFORMANCEAGAINSTDSPPROCESSORSANDASICSUSINGACTUALAPPLICATIONSANDEXISTINGCADTOOLSANDDEVICESPERFORMANCEMEASURESWEREBASEDONACTUALMULTIPLIERPERFORMANCEWITHFPGAS,DSPPROCESSORSANDASICSTHISSTUDYDEMONSTRATESTHATFPGASCANPROVIDEANORDEROFMAGNITUDEBETTERPERFORMANCETHANDSPPROCESSORSANDCANINMANYCASESAPPROACHOREXCEEDASICLEVELSOFPERFORMANCE1INTRODUCTIONTOMEETTHEINTENSIVECOMPUTATIONANDI/ODEMANDSIMPOSEDBYDSPSYSTEMSMANYCUSTOMDIGITALHARDWARESYSTEMSUTILIZINGASICSHAVEBEENDESIGNEDANDBUILTCUSTOMHARDWARESOLUTIONSHAVEBEENNECESSARYDUETOTHELOWPERFORMANCEOFOTHERAPPROACHESSUCHASMICROPROCESSORBASEDSYSTEMS,BUTHAVETHEDISADVANTAGEOFINFLEXIBILITYANDAHIGHCOSTOFDEVELOPMENTTHEDSPPROCESSORATTEMPTSTOOVERCOMETHEINFLEXIBILITYANDDEVELOPMENTCOSTSOFCUSTOMHARDWARETHEDSPPROCESSORPROVIDESFLEXIBILITYTHROUGHSOFTWAREINSTRUCTIONDECODINGANDEXECUTIONWHILEPROVIDINGHIGHPERFORMANCEARITHMETICCOMPONENTSSUCHASFASTARRAYMULTIPLIERSANDMULTIPLEMEMORYBANKSTOINCREASEDATATHROUGHPUTTHEFPGAHASALSORECENTLYGENERATEDINTERESTFORUSEINIMPLEMENTINGDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGSYSTEMSDUETOITSABILITYTOIMPLEMENTCUSTOMHARDWARESOLUTIONSWHILESTILLMAINTAININGFLEXIBILITYTHROUGHDEVICEREPROGRAMMING2USINGTHEFPGAITISHOPEDTHATASIGNIFICANT★TOBEPUBLISHEDIN5THINTERNATIONALWORKSHOPONFIELDPROGRAMMABLELOGICANDAPPLICATIONS,OXFORD,ENGLAND,AUG1995★★THISWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYARPA/CSTOUNDERCONTRACTNUMBERDABT6394C0085UNDERASUBCONTRACTTONATIONALSEMICONDUCTOR3FIG1BLOCKDIAGRAMSOFBASICMULTIPLIERALTERNATIVES22FPGAMULTIPLICATIONRESULTSTABLE1LISTSTHEPERFORMANCEOFSEVERALMULTIPLIERSIMPLEMENTEDONTHREEDIFFERENTFPGASTHEFPGASUSEDWEREAXILINX4010,ANALTERAFLEX800081188,ANDANATIONALSEMICONDUCTORCLAY31THEFIRSTTWOFPGASCANBECHARACTERIZEDASMEDIUMGRAINEDARCHITECTURESANDAREAPPROXIMATELYEQUIVALENTINLOGICDENSITYWHILETHELASTFPGAISAFINEGRAINEDARCHITECTUREUTILIZINGSMALLERBUTMORENUMEROUSCELLSTHEMULTIPLICATIONRATEOFEACHMULTIPLIERISLISTEDINMHZASWELLASTHEPERCENTAGEOFTHEFPGAREQUIREDTOIMPLEMENTTHEMULTIPLIERTHEBITSERIALMULTIPLIERSHAVELISTEDBOTHTHEIRCLOCKRATEBITRATEANDTHEIREFFECTIVEMULTIPLICATIONRATECLOCKRATE/2N23MULTIPLIERTABLECONTENTSTHEMAJORITYOFTHEMULTIPLIERSINTHISSTUDYUSEDCOMMONARCHITECTURESSUCHASTHEBAUGHWOOLEYTWOSCOMPLEMENTPARALLELARRAYMULTIPLIER5ANDPIPELINEDVERSIONSOFTHEBITSERIALMULTIPLIER6SHOWNINFIGURE1INADDITION,SEVERALCUSTOMPARALLELMULTIPLIERSWEREBUILTTHATTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHESPECIALFEATURESAVAILABLEONTHEALTERAANDXILINXFPGASTHESEAREINTENDEDTOREPRESENTNEARTHEABSOLUTEMAXIMUMPOSSIBLEMULTIPLIERPERFORMANCETHATCANBEACHIEVEDWITHTHESECURRENTFPGASTHESESPECIFICCUSTOMIZATIONSWILLBEDISCUSSEDBELOWTABLE1FPGAMULTIPLIERPERFORMANCERESULTSTYPEOFMULTIPLIERCLB/LCSOFFPGAMULTSPEEDALTERA81188PARALLELMULTIPLIERS8BITUNSIGNEDFASTADDER8BITSIGNEDFASTADDER8BITUNSIGNEDSYNTHESIS8BITSIGNEDSYNTHESIS8BITSIGNEDCOMPLEXSYNTHESIS16BITUNSIGNEDFASTADDER133150129135584645131412135763148MHZ128MHZ7MHZ684MHZ586MHZ334MHZ

簡介：附錄A翻譯原文翻譯原文ENHANCINGMULTIUSERINTERACTIONWITHMULTITOUCHTABLETOPDISPLAYSUSINGHANDTRACKINGKCDOHSE1,THOMASDOHSE2,JEREMIAHDSTILL1,DERRICKJPARKHURST13HUMANCOMPUTERINTERACTIONPROGRAM1,COMPUTERSCIENCEDEPARTMENT2,PSYCHOLOGYDEPARTMENTIOWASTATEUNIVERSITY{KCD|DOHSE|DERRICK|JEREMIAH}IASTATEEDUABSTRACTAREARPROJECTIONMULTITOUCHTABLETOPDISPLAYWASAUGMENTEDWITHHANDTRACKINGUTILIZINGCOMPUTERVISIONTECHNIQUESWHILEBOTHTOUCHDETECTIONANDHANDTRACKINGCANBEINDEPENDENTLYUSEFULFORACHIEVINGINTERACTIONWITHTABLETOPDISPLAYS,THESETECHNIQUESARENOTRELIABLEWHENMULTIPLEUSERSINCLOSEPROXIMITYSIMULTANEOUSLYINTERACTWITHTHEDISPLAYTOSOLVETHISPROBLEM,WECOMBINETOUCHDETECTIONANDHANDTRACKINGTECHNIQUESINORDERTOALLOWMULTIPLEUSERSTOSIMULTANEOUSLYINTERACTWITHTHEDISPLAYWITHOUTINTERFERENCEOURHOPEISTHATBYCONSIDERINGACTIVITIESOCCURRINGONANDABOVEATABLETOPDISPLAY,MULTIUSERINTERACTIONWILLBECOMEMORENATURALANDUSEFUL,WHICHSHOULDULTIMATELYSUPPORTCOLLABORATIVEWORK1INTRODUCTIONLARGEDISPLAYSAREUSEFULFORINFORMATIONVISUALIZATIONWHENMULTIPLEPEOPLEMUSTJOINTLYUSETHEINFORMATIONTOWORKTOGETHERANDACCOMPLISHASINGLEGOALTHESOCIALINTERACTIONSTHATRESULTFROMUSINGASHAREDDISPLAYCANBEHIGHLYVALUABLE1HOWEVER,THESEDISPLAYSCANFAILTOALLOWMULTIPLEUSERSTOSIMULTANEOUSLYINTERACTWITHTHEINFORMATIONTABLETOPINTERFACESCANPROVIDEALARGESHAREDDISPLAYWHILESIMULTANEOUSLYFIGUREA1THREEUSERSWORKINGTOGETHERUSINGAREARPROJECTIONMULTITOUCHTABLETOPDISPLAYAUGMENTEDWITHHANDTRACKINGUSINGANOVERHEADCAMERA2RELATEDWORKTECHNIQUESANDTECHNOLOGIESUSEDFORINTERACTIONDETECTIONONTABLETOPDISPLAYSARERAPIDLYMATURING,BUTMANYRESEARCHERSARESTILLSEEKINGBETTERMETHODSFORCAPTURINGNATURALINTERACTIONSMADEBYMULTIPLEUSERSWITHINTHECONTEXTOFREALWORLDAPPLICATIONSTHEREAREANUMBEROFAPPROACHESTOTRACKINGUSERINTERACTIONSWITHATABLETOPDISPLAYONESUCCESSFULMETHODISTOUSEASURFACEMATERIALTHATISLADENWITHSENSORS,SUCHASTHECOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLEDIAMONDTOUCHSYSTEMTHISSYSTEMUSESATECHNIQUEWHEREACIRCUITISCAPACITIVELYCLOSEDWHENTHEUSERTOUCHESTHETABLE4INTERFACESLIKETHISONEUSEFRONTPROJECTIONDUETOTHEOPAQUESURFACENEEDEDFORTHESENSORSOTHERSYSTEMSSUCHASTHEMETADESKALSOUSESENSORS,BUTINTEGRATETHEMINPHYSICALOBJECTSTHATCANBEMANIPULATED5ANOTHERCOMMONAPPROACHISTOUSEVIDEOCAMERASTOTRACKINTERACTIONSFOREXAMPLE,THEHOLOWALLUSESASEMIOPAQUEDIFFUSERTHATALLOWSINFRAREDIRLIGHTPROJECTEDFROMBEHINDTHESCREENTOREFLECTOFFOFOBJECTSATACERTAINDISTANCEFROMTHESURFACE6THETOUCHLIGHTINTERFACEUSESTWOIRCAMERASTODETERMINEWHENCONTACTWITHTHESCREENHASOCCURRED7OTHERPROJECTIONBASEDSYSTEMS,LIKETHEVICATUSEOVERHEADCAMERASTOTRACKHANDGESTURES8THISTABLEDOESNOTUSEPHYSICALTOUCHESONTHESURFACE,BUTUSESANOVERHEADCAMERATOTRACKHANDGESTURESINORDERTOINTERACTWITHTHEDISPLAYWORKISALSOBEINGDONETOIMPROVETHENATUREOFMULTITOUCHINTERACTIONTHESEAREASOFRESEARCHAREEQUALLYVITALTOTHEFIELDASDESIGNINGNEWSYSTEMSTOSUPPORT

簡介：外文資料SURVEYOFIMAGEDENOISINGTECHNIQUESMURKESHCMOTWANIIMAGEPROCESSTECHNOLOGY,INC1776BACKCOUNTRYROADRENO,NV89521USA7754487816MUKESHIMAGEPROCESSCOMMURKESHCGADIYAUNIVERSITYOFPUNE,INDIAVISHWAKARMAINSTOFTECHPUNE411337,INDIA919884371488MUKESH_GADIYASATYAMCOMRAKHICMOTWANIUNIVERSITYOFNEVADA,RENODEPTOFCOMPSCIENGRRENO,NV89557USA7758537897FREDERICKCHARRIS,JRUNIVERSITYOFNEVADA,RENODEPTOFCOMPSCIENGR,RENO,NV89557USA7757846571ABSTRACTREMOVINGNOISEFROMTHEORIGINALSIGNALISSTILLACHALLENGINGPROBLEMFORRESEARCHERSTHEREHAVEBEENSEVERALPUBLISHEDALGORITHMSANDEACHAPPROACHHASITSASSUMPTIONS,ADVANTAGES,ANDLIMITATIONSTHISPAPERPRESENTSAREVIEWOFSOMESIGNIFICANTWORKINTHEAREAOFIMAGEDENOISINGAFTERABRIEFINTRODUCTION,SOMEPOPULARAPPROACHESARECLASSIFIEDINTODIFFERENTGROUPSANDANOVERVIEWOFVARIOUSALGORITHMSANDANALYSISISPROVIDEDINSIGHTSANDPOTENTIALFUTURETRENDSINTHEAREAOFDENOISINGAREALSODISCUSSED1INTRODUCTIONDIGITALIMAGESPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEBOTHINDAILYLIFEAPPLICATIONSSUCHASSATELLITETELEVISION,MAGNETICRESONANCEIMAGING,COMPUTERTOMOGRAPHYASWELLASINAREASOFRESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGYSUCHASGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDASTRONOMYDATASETSCOLLECTEDBYIMAGESENSORSAREGENERALLYCONTAMINATEDBYNOISEIMPERFECTINSTRUMENTS,PROBLEMSWITHTHEDATAACQUISITIONPROCESS,ANDINTERFERINGNATURALPHENOMENACANALLDEGRADETHEDATAOFINTERESTFURTHERMORE,NOISECANBEINTRODUCEDBYTRANSMISSIONERRORSANDCOMPRESSIONTHUS,DENOISINGISOFTENANECESSARYANDTHEFIRSTSTEPTOBETAKENBEFORETHEIMAGESDATAISANALYZEDITISNECESSARYTOAPPLYANEFFICIENTDENOISINGTECHNIQUETOCOMPENSATEFORSUCHDATACORRUPTIONIMAGEDENOISINGSTILLREMAINSACHALLENGEFORRESEARCHERSBECAUSENOISEREMOVALINTRODUCESARTIFACTSANDCAUSESBLURRINGOFTHEIMAGESTHISPAPERDESCRIBESDIFFERENTMETHODOLOGIESFORNOISEREDUCTIONORDENOISINGGIVINGANINSIGHTASTOWHICHSTATISTICALPROPERTIESOFTHEWAVELETCOEFFICIENTSANDITSNEIGHBORSFUTURETRENDWILLBETOWARDSFINDINGMOREACCURATEPROBABILISTICMODELSFORTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFNONORTHOGONALWAVELETCOEFFICIENTS3CLASSIFICATIONOFDENOISINGALGORITHMSASSHOWNINFIGURE1,THEREARETWOBASICAPPROACHESTOIMAGEDENOISING,SPATIALFILTERINGMETHODSANDTRANSFORMDOMAINFILTERINGMETHODS31SPATIALFILTERINGATRADITIONALWAYTOREMOVENOISEFROMIMAGEDATAISTOEMPLOYSPATIALFILTERSSPATIALFILTERSCANBEFURTHERCLASSIFIEDINTONONLINEARANDLINEARFILTERSINONLINEARFILTERSWITHNONLINEARFILTERS,THENOISEISREMOVEDWITHOUTANYATTEMPTSTOEXPLICITLYIDENTIFYITSPATIALFILTERSEMPLOYALOWPASSFILTERINGONGROUPSOFPIXELSWITHTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHENOISEOCCUPIESTHEHIGHERREGIONOFFREQUENCYSPECTRUMGENERALLYSPATIALFILTERSREMOVENOISETOAREASONABLEEXTENTBUTATTHECOSTOFBLURRINGIMAGESWHICHINTURNMAKESTHEEDGESINPICTURESINVISIBLEINRECENTYEARS,AVARIETYOFNONLINEARMEDIANTYPEFILTERSSUCHASWEIGHTEDMEDIAN,RANKCONDITIONEDRANKSELECTION,ANDRELAXEDMEDIANHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTOOVERCOMETHISDRAWBACKIILINEARFILTERSAMEANFILTERISTHEOPTIMALLINEARFILTERFORGAUSSIANNOISEINTHESENSEOFMEANSQUAREERRORLINEARFILTERSTOOTENDTOBLURSHARPEDGES,DESTROYLINESANDOTHERFINEIMAGEDETAILS,ANDPERFORMPOORLYINTHEPRESENCEOFSIGNALDEPENDENTNOISETHEWIENERFILTERINGMETHODREQUIRESTHEINFORMATIONABOUTTHESPECTRAOFTHENOISEANDTHEORIGINALSIGNALANDITWORKSWELLONLYIFTHEUNDERLYINGSIGNALISSMOOTHWIENERMETHODIMPLEMENTSSPATIALSMOOTHINGANDITSMODELCOMPLEXITYCONTROLCORRESPONDTOCHOOSINGTHEWINDOWSIZETOOVERCOMETHEWEAKNESSOFTHEWIENERFILTERING,DONOHOANDJOHNSTONEPROPOSEDTHEWAVELETBASEDDENOISINGSCHEMEIN32TRANSFORMDOMAINFILTERINGTHETRANSFORMDOMAINFILTERINGMETHODSCANBESUBDIVIDEDACCORDINGTOTHECHOICEOFTHEBASISFUNCTIONSTHEBASISFUNCTIONSCANBEFURTHERCLASSIFIEDASDATAADAPTIVEANDNONADAPTIVENONADAPTIVETRANSFORMSAREDISCUSSEDFIRSTSINCETHEYAREMOREPOPULAR321SPATIALFREQUENCYFILTERINGSPATIALFREQUENCYFILTERINGREFERSUSEOFLOWPASSFILTERSUSINGFASTFOURIER

簡介：1外文文獻翻譯外文文獻翻譯2010屆譯文譯文利用利用FPGAFPGA技術(shù)設(shè)計基于黑板的數(shù)字化硬技術(shù)設(shè)計基于黑板的數(shù)字化硬件學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名劉曉明劉曉明學(xué)號06054116院系數(shù)理信息學(xué)院數(shù)理信息學(xué)院專業(yè)電子信息工程電子信息工程3他們的長期項目學(xué)生在這些課程通常需要做完以下的設(shè)計步驟1項目說明，硬件設(shè)備的規(guī)格和編制。2通過原理圖編譯或硬件描述語言設(shè)計輸入，如VHDL語言，或VERILOGHDL，在這一步驟中產(chǎn)生設(shè)計網(wǎng)表。3設(shè)計項目的功能仿真。這一步還需要設(shè)計工具用來進行功能上的仿真和驗證這個設(shè)計。4設(shè)計合成。這是創(chuàng)建一個從功能或其行為描述最優(yōu)化的硬件和數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的一個重要步驟。已經(jīng)用幾個較小的步驟完成了把系統(tǒng)的功能特性的轉(zhuǎn)化成存在于供應(yīng)商庫實際門，這一步也是一個基礎(chǔ)工具。5設(shè)計實施。這也是一個過程中關(guān)鍵的步驟，它需要一）元件庫，二）FPGA芯片，三）用戶約束文件，以及四）執(zhí)行設(shè)計的軟件工具。以下幾個步驟，包括引腳分配，放置和構(gòu)成為硬件（重新）配置的構(gòu)造文件DESIGNBIT。通常建議，在發(fā)送之前為硬件配置通過時序仿真以驗證設(shè)計。這種模擬類似于第3步，但通過門路徑時的實際時間延遲除外，因此模擬結(jié)果也更接近于實測結(jié)果。6硬件配置。在這一步，步驟5中創(chuàng)建的DESIGNBIT文件，被下載到一個硬件黑板上的一個FPGA芯片這個最終目的地。7最后，庫中設(shè)計的芯片必須發(fā)送輸入來核實和測試信號和核查黑板的答復(fù)。如果結(jié)果與仿真結(jié)果不相符，系統(tǒng)必須允許進一步核實和調(diào)試。就像任何其他密集編程一樣，執(zhí)行步驟2到5需要必要的軟件工具來設(shè)計，在一般的環(huán)境中，這些步驟可以通過使用設(shè)計工具簡單地進行。例如，在這里牛賽靈思ISE工具主要用于設(shè)計輸入，邏輯綜合，并設(shè)計實施。為了實現(xiàn)模擬仿真的目的，MENTORGRAPHICS公司和其他一些軟件公司模使用MODELSIM軟件。然而，為了實現(xiàn)步驟6和7，學(xué)生需要獲得某些硬件設(shè)施下載他們的設(shè)計到FPGA硬件中，并驗證和測試。這些設(shè)施不是可以在教室里經(jīng)?？吹降?，而且不是每個班上的學(xué)生都可以用到的。這個問題就可以陳訴如下步驟1到5的設(shè)計程序在本地進行的，而每個學(xué)生如何才能執(zhí)行步驟6和7以實現(xiàn)他或她的項目并與遠程實驗室取得聯(lián)系，并獲取所有結(jié)果來報告他或她的進展3利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入現(xiàn)在一種新的方法是建議在工程中使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入來實現(xiàn)精深的實驗課程教學(xué)。特別是，我們將提供一種方法來使用黑板作為因特網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)的論壇和發(fā)展各種技術(shù)來設(shè)計和建設(shè)采用現(xiàn)場可編程門陣列的數(shù)字化的硬件。顯然，設(shè)計的某些步驟是通過黑板工具才方便進行的。這些步驟包括設(shè)計交流，小組討論，問題的解決和報告。尤其是當(dāng)硬件設(shè)計工具僅在當(dāng)?shù)夭庞行?，那么只有通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來報告結(jié)果（稱為，批處理）。然而，當(dāng)遇到需通過因特網(wǎng)高度互動的處理時，一組學(xué)生，或?qū)W生與教員，正進行的設(shè)計工作的情況是不能簡單地用常規(guī)方法來處理的。現(xiàn)在的目標是在無論有或沒有基地技術(shù)援助的情況下如何通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)運用遠程的硬件設(shè)施進行硬件實現(xiàn)，配置和測試。

簡介：翻譯部分翻譯部分英文原文英文原文DESIGNOFBACKFILLEDTHINSEAMCOALPILLARSUSINGEARTHPRESSURETHEORY1INTRODUCTIONTHESELFADVANCINGMINERHASBEENDESIGNEDTOEXTRACTCOALFROMSEAMSLESSTHAN90CENTIMETERSTHICKTHESAMALLOWSFOREXTRACTIONOFTHEFULLSEAMHEIGHTWHILEMINIMIZINGWASTEROCK,ANDUTILIZESREMOTEOPERATIONTHATALLOWSTHEMINERTOADVANCEUPTO180M600FTINTOTHESEAMHOWEVER,THECOALSEAMSARESOTHINTHATTHERECOVERYRATESOFTHISMININGMETHODWILLBEFAIRLYLOWANDWILLDECREASERAPIDLYWITHTHEDEPTHOFMININGINORDERTOINCREASETHERECOVERYFROMTHINSEAMMINES,PILLARSMUSTBEDESIGNEDASSMALLASPOSSIBLEWITHOUTCOMPROMISINGTHESTABILITYOFTHEMINEBACKFILLCANPROVIDETHESUPPORTNECESSARYTOMAINTAINTHEINTEGRITYOFTHEUNDERGROUNDWORKINGSWHILEALLOWINGFORINCREASEDEXTRACTIONTHEPLACINGOFBACKFILLUNDERGROUNDHASPREDOMINANTLYBEENAPRACTICEEMPLOYEDINCUTANDFILLMINESTHOMAS,1979BACKFILLMATERIALISINTRODUCEDUNDERGROUNDINTOPREVIOUSLYMINEDSTOPESTOPROVIDEAWORKINGPLATFORMANDLOCALIZEDSUPPORT,REDUCINGTHEVOLUMEOFOPENSPACEWHICHCOULDPOTENTIALLYBEFILLEDBYACOLLAPSEOFTHESURROUNDINGPILLARSBARRETETAL,1978THEPRESENCEOFFILLINANOPENINGPREVENTSLARGESCALEMOVEMENTSANDCOLLAPSEOFOPENINGSMERELYBYOCCUPYINGVOIDSLEFTBYMININGAITCHISONETAL1973THEREFORE,THEPLACEMENTOFFILLINOPENSPACESUNDERGROUNDTENDSTOPREVENTTHEUNRAVELING/SPALLINGOFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSINTOTHEMINEDOUTSPACE,EFFECTIVELYINCREASINGTHESTRENGTH,ORLOADBEARINGCAPACITY,OFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSTHISTYPEOFSUPPORTMECHANISMNOTONLYHELPSPROVIDESUPPORTTOPILLARSANDWALLS,BUTALSOHELPSTOPREVENTCAVINGANDROOFFALLS,MINIMIZESURFACESUBSIDENCE,ANDENHANCEPILLARRECOVERYCOATES,1981ALTHOUGHTHESUPPORTCAPABILITYOFBACKFILLISWELLKNOWNITSTILLREMAINSFAIRLYDIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYMODELSANDEQUATIONSFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFBACKFILLSUPPORTHAVEBEENPROPOSEDCAI,1983GUANGXUANDMAOYUAN,1983ANDPILLARBACKFILLSYSTEMSHAVEBEENMODELEDUSINGLABORATORYSETUPSINORDERTOCORRELATETHEACTUALSUPPORTBEHAVIOROFFILLWITHPROPOSEDMODELSYAMAGUCHIANDYAMATOMI,1989BLIGHTANDCLARKE,1983SWANANDBOARD,1989AITCHISONETAL,1973BUTINGENERALTHESEMODELSANDLABTESTSAREDEPENDENTONLOCALEXPERIENCEANDEMPIRICALLYDERIVEDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENBACKFILLSUPPORT,MATERIALPROPERTIES,ANDMINELEFTATTHEENDSOFTHEPANELSTOPROTECTTHECROSSCUTSFIGURE2ISACROSSSECTIONALVIEWOFTHECUTTINGFACETHEFACEEVOKESTHEHIGHWALLMINECOMPARISONTHECOALSEAMRUNSTHROUGHTHEMIDDLEOFTHEPANELANDAPORTIONOFTHEPANEL‘MATERIAL’ISLEFTABOVEANDBELOWEACHCUTTHECUTWIDTHIS3M10FTANDTHECUTHEIGHTISEQUIVALENTTOTHESEAMHEIGHTLESSTHAN90CM36INITISINTENDEDTHATASTHESAMRETREATSFROMEACHCUT,BACKFILLWILLBEEITHERHYDRAULICALLYORPNEUMATICALLYPLACEDINTHEMINEDOUTVOID3APPLICATIONOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTHEIDEATHATTHEBACKFILLSUPPORTMECHANISMDESCRIBEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONCANBEQUANTIFIEDUSINGPRINCIPLESTAKENFROMSOILMECHANICSISNOTNEWABROADUNDERSTANDINGOFFILLBEHAVIORHASALWAYSBEENDEPENDENTONKNOWLEDGEOFEARTHPRESSURESHOWEVER,EARTHPRESSURETHEORIESANDCONCEPTSHAVENOTGENERALLYBEENCONSIDEREDADEQUATEINPROPERLYQUANTIFYINGTHEMAGNITUDEOFFILLSUPPORTINUNDERGROUNDMINESLIMITEDUNDERSTANDINGABOUTTHETRANSFEROFLOADSFROMTHESURROUNDINGROCKTOTHEFILLANDFRICTIONALEFFECTS,ALONGWITHMINEGEOMETRY,HAVEMADEITDIFFICULTTOAPPLYTHECONCEPTSOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTOBACKFILLSUPPORTTHOMAS,1979WHATMAKESTHECASEOFTHESAMOPERATINGINATHINSEAMCOALMINEDIFFERENTISTHECONCEPTOF‘DESIGNEDFAILURE’OFTHEPILLARSSOTHATDEFORMATIONSCAPABLEOFMOBILIZINGTHEPASSIVERESISTANCEOFTHEBACKFILLWILLOCCURFROMCIVILENGINEERINGDESIGNOFRETAININGWALLSITHASBEENSHOWNTHATTHEMOVEMENTREQUIREDTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSUREWITHININALOOSESANDYSOILIS4OFTHEWALLHEIGHTCLOUGHANDDUNCAN,1971THEDENSERTHESOIL,THELESSMOVEMENTREQUIREDAPPLYINGTHISGUIDELINETOTHETHINSEAMCOALMINEFORAPILLARHEIGHTOF90CMLATERALDEFORMATIONOFTHEPILLARMUSTBEATLEAST36CMFORALOOSE,SANDYBACKFILLTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSURECONDITIONSTHEINITIALSTAGESOFPILLARFAILUREMAYNOTPRODUCEMOVEMENTSTHATLARGE,BUTOVERTIMECREEPDEFORMATIONWILLALMOSTCERTAINLY

簡介：附錄A譯文利用農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄麥稈去除含油廢水中的乳化油利用農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄麥稈去除含油廢水中的乳化油SHARIFFIBRAHIM王紹斌安哈明科廷理工大學(xué)化學(xué)工程系，郵箱，U1987，西澳珀斯，澳大利亞摘要摘要采用十六烷基氯化吡啶鹽（CPC）這種陽離子表面活性劑改性后的大麥秸稈這種農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品作為一種吸附劑被用來去除水溶液中的乳化介花油。改性后的大麥秸稈的表面（SMBS）組織和表面特性通過N2的吸附、傅立葉變換紅外光譜、掃描電鏡、表面酸堿基團及表面活性劑的解吸來表征。CPC從SMBS中低解吸揭示了CPC與麥秸稈表面具有較強的結(jié)合力。并通過吸附溫度、溶液的PH值,吸附劑加載量、物料粒度等幾個因素對乳化油的吸附進行了研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，CPC的添加在麥秸稈表面創(chuàng)建了一個非極性層，因此賦予了SMBS具有更好的吸附能力，實現(xiàn)從水中除油。高酸性條件對吸附作用較為不利，其最大吸附能力應(yīng)是近中性的條件下。較大的粒徑會導(dǎo)致較低的吸附作用，但吸附溫度不會對乳化油的吸附產(chǎn)生顯著的影響。動力學(xué)研究表明,吸附平衡時間短，吸附等溫線符合朗格謬爾模型。25℃時由朗格謬爾等溫線求得的吸附量為760±03MGG?1。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞改性大麥秸稈農(nóng)業(yè)副產(chǎn)品乳化芥花油陽離子表面活性劑1、引言我們不希望含油廢水影響到環(huán)境，因為水中油的存在不僅對水生生物不利并且會給污水處理廠帶來很多嚴重的問題1,2。通常油引起的水污染有兩種形式，即游離油和乳化油。游離油不是大問題，因為游離油能靠重力分離然后掠去。然而乳化油帶來了真正的問題，這還歸因于它在水相中的穩(wěn)定性3。污水中的油乳膠有多種來源例如煉油廠、軋鋼廠、化學(xué)加工和制造工廠4。含油廢水的處理方法多種多樣包括物理的、生物的、化學(xué)的、機械的和物理化學(xué)的方法（浮選），而且離子交換魔法也已經(jīng)成熟4。然而，這些處理方法仍然有很多局限性，例如低功效、高成本、腐蝕性以及再污染等1。吸附作用在去除排水系統(tǒng)中有機和無機污染物時是一種不可忽視的研究手段5。介于較低的功效和處理含油廢水的活性炭昂貴的價格，因此在過去的很室溫為25攝氏度的條件下在回轉(zhuǎn)式振蕩器以170RPM的速度震動。大麥秸稈處理就是使其從液體中分離出來并通過蒸餾水水洗幾次從而去除存留的表面活性劑。最后，處理后的大麥秸稈在一個60攝氏度的烤箱里干燥一宿然后儲存在玻璃容器里貼上標簽作為表年活性劑改性的大麥秸稈。22合成乳化油廢水的制備乳化油污水的一種常備的溶液是115G菜籽油加1000ML的水和125G的乳化劑。該混合物在告訴旋轉(zhuǎn)的攪拌機中能穩(wěn)定1520MIN。該溶液呈乳白色，并且展現(xiàn)出了溶液特有的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性。之后為吸附測試將油稀釋到要求的濃度。23吸附劑的特征表征所有樣品的表面積，總的空隙體積以及空隙大小都由氮氣吸附作用在196攝氏度時使用全自動比表面和孔徑分布分析儀（美國產(chǎn)的）決定的。所有的樣品都在24小時內(nèi)處于110120攝氏度的條件下在氮氣吸附實驗之前除去瓦斯。BET表面積和空隙體積都是分別在申請布魯諾埃梅特特勒方程式和P/P0095的吸附數(shù)據(jù)中得到的。空隙的粒度分布從使用離散傅立葉變換方法得到。吸附劑樣品的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和表面形態(tài)具有日本電子6400次自動發(fā)射特點，并在15KV的加速電壓下用電子顯微鏡進行掃描。RBS和SMBS的傅立葉變換紅外（傅立葉變換紅外光譜學(xué)）范圍是用衰減反射比來收集鉑金埃爾摩光譜100分光光度計。該光譜的掃描范圍是6504000CM1。秸稈樣本的表面酸性和基群都是根據(jù)勃姆式滴定法測定的30。在每個測試中，05G秸稈樣品就懸浮在100ML005N標準的氫氧化鈉溶液或鹽酸溶液中。懸浮液在一個密閉容器中搖晃24小時，然后取5ML濾液加過量的酸再用氫氧化鈉和鹽酸溶液滴定。吸附了CPC的原始秸稈的吸附作用由分散02GSMBS在100ML去離子水和其他的酸溶液中決定的，001，0001，和00001M鹽酸，為6個小時。解吸CPC被用來判斷使用紫外分光光度計，其最大的吸收范圍是257海里。24吸附實驗研究批量吸附研究實現(xiàn)了把10GSMBS和100ML乳化油溶液在已知的濃聚物中混合，并在170RPM,25℃條件下?lián)u晃至實現(xiàn)了平衡力。分離開后，溶液樣品用濃度

簡介：附錄OBSERVATIONSONMEASURINGTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENDOMESTICACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSANDIASCHRISTOPHERWNOBESUNIVERSITYOFLONDON,ROYALHOLLOWAY,EGHAMHILL,EGHAM,SURREYTW200EX,UNITEDKINGDOMKEYWORDSINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGDIFFERENCES,RULESVERSUSPRACTICES,BIASESINDATAABSTRACTINANEARLIEREDITIONOFTHISJOURNAL,DINGETALUSEDATAINGAAP2001TOASSESSDETERMINANTSANDEFFECTSOFDIFFERENCESBETWEENDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSTHISPAPEREXAMINESWHETHERTHOSEDATAARESUITABLEFORTHEPURPOSESOFACADEMICRESEARCHBYOUTLININGTHEBIASESANDPARTICULARFEATURESOFGAAP2001THEMAINPROBLEMWITHTHEDATAFORRESEARCHISTHATTHEDIFFERENCESFROMIASTHATITRECORDS,WHICHFOCUSONRULES,AREOFVARYINGIMPORTANCEFORACCOUNTINGPRACTICETHISRAISESQUESTIONSABOUTTHEEQUALWEIGHTINGAPPLIEDBYDINGETALTHISPAPERALSOQUESTIONSTHEIRDISTINCTIONBETWEENABSENCEOFIASREQUIREMENTSANDDIVERGENCEFROMTHOSEREQUIREMENTSSOMEDOUBTSAREALSORAISEDABOUTTHEINDEPENDENTVARIABLES1INTRODUCTIONDINGETAL2007USETHEDATAOFNOBES2001INORDERTOASSESSTHEDETERMINANTSANDEFFECTSOFDIFFERENCESBETWEENDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSIASMANYOTHERAUTHORS1REFERTOTHESAMEDATAFORVARIOUSPURPOSESASDINGETALREPORT,THEDATARELATETOTHEACCOUNTINGRULESINFORCEATTHEENDOF2001IN62COUNTRIES,OFWHICHTHEYCHOOSE30COUNTRIESTHEORIGINALDATAFOREACHCOUNTRYWEREDIVIDEDINTOFOURCATEGORIESABSENCEOFRECOGNITION/MEASUREMENTRULESCOMPAREDTOIAS,ABSENCEOFDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTS,INCONSISTENCIESINRULESCOMPAREDTOIASAFFECTINGMANYENTERPRISES,ANDINCONSISTENCIESAFFECTINGCERTAINENTERPRISESDINGETALADDTHEFIRSTTWOCATEGORIESTOGETHERAS‘‘ABSENCE”,ANDTHESECONDTWOAS‘‘DIVERGENCE”ASTHEPREPAREROFTHEDATACALLEDHEREAFTER‘GAAP2001’,ICOMMENTHEREON1981ISTHATDIFFERENCESINTHERULESDEJUREDIFFERENCESAREMIXEDWITHTHOSERELATINGTOPRACTICESDEFACTODIFFERENCESHOWDOESTHEGAAP2001DATACOMPAREGAAP2001DOESNOTSUFFERFROMTHISPROBLEMITRECORDSONLYDEJUREDIFFERENCESBETWEENNATIONALANDIASRULES,NOTDEFACTODIFFERENCESBETWEENNATIONALANDIASPRACTICEALTHOUGHNOTSOSERIOUSALIMITATIONASWOULDBECREATEDBYMIXINGRULESANDPRACTICES,THECONCENTRATIONINGAAP2001ONRULESRATHERTHANPRACTICESCOULDCAUSEPROBLEMSFORRESEARCH,WHICHDINGETALDONOTDISCUSSFOREXAMPLE,IFANATION’SRULESDONOTREQUIREAPARTICULARITEMTOBEDISCLOSEDBUTCOMPANIESOFTENDISCLOSEITINPRACTICE,THENTHIS‘‘ABSENCE”O(jiān)FARULESHOULDPERHAPSBEIGNOREDOR,IFANATIONALSYSTEMUNLIKEIAS38ALLOWSINTERNALLYGENERATEDRESEARCHCOSTSTOBECAPITALIZEDBUTINPRACTICECOMPANIESDONOTCAPITALIZE,THENTHE‘‘DIVERGENCE”INRULESISPERHAPSIRRELEVANTANOTHERASPECTOFTHISISTHATSOMEDEJUREDIFFERENCESDONOTLEADTODEFACTODIFFERENCESINAPARTICULARCOUNTRYBECAUSETHEISSUEISIRRELEVANTFOREXAMPLE,THEABSENCEOFRULESONPENSIONACCOUNTINGISOFLITTLEIMPORTANCEINCHINABECAUSECHINESECOMPANIESDONOTGENERALLYRUNDEFINEDBENEFITPENSIONPLANSMORESUBTLY,BOTH‘‘INCONSISTENCY”CATEGORIESINGAAP2001SEETHEFIRSTPARAGRAPHOFTHISPAPERCONTAINTWOTYPESOFINCONSISTENCYWITHIASIWHERETHENATIONALRULEANDTHEIASISINCOMPATIBLEEGIFTHENATIONALRULEREQUIREDLIFOBUTIASREQUIREDFIFO,ANDIIWHERETHENATIONALRULEWOULDNOTENSUREIASCOMPLIANCEEGIFTHENATIONALRULEALLOWEDEITHERLIFOORFIFO,BUTIASREQUIREDFIFOTHEFORMERINCONSISTENCYISMORESERIOUSINDEED,THELATTERMAYBEOFNOPRACTICALIMPORTANCEEGIFCOMPANIESUSINGTHENATIONALRULECHOOSENOTTOUSELIFO23ANIASBIASTHEGAAP2001DATAWEREBASEDONLOOKINGATACCOUNTINGRULESFROMONEDIRECTIONTHECONTENTOFIASSO,IFANATIONALSYSTEMHADMORERULESORMORERESTRICTIVERULESTHANIASHAD,THISDIDNOTSHOWUPFOREXAMPLE,USGAAPCOVEREDMANYISSUESONWHICHIASWASSILENTEGOILANDGASACCOUNTINGANDUKGAAPDIDNOTALLOWLIFOWHEREASIASDIDSINCETHESETYPESOFDIFFERENCEARENOTCOVEREDBYGAAP2001,THEYWERENOTINCLUDEDBYDINGETALASTHEYNOTEINTHEIRAPPENDIX

簡介：中文中文4366字初始低碳初始低碳/氮比好氧堆肥化處理豬糞稻草氮比好氧堆肥化處理豬糞稻草NENGWUZHU出處BIORESOURCETECHNOLOGY9820079–13摘要摘要用兩個試點堆肥進行實驗以探討初始低C/N比對堆肥化處理豬糞稻草的物理化學(xué)參數(shù)。結(jié)果表明，1號2號箱高溫持續(xù)時間足夠長，以滿足衛(wèi)生標準,豬糞可以達到成熟階段1號含有較多的豬糞，少量干稻草，與2號相比具有較高的氮素損失8,較短高溫期，較長成熟期約2周。不過，經(jīng)濟分析表明，對于較低的初始碳/氮比20，每噸鮮豬糞可以減少使用172公斤稻草相對于較高的碳/氮比25，而且更多的豬糞可以被處理掉。因此，一個較低的初始碳/氮比20可以用來腐熟豬糞稻草。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞豬糞；固體廢物；碳/氮比例；曝氣；堆肥1引言引言在中國，豬糞在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域是主要的有機肥料。但是，大量的豬糞深加工屬勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，是難以適用于附近有限土地，同時，未處理的豬糞由于病原體、不穩(wěn)定的營養(yǎng)素、運輸和保存困難等原因使其使用也是有限的。不久前，國家制定了相應(yīng)的家畜和家禽產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)標準以及專業(yè)立法，因為未經(jīng)處理排放的豬糞已引起周圍的環(huán)境問題，包括惡臭污染，甲烷氣體排放，氮和磷的排放水路污染，高氮和磷的排放導(dǎo)致水體富營養(yǎng)化,并且影響水生物的生長和多樣性。因此，對環(huán)境無害和實際可行的技術(shù),被稱為動物廢棄物處理與利用。實驗裝置包括堆肥箱長、寬、高分別為2米,15米,和16米，鼓風(fēng)機空氣流量1131M3/H壓力994帕功率15千瓦，測溫傳感器,工業(yè)控制計算機,自動程控軟件。堆肥箱上架雨棚以阻止陽光照射和雨水流入，同時設(shè)計專用風(fēng)箱，利用鑄造鐵穿孔板代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)穿孔管比例縫隙鑄造鐵孔板為6，空氣導(dǎo)流板安裝在風(fēng)箱里，以確?？諝饬鲃泳鶆?。只要堆肥箱核心溫度達到設(shè)定值或運行時間到達設(shè)定值，計算機會自動控制風(fēng)機開啟。通過測溫傳感器收集模擬信號，被收集的信號通過A/D設(shè)備轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字信號，被傳送到中心控制電腦，信號經(jīng)D/O設(shè)備轉(zhuǎn)換，然后傳輸給繼電器，軟件系統(tǒng)每小時會自動儲存實驗溫度數(shù)據(jù)。22操作方法操作方法實驗時間從2002年6月至2002年9月，稻草通過切削機切為5厘米的長，然后搗碎，根據(jù)碳氮比20和25與豬糞均勻混合，初始含水量調(diào)整到60左右，然后放入堆肥箱，在堆肥過程中監(jiān)測和調(diào)整含水量，維持在4565。堆肥高速階段約21天，固化期約42天。在加熱階段，停止鼓風(fēng)。在高溫期和冷卻期采用間歇性鼓風(fēng)。在高溫期，鼓風(fēng)機基于時間溫度參數(shù)進行控制，若堆肥箱溫度達到設(shè)定限制溫度，鼓風(fēng)機會一直運行，直到堆肥箱溫度低于設(shè)定值。整個工藝操作以確保高溫期足夠長以摧毀病原體，自動程控軟件控制著鼓風(fēng)機的工作周期。如果堆肥箱溫度在高溫期溫度范圍內(nèi),鼓風(fēng)機將從3060分鐘調(diào)整到053分鐘；當(dāng)堆肥箱溫度下降到冷卻期區(qū)間溫度，鼓風(fēng)機將從13分鐘調(diào)整到60分鐘。

簡介：出處出處ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEKRISHNAIAHABBURIJONATHANLTALBOTTEDGARDSMITH利用一種葡萄糖胺生物聚合物殼聚糖涂膜在氧化鋁陶瓷上制備新型殼聚糖復(fù)合生物吸附劑，由高溫?zé)崃呀?、孔性計、電鏡掃描、X射線光電子能譜法測定其特征在25℃進行間歇等溫吸附平衡和連續(xù)塔吸附試驗以檢驗它從鍍鉻設(shè)施廢水中去除六價鉻,并研究PH值,硫酸鹽、氯離子對吸附的影響。鉻Ⅵ飽和的生物吸附劑可以在01M氫氧化鈉溶液再生。對比目前的調(diào)查結(jié)果與文獻報道表明氧化鋁表面的殼聚糖具有更大的鉻VI吸附能力。另外,實驗平衡數(shù)據(jù)擬合LANGMUIR和FREUNDLICH等溫吸附式和得出的等溫參數(shù)值,LANGMUIR模型所得最大的容量是15385毫克/克殼聚糖。概述概述從采礦、電鍍設(shè)備、發(fā)電設(shè)備、電子器件制造單位和皮革廠排放的廢水中金屬離子濃度往往高于當(dāng)?shù)嘏欧艠藴?這些廢水中含有有毒重金屬如鉻、鎘、鉛、汞、鎳、銅等。在采礦、電鍍、工業(yè)加工、核燃料合成、軍事基地分局周圍的地下水含有害成分根據(jù)環(huán)保法規(guī),污水或水中含有重金屬在排放之前一律進行處理?；瘜W(xué)沉淀,氧化/還原,機械過濾、離子交換、膜分離、碳吸附等各種處理方法廣泛應(yīng)用于去除廢水中的有毒重金屬。近年來生物吸附被公認為減少地表水和工業(yè)廢水金屬污染的一種有效方法。生物吸附是指利用生物材料從溶液中去除金屬或非金屬單質(zhì),化合物和離實驗內(nèi)容實驗內(nèi)容化學(xué)樣品化學(xué)樣品來自ALDRICH化工股份有限公司MILWAUKEE,WI的重鉻酸鉀、活性氧化鋁、殼聚糖、1,5二苯卡巴，其中活性氧化鋁是標準級150目BROCKMANI。由FISHER化工FAIRLAWN,NJ生產(chǎn)的氯化鉀、氫氧化鈉。來自EM科學(xué)GIBBSTOWN,NJ的硫酸鉀。所有的鹽類都是ACS美國化學(xué)學(xué)會認證等級或更好。所有溶液由ASTM美國材料試驗學(xué)會的去離子水制備18MΩH2OGRADEBARNSTEADNANOPURE。生物吸附劑準備生物吸附劑準備由殼聚糖凝膠覆蓋陶瓷的生物吸附劑的制備過程如下將150目氧化鋁陶瓷在110℃烘箱干燥4小時后在室溫下用草酸攪拌混合4小時進行表面涂層,然后從酸中過濾出的氧化鋁用去離子水洗兩次，再在70℃真空烘箱中干燥24小時，將約50克中等分子量殼聚糖徐徐加入1000毫升質(zhì)量分數(shù)為10草酸溶液并攪拌。加熱至4050℃使其容易混合形成酸和殼聚糖的粘性混合物凝膠。取大約500毫升的殼聚糖凝膠用水稀釋2倍并加熱至4050℃，將約500克的酸處理后的氧化鋁緩慢加入稀釋凝膠并攪拌約36小時之后靜置澄清。再用WHATMAN41濾紙在真空條件下過濾出上清液，將得到的合成物用去離子水洗兩次,然后在55℃真空烘箱中干燥24小時,最后在涂過一層生物吸附劑的氧化鋁上進行重復(fù)涂層處理以增加殼聚糖的負載量，大約用時24小時。合成過程中過量的草酸用氫氧化鈉溶液中和處理再將兩次涂膜的混合物用WHATMAN41濾紙過濾,并用2500毫升的去離子水洗，及過濾之后在55℃真空烘箱干燥48小時左右，轉(zhuǎn)移到玻璃瓶后存放在干燥器內(nèi)。生物吸附劑的特征生物吸附劑的特征生物吸附劑特性包括1熱解,2孔徑分析,3電子顯微鏡掃描,4XPS分析。1熱裂解技術(shù)測定氧化鋁負載的殼聚糖。測量生物吸附劑在裂解中減少的重量得到在氧化鋁上負載的殼聚糖的量。將準確稱量后的干燥生物吸附劑放入瓷瓶內(nèi)放入一個750℃馬弗爐內(nèi)6小時，然后在干燥空氣中冷卻,稱量得到生物吸附劑減輕的重量。用空瓷瓶、純氧化鋁、酸處理氧化鋁、純殼聚糖和生物吸附劑做各進行三次的對照實驗。2由孔性計確定的表面積和孔徑。使用一個微型的BET測定儀在零下