簡介：附錄A外文翻譯A1原文CONSISTENCYINDESIGNFORLOWVOLUMERURALROADS3BYCLARKSONHOGLESBY,HMASCEREVIEWEDBYTHEHIGHWAYDIVISIONABSTRACTTHE2,000,000MILESOFLOWVOLUMERURALROADSINTHEUNITEDSTATESAREDIFFERENTTHANTHEHIGHVOLUMEROADSANDSHOULDBEDESIGNEDDIFFERENTLYTRAFFICVOLUMESONTHEMARELOW,AVERAGINGABOUT110VEHICLES/DAYORABOUTONEVEHICLEENTERINGAGIVENMILEFROMBOTHENDSEVERYTHREEMINUTESDURINGPEAKHOURSTHISCONTRASTSWITHONEVEHICLEEVERYFOURSECONDSATCAPACITYGEOMETRIESONMANYOFTHESEROADSHAVENOTCHANGEDSINCETHEYWEREBUILTINTHE1920SAND1930STODAY,ROADIMPROVEMENTSSHOULDBEBASEDONDESIGNSTHATARECONSISTENTANDSAFE,BUTECONOMICAL,BECAUSENEEDSAREGREATANDFUNDSARESCARCEPRESENTDAYDESIGNPRACTICESFORHIGHVOLUMEROADSREQUIRETHATEACHOFTHEIRFEATURESMEETASTIPULATEDDESIGNSPEEDSETBYMODERNSURFACESANDVEHICLESTHISPRACTICEDOESNOTFITTHELOWVOLUMESITUATIONSINCE,WHENEVERPOSSIBLE,DRIVERSWILLEXCEEDANYAFFORDABLEDESIGNSPEEDTHEYMUSTBESLOWEDDOWNWHENSITUATIONSWARRANTITACONSISTENTAPPROACHTODESIGNWHICHREALIZESCHEAPBUTSAFEIMPROVEMENTSTOLOWVOLUMEROADSISPROPOSEDITINVOLVESINTEGRATINGGEOMETRICDESIGNANDPOSITIVEGUIDANCEAPPROACHESPOSITIVEGUIDANCEEMPLOYSSTRIPING,SIGNING,ANDOTHERDEVICESANDSTRATEGIESTOMOBILIZEDRIVERSSENSESSOTHATTHEYWILLDRIVESENSIBLYSELECTINGTHELESSCOSTLYBETWEENGEOMETRYANDPOSITIVEGUIDANCETECHNIQUESWILLPRODUCESAFERROADSMORECHEAPLYINTRODUCTIONTHEREAREAPPROXIMATELY3,200,000MILE5,100,000KMOFRURALROADSINTHEUNITEDSTATESAROUGHESTIMATEPLACESSOME2,000,0003,000,000KMOFTHESEINALOWVOLUMECATEGORYTHISCOMMONLYINCLUDESTHOSEWITHAVERAGEDAILYTRAFFICLESSTHAN400VEHICLES/DAYINBOTHDIRECTIONSONMOSTOFTHESEROADSVOLUMESARECONSIDERABLYLOWERONEESTIMATEPLACESTHISAVERAGEAT110VEHICLES/DAYORAPOSSIBLE20INTHEPEAKHOURTHISMEANSONEVEHICLEEVERYTHREEMINUTESENTERINGAGIVENMILEFROMBOTHENDSINCONTRAST,AMAJORTWOLANEROAD,OPERATINGATCAPACITY,WILLCARRYPOSSIBLY1,800VEHICLES/HOURSOTHATAVEHICLEWILLENTERAGIVENMILEEVERYFOURSECONDSOR90TIMESASOFTENTHEMONEYAVAILABLETOTHOSERESPONSIBLEFORHIGHVOLUMEROADSISONTHEORDEROFTENTIMESASGREATPERMILEASFORLOWVOLUMEROADSITFOLLOWSTHATSTRATEGIESFORNEWCONSTRUCTION,UPGRADING,ORMAINTENANCEOFLOWVOLUMERURALROADSWILLBEENTIRELYDIFFERENTTHANFORHIGHERVOLUMEROADS,IFTHEVERYLIMITEDMONEYAVAILABLEHOWCONSISTENCYINPRESENTDAYGEOMETRICSTANDARDSFORNEWCONSTRUCTIONORRENOVATIONOFLOWVOLUMERURALROADSHASDEVELOPEDASNOTED,MOSTOFTHENEEDFORANDGEOMETRIESOFLOWVOLUMERURALROADSDEVELOPEDFIFTYORMOREYEARSAGOTOFITSPECIFICSITUATIONSUNLESSALTEREDBYMAINTENANCE,BETTERMENT,RECONSTRUCTION,ORCOMPLETEREPLACEMENT,THEYHAVECHANGEDLITTLESINCEATTHATTIME,MAINRURALROADSWEREBUILTTOMEETTHESAMECONDITIONSANDTHEIRGEOMETRYWASNOTANISSUEFOREXAMPLE,ASLATEAS1940,ALEADINGHIGHWAYENGINEERINGTEXTBOOK,BYTRAGG1,DEVOTESONLY22PAGESTOTHEENTIRESUBJECTOFGEOMETRICDESIGNINITAGGSTATEDTHAT“CONSIDERABLELATITUDEISALLOWABLEINADAPTINGTHEDESIGNTOTHEPARTICULARSITUATIONWHICHMAYBETOPOGRAPHICAL,FINANCIAL,ORPOLITICALASLONGASTHEDESIGNDOESNOVIOLENCETOBASICPRINCIPLES“AGGCALLSFOR“THEEXERCISEOFORIGINALITYANDGOODENGINEERINGJUDGMENTTHATDOESNOTNECESSARILYFOLLOWSTEREOTYPEDSTANDARDS“ITWASATABOUTTHISSAMETIME1937THATAASHONOWAASHTOCREATEDACOMMITTEEONPLANNINGANDDESIGNPOLICIESITSAIMWASTOINCORPORATE,INPRACTICE,HIGHWAYDESIGNFEATURESTHATWOULDRESULTINMAXIMUMSAFETYANDUTILITYFROMTHISEFFORT,INTHEPERIOD19381944,CAMESEVENPOLICYSTATEMENTSONGEOMETRICDESIGNTHATWEREADOPTEDBYAASHOTHESEWERECONSOLIDATEDWITHOUTCHANGEIN1950INTOASINGLEVOLUME,POLICIESONGEOMETRICHIGHWAYDESIGN3AREWORKINGRESULTEDINA1954DOCUMENTCALLEDAPOLICYONGEOMETRICDESIGN4THISDOCUMENT,COMMONLYCALLEDTHEBLUEBOOK,WASREDONEAGAINANDPUBLISHEDIN1965UNDERTHESAMETITLE5IN1969,APUBLICATIONAPPLYINGMORESPECIFICALLYTOLOWVOLUMERURALROADSWASISSUED2SINCETHATTIMETHEAPPROPRIATENESSOFTHESEPOLICIES,WHICHSETSTANDARDSFORALLASPECTSOFGEOMETRICDESIGN,HAVEBEENUNDERALMOSTCONTINUOUSREVIEWANDACOMPREHENSIVEREVISIONISUNDERPREPARATIONFROMTHEBEGINNING,THOSERESPONSIBLEFORDEVELOPINGSTANDARDSFORGEOMETRICDESIGNHAVEBEENATTEMPTINGTOKEEPPACEWITHCHANGESINTHECHARACTERISTICSOFMOTORVEHICLESANDTHEEXPECTATIONSOFDRIVERSTHISHASLEDTOASUBSTANTIALRAISINGOFDESIGNCONTROLSORFEATURESFACTORSTHATHAVEIMPINGEDONGEOMETRICSTANDARDSFORLOWVOLUMERURALROADSINTRACINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFGEOMETRICSTANDARDSANDTHEIRAPPLICATIONOVERTHEYEARSINTERMSOFTHEIRIMPACTONLOWVOLUMERURALROADSPOLICIES,SEVERALFACTORSCANBESEENTHESEINCLUDETHEFOLLOWING1LOWVOLUMEROADENGINEERSORADMINISTRATORSHAVEMADEFEWDIRECTINPUTSINTOGEOMETRICSTANDARDSTHEYHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDBYSPECIALISTSINGEOMETRICDESIGN,MOSTOFTHEMINTHEFEDERALHIGHWAYADMINISTRATIONTHEYWEREADOPTEDAFTERREVIEWBYGEOMETRICDESIGNSPECIALISTSINTHESTATEHIGHWAYAGENCIESWORKINGTHROUGHAASHTOBECAUSETHESEAGENCIESDEALPRIMARILYWITHHIGHVOLUMESITUATIONS,ITISCLAIMEDTHATTHEIRREPRESENTATIVESARENOTSENSITIVETOTHELOWVOLUMEROADSITUATIONFOREXAMPLE,THESTANDARDSFORLOWVOLUMEASWELLASTHOSEFORHIGHVOLUMEROADSWEREBASEDONTHE“DESIGNSPEED“CONCEPT,WHICHHASBEENDEFINEDAS“THEMAXIMUM

簡介：附錄英文英文原文原文

簡介：中文中文1014010140字畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院學(xué)院（系）系）專業(yè)業(yè)姓名名學(xué)號號外文出處外文出處IEEETRANACTIONSONINFORMATIONFORENSICSANDSECURITY,VOL2,NO1,MARCH2007附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文一種針對H264編碼視頻具有可控檢測性能的魯棒性水印機(jī)制摘要摘要隨著H264格式的數(shù)字視頻逐漸普及，對該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版權(quán)保護(hù)方法和鑒定方法的需求也將出現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種為H264視頻添加魯棒性水印的算法。在限制視覺失真的同時，采用適合于44離散余弦變換域的人類視覺模型，提高算法的有效載荷和魯棒性。利用與密匙相關(guān)的算法選擇具有視覺水印容量的系數(shù)的一個子集，使水印遍布各頻率并在區(qū)域內(nèi)傳播以避免誤差合并，這樣，在不顯著改變感知質(zhì)量的情況下，有效載荷和魯棒性得到提高。該算法在編碼殘差中嵌入水印，避免了視頻壓縮；在解碼視頻序列中檢測水印，可用于確定幀內(nèi)編碼模型改變時算法的魯棒性。然后，本文為視頻水印檢測建立了基于似然比檢驗的理論框架，用于獲得性能可控的最佳水印檢測機(jī)制。仿真結(jié)果表明，蒙特卡羅實驗達(dá)到了預(yù)期的檢測性能。最后，本文證實了該算法對若干不同攻擊均具有魯棒性。索引詞索引詞壓縮域，誤差合并，廣義高斯分布，人類視覺模型，H264，似然比檢驗，視頻水印檢測，視頻水印

簡介：JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY139200381–89AWINDOWSNATIVE3DPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDDESIGNSYSTEMLKONG,JYHFUH?,KSLEE,XLLIU,LSLING,YFZHANG,AYCNEEDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALUNIVERSITYOFSINGAPORE,10KENTRIDGECRESCENT,SINGAPORE119260,SINGAPOREABSTRACT3DSOLIDMODELINGREVOLUTIONHASREACHEDTHEDESIGNMAINSTREAMWHILEHIGHEND3DSOLIDMODELINGSYSTEMSHAVEBEENONENGINEERS’WORKSTATIONATLARGEAEROSPACE,CONSUMERPRODUCTS,ANDAUTOMOBILECOMPANIESFORYEARS,MANYSMALLERCOMPANIESARENOWMAKINGTHESWITCHFROMWORKSTATIONSTOPCONEREASONFORTHESHIFTISTHATTHEFLEXIBILITYANDADVANCEMENTOFWINDOWSNATIVE/NTHASLETSOFTWAREDEVELOPERSCREATEAPPLICATIONSTHATAREAFFORDABLEANDEASYTOUSEHIGHENDUSERSAREFINDINGTHATMIDRANGESOLIDMODELERS,SUCHASSOLIDWORKS,HAVEMETTHEIRNEEDSSOLIDWORKSWASCHOSENASTHEPLATFORMDUETOTHEWINDOWSNATIVEDESIGNENVIRONMENT,POWERFULASSEMBLYCAPABILITIES,EASEOFUSE,RAPIDLEARNINGCURVE,ANDAFFORDABLEPRICEAWINDOWSNATIVE3DPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDDESIGNSSYSTEMHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDONANNTTHROUGHINTERFACINGVISUALCCODESWITHTHECOMMERCIALSOFTWARE,SOLIDWORKS99ANDAPITHESYSTEMPROVIDESADESIGNERWITHANINTERACTIVECOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNENVIRONMENT,WHICHCANBOTHSPEEDUPTHEMOLDDESIGNPROCESSANDFACILITATESTANDARDIZATION?2003ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSPLASTICINJECTIONMOLDWINDOWSCADPARTING1INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEBROADERUSEOFPLASTICSPARTSINAWIDEPRODUCTRANGE,FROMCONSUMERPRODUCTSTOMACHINERY,CARSANDAIRPLANES,THEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSHASBEENRECOGNIZEDASANIMPORTANTMANUFACTURINGPROCESSTHEMOLDDESIGNPROCESSISGENERALLYTHECRITICALPATHOFANEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCONVENTIONALLY,MOLDDESIGNHASALWAYSBEENAMUCH“MYSTIFIED”ART,REQUIRINGYEARSOFEXPERIENCEBEFOREONECANBERELATIVELYPROFICIENTINITDUETOTHEINITIALDIFFICULTYINLEARNINGTHISART,LESSANDLESSPEOPLEAREBENEFITINGFROMTHEEXPERIENCEANDKNOWLEDGEOFTHEEXPERTSINTHISFIELDTOCHANGETHECURRENTSITUATION,ONEWAYISTOUSEACOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADSYSTEMCADASANEVERYDAYTERMHASGROWNTOABROADRANGEOFCAPABILITIESANDHASAPPLICATIONSINFIELDSRANGINGFROMEDUCATIONFORSCHOOLTEACHINGTOTHREEDIMENSIONALMECHANICALDESIGNATTHEPRESENTTIME,MOSTCADSYSTEMSPROVIDEONLYTHEGEOMETRICMODELINGFUNCTIONSTHATFACILITATETHEDRAFTINGOPERATIONSOFMOLDDESIGN,ANDDONOTPROVIDEMOLDDESIGNERSWITHTHENECESSARYKNOWLEDGETODESIGNTHEMOLDSTHUS,MUCH“ADDON”SOFTWARE,EGIMOLD?,HAVEBEENDEVELOPEDONHIGHLEVEL3DMODELINGPLATFORMSTO?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORFAX6567791459EMAILADDRESSMPEFUHYHNUSEDUSGJYHFUHFACILITATETHEMOLDDESIGNPROCESSESSUCHANARRANGEMENTISADVANTAGEOUSINMANYWAYSTHE3DMODELINGPLATFORMPROVIDESPLUGINSOFTWAREWITHALIBRARYOFFUNCTIONSASWELLASANESTABLISHEDUSERINTERFACEANDSTYLEOFPROGRAMMINGASARESULT,THEDEVELOPMENTTIMEFORTHESE“ADDONS”ISSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEDIMOLD?INTELLIGENTMOLDDESIGN1ISAKNOWLEDGEBASEDSOFTWAREAPPLICATION,WHICHRUNSONTHEUNIGRAPHICSSOLIDWORKSPLATFORMANDISCARRIEDOUTBYUSINGTHEUSERFUNCTIONPROVIDEDITISAVAILABLEONTHEUNIXANDWINDOWSOPERATIONSYSTEMFORYEARS,MOLDDESIGNENGINEERSHAVEHADTODEALWITHTWODIFFERENTSYSTEMS,UNIXANDPCTHEFORMERISWIDELYUSEDINENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSWHILSTTHELATTERISUSEDMAINLYINSMALLANDMEDIUMCOMPANIESENGINEERSALSONEEDTORUNCORPORATEOFFICEAPPLICATIONSSUCHASWORDPROCESSING,SPREADSHEETS,ANDPROJECTMANAGEMENTTOOLS,BUTTHESEWERENOTONTHEIRUNIXWORKSTATIONSFORTUNATELY,THEREMARKABLEDEVELOPMENTOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYINTHELASTDECADEHASPROVIDEDAWAYTOCHANGETHISSITUATIONTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTCHANGEHASBEENINTHEAREAOFCOMPUTERHARDWARE,IETHEACTUALELECTRONICCOMPONENTSASSOCIATEDWITHDATAPROCESSING,INFORMATIONSTORAGE,ANDDISPLAYTECHNOLOGY,INTERMSOFBOTHSPEEDANDMEMORYTHESEHAVERESULTEDINTHEMOREEFFICIENTUSEOFTHESOLIDMODELINGFUNCTIONSINAPCBASEDCAD/CAMSYSTEMWITHTHEINCREASEDAVAILABILITYOFSOPHISTICATED,LOWCOSTSOFTWAREFORWINDOWS,MOREANDMOREENGINEERS09240136/03/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2003ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/S0924013603001869LKONGETAL/JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY139200381–8983SYSTEMCOMPAREDWITHIMOLDUSERS’APPLICATIONSCANBECREATEDANDRUNASASTANDALONEEXEFILEORASAUSERDLLOREXTENSIONDLLINSOLIDWORKSTHESOLIDWORKSADDINMANAGERALLOWSUSERSTOCONTROLWHICHTHIRDPARTYSOFTWAREISLOADEDATANYTIMEDURINGTHEIRSOLIDWORKSSESSIONMORETHANONEPACKAGECANBELOADEDATONCE,ANDTHESETTINGSWILLBEMAINTAINEDACROSSSOLIDWORKSSESSIONS31SOLIDWORKSSOLIDWORKSRECENTLYEMERGEDASONEOFTHE3DPRODUCTDESIGNSOFTWAREFORWINDOWS,PROVIDINGONEOFTHEMOSTPOWERFULANDINTUITIVEMECHANICALDESIGNSOLUTIONINITSCLASSINSOLIDWORKS,PARTSARECREATEDBYBUILDINGA“BASEFEATURE,”ANDADDINGOTHERFEATURESSUCHASBOSSES,CUTS,HOLES,FILLETS,ORSHELLSTHEBASEFEATUREMAYBEANEXTRUSION,REVOLUTION,SWEPTPROFILE,ORLOFTTOCREATEABASEFEATURE,SKETCHATWODIMENSIONALGEOMETRICPROFILEANDMOVETHEPROFILETHROUGHSPACETOCREATEAVOLUMEGEOMETRYCANBESKETCHEDONCONSTRUCTIONPLANESORONPLANARSURFACESOFPARTSFEATUREBASEDSOLIDMODELINGPROGRAMSAREMAKINGTWODIMENSIONALDESIGNTECHNIQUESOBSOLETEHOWEVER,UNIXBASEDSOLIDMODELINGSOFTWAREAREEXPENSIVEWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFSOLIDWORKSFORMICROSOFTWINDOWS,THECOSTISLESSTHANTHEPRICEOFEARLIERDIMENSIONDRIVENSOLIDMODELINGPROGRAMS332PARASOLIDASA3DKERNELSOLIDWORKSUSESPARASOLIDASA3DKERNELPARASOLIDKERNELMODELINGTOOLKIT,ISRECOGNIZEDASAWORLD’SLEADING,PRODUCTIONPROVENCORESOLIDMODELERDESIGNEDASANEXACTFIG2SOLIDWORKSAPIOBJECTSBOUNDARYREPRESENTATIONSOLIDMODELER,PARASOLIDPROVIDESROBUSTSOLIDMODELING,GENERALIZEDCELLULARMODELINGANDINTEGRATEDSURFACE/SHEETMODELINGCAPABILITIESANDISDESIGNEDFOREASYINTEGRATIONINTOCAD/CAM/CAESYSTEMSTOGIVERAPIDTIMETOMARKETITSEXTENSIVEFUNCTIONALITYISSUPPLIEDASALIBRARYOFROUTINESWITHANOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGINTERFACEITISESSENTIALLYASOLIDMODELER,WHICHCANBEUSEDTO4IBUILDANDMANIPULATESOLIDOBJECTSIICALCULATEMASSANDMOMENTSOFINERTIA,ANDPERFORMINTERFERENCEDETECTIONIIIOUTPUTTHEOBJECTSINVARIOUSPICTORIALWAYSIVSTORETHEOBJECTSINSOMESORTOFDATABASEORARCHIVEANDRETRIEVETHEMLATERANDIVSUPPORTFREEFORMSURFACES33API5THESOLIDWORKSAPPLICATIONPROGRAMMINGINTERFACEAPIISANOLEPROGRAMMINGINTERFACETOSOLIDWORKSTHEAPICONTAINSHUNDREDSOFFUNCTIONSTHATCANBECALLEDFROMVISUALBASIC,VBAEXCEL,ACCESS,ETC,C,C,ORSOLIDWORKSMACROFILESTHESEFUNCTIONSPROVIDETHEPROGRAMMERWITHDIRECTACCESSTOSOLIDWORKSFUNCTIONALITYSUCHASCREATINGALINE,EXTRUDINGABOSS,ORVERIFYINGTHEPARAMETERSOFASURFACETHEAPIINTERFACEUSESANOBJECTORIENTEDAPPROACHALLTHEAPIFUNCTIONSAREMETHODSORPROPERTIESTHATAPPLYTOANOBJECTFIG2ISONEPARTICULARVIEWOFTHESOLIDWORKSAPIOBJECTSSOLIDWORKSEXPOSESFUNCTIONALITYTHROUGHOLEAUTOMATIONUSINGDISPATCHANDALSOTHROUGHSTANDARDCOMOBJECTSTHEDISPATCHINTERFACE6WILLPACKAGEARGUMENTSANDRETURNVALUESASVARIANTSSOTHATLANGUAGESSUCHASBASICCAN

簡介：本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文譯文題目（中文）一種新的改進(jìn)遺傳算法及其性能分析學(xué)院計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)專業(yè)軟件工程學(xué)號200813138032學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名王月指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師張葵日期二〇一二年四月五日定理定理1染色體的最小分辨率是S12L??AB定理定理2染色體的第I位的權(quán)重值是WII1,2,L12L??AB12?I定理定理3單點交叉的染色體搜索步驟的數(shù)學(xué)期望ECX是ECXPCLAB2?其中PC是交叉概率定理定理4位變異的染色體搜索步驟的數(shù)學(xué)期望EMX是EMXBAPM其中PM是變異概率1212算法機(jī)制算法機(jī)制在進(jìn)化過程中，我們假設(shè)變量的值域是固定的，交叉的概率是一個常數(shù)，所以從定理1和定理3我們知道，較長的染色體長度有著較少的染色體搜索步驟和較高的分辨率；反之亦然。同時，交叉概率與搜索步驟成正比。由定理4，改變?nèi)旧w的長度不影響變異的搜索步驟，而變異概率與搜索步驟也是成正比的。進(jìn)化的開始階段，較短染色體（可以是過短，否則它不利于種群多樣性）和較高的交叉和變異概率會增加搜索步驟，這樣可進(jìn)行更大的域名搜索，避免陷入局部最優(yōu)。而全局最優(yōu)的附近，較長染色體和較低的交叉和變異概率會減少搜索的步驟，較長的染色體也提高了變異分辨率，避免在全局最優(yōu)解附近徘徊，提高了算法收斂速度。最后，應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，染色體長度的改變不會使個體適應(yīng)性改變，因此它不影響選擇（輪盤賭選擇）。1313算法描述算法描述由于基本遺傳算法沒有在全局優(yōu)化時收斂，而遺傳算法保留了當(dāng)前一代的最佳個體，我們的方法采用這項策略。在進(jìn)化過程中，我們跟蹤到當(dāng)代個體平均適應(yīng)度的累計值。它被寫成XTTG1??GTAVGF1其中G是當(dāng)前進(jìn)化的一代，F(xiàn)AVG是個體的平均適應(yīng)度。當(dāng)累計平均適用性增加到最初個體平均適應(yīng)度的KK1,K∈R倍，我們將染色體長度變?yōu)槠渥陨淼腗M是一個正整數(shù)倍，然后減小交叉和變異的概率，可以提高個體分辨率、減少搜索步驟以及提高算法收斂速度。算法的執(zhí)行步驟如下第一步初始化群體，并計算個體平均適應(yīng)度FAVG0，然后設(shè)置改變參數(shù)的標(biāo)志FLAG。FLAG設(shè)為1第二步在所保留的當(dāng)代的最佳個體，進(jìn)行選擇、再生、交叉和變異，并計算當(dāng)代個體的累積平均適應(yīng)度FAVG

簡介：RENEWABLEANDSUSTAINABLEENERGYREVIEWS1520113417–3422CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTRENEWABLEANDSUSTAINABLEENERGYREVIEWSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/RSERLIFECYCLEGREENHOUSEGASGHGEMISSIONSFROMTHEGENERATIONOFWINDANDHYDROPOWERHANNELERCHERAADALA,?,LUCGAGNONB,INGUNNSAURMODAHLA,OLEJ?RGENHANSSENAAOSTFOLDRESEARCH,GAMLEBEDDINGVEI2B,N1671KR?KER?Y,NORWAYBHYDROQUéBEC,75RENéLéVESQUEW,MONTREAL,QC,CANADA,H2Z1A4ARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED23FEBRUARY2011ACCEPTED11APRIL2011KEYWORDSLCAGREENHOUSEGASESWINDPOWERHYDROPOWERELECTRICITYABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSACOMPREHENSIVEOVERVIEWOFTHELIFECYCLEGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDANDHYDROPOWERGENERATION,BASEDONRELEVANTPUBLISHEDSTUDIESCOMPARISONSWITHCONVENTIONALFOSSIL,NUCLEARANDOTHERRENEWABLEGENERATIONSYSTEMSAREALSOPRESENTED,INORDERTOPUTTHEGHGEMISSIONSOFWINDANDHYDROPOWERINPERSPECTIVESTUDIESONGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDANDHYDROPOWERSHOWLARGEVARIATIONSINGHGEMISSIONS,VARYINGFROM02TO152GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHEMAINPARAMETERSAFFECTINGGHGEMISSIONSAREALSODISCUSSEDINTHISARTICLE,INRELATIONTOTHESEVARIATIONSTHEWIDERANGINGRESULTSINDICATEANEEDFORSTRICTERSTANDARDISEDRULESANDREQUIREMENTSFORLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTSLCAS,INORDERTODIFFERENTIATEBETWEENVARIATIONSDUETOMETHODOLOGICALDISPARITIESANDTHOSEDUETOREALDIFFERENCESINPERFORMANCEOFTHEPLANTSSINCELCASARERESOURCEANDTIMEINTENSIVE,DEVELOPMENTOFGENERICGHGRESULTSFOREACHTECHNOLOGYCOULDBEANALTERNATIVETODEVELOPINGSPECIFICDATAFOREACHPLANTTHISWOULDREQUIRETHEDEFINITIONOFTYPICALPARAMETERSFOREACHTECHNOLOGY,FOREXAMPLEATYPICALCAPACITYFACTORFORWINDPOWERSUCHGENERICDATAWOULDBEUSEFULINDOCUMENTINGGHGEMISSIONSFROMELECTRICITYGENERATIONFORELECTRICITYTRADINGPURPOSES?2011ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCONTENTS1INTRODUCTION34172LIFECYCLEASSESSMENTMETHODSFORELECTRICITYGENERATION34183WINDPOWER34184HYDROPOWER34195WINDANDHYDROPOWERINPERSPECTIVE34206DISCUSSIONANDCONCLUSIONS34207RECOMMENDATIONSANDOUTLOOK3420ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS3421REFERENCES34211INTRODUCTIONALLENERGYSYSTEMSEMITGREENHOUSEGASESGHGS1ANDCONTRIBUTETOANTHROPOGENICCLIMATECHANGEANALYSISOFALLTHE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL4769351100FAX4769342494EMAILADDRESSHLROSTFOLDFORSKNINGNOHLRAADAL1TOCOMPAREGHGSEMISSIONSFROMDIFFERENTSOURCES,THEGASESAREINDEXEDACCORDINGTOTHEIRGLOBALWARMINGPOTENTIALGWPPERUNITOFWEIGHTGWPISTHEABILITYOFAGHGTOTRAPHEATINTHEATMOSPHERERELATIVETOANEQUALAMOUNTOFCARBONDIOXIDEACCORDINGTOTHEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATECHANGEIPCC,OVERA100YEARTIMESPAN,CARBONDIOXIDECO2ASSUMESTHEVALUEOF1THETWOOTHERGHGSOFIMPORTANCEINTHESEANALYSESAREMETHANECH4ANDNITROUSOXIDEN2OWHICH,ACCORDINGTOAREEVALUATIONOFTHEIPCCIN2007,TAKEAVALUEOF25AND298,RESPECTIVELYUPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMPROCESSESPERTAININGTOAPOWERPLANTANDTHEASSOCIATEDGHGEMISSIONS,EGTHEELECTRICITYGENERATIONSTAGE,ISNECESSARYINORDERTOOBTAINACOMPLETECLIMATEACCOUNTOFPOWERSYSTEMSIFTHISISNOTCARRIEDOUT,THEGHGEMISSIONSRESULTINGFROMTHEVARIOUSOPTIONSFORELECTRICITYGENERATIONCANBEUNDERESTIMATEDFORCONVENTIONALFOSSILFUELTECHNOLOGY,UPSTREAMGHGEMISSIONSCANBEASMUCHAS25OFTHEDIRECTEMISSIONSFROMTHEPOWERPLANTFORMOSTRENEWABLEENERGYTECHNOLOGIESANDNUCLEARPOWER,UPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMGHGEMISSIONSCANACCOUNTFOROVER90OFCUMULATIVEEMISSIONS1THISPAPERPRESENTSACOMPREHENSIVEOVERVIEWOFGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDANDHYDROPOWERGENERATIONBASEDONLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTSLCAS,SHOWINGTHEVARIATIONSINGHGEMISSIONSWITHINHOMOGENEOUSPOWERGENERATIONTECHNOLOGIESARANGEOFGHGEMISSIONSAREPRESENTED,FOLLOWEDBYSELECTEDFACTORANALYSES13640321/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2011ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JRSER201105001HLRAADALETAL/RENEWABLEANDSUSTAINABLEENERGYREVIEWS1520113417–34223419051015202530354045505560CAPACITYFACTOR015CAPACITYFACTOR1625CAPACITYFACTOR2635CAPACITYFACTOR3645CAPACITYFACTOR4655ALLCASESGCO2EQUIV/KWH721632535STANDARDDEVIA?ONMEANMINMAXXSAMPLESIZEFIG2SUMMARYOFLIFECYCLEGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDPOWER7–28FORSELECTEDCAPACITYFACTORSWINDCONDITIONSFIG1SHOWSASUMMARYOFTHEGHGEMISSIONSFROMALLTHEINVESTIGATEDLCASITINCLUDESTHEFOLLOWINGDATAMEANVALUE,MINIMUMANDMAXIMUMVALUES,STANDARDDEVIATIONANDSAMPLESIZETHESEAREGROUPEDINTOFOURCATEGORIESDEPENDINGONTURBINESIZETHEFIGURESHOWSALARGEVARIATIONINGHGEMISSIONSFROMTHEWINDPOWERPLANTS,VARYINGFROM46G14TO55416GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHEMINIMUMANDMAXIMUMLEVELSOFGHGEMISSIONSRELATETOTURBINESOF3MWAND30KW,RESPECTIVELYASSEENINTHEFIGURE,THEMEANVALUEDECREASESWITHINCREASINGSIZE,FROM450TO104GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHISTRENDISINLINEWITHTHERESULTSFROMOTHERSTUDIES1,10,22,29ACCORDINGTOLENZENANDMUNKSGAARD22,SUCHATRENDISFOUNDTOBESIGNIFICANTATTHE99CONFIDENCELEVEL,CONFIRMINGTHATTHELARGEVARIATIONINGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDTURBINESREFLECTSECONOMIESOFSCALE,WITHSMALLWINDTURBINESOF1KWREQUIRINGABOUTTHREETIMESMORELIFECYCLEENERGYPERUNITPOWERTHANLARGEWINDTURBINESOF1MWFIG2PRESENTSTHESAMEDATAASFIG1,BUTHERETHEDATAAREGROUPEDACCORDINGTOCAPACITYFACTORS,REPRESENTINGVARYINGWINDCONDITIONS2THEFIGURESHOWSTHATTHEMEANVALUEDECREASESWITHINCREASEDCAPACITYFACTOR,FROM338TO83GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHHOWEVER,THETWOLARGESTCAPACITYFACTORGROUPSHAVEAPPROXIMATELYEQUALMEANVALUESCOUNTINGFOR83AND86GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHELARGESTCAPACITYGROUPREPRESENTSONLYOFFSHORELOCATIONS,WITHLARGERINFRASTRUCTURESTHISCOULDBETHEREASONFORTHELARGESTCAPACITYFACTORGROUPHAVINGASLIGHTLYHIGHERMEANVALUETHANTHESECONDLARGESTGROUPTHEEXTRAENERGYINVESTEDINOFFSHOREPLANTSCANTHEREFOREBEBENEFICIAL,ASTHEPERFORMANCEISCOMPARABLETOTHEBESTONSHORESITESITSHOULDBENOTEDHOWEVERTHATTHESAMPLESIZESINTHESETWOGROUPSARERELATIVELYSMALL,HAVINGONLY3AND5CASES,RESPECTIVELYTHERESULTSSHOWADECREASEINGHGEMISSIONSINRELATIONTOINCREASEDCAPACITYFACTORSTHESEWEREEXPECTEDASTHECAPACITYFACTORDEFINESTHEELECTRICITYPRODUCEDDURINGTHELIFETIME,ANDTHEGHGEMISSIONSAREEXPRESSEDBYKWHANANALYSISOFTHEASSESSEDGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDPOWERGENERATION,ACCORDINGTOANALYSISTYPE,HASALSOBEENCARRIEDOUTTHISSHOWSTHATTHEGHGRESULTSAPPEARTOINCREASEWHENCHANGINGFROMPROCESSANALYSISTOINPUT–OUTPUTANALYSISTHISCORRESPONDS2THECAPACITYFACTORISDETERMINED8ASTHERECORDEDELECTRICITYGENERATIONOVERTHEYEARDIVIDEDBYINSTALLEDCAPACITYANDMULTIPLIEDBY8760H,SOTHEHIGHERCAPACITYFACTOR,THEBETTERWINDCONDITIONSWITHTHERESULTSFROMAMULTIVARIATEREGRESSIONANALYSIS,EXAMININGTHEINFLUENCEOFMETHODOLOGY,SCOPEANDTECHNOLOGICALMATURITY22FROMWHICHITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATTHERESULTSOFTHEENERGYINTENSITYANDGHGEMISSIONSINCREASEUNDERACHANGEFROMPROCESSTOINPUT–OUTPUTANALYSISFURTHER,THERESULTSFROMTHEINVESTIGATEDWINDPOWERCASESCLEARLYSHOWTHATTHEINFRASTRUCTURESTAGEISTHELIFECYCLESTAGECONTRIBUTINGMOSTTOGHGEMISSIONSFROMWINDPOWERGENERATIONITACCOUNTSFORAPPROXIMATELY90–99OFTHETOTALGHGEMISSIONSTHISLIFECYCLESTAGEINCLUDESMATERIALPRODUCTIONANDPROCESSING,WASTEDISPOSAL,TRANSPORT,ASSEMBLINGANDINSTALLATIONSTEELPRODUCTIONISTHEACTIVITYCONTRIBUTINGMOSTTOGHGEMISSIONS,FOLLOWEDBYCONCRETEPRODUCTIONTHEGHGEMISSIONSATTHEOPERATIONALSTAGEOFWINDPOWERAREALMOSTNEGLIGIBLEINRELATIONTOTHETOTAL4HYDROPOWERTHISSECTIONSETSOUTTHEGHGEMISSIONSFROMTHEGENERATIONOFHYDROPOWER,BASEDON39LCAS7,16,17,20,30–37,PUBLISHEDBETWEEN1996AND2010THERESULTSAREPRESENTEDFOR1KWHHYDROGENERATEDWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFONESTUDY,GRIDLOSSESANDINFRASTRUCTURERELATEDTOTHEGRIDAREEXCLUDEDFROMTHEANALYSESACCORDINGTOGAGNONANDVANDEVATE30,THETWOMAJORSOURCESOFEMISSIONSFORHYDROPOWERAREACTIVITIESRELATINGTOTHEBUILDINGOFDAMS,DIKESANDPOWERSTATIONSANDTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFBIOMASSFROMLANDFLOODEDBYTHERESERVOIR,PRODUCINGCO2ANDCH4EMISSIONSFIG3PRESENTSTHEGHGEMISSIONSFORTHESTUDIEDSAMPLESOFHYDROPOWERCATEGORISEDINTORESERVOIRPLANTSWITHANDWITHOUTPOTENTIALGHGEMISSIONSFROMFLOODEDLANDANDRUNOFRIVERPLANTSTHEFIGURESHOWSLARGEVARIATIONSINGHGEMISSIONSFROMTHESEHYDROPOWERPLANTS,VARYINGFROM0233TO15216GCO2EQUIVALENTSPERKWHTHELARGEVARIATIONSINGHGEMISSIONSFROMRESERVOIRHYDROPOWERCANFORTHEMOSTPARTBEEXPLAINEDBYDIFFERENCESINGHGEMISSIONSFROMFLOODEDLAND,ASTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONFORTHISGROUPIS545RECENTRESEARCH38,SHOWSTHATTHISDATACANBEMISLEADING,ASTHEREPORTEDEMISSIONSMAYNOTREPRESENTTHE“NET”EMISSIONSFORWHICHRESERVOIRSARERESPONSIBLEMOSTLCASREPORT“GROSS”EMISSIONSFROMRESERVOIRS,ASMEASUREDFLUXESOVERRESERVOIRSHOWEVER,THEREISNOWCONSENSUSTHATMOSTNATURALLAKESANDRIVERSAREALSOMAJORSOURCESOFGHGS,ASTHEYRETURNTOTHEATMOSPHERETHECARBONFLUSHEDINTOWATERWAYSFROM

簡介：1本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯學(xué)生姓名郭子暄專業(yè)班級08電氣三班中文譯名一種光伏電池最大功率點的控制系統(tǒng)外文原文名AMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTCONTROLPHOTOVOLTAICSYSTEM外文原文版出處IEEE，2010譯文一種光伏系統(tǒng)最大功率點的控制系統(tǒng)一種光伏系統(tǒng)最大功率點的控制系統(tǒng)目錄11簡介簡介22、相關(guān)理論、相關(guān)理論3A．PVPV模型的理想工作點模型的理想工作點3BBPIPI調(diào)節(jié)器的頻率合成調(diào)節(jié)器的頻率合成53、仿真方法、仿真方法6四、控制系統(tǒng)的流程四、控制系統(tǒng)的流程6五、結(jié)果和相應(yīng)的討論五、結(jié)果和相應(yīng)的討論6A．理論值．理論值6B．仿真結(jié)果．仿真結(jié)果6C．實驗結(jié)果．實驗結(jié)果7五結(jié)論結(jié)論74在這種方法中，為了降低系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性，電池的電壓設(shè)定了一個常量E，而且假定變流器為理想器件。因此，直直轉(zhuǎn)換電路的輸出功率PB也就約為PV系統(tǒng)的功率P。同樣的方法在文獻(xiàn)11也得以體現(xiàn)，其中電池電壓設(shè)定為常數(shù)，并且將其與定值電阻PB的串聯(lián)。在文獻(xiàn)12中考慮了BOOST電路的損耗，既在MOSFET晶體管中的損耗。在本文章中，經(jīng)過重新考慮在文獻(xiàn)9和12中所提出的實驗實施方法。建議使用一種如圖3所示的控制框圖。為得到最大功率工作點，采用BOOST電路用以連接電池和PV系統(tǒng)的輸出。此時，MPPT控制器必須使得“”，根據(jù)光照輻射度和光電板的溫度T調(diào)節(jié)占空比Α則使上述控制得?P/?V0以實現(xiàn)。占空比為PI調(diào)節(jié)器提供的信號之一。為了合成PI調(diào)節(jié)器的相關(guān)參數(shù)，這里應(yīng)用一個小型的信號系統(tǒng)模型以開發(fā)系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)換功能。PI調(diào)節(jié)器的系統(tǒng)KP和KI由頻率合成法以獲得。該方法的概要方案如圖3（B）所示。伴隨著PV板的輸出電壓和輸出電流的測量，其輸出功率以及功率對電壓的偏微分可以相繼得出，并將其偏微分與0相比較。誤差信號作為PI調(diào)節(jié)器的的輸入信號，進(jìn)而向BOOST電路發(fā)送控制信號VGS。2、相關(guān)理論、相關(guān)理論電能的轉(zhuǎn)換器為一個插進(jìn)PV系統(tǒng)和電池之間的BOOST電路（如圖2（A）），并由占空比信號Α控制，其中，占空比在電流連續(xù)的情況下提供了輸出電壓對輸入電壓的相應(yīng)比例的提升。當(dāng)ΑT時段，晶體管打開，而且在其余的時間段（1?。㏕晶體管為關(guān)閉的狀態(tài)。二極管的狀態(tài)，在連續(xù)傳導(dǎo)的模式下作為晶體管的補充。電感通過晶體管充電，并通過二極管進(jìn)行放電。如果斬波頻率足夠大過系統(tǒng)的頻率特性，則可以將換流器替換為等效的連續(xù)模型。這里我們考慮的是在斬波期間的電能的相關(guān)平均值。圖2BOOSTBOOST電路及等效模型電路及等效模型圖3控制系統(tǒng)控制系統(tǒng)（A）框圖）框圖BMPPTBMPPT指令指令其中晶體管可以被電壓源所替代，電壓值為其平均值。同樣，二極管可以被電流源替代。APVAPV模型的理想模型的理想工作點工作點在本文中，PV系統(tǒng)模型的等效電路圖如圖4所示。PV輸出電壓V和輸出電流I之間的關(guān)系在文獻(xiàn)1314中給出，有

簡介：PREDICTIVEANALYSISOFSTRESSREGIMEANDPOSSIBLESQUEEZINGDEFORMATIONFORSUPERLONGWATERCONVEYANCETUNNELSINPAKISTANWANGCHENGHU?,BAOLINHAIKEYLABORATORYOFCRUSTALDYNAMICS,INSTITUTEOFCRUSTALDYNAMICS,CEA,BEIJING100085,CHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED10FEBRUARY2014RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM17APRIL2014ACCEPTED5JUNE2014AVAILABLEONLINE14NOVEMBER2014KEYWORDSSUPERLONGWATERCONVEYANCETUNNELINSITUSTRESSSTATESQUEEZINGDEFORMATIONPREDICTIONANALYSISKOHALAHYDROPOWERPLANTABSTRACTTHEPREDICTIONOFTHESTRESSFIELDOFDEEPBURIEDTUNNELSISAFUNDAMENTALPROBLEMFORSCIENTISTSANDENGINEERSINTHISSTUDY,THEAUTHORSPUTFORWARDASYSTEMATICSOLUTIONFORTHISPROBLEMDATABASESFROMTHEWORLDSTRESSMAPANDTHECRUSTALSTRESSOFCHINA,ANDPREVIOUSRESEARCHFINDINGSCANOFFERPREDICTIONOFSTRESSORIENTATIONSINANENGINEERINGAREAATTHESAMETIME,THEANDERSONIANTHEORYCANBEUSEDTOANALYZETHEPOSSIBLESTRESSORIENTATIONOFAREGIONWITHLIMITEDINSITUSTRESSMEASUREMENTS,THEHOEK–BROWNCRITERIONCANBEUSEDTOESTIMATETHESTRENGTHOFROCKMASSINANAREAOFINTERESTBYUTILIZINGTHEGEOTECHNICALINVESTIGATIONDATA,ANDTHEMODIFIEDSHEOREY’SMODELCANSUBSEQUENTLYBEEMPLOYEDTOPREDICTTHEAREAS’STRESSPROFILE,WITHOUTSTRESSDATA,BYTAKINGTHEEXISTINGINSITUSTRESSMEASUREMENTSASINPUTPARAMETERSINTHISPAPER,ACASESTUDYWASUSEDTODEMONSTRATETHEAPPLICATIONOFTHISSYSTEMATICSOLUTIONTHEPLANNEDKOHALAHYDROPOWERPLANTISLOCATEDONTHEWESTERNEDGEOFQINGHAI–TIBETPLATEAUTHREEHYDROFRACTURINGSTRESSMEASUREMENTCAMPAIGNSINDICATEDTHATTHESTRESSSTATEOFTHEAREAISSHSHSVORSHSVSHTHEMEASUREDORIENTATIONOFSHISNEEN703?–89?E,ANDTHEREGIONALORIENTATIONOFSHFROMWSMISNE,WHICHIMPLIESTHATTHESTRESSORIENTATIONOFSHALLOWCRUSTMAYBEAFFECTEDBYLANDFORMSTHEMODIFIEDSHEOREYMODELWASUTILIZEDTOPREDICTTHESTRESSPROFILEALONGTHEWATERSEWAGETUNNELFORTHEPLANTPREDICTIONRESULTSSHOWTHATTHEMAXIMUMANDMINIMUMHORIZONTALPRINCIPALSTRESSESOFTHEPOINTSWITHTHEGREATESTBURIALDEPTHWEREUPTO5670AND4014MPA,RESPECTIVELY,ANDTHESTRESSESOFAREASWITHABURIALDEPTHOFGREATERTHAN500MWEREHIGHERBASEDONTHEPREDICTEDSTRESSDATA,LARGEDEFORMATIONSOFTHEROCKMASSSURROUNDINGWATERCONVEYANCETUNNELSWEREANALYZEDRESULTSSHOWEDTHATTHELARGEDEFORMATIONSWILLOCCURWHENTHEBURIALDEPTHEXCEEDS300MWHENTHEBURIALDEPTHISBEYOND800M,SERIOUSSQUEEZINGDEFORMATIONSWILLOCCURINTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSES,THUSREQUIRINGMOREATTENTIONINTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONBASEDONTHEAPPLICATIONEFFICIENCYINTHISCASESTUDY,THISPREDICTIONMETHODPROPOSEDINTHISPAPERFUNCTIONSACCURATELY?2014PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVONBEHALFOFCHINAUNIVERSITYOFMININGE1ANDE2THEELASTICMODULIOFTHEROCKZ1ANDZ2THEBURIALDEPTHSINITIALLY,SHEOREYDIDNOTCLARIFYTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEELASTICMODULUSOFTHEROCKSPECIMENANDTHEDEFORMATIONMODULUSOFTHEROCKMASSESHESUBSEQUENTLYREALIZEDTHEIMPACTSONHORIZONTALSTRESSESFROMTHEELASTICMODULUS,ANDINVESTIGATEDTHISFURTHER,HOWEVER,THISPROBLEMREMAINSUNSOLVED12ACCORDINGTORESEARCHFINDINGSOFJINGETAL,WANGETAL,ANDSHEOREYETAL,THERATIOOFTHEHORIZONTALSTRESSTOTHEVERTICALSTRESSAPPROACHESACONSTANTATACERTAINDEPTHINTHECRUSTIE,EZINEQ1INCREASESSLOWLYANDWILLNOTBELOWERTHANACONSTANT12–14INADDITION,SHEOREY’SMODELISASTATICONE,NOTTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTECTONICSTRESSES,HOWEVER,MEASUREDINSITUSTRESSESCONTAINEDTECTONICCOMPONENTSTHUS,SHEOREY’STHEORETICALMODELISAGOODFITTINGTOOLTOSIMULATETHEPROFILEOFCRUSTALSTRESSESVERSUSDEPTHTHEREFORE,IFTHISMODELISUSEDTOPREDICTTHEREALINSITUSTRESSPROFILE,SOMEMODIFICATIONSHAVETOBEMADEHEREWEMODIFIEDTWOASPECTS1ATECTONICCOMPONENTWASADDEDTOTHEEQ1AND2THEDEFORMATIONMODULUSOFAROCKMASSWASUSEDTOREPLACETHEELASTICMODULUSOFTHEROCKSPECIMEN11HOEKANDDIEDERICHSRESEARCHEDINDETAILTHEDEFORMATIONMODULUSOFROCKMASSESANDESTABLISHEDARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEDEFORMATIONMODULUSOFTHEINSITUROCKMASSANDTHEGSIGEOLOGICALSTRESSINDEXONTHEBASISOFRIGOROUSSTATISTICALANALYSIS15THISEQUATIONCANREMEDYTHEFLAWOFSHEOREY’SMODELINTHEELASTICMODULUSOFROCKSPECIMENDURINGTHEPREDICTIONOFSTRESSMAGNITUDESERM?10001?D21TED75T25D?GSIT11??D3TWHEREERMREFERSTOTHEDEFORMATIONMODULUSOFTHEINSITUROCKMASSDISTHEDISTURBANCEINDEXOFROCKMASSHAVINGAVALUESINTHERANGEOF0–1,DEPENDINGONTHEDEGREEOFDISTURBANCEFROMEXTERNALFACTORS,SUCHASEXPLOSION,EXCAVATION,ANDUNLOADINGSUBSTITUTEEQ3INTOEQ2TOGETK2?K1025TCT2DZTT7ERM2D0001T1Z2T025TCT1DZTT7ERM1D0001T1Z1TD4TWHEREFORTHEFIRSTANDSECONDAREASOFINTERESTERM1ANDERM2ARETHEDEFORMATIONMODULIOFROCKMASSESCT1ANDCT2THECONSTANTTECTONICSTRESSCOMPONENTSINTHEROCKMASSESEQ4ISTHEMODIFIEDSHEOREYMODEL,USEDTOPREDICTANDANALYZETHESTRESSMAGNITUDETHEMODIFIEDMODELCONTAINSTWOVARIABLES,DEPTHZANDDEFORMATIONMODULUSOFTHEROCKMASSERMERMISATTHESAMETIMEAFUNCTIONOFDEPTHANDCONTAINSAWEALTHOFINFORMATIONABOUTAROCKMASS,SUCHASLITHOLOGY,DISCONTINUITIESANDSOONTHEMODIFIEDMODELCANTHEREFOREFITANDPREDICTTHEPROFILEOFSTRESSESVERSUSDEPTHANDLOCATIONKALSOIMPLIESSOMEINFORMATIONABOUTTHESTRESSSTATEANDDATARELEVANTTOTHEANDERSON’STHEORYASSUCHITCANBEUSEDTOPREDICTTHESTRESSPROFILEALONGTHEAXISOFADEEPLYBURIEDTUNNELTHELASTSTEPINVOLVESADJUSTINGANDCALIBRATINGTHEPREDICTEDSTRESSMAGNITUDEANDDIRECTIONSWITHREFERENCETOTHEGEOTECHNICALINVESTIGATIONDATAFOREXAMPLE,THESTRESSDIRECTIONSMAYDEVIATENEARASMALLSCALEFAULTORVEIN,ANDTHESTRESSMAGNITUDESMAYBEHIGHERINTHECOREOFAGEOLOGICALFOLDCOMPAREDWITHOTHERCOMMONAREASFINDINGSINTHETWOCLASSICREFERENCESCANBEUSEDASAGUIDEBOOKFORSUCHADJUSTMENTSANDCALIBRATIONS1,7HOWEVER,FORGENERALDISCONTINUITIES,THECALIBRATIONSAREUNNECESSARYBECAUSETHESTRENGTHOFROCKMASSINEQ4HASTAKENTHEIRIMPACTSINTOACCOUNTANDMINORIMPACTSONTHEDIRECTIONOFSTRESSREGIMECANGENERALLYBEIGNORED22ANALYTICALMETHODFORSQUEEZINGDEFORMATIONTHEROCKMASSAROUNDWATERCONVEYANCETUNNELSISMAINLYSOFTROCKANDTHEBURIALDEPTHOFTHETUNNELMEANSTHEREISAHIGHPOSSIBILITYFORSQUEEZINGDEFORMATIONSTOOCCURFORTHISREASONITISNECESSARYTOANALYZEANDPREDICTPOSSIBLEDEFORMATIONSUNDER34°1534°2534°3073°2573°3073°3573°4073°4573°5034°1034°05HARTINDAMHFTLANGEPRAHNKOHALAPOWERGENERATIONHOUSEWATERCONVEYANCETUNNELJIRAMFAULTFIG2GEOGRAPHICALLOCATIONOFTHEENGINEERINGAREAANDTHESURROUNDINGGEOTECTONICSTRUCTURESCWANG,LBAO/INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMININGSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY242014825–831827

簡介：附錄附錄I外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯1原文原文AROBUSTVISIONBASEDMOVINGTARGETDETECTIONANDTRACKINGSYSTEMABSTRACTINTHISPAPERWEPRESENTANEWALGORITHMFORREALTIMEDETECTIONANDTRACKINGOFMOVINGTARGETSINTERRESTRIALSCENESUSINGAMOBILECAMERAOURALGORITHMCONSISTSOFTWOMODESDETECTIONANDTRACKINGINTHEDETECTIONMODE,BACKGROUNDMOTIONISESTIMATEDANDCOMPENSATEDUSINGANAFFINETRANSFORMATIONTHERESULTANTMOTIONRECTIFIEDIMAGEISUSEDFORDETECTIONOFTHETARGETLOCATIONUSINGSPLITANDMERGEALGORITHMWEALSOCHECKEDOTHERFEATURESFORPRECISEDETECTIONOFTHETARGETLOCATIONWHENTHETARGETISIDENTIFIED,ALGORITHMSWITCHESTOTHETRACKINGMODEMODIFIEDMORAVECOPERATORISAPPLIEDTOTHETARGETTOIDENTIFYFEATUREPOINTSTHEFEATUREPOINTSAREMATCHEDWITHPOINTSINTHEREGIONOFINTERESTINTHECURRENTFRAMETHECORRESPONDINGPOINTSAREFURTHERREFINEDUSINGDISPARITYVECTORSTHETRACKINGSYSTEMISCAPABLEOFTARGETSHAPERECOVERYANDTHEREFOREITCANSUCCESSFULLYTRACKTARGETSWITHVARYINGDISTANCEFROMCAMERAORWHILETHECAMERAISZOOMINGLOCALANDREGIONALCOMPUTATIONSHAVEMADETHEALGORITHMSUITABLEFORREALTIMEAPPLICATIONSTHEREFINEDPOINTSDEFINETHENEWPOSITIONOFTHETARGETINTHECURRENTFRAMEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSHAVESHOWNTHATTHEALGORITHMISRELIABLEANDCANSUCCESSFULLYDETECTANDTRACKTARGETSINMOSTCASESKEYWORDSREALTIMEMOVINGTARGETTRACKINGANDDETECTION,FEATUREMATCHING,AFFINETRANSFORMATION,VEHICLETRACKING,MOBILECAMERAIMAGE1INTRODUCTIONVISUALDETECTIONANDTRACKINGISONEOFTHEMOSTCHALLENGINGISSUESINCOMPUTERVISIONAPPLICATIONOFTHEVISUALDETECTIONANDTRACKINGARENUMEROUSANDTHEYSPANAWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONSINCLUDINGSURVEILLANCESYSTEM,VEHICLETRACKINGANDAEROSPACEAPPLICATION,TONAMEAFEWDETECTIONANDTRACKINGOFABSTRACTTARGETSEGVEHICLESINGENERALISAVERYCOMPLEXPROBLEMANDDEMANDSSOPHISTICATEDSOLUTIONSUSINGCONVENTIONALPATTERNRECOGNITIONANDMOTIONESTIMATIONMETHODSMOTIONBASEDFEATURESASWELLASCONSTRAINTONAREAOFTHETARGETASDISCUSSEDINTHISSECTION21BACKGROUNDMOTIONESTIMATIONAFFINETRANSFORMATION8HASBEENUSEDTOMODELMOTIONOFTHECAMERATHISMODELINCLUDESROTATION,SCALINGANDTRANSLATION2DAFFINETRANSFORMATIONISDESCRIBEDASFOLLOW1????????????????????????????????AAYXAAAAYXIIII654321WHEREXI,YIARELOCATIONSOFPOINTSINTHEPREVIOUSFRAMEANDXI,YIARELOCATIONSOFPOINTSINTHECURRENTFRAMEANDA1A6AREMOTIONPARAMETERSTHISTRANSFORMATIONHASSIXPARAMETERSTHEREFORE,THREEMATCHINGPAIRSAREREQUIREDTOFULLYRECOVERTHEMOTIONITISNECESSARYTOSELECTTHETHREEPOINTSFROMTHESTATIONARYBACKGROUNDTOASSUREANACCURATEMODELFORCAMERAMOTIONWEUSEDMORAVECOPERATOR9TOFINDDISTINGUISHEDFEATUREPOINTSTOENSUREPRECISEMATCHMORAVECOPERATORSELECTSPIXELSWITHTHEMAXIMUMDIRECTIONALGRADIENTINTHEMINMAXSENSEIFTHEMOVINGTARGETSCONSTITUTEASMALLAREAIELESSTHAN50OFTHEIMAGE,THENLMEDSALGORITHMCANBEAPPLIEDTODETERMINETHEAFFINETRANSFORMATIONPARAMETERSOFTHEAPPARENTBACKGROUNDMOTIONBETWEENTWOCONSECUTIVEFRAMESACCORDINGTOTHEFOLLOWINGPROCEDURE1SELECTNRANDOMFEATUREPOINTFROMPREVIOUSFRAME,ANDUSETHESTANDARDNORMALIZEDCROSSCORRELATIONMETHODTOLOCATETHECORRESPONDINGPOINTSINTHECURRENTFRAMENORMALIZEDCORRELATIONEQUATIONISGIVENBY221,,222211,2211,,,,???????????????????SYXSYXSYXFYXYXYXYXRFFFFFFFHEREANDARETHEAVERAGEINTENSITIESOFTHEPIXELSINTHETWOREGIONSBEING1F2FCOMPARED,ANDTHESUMMATIONSARECARRIEDOUTOVERALLPIXELSWITHINSMALLWINDOWSCENTEREDONTHEFEATUREPOINTSTHEVALUERINTHEABOVEEQUATIONMEASURESTHESIMILARITYBETWEENTWOREGIONSANDISBETWEEN1AND1SINCEITISASSUMEDTHATMOVINGOBJECTSARELESSTHAN50OFTHEWHOLEIMAGE,THEREFOREMOSTOFTHENPOINTSWILLBELONGTOTHESTATIONARYBACKGROUND

簡介：APPLICATIONOFANEXPERTSYSTEMTOMONITORINGANDCONTROLINAQUACULTUREDDHARRIS,FENGZHANGANDPHSYDENHAMWHENANYMEASUREMENTTASKISAPPROACHEDFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFTHEKNOWLEDGEWHICHISNEEDED,ITISFOUNDTHATTHISKNOWLEDGEOFTENCOMPRISESARANGEOFDATA,INTERPRETEDINTERMSOFASETOFRULESINTHECURRENTEXPLANATORYAPPLICATION,MEASUREMENTANDCONTROLOFWATERQUALITYISFUNDAMENTALTOTHEBREEDINGOFHEALTHYFISHINAQUACULTUREINSTALLATIONSITISTHERULEBASE,FEDWITHREALTIMEMEASUREDDATA,WHICHISOFPRIMARYIMPORTANCEINENSURINGTHEHEALTHOFTHEFISHCOMPUTERBASEDEXPERTSYSTEMSSIMPLIFYTHEAPPLICATIONOFRULESANDHEURISTICSTOREALTIMEMONITORINGANDCONTROLTHISPAPERDISCUSSESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFACOMPUTERBASED,DISTRIBUTEDMONITORINGANDCONTROLSYSTEMBUILTAROUNDTHE“CRYSTAL“EXPERTSYSTEMTHESYSTEMENABLESBOTHHEURISTICANDREALTIMEVARYINGKNOWLEDGETOBEINTEGRATEDINTOTHERULEBASEONWHICHCONTROLDECISIONSAREAUTOMATICALLYMADEANIMPORTANTFEATUREISTHAT,BYDIRECTLYACCESSINGTHEEXPERTSYSTEMSRULEBUILDER,THEAPPLICATIONDOMAINUSERCANCHANGETHECONFIGURATIONANDOPERATINGRULESOFTHESYSTEMUSINGONLYLOWLEVELCOMPUTINGSKILLSBYALSOBUILDINGSENSORKNOWLEDGE“INTOTHEEXPERTSYSTEM,THESENSORDESIGNANDOPERATINGREQUIREMENTSARESIMPLIFIED,ALLOWINGTHEINEXPERTUSERTOSPECIFYTHENEEDEDSENSORS,ORBUILDTHEMTODRAWINGSSUPPLIEDBYTHESYSTEMKEYWORDSEXPERTSYSTEMS,MONITORINGANDCONTROL,KNOWLEDGEBASE,USERINTERACTIONTHEMEASUREMENTANDINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMSCENTREMISCISARESEARCHCENTREOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAWITHTHEGOALOFDEVELOPINGBETTERMETHODSANDEQUIPMENTFORMEASUREMENTTHEUNDERLYINGBASISOFALLPROGRAMMESISTHEUSEOFKNOWLEDGEMEASUREMENTANDINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMSCENTRE,UNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIA,POBOX1,INGLEFARM,SA5098,AUSTRALIASHANDONGACADEMYOFAGRICULTURALSCIENCES,JINAN,SHANDONG,CHINAPAPERRECEIVED6FEBRUARY1990REVISEDPAPERRECEIVED30MAY1991BASEDMETHODOLOGYTHECENTREHASRECENTLYUNDERTAKENAPROJECTWITHTHESOUTHAUSTRALIANDEPARTMENTOFFISHERIESTOAPPLYTHISEXPERTISETOTHEMONITORINGANDCONTROLOFAQUACULTUREINSTALLATIONS,WITHPARTICULARAPPLICATIONTOTHEBREEDINGOFMARINEFISHSPECIESBACKGROUNDINORDERTOAPPRECIATETHEKNOWLEDGEBASEDMETHODOLOGYREPRESENTEDHERE,ITISNECESSARYTODEVELOPABASICUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEAPPLICATIONCURRENTAQUACULTUREPRACTICETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLD,FISHAREFARMEDINLARGEQUANTITIESININSTALLATIONSRANGINGFROMOPENSEAPENSTHROUGHTOCONTROLLEDPONDSONLANDBOTHFRESHWATERANDMARINESPECIESAREFARMED,INCLUDINGFINFISH,CRUSTACEANSANDMOLLUSCSHOWEVERANUMBEROFCOMMONTHREADSEMERGEINTHELITERATUREONTHESUBJECTTHECAPITALCOSTSOFAQUACULTUREINSTALLATIONSAREOFTENHIGHTHEVIABILITYOFAQUACULTUREOPERATIONSISVERYSENSITIVETOLABOURANDOPERATINGCOSTSTHEMETHODSOFCONVENTIONALINDUSTRIALPROCESSANDCONTROLENGINEERINGARENOTSIMPLETOAPPLYBECAUSEOFTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTYPICALINDUSTRIALPROCESSESANDAQUACULTURESITUATIONSKNOWLEDGEOFTHEPHYSIOLOGYANDBEHAVIOUROFFISH,ESPECIALLYININTENSIVEFARMINGSITUATIONS,ISGENERALLYLIMITEDANDLOCALIZEDTHESLOWTIMESCALEOFFISHGROWTHLEADSTODIFFICULTIESINEXPERIMENTATIONANDINMODELLINGTHEGROWTHPROCESSANDHENCEINITSMONITORINGANDCONTROPFISHAREVERYSENSITIVETOSOMEENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSANDLACKOFADEQUATEWATERQUALITYCONTROLCANBECATASTROPHICINAVERYSHORTTIMETHEREISASTRONGTENDENCYTOWARDSTHEUSEOFCOMPUTERSBECAUSEOFTHEIRPOTENTIALFORHANDLINGVOL4NO3SEPTEMBER199109507051/91/03016507?1991BUTTERWORTHHEINEMANNLTD165RANGEOFINSTRUMENTSAVAILABLE,ATALLLEVELSOFPRICEANDQUALITY,BUTPROBLEMSMAYSTILLBEIDENTIFIEDFIRST,WHILETHEREISCOPIOUSTECHNICALSALESLITERATUREONTHECAPABILITYOFINSTRUMENTSFROMSPECIFICSUPPLIERS,THEREISLITTLEEXPERTISEORHELPAVAILABLETOGUIDEUSERSINTHESELECTIONANDSPECIFICATIONOFTHEINSTRUMENTSWHICHARENEEDEDTOPROVIDETHECORRECTKNOWLEDGEREQUIREDFORASPECIFICINSTALLATIONSECOND,ASREPORTEDBYCOBB9,THEREISALACKOFSTANDARDIZATIONINCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSTHEREISNOSTANDARDWAYTOCONNECTINSTRUMENTSINTOACOMPLETEMONITORINGNETWORK,ESPECIALLYIFINSTRUMENTSFROMARANGEOFSUPPLIERSAREUSEDTHISPROBLEMISMUCHWIDERTHANAQUACULTUREANDSTANDARDSWILLSOONEMERGEFORMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYHOWAPPLICABLETHESEWILLBETOAQUACULTUREREMAINSTOBESEENTHIRD,THECOSTOFINSTRUMENTSISOFTENHIGH,ANDTHECOSTANDREADYAVAILABILITYOFINSTRUMENTCONSUMABLESANDSPAREPARTSISALSOAPROBLEMKNOWLEDGEBASEDAPPROACHKEYCONCEPTSTHEFISHFARMERREQUIRESKNOWLEDGEFROMTHEENVIRONMENTINWHICHTHEFISHARELIVINGANDTHISKNOWLEDGECANBEAPPLIEDEITHERBYTHEFARMERORAUTOMATICALLYBYTHESYSTEMTOMODIFYANDCONTROLTHEENVIRONMENTINADDRESSINGTHEPROBLEMSOUTLINEDABOVE,WEHAVEUSEDANUMBEROFCONCEPTSCONSIDERINGTHEAQUACULTUREOPERATIONASAKNOWLEDGESYSTEMTHESEKEYCONCEPTSINCLUDERULEBASEDSENSING,RULES,USERACCESSIBILITYANDSENSORDESIGNKNOWLEDGE,ASDISCUSSEDBELOWRULEBASEDSENSINGKNOWLEDGEISALWAYSCONTEXTDEPENDENTTHESIGNIFICANCEOFAPARTICULARSENSORREADINGISUSUALLYDEPENDENTUPONOTHERFACTORS,ANDITSINTERRELATIONWITHOTHERSENSORREADINGSCONTEXT,TOGETHERWITHTHESTRUCTURE,ORRULESOFTHETASK,PROVIDEAMODELOFTHEMEASUREDSYSTEMASANEXPERTSYSTEMPROVIDESACONVENIENTMETHODFORMANIPULATIONOFSUCHARULEBASEDMODEL,ITWOULDAPPEARTOHAVEAPLACEINMONITORINGANDCONTROLHOWEVER,APPLICATIONSAPPEARTOBERAREANDMOREOFTENSERVEASANOPERATORGUIDETHANASAFULLCONTROLSYSTEMATYPICALEXAMPLEISDESCRIBEDBYMCNAMARA1°ASENSORWHICHMEASURESTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEWATERINANAQUACULTUREPONDPROVIDESSIMPLYANUMBERLEAVINGASIDECONSIDERATIONSOFJUSTWHATTHENUMBERREPRESENTSITISNORMALLYSIMPLYANELECTRONICSIGNAL,JUSTWHATISTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHISREADINGINTERMSOFTHEHEALTHOFTHEFISHINTHEPONDOTHERFACTORSSUCHASFISHSPECIES,DISSOLVEDOXYGENCONTENTANDTIMEOFDAYAREALLRELEVANTITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHAT,CONTRARYTOESTABLISHEDPRACTICE,THEPRECISIONOFTHEREADINGISOFTENOFLESSIMPORTANCETHANITSINTERRELATIONWITHOTHERINFLUENCINGFACTORSINARRIVINGATKNOWLEDGEABOUTTHEHEALTHOFTHEFISHBARBERUMAKESTHEPOINTTHATKNOWLEDGECANBETHOUGHTOFASATRANSFORMINGOPERATOR,MAPPINGINFORMATIONEVIDENCETOINFORMATIONCONCLUSIONSTHEFACTORSRELATINGTOFISHHEALTHREPRESENTAMODELWHICHHOLDSTHEKNOWLEDGEREQUIREDTOALLOWTHEMEASUREINFORMATIONIN“PROCESSMODELOFBEINGPROCESSACTIONT,QTR°L1KNOWLEDGEILYACTUATORSFIGURE1KNOWLEDGEMAPPINGSENSEDDATATOACTIONINAMEASUREMENTANDCONTROLSYSTEMMENTSTOBETRANSFORMEDINTOACTIONTHISCONCEPTISILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE1APERSONSETTINGUPANINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMUSUALLYDOESSOWITHINAMODEL,ORRULESTRUCTURE,OFTHEPROCESSBUTMOSTOFTENIMPLICITLYANDWITHOUTBEINGAWAREOFTHEFACTNEVERTHELESS,WHILEITISRELATIVELYEASYTOOBTAINHIGHLYDETAILED,TECHNICALINFORMATIONONTHEMEASURINGINSTRUMENTSITISDIFFICULTTOOBTAINASUCCINCTSTATEMENTOFTHEOPERATINGRULESOFAFISHFARMTHEFORMERHAVETENDEDTOBEGIVENMOREIMPORTANCETHANTHELATTERDUETOTHEIRBETTERDEFINITIONASNUMBERSHOUVENAGHE112DESCRIBESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSUCHAMODELANDHIGHLIGHTSSOMEPRACTICALDIFFICULTIESINDOINGSOINTHISWORKTHEMONITORINGANDCONTROLSYSTEMHASBEENAPPROACHEDASARULEBASEDDECISIONMAKINGSYSTEMRATHERTHANASACOLLECTIONOFMEASUREMENTSWHICHMUSTTHENBEORDEREDINTOADECISIONTREEEXPERTSYSTEMSSOFTWAREPROVIDESAGOODBASEFORTHISKINDOFDEVELOPMENTDECISIONSARECLEARLYMADEBYHUMANSBYCOMBININGMEASUREDDATAWITHHEURISTICKNOWLEDGETHISSYSTEMEMULATESTHATPROCESSASANINFORMATIONGATHERINGANDPROCESSINGSYSTEMRULESTHEREAREESSENTIALLYTHREETYPESOFRULESWHICHMUSTBEAPPLIEDTOTHEMONITORINGSYSTEMSPECIFIC,TECHNICALRULESWHICHDONOTCHANGEANDWHICHCARRYEXPERTISEWHICHTHEFISHFARMERDOESNOTHAVEANEXAMPLEISTHEMETHODOFINTERROGATIONBYTHECONTROLLEROFTHESENSORSINTHENETWORKWHILETHESEAREIMPLEMENTEDASRULESWITHINTHEEXPERTSYSTEMTHEYAREESSENTIALLYHARDCODEDTHROUGHANINTERFACEFUNCTIONMOREGENERALFISHBREEDINGRULESWHICHREFLECTTHECURRENTHIGHLYCHANGINGSTATEOFKNOWLEDGEOFTHESUBJECTANEXAMPLEOFSUCHARULEFROMTHISTESTINSTALLATIONISTHATABALONEMOLLUSCSGROWBESTINATEMPERATURERANGEOF165TO185°CITISWORTHNOTINGTHATTHISRULEWASNOTKNOWNUNTILRECENTRESEARCHRESULTSBECAMEAVAILABLESITESPECIFICRULESITMAYBETHATANAERATOR,USEDTOINCREASEDISSOLVEDOXYGENLEVELS,MAYBEMOREEFFECVOL4NO3SEPTEMBER1991167

簡介：MODELINGOFADIDACTICMAGNETICLEVITATIONSYSTEMFORCONTROLEDUCATIONMILICABNAUMOVICABSRUOTHEMAGNETICLEVITATIONCONTROLSYSTEMOFAMETALLICSPHEREISANINTERESTINGANDVISUALIMPRESSIVEDEVICESUCCESSFULFORDEMONSTRATIONMANYINTRICATEPROBLEMSFORCONTROLENGINEERINGRESEARCHTHEDYNAMICSOFMAGNETICLEVITATIONSYSTEMISCHARACTERIZEDBYITSINSTABILITY,NONLINEARITYANDCOMPLEXITYINTHISPAPERSOMEAPPROACHESTOTHELEVITATIONSPHEREMODELINGAREADDRESSED,THATMAYHEVALIDATEWITHEXPERIMENTALMEASUREMENTSKEYWORDSMAGNETICLEVITATIONSYSTEM,CONTROLENGINEERINGEDUCATION,SYSTEMMODELINGIINTRODUCTIONMAGNETICLEVITATORSNOTONLYPRESENTINTRICATEPROBLEMSFORCONTROLENGINEERINGRESEARCH,BUTALSOHAVEMANYRELEVANTAPPLICATIONSSUCHASHIGHSPEEDTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSANDPRECISIONBEARINGSFROMANEDUCATIONALVIEWPOINT,THISPROCESSISHIGHLYMOTIVATINGANDSUITABLEFORLABORATORYEXPERIMENTSANDCLASSROOMDEMONSTRATIONS,ASREPORTEDINTHEENGINEERINGEDUCATIONLITERATURE18THECLASSICMAGNETICLEVITATIONCONTROLEXPERIMENTISPRESCNTEDINTHEFORMOFLABORATORYEQUIPMENTGIVENINFIG1THECOMPLETEPURCHASEOFTHEFEEDBACKINSTRUMENTSLTDMAGLEVSYSTEM330069ISSUPPORTEDBYWUSWORLDUNIVERSITYSERVICEIOAUSTRIAUNDERGRANTCEPCENTEROFEXCELLENCEPROJECTSNO115/2002THISATTRACTIONTYPELEVITATORSYSTEMISACHALLENGINGPLANTBECAUSEOFITSNONLINEARANDUNSTABLENATURETHESUSPENDEDBODYISAHOLLOWSTEELBALLOF25MMDIAMETERAND20GMASSTHISRESULTSINAVISUALLYAPPEALINGSYSTEMWITHCONVENIENTTIMECONSTANTSBOTHANALOGUEANDDIGITALCONTROLSOLUTIONSAREIMPLEMENTEDINADDITION,THESYSLEMISSIMPLEANDRELATIVELYSMALL,THATISPORTABLETHISPAPERDEALSWITHTHEDYNAMICSANALYSISOFTHECONSIDEREDMAGNETICLEVITATIONSYSTEMALTHOUGHTHEGAPBETWEENTHEREALPHYSICALSYSTCMANDTHEOBTAINEDNOMINALDESIGNMODELHASCOMPLEXSTRUCTURE,ITSHOULDBEROBUSTSTABILIZEDINSPITEOFMODELUNCERTAINTIESIISYSTEMDESCRIPTIONTHEMAGNETICLEVITATIONSYSTEMMAGLEVSYSTEM33006GIVENINFIGIISARELATIVELYNEWANDEFFECTIVELABORATORYSETUPVERYHELPFULFORCONTROLEXPERIMENTSTHEBASICCONTROLGOALISTOSUSPENDASTEELSPHEREBYMEANSOFAMAGNETICFIELDCOUNTERACTINGTHEFORCEOFGRAVITYTHEMAGLEVSYSTEMCONSISTSOFAMAGNETICLEVITATIONMECHANICALUNITANENCLOSEDMILICABNAUINOVICISWITHTHEFACULTYOFELECTRONICENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFNE,BEOGRADSKA1418000NILYUGOSLAVIA,EMAILNMILICAELFAKNIACYUMAGNETSYSTEM,SENSORSANDDRIVERSWITHACOMPUTERINTERFACECARD,ASIGNALCONDITIONINGUNIT,CONNECTINGCABLESANDALABORATORYMANUALINTHEANALOGUEMODE,THEEQUIPMENTISSELFCONTAINEDWITHINBUILTPOWERSUPPLYCONVENIENTSOCKETSONTHEENCLOSUREPANELALLOWFORQUICKCHANGESOFANALOGUECONTROLLERGAINANDSTRUCTURETHEBANDWIDTHOFLEADCOMPENSATIONMAYBECHANGEDINORDERTOINVESTIGATESYSTEMSTABILITYANDTIMERESPONSEMOREOVER,USERDEFINEDANALOGUECONTROLLERSMAYBEEASILYTESTEDNOTE,THATUSINGTHEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLEOFDYNAMICS,THEBEHAVIOUROFTHEFERROMAGNETICBALLISGIVENBYTHEFOLLOWINGELECTROMECHANICALEQUATIONWHEREMISTHEMASSOFTHELEVITATEDBALL,GDENOTESTHEACCELERATIONDUETOGRAVITY,XISTHEDISTANCEOFTHEBALLFROMTHEELECTROMAGNET,IISTHECURRENTACROSSTHEELECTROMAGNET,ANDFX,IISTHEMAGNETICCONTROLFORCEACALCULATINGTHEMAGNETICCONTROLFORCEONTHEMETALLICSPHERECONSIDERASOLENOIDWITHANRRADIUS,AN1LENGTH,CROSSEDBYANICURRENTTHESPHEREISLOCATEDONTHEAXISOFTHECOILASSHOWNINFIG3THEEFFECTOFTHEMAGNETICFIELDFROMTHEELECTROMAGNETICISTOINTRODUCEAMAGNETICDIPOLEINTHESPHEREWHICHITSELFBECOMESMAGNETIZEDTHEFORCEACTINGONTHESPHEREISTHENCOMPOSEDOFGRAVITYANDTHEMAGNETICFORCEACTINGONTHEINDUCEDDIPOLETHEMAGNETICCONTROLFORCEBETWEENTHESOLENOIDANDTHESPHERECANBEDETERMINEDBYCONSIDERINGTHEMAGNETICFIELDASAFUNCTIONOFTHEBALLSDISTANCEXFROMTHEENDOFTHECOILTHEMAGNETICFIELDATSOMEGIVENPOINTSEEFIG3,MAYBECALCULATEDACCORDINGTOTHEBIOTSAVARLAPLACEFORMULALLRECALL,THATTHEMAGNETICFIELDPRODUCEDBYASMALLSEGMENTOFWIRE,DL,CANYINGACURRENTISEEFIG4AISGIVENBYWHEREU0ISTHEPERMEABILITYOFTHEFREESPACEANDDLXRISTHEVECTORPRODUCTOFVECTORSDLANDRHENCE,THEMAGNITUDEOFTHEMAGNETICFIELDBECOMESTHEMAGNETICFIELDOFACIRCULARCONTOURWITHANARADIUS,ASSHOWNINFIG4B,ISGIVENBYNOTE,THATFROMCONSIDERATIONSOFSYMMETRY,THEFIELDCOMPONENTPERPENDICULARTOTHECOILAXISDB,MUSTBEZEROONTHEAXISINORDERTOEVALUATETHEFIELDDUETOTHEMANYTURNSNALONGTHEAXISOFTHECOIL,LETNBETHENUMBEROFTURNSPERMETREALSO,CONSIDERTHESOLENOIDGIVENINFIG3ASASERIESOFEQUIDISTANTCIRCULARCONTOURSATTHEMUTUALDISTANCESDX,CANYINGTHECURRENTNLDXTHETOTALAXIALFIELDFROMALLTURNSOFTHECOILBECOMESINTEGRATINGEQ5WITHINTHEINTERVALΘ1≤Θ≤Θ2,GIVESWHICHCANBEREWRITTENINTHEFORM

簡介：OPTIMIZATIONOFDIEDESIGNFORFORGINGATURBOCHARGERIMPELLERANDARINGGEARUSINGPROCESSSIMULATIONJAYGUNASEKERA,PHD,DSC,PE,PROFESSOROFMECHANICALENGINEERING,OHIOUNIVERSITY,USA,MAZYADALMOHEIBANDFAHADALMUFADI,FORMERPHDSTUDENTSATOHIOUNIVERSITY,USASYNOPSISTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPROJECTWASTOOPTIMIZETHEPREFORMANDFINALDIEDESIGNFORTWOCOMPLEXAUTOMOTIVEFORGEDPRODUCTSATURBINEIMPELLERANDARINGGEARFORTWODIFFERENTFORGINGCOMPANIESINTHEUSTHETURBINEIMPELLERHASTOHAVEAMINIMUMEFFECTIVEPLASTICSTRAINOF05INORDERTOINCREASETHETOUGHNESSANDRESISTFRACTUREDUETOTHEVERYHIGHCENTRIFUGALSTRESSESITISALSOIMPORTANTTODISTRIBUTETHESTRAINANDTHEGRAINSIZEASUNIFORMLYASPOSSIBLETHROUGHOUTTHEFINISHEDFORGEDPART,SOASTOACHIEVETHEBESTMECHANICALPROPERTIESFORTHEAL2618TURBINEWHEELOPTIMIZATIONOFGRAINSIZEWASPERFORMEDBYDETERMININGOPTIMALTEMPERATUREANDAVERAGESTRAINRATEBYTHEUSEOFZENERHOLLOMONPARAMETERTHESECONDPROJECTWASTOOPTIMIZETHEDIEDESIGNFORASTEELRINGGEAR,SOASTOREDUCETHENUMBEROFFORGINGSTAGESANDALSOREDUCETHEMATERIALWASTAGEDUETOEXCESSIVEFLASHTHESOFTWAREUSEDWASMSCSUPERFORGE,THEPREDECESSOROFSIMUFACTFORMING,WHICHISCAPABLEOFCHECKINGTHEDIEFILLING,DEFECTFORMATIONANDDIECONTACTINTHEFINALSTAGEITCANALSODETERMINEANDDISPLAYAVARIETYOFUSEFULPARAMETERSSUCHASTHEEFFECTIVEPLASTICSTRAIN,EFFECTIVESTRAINRATE,EFFECTIVESTRESS,MATERIALFLOW,TEMPERATURE,FORCETIMERELATIONSHIPANDFINALSHAPEBYUSINGSUPERFORGEFVFINITEVOLUMESIMULATIONITISCONCLUDEDTHATTHESOFTWARECANBEEFFECTIVELYUSEDTOOPTIMIZETHEFORGINGPROCESSTOMAXIMIZETHEMECHANICALSTRENGTH,MINIMIZEMATERIALSCRAPFOREXAMPLELEEETAL4USEDUBETTOANALYZETHEFORGINGLOAD,DIEFILLING,ANDTHEEFFECTIVESTRAINFORFORGINGSWITHANDWITHOUTFLASHGAPTHEPROGRAMWASAPPLIEDTOBOTHAXISYMMETRICANDNONAXISYMMETRICCLOSEDDIEFORGINGASWELLASPLANESTRAINCLOSEDDIEFORGINGWITHRIBWEBTYPECAVITYTHERESULTSOBTAINEDFROMTHISSTUDYWERECOMPAREDWITHEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINWHICH,AGOODAGREEMENTWASACHIEVEDAPREFORMDESIGNAPPROACHTHATINCORPORATESBOTHFEMBASEDFORWARDSIMULATIONSANDUBETBASEDBACKWARDSIMULATIONSWASDEVELOPEDBYLIU,ETAL5BRAMLEY,6,HASEMPLOYEDTEUBA,WHICHISAUBETBASEDCOMPUTERPROGRAMFORTHEPROCESSOFFORGINGPREFORMDESIGNUSINGREVERSESIMULATIONSTHISAPPROACHISBASEDONREVERSINGTHEFLOWBYSTARTINGFROMTHEDESIREDFINALSHAPEWITHTHEDIEVELOCITIESREVERSEDINSUCHAWAYTHATTHEMATERIALATTHEENDOFTHEDEEPESTDIECAVITYISCONSIDEREDTOHAVEAFREEBOUNDARYANDMATERIALFLOWSBACKWARDUPTOCERTAINTIMESTEPWHERETHEDIESARESEPARATEDFROMTHEBILLET,WHICHGIVESTHEPREFORMOFTHEPROCESSAFINITEELEMENTBASEDINVERSEDIECONTACTTRACKINGMETHODTODESIGNTHEPERFORMDIESHAPESOFAGENERICTURBINEDISKFORGINGPROCESSWASUSEDBYZHAO,ETAL7FINALLY,MMOHELIBANDJSGUNASEKERA8USEDUBETFORBACKWARDSIMULATIONINRINGROLLINGANDFORFORGINGARINGGEARTHERINGGEARPROJECTISREPORTEDINTHISPAPERTHETHEORYOFUBETCANBEFOUNDINANUMBEROFEXCELLENTPUBLICATIONSANDWILLNOTBEREPEATEDHERE2TURBINEWHEELANALYSIS1THEDEVELOPMENTOFFINITEELEMENTANALYSISFEATECHNIQUESHASPROVIDEDANIMPORTANTLINKBETWEENADVANCESINDIEANDEQUIPMENTDESIGNANDANIMPROVEDUNDERSTANDINGOFMATERIALSBEHAVIORINPUTSTOTHEFECODESINCLUDETHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEWORKPIECEMATERIALFLOWSTRESSANDTHERMALPROPERTIESANDTHETOOL/WORKPIECEINTERFACEFRICTIONANDHEATTRANSFERPROPERTIES,ASWELLASWORKPIECEANDTOOLINGGEOMETRIESTYPICALOUTPUTSINCLUDEPREDICTIONSFORFORMINGLOAD,STRAIN,STRAINRATEANDTEMPERATURECONTOURPLOTS,ANDTOOLINGDEFLECTIONSTHEMETHODOFSTUDYFORTHISMODELIS1THEMODELSAREFIRSTMADEINCADSOFTWARESUCHASSOLIDEDGEFORTHEBILLETSANDFORPREFORMUPSETTINGDIESASWELLASCLOSEDDIEFORGINGINBOTHTHEUPPERANDLOWERDIESTHISMODELISEXPORTEDFORTHREEDIMENSIONALFEATECHNIQUESSUCHASFVFINITEVOLUMEANALYSISSIMULATIONOFACTUALDIEFORGINGOFTHEROTATINGPARTWITHSUPERFORGE9TOFINDFLAWSINTHEDESIGNOFTHEPREFORM2TOFOCUSONOPTIMIZINGTHEPREFORMDESIGN3TODEFINETHEBESTPREFORMDESIGNANDFINISHEDWORKPIECEBASEDONOPTIMIZATIONRESULTSANDTOVERIFYTHEAPPLICABILITYOFTHISMETHODONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTASPECTSOFTHECLOSEDDIEFORGINGPROCESSISTHEDESIGNOFPREFORMSORBLOCKERSTOACHIEVEADEQUATEMETALDISTRIBUTIONWITHTHEPROPERPREFORMDESIGN,DEFECTFREEMETALFLOWANDCOMPLETEDIEFILLCANBEACHIEVEDINTHEFINALFORGINGOPERATIONANDMETALLOSSESINTOFLASHCANBEMINIMIZEDTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEPREFORMCONFIGURATIONISANESPECIALLYDIFFICULTTASKINVOLVINGTHOROUGHMETALFLOWUNDERSTANDING

簡介：MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA5282010622–630CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGAJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MSEATHERMODYNAMICANDKINETICMODELINGOFBCCPHASEINTHETI–AL–VTERNARYSYSTEMHWANG,NWARNKEN,RCREED?DEPARTMENTOFMETALLURGYANDMATERIALS,UNIVERSITYOFBIRMINGHAM,EDGBASTON,BIRMINGHAMB152TT,UKARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED7MAY2010RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM2SEPTEMBER2010ACCEPTED2SEPTEMBER2010KEYWORDSTHERMODYNAMICMOBILITYOPTIMISATIONTI–AL–VABSTRACTATHERMODYNAMICOPTIMISATIONOFTHEORDEREDB2PHASEINTHETI–ALBINARYANDTI–AL–VTERNARYSYSTEMSISCARRIEDOUT,MAKINGUSEOFATWOSUBLATTICEMODELTI,AL,VTI,AL,VASELFCONSISTENTSETOFPARAMETERSISOBTAINEDITISDEMONSTRATEDTHATTHEAVAILABLEEXPERIMENTALDATAFORTHEPHASEEQUILIBRIAAREREPRODUCEDACCURATELYBASEDUPONTHETHERMODYNAMICDRIVINGFORCESCALCULATEDBYTHENEWTHERMODYNAMICDATABASE,INTERDIFFUSIONINTHEDISORDEREDA2PHASEOFTHETERNARYTI–AL–VSYSTEMISASSESSEDANDOPTIMISEDASETOFPARAMETERSDESCRIBINGTHEATOMICMOBILITIESOFTHEDISORDEREDA2PHASEAREGIVEN,WHICHWILLBEUSEFULFORFUTUREQUANTITATIVEMODELSOFPHASETRANSITIONSINVOLVINGTHISPHASE?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONTIBASEDALLOYSEXHIBITATTRACTIVELEVELSOFSTRENGTHANDTOUGHNESS,ESPECIALLYWHENJUDGEDONADENSITYCORRECTEDBASISHOWEVER,THEPROPERTIESOFTHESEALLOYSDEPENDSIGNIFICANTLYUPONTHEMANNERINWHICHTHEYAREHEATTREATEDFORTHISREASONITISVITALTOHAVEAGOODUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEMICROSTRUCTURE/PROPERTYRELATIONSHIPSINTHESESYSTEMSTHISISPARTICULARLYTHECASEFORTHERANGEOFHIGHSTRENGTH,HIGHTOUGHNESSTITANIUMALLOYSWHICHRETAINSIGNIFICANTQUANTITIESOFTHEBODYCENTEREDCUBICBCCCRYSTALSTRUCTUREATROOMTEMPERATURE–KNOWNASTHE?ALLOYS–SOMEOFWHICHAREEMERGINGASCANDIDATESFORUSEINTHEAEROSPACESECTORTHERMODYNAMICANDKINETICDATAAREVERYHELPFULFORTHEDESIGNOF?ALLOYS,ASINDEEDFORMANYOTHERENGINEERINGALLOYS,ASVARIOUSKINDSOFPHASEEQUILIBRIAANDPHASETRANSFORMATIONSCANBESIMULATEDTHUSITISIMPORTANTTOOBTAINACOMPLETEANDCOMPREHENSIVEDATABASEFORTHETHERMODYNAMICSANDKINETICMOBILITIESOFTHEBCCPHASEINTHETERNARYTI–AL–VSYSTEMSOFAR,THEREHASBEENONLYLIMITEDANALYSISCARRIEDOUTBYRESEARCHERSONTHISSYSTEMTHEPHASEEQUILIBRIAOFTHETI–AL–VTERNARYSYSTEMWASASSESSEDBYHAYES1,WHOPRESENTEDASCHEMATICLIQUIDUSPROJECTION,APARTIALREACTIONSCHEME,ANDISOTHERMALSECTIONSATSEVERALTEMPERATURESFURTHERPHASEEQUILIBRIAWERECONSIDEREDINTHEMORERECENTASSESSMENTBYRAGHAVAN2INCLUDINGTWOFULLISOTHERMALSECTIONSAT600?CAND900?CINTHISWORKTHEORDEREDB2PHASEWASCONSIDEREDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEATHERMODYNAMICDATABASEFORTHETI–AL–VSYSTEMWASOPTIMISED?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORFAX441214147468EMAILADDRESSESRCREEDBHAMACUK,RREEDBHAMACUKRCREED3WHICHLACKSANYINFORMATIONCONCERNINGTHEORDEREDB2PHASEUNDERCONSIDERATIONHERETHEPARAMETERSFORDISORDEREDA2PHASEARELISTEDINTABLE1KINETICASSESSMENTSHAVEALSOBEENCARRIEDOUTBASEDUPONEXPERIMENTALMEASUREMENTSOFDIFFUSIONPHENOMENAFOREXAMPLE,THEMOBILITIESINTHEA2PHASEHAVEBEENASSESSEDBYCHENETAL4RECENTLY,TAKAHASHIETAL5PUBLISHEDSOMENEWDATAFORINTERDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTSINTHEA2PHASE,WHICHREQUIREDTHEUPDATINGOFTHEDATABASEUSINGTHESEDATA,HUANGETAL6ASSESSEDTHEATOMICMOBILITIESFORTHEA2PHASEOFTI–AL–VSYSTEMHOWEVER,THEIRWORK6ISBASEDONANEXTRAPOLATEDTHERMODYNAMICDATABASEFROM7–9WITHOUTTERNARYTHERMODYNAMICPARAMETERSINTHISWORK,THETHERMODYNAMICPARAMETERSWEREOPTIMISEDFORTHEORDEREDB2PHASEINTHETI–ALBINARYANDTHETI–AL–VTERNARYSYSTEMS,ANDKINETICPARAMETERSWEREOPTIMISEDFORTHEDISORDEREDA2PHASEINTHETI–AL–VSYSTEM,RESPECTIVELY2EXPERIMENTALINFORMATION21THEORDER/DISORDERTRANSFORMATIONTHEA2/B2ORDER/DISORDERTRANSFORMATIONHASBEENFOUNDINTHETI–AL–CR–VQUATERNARYSYSTEM10ANDSOMETI–AL–XXCR11,NB12,13,MO13TERNARYSYSTEMSINTHETI–AL–VTERNARYSYSTEM,THEORDEREDB2PHASEHASBEENOBSERVEDUSINGTRANSMISSIONELECTRONMICROSCOPY14ASINGLEPHASEREGIONOFTHEORDEREDB2PHASEHASBEENFOUNDAT1200?C,ANDSOWERETHEPHASEEQUILIBRIABETWEENTHEB2PHASEANDOTHERPHASESBOTHTI3ALANDTIALINTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF600–900?CTHESEPIECESOFEXPERIMENTALINFORMATIONHAVEBEENUSEDINTHEMODELINGWORKREPORTEDHERETHEREISONLYONEBINARYSYSTEMOFRELEVANCETOTHISPROBLEMWHICHCONTAINSTHEA2/B2ORDER/DISORDERTRANSFORMATIONTHE09215093/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMSEA201009013624HWANGETAL/MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA5282010622–630TWOSUBLATTICEMODELISUSEDTI,AL,V05TI,AL,V05FORB2PHASEGB2GA2XIGORDY1IY2I?GORDXI,XI1WHEREGA2XIISTHEGIBBSENERGYOFTHEDISORDEREDA2PHASEPARAMETERSFROM3,ANDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHELATTERTWOTERMSGORDY1IY2IANDGORDXI,XIISTHEGIBBSENERGYDUETOORDERINGGORDY1IY2IISDETERMINEDBYGORD{Y1IY2I}2?I13?JI1Y1IY2JGIJY1JY2JGJI2?I13?JI13?K1Y1IY1JY2KL0I,JKY1I?Y1JL1I,JK2?I13?JI13?K1Y1IY1JY2KL0KI,JY1I?Y1JL1KI,J2WHEREI,J,KAL,TI,V,ANDGIJ,GJI,L?IJ,K,L?KI,J?0,1INCLUDEORDERINGPARAMETERSOPTIMISEDHEREWHENY1IY2IXI,THEPHASEISDISORDERED32DIFFUSIVITYFORTHECRYSTALLINEPHASES,THETERNARYINTERDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTMATRIXISREDUCEDBYCHOOSINGONEELEMENTTOBEDEPENDENTONTHEOTHERTWO40,THUSDNKJ?IIIK?XKXIMI???I?XJ???I?XN?3WHEREN,K,JARETHEDEPENDENT,THEDIFFUSINGANDTHEGRADIENTELEMENT,RESPECTIVELYTHETERMSXI,?I,MIARETHEMOLEFRACTION,CHEMICALPOTENTIALANDMOBILITYOFELEMENTI,RESPECTIVELYTHETERMIIKISTHEKRONECKERDELTAIIK1IFIK,OTHERWISEIIK033MOBILITYACCORDINGTOJONSSON41,THEATOMICMOBILITYINAMULTICOMPONENTPHASECANBEEXPRESSEDBYMBM?BEXP??QBRT?1RT4WHEREM?BISTHEFREQUENCYFACTORANDQBISTHEACTIVATIONENTHALPYTHEFREQUENCYFACTORISCALCULATEDBYM?BEXP?B5BOTH?BANDQBGENERALLYDEPENDONTHECOMPOSITION,TEMPERATUREANDPRESSUREINTHESPIRITOFTHECALPHADAPPROACH42,THEDEPENDENCEONCOMPOSITIONOF?B?BORQBISDESCRIBEDWITHAREDLICH–KISTERPOLYNOMIALACCORDINGTO?B?IXI?IB?I?JIXIXJM?R0R?I,JBXI?XJR?I?JI?KJXIXJXK?S?SIJKS?I,J,KB6WHERETHEPARAMETERS?SIJKAREOBTAINEDBY?SIJKXS1?XI?XJ?XK37020040060080010001200140016001800TEMPERATURE_CELSIUS00204060810MOLE_FRACTIONAL1415161718191920202121/3122/3222232324242525/2626/2727/28/2928/29/30303111001110112011301140115011601170118011901200TEMPERATURE_CELSIUS015020025030035MOLE_FRACTIONALTIAL3TIAL2TI2AL5TIALTI3ALTI3ALHCPB2A2B2A2HCPHCPLIQUIDFIG3THECALCULATEDTI–ALBINARYPHASEDIAGRAMBYTHISWORKVERSUSDIFFERENTDATANOTESOMEDATAAREFORANOTHERPERITECTOIDFORMATIONOF?2PHASE4RESULTSANDDISCUSSION41PHASEEQUILIBRIAUSINGTHECALPHADMETHOD,ASETOFSELFCONSISTENTTHERMODYNAMICPARAMETERSFORTHEORDEREDB2PHASEWASOBTAINED–SEETABLE1–USINGTHETWOSUBLATTICEMODEL43ANDTHEEXPERIMENTALDATAPREVIOUSLYMENTIONEDTHEPHASEDIAGRAMFORTHETI–ALBINARYSYSTEMWHICHFOLLOWSFROMTHISDATASETISGIVENINFIG3THEDASHEDLINEREPRESENTSTHEORDER/DISORDERTRANSFORMATIONBETWEENTHEA2PHASEANDTHEB2PHASETHETRANSFORMATIONTEMPERATUREISPREDICTEDTOCHANGEFROM1200?CTO1400?CASTHECOMPOSITIONCHANGESFROM20TO40ATALTHEORDEREDB2PHASEISSTABILISEDTOHIGHERTEMPERATURESWITHANINCREASEINALCONTENT,CONSISTENTWITHTHEPOSITIVEEFFECTOFALINTHETENDENCYFORORDERING10WITHTHESEOPTIMISEDBINARYPARAMETERS,THETWOPERITECTOIDREACTIONSINVOLVINGTHEORDEREDB2PHASE–?ˇ→?2ANDˇ?2→?–CANBEMODELEDANDTHEPREDICTIONSCOMPAREDWITH

簡介：DESIGNOFTHEDISTRIBUTEDARCHITECTUREOFAMACHINETOOLUSINGFIPFIELDBUSDAPINGSONG,THIENYDIVOUX,FRANCISLEPAGECENTREDERECHERCHEENAUTOMATIQUEDENANCYUNIVERSITEDENANCYI,BP239,54506VANDOEUVRELESNANCYCEDEX,FRANCEABSTRACTINTHISPAPERWEPROPOSEADISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONFIPFIELDBUSITISAPPLIEDTOMACHINETOOLASAREPLACEMENTFORTHETRADITIONALCNCCOMPUTERIZEDNUMERICALCONTROLLERTHESYSTEMISCOMPOSEDOFASETOFMICROPROCESSORBASEDMODULESPCS,MOTIONCONTROLLERS,I/OS,INTERCONNECTEDBYFLPREALTIMENETWORKTHEMAINIDEAISTOENABLEEACHMODULETOBEINTELLIGENT,IMPROVINGTHUSTHEJLEXIBILITYANDTHEFAULTTOLERANTCAPABILITYOFTHEWHOLESYSTEMEACHMODULEBEINGASUBCONTROLSYSTEM,ACCOMPLISHESITSOWNCONTROLTASK,SOMEOFTHEMFORMOTIONCONTROLANDOTHERSFOREVALUATINGSENSORSANDREGULATINGACTUATORSTHECOMMUNICATIONINFORMATIONEXCHANGESANDSYNCHRONIZATIONAMONGTHESEMODULESISENSUREDBYFPTHISSYSTEMALLOWSBOTHTASKDISTRIBUTIONASWELLASEQUIPMENTTOPOLOGICALDISTRIBUTIONWEDISCUSSSOMEDISTRIBUTIONCRITERIAANDDESCRIBEANEXPERIMENTALIMPLEMENTATION1INTRODUCTIONDISTRIBUTEDSYSTEMARCHITECTUREHASBEENTHESUBJECTOFMANYRESEARCHACTIVITIESINRECENTYEARSITPLAYSAMAJORROLEINSYSTEMSINTEGRATIONINTHEMACHINETOOLCONTROLDOMAIN,PRESENTCNCTECHNOLOGYHASITSINHERENTSHORTCOMINGSITISCENTRALIZED,LUNITEDTOAFIXEDNUMBEROFAXIS,TIMECONSUMING,INFLEXIBLEANDDIECULTTOBEINTEGRATEDINCIMENVIRONMENTTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFVLSIMICROPROCESSORTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKENABLESTHEDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLTOBECONSIDEREDDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMSPRESENTTHEADVANTAGEOFIMPROVINGPERFORMANCE,MODULARITY,INTEGRITYANDRELIABIHTYWHILEALLOWINGINCREMENTALEXPANSIONWITHOUTCOMPLETEHARDWAREREPLACEMENTITOFFERSAPROMISINGALTERNATIVETOCONTROLSYSTEMARCHITECTURETHISPAPERISDEDICATEDTOSTUDYADISTRIBUTEDMACHINETOOLARCHITECTUREITISBASEDONINTELLIGENTDEVICESINTERCONNECTEDONCOMMUNICATIONLINKITISCHARACTERIZEDBYDISTRIBUTEDTASKSANDDISTRIBUTEDDATA,BUTWITHUNIQUECONTROLACCESSSYSTEMSITISDESIGNEDBYUSINGSTANDARDDEVICESANDFIPFIELDBUSANDVERIFIEDBYAEXPERIMENTALIMPLEMENTATION,INWHICHTHESYSTEMCONTROLSAMULTIAXISMACHINETOSUCCESSFULLYEXECUTEACOORDINATEDMOTIONASWELLASTORESPONDTOSENSORSVALUESCHANGESTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSINSECTION2,THEMACHINETOOLCONTROLSYSTEMARCHITECTUREISDESCRIBEDSECTION3ISDEDICATEDTOFUNCTIONALANALYSIS,CONTROLFUNCTIONDISTRIBUTIONASWELLASTHECRITERIAANDCONSTRAINTSOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONSECTION4GIVESABRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFFEANDSECTION5OUTLINESOUREXPERIMENTALIMPLEMENTATIONWECONCLUDEINSECTION6WITHSOMEGENERALREMARKSANDFUTURERESEARCHPERSPECTIVES25010636862/9650001996IEEEPARALLELARCHITECTUREWILLSPEEDUPTHETOTALCOMPUTATIONANDIMPROVETHEMACHININGQUALITY,PRODUCTIVITYANDPRECISIONFORAUXILIARYOPERATIONCONTROL,THEREISTHESAMEPROBLEM,IE,THEMORETHEDEVICESTHEREARE,THEMORETHESENSORSANDACTUATORSARENEEDEDTHELOGICALAUTOMATISMISBASEDONAPERIODCPROCESSINGFORAGIVENSETOFSENSORSANDACTUATORS,THEIRVALUESAREREADLCOMPUTEDINAPERIODICWAYIFTHEPROCESSINGCANBEDISTRIBUTEDOVERSEVERALNODESANDCARRIEDOUTINAPARALLELWAY,THENTHEPERIODFORCOMPUTINGEACHSUBSETOFSENSORSANDACTUATORSWILLBESMALLER,LADINGTOACONSIDERABLEREDUCTIONOFTHEINITIALPERICDWHICHALLOWSUSTOMEETMOREEASILYREALTIMEREQUIREMENTS1P1I_“IFIG2MULTIAXISSERVOSYSTEMALLTHUSHAVELEDUSTOPROPOSEANEWDISTRIBUTEDARCHITECTUREFIG3FORMACHINETOOLCONTROL,WHEREEACHNODEINTEGRATESACOMMUNICATIONMODULEANDHASALOCALDECISIONPOWERFORACTIONSONTHEPHYSICALDEVICESTHEGENERALORGANIZATIONOFTHESENODESISMANAGEDBYADEDICATEDSYSTEMWHICHKEEPSGLOBALDECISIONANDDISTRIBUTESASWELLASCOORDINATESREMOTESTASKSNODE1FIG3DISTRIBUTEDMACHINETOOLCONTROLARCHITECTURE3DISTRIBUTIONCRITERIATHEFIMCTIONALARCHITECTUREWHICHISTHERESULTOFTHESPECIFICATIONSTAGEEXPRESSEDINAFORMALWAYTHISMODELISBUILTDISREGARDINGTHECHOICEOFHARDWAREANDCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKTHEDESIGNOFDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMISDIVIDEDINTOTHREESTEPS5252

簡介：學(xué)號學(xué)號0740150507401505畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯（2011屆）屆）外文題目外文題目TRIBOLOGICALINVESTIGATIONOFCAF2NANOCRYSTALSASGREASEADDITIVES譯文題目譯文題目CAFCAF2納米晶體作為潤滑脂添加劑的摩擦學(xué)調(diào)查納米晶體作為潤滑脂添加劑的摩擦學(xué)調(diào)查外文出處外文出處ELSEVIERELSEVIER學(xué)生//////學(xué)院石油化工學(xué)院石油化工學(xué)院專業(yè)班級化工化工//////班校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)教師校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)教師//////專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)高級實驗師高級實驗師校外指導(dǎo)老師校外指導(dǎo)老師無專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)無二○一一年二月一一年二月加入這個燒瓶。這份混合溶液要再另外攪拌2H，而后反應(yīng)混合液逐漸從透明的液體變成不透明的白色懸浮液。然后，通過離心分離以及用乙醇溶液洗滌三次消除殘余的氯離子和銨離子而分離固體，可得到一個白色的固體產(chǎn)品。反應(yīng)結(jié)果收益大概為90。我們假定在離心分離過程中會丟失一些物質(zhì)，這是因為顆粒非常小，而且我們的離心旋轉(zhuǎn)速度必須限定在10000RPM。22摩擦和磨損試驗CAF2納米晶體作為鋰基潤滑脂的一種添加劑，在不同的濃度下其抗磨損和減摩擦特性可通過一個四球摩擦測試儀評估。商業(yè)鋰油脂由中國石油有限公司生產(chǎn)，主要的構(gòu)成成分有90的礦物油,它在1000C的運動黏性系數(shù)為32CS，還有9的鋰羥基硬脂酸鹽以及051抗氧化劑，商業(yè)鋰油脂被用作基地油脂。把CAF2納米晶體加入不同濃度的油脂，然后通過機(jī)械攪拌還有用三錕磨碾磨15MIN并且碾磨三次來混合。這個摩擦和磨損試驗在旋轉(zhuǎn)速度為1450RPM（線速度為3338MMIN1）時實現(xiàn)，負(fù)載分別為196，294，392，490以及588N，并且這個試驗持續(xù)30MIN。最高/平均赫茲壓力為3119/2079GPA比294N。最大限度的非占有性負(fù)載根據(jù)與ASTMD2783相似的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法GB14282來決定。球體（?127MM,HRC5961）是由GCR15軸承鋼（AISI52100）制成。使用精確度為±001MM的光學(xué)顯微鏡，包括裝備了四球摩擦測試儀的壓力測量表自動記錄下來的摩擦系數(shù)，來測量三個更低球體的磨損斑直徑。另外的試驗參數(shù)如下周圍環(huán)境溫度為230C，周圍環(huán)境濕度是42。23特性產(chǎn)品的結(jié)晶度和相純度通過X射線粉末衍射儀（XRD）（菲利普，X’PERTMRD）進(jìn)行分析。合成而來的納米晶體的尺寸和形狀通過透射電子顯微鏡（TEM）（HITACHI,H600,AT100KV）來觀察。樣品就是把包含CAF2納米晶體的少量酒精溶液滴到銅電極上，并且在室溫下烘干而制成的。一個裝備有能量色散光譜EDS的JEM1200EX模型掃描電子顯微鏡SEM被用于分析摩擦表面的形態(tài)和元素分布。XPS分析法應(yīng)用一個PHI5702多功能X射線光電子分光儀揭露摩擦表面元素的化學(xué)狀態(tài)，而其中MGKΑ射線被用作激發(fā)源。在XPS研究中目標(biāo)尺寸是600ΜM。目標(biāo)元素的結(jié)合能由2935EV的通過能量決定，有大約03EV的分解，用雜質(zhì)碳（CLS2846EV）的結(jié)合能量作參考量。作深度剖析，離子噴射帶出3KEV的AR離子。SIO2/SI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的射速率是02NMS1。盡管這個射速率可能跟以鐵為基準(zhǔn)的化合物的速率不一樣，但過去的成果表明SIO2速率提供了一個合理的表面侵蝕率估計值。3結(jié)果與討論31CAF2納米晶體的特征先進(jìn)行合成產(chǎn)品的X射線粉末衍射分析（圖1）。XRD圖證明產(chǎn)品是由立方形CAF2納米晶體構(gòu)成。顯示峰值與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值（111）,（220）,（311）,（400）,（311）和（422）相對應(yīng)，而這組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值和文學(xué)模型（JCPDFCARDNO870971）匹配得非常好。依據(jù)德拜謝樂公式估計CAF2納米晶體的平均尺寸為6065NM。