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簡(jiǎn)介：BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT362001939–948WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/BUILDENVSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMANALYSISUTILISINGUNSTEADY?OWTHEORYSARTHUR?,JASWA?ELDDEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGENGINEERINGANDSURVEYING,HERIOTWATTUNIVERSITY,EDINBURGH,SCOTLAND,EH144AS,UKRECEIVED17APRIL2000RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM17APRIL2000ACCEPTED12JUNE2000ABSTRACTOVERTHEPASTTHREEYEARSAUKEPSRCRESEARCHPROGRAMMEHASBEENUNDERWAYATHERIOTWATTUNIVERSITYINVESTIGATINGSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERSYSTEMSTHISTEXTAIMSTOREPORTTHEPRINCIPLE?NDINGSOFTHEPROJECTTODATEABRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFEXPERIMENTALANDNUMERICALAIMSISGIVENTHEPRIMINGPROCEDUREWHICHOCCURSINANIDEALISEDSYSTEMISDOCUMENTEDTHETESTPROCEDURESEMPLOYEDAREDESCRIBED,ANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREILLUSTRATEDTHEFRAMEWORKEMPLOYEDTONUMERICALLYMODELTHEAMBIENTHYDRAULICSISDESCRIBEDINSOMEDETAILEDCONCLUSIONSAREDRAWNREGARDINGTHEOPERATIONALCHARACTERISTICSOFSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERSYSTEMSASAWHOLEC?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSROOFDRAINAGESIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMMETHODOFCHARACTERISTICS1BACKGROUNDSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSHAVEBEENINEXISTENCEFORAPPROXIMATELY30YEARSINTHISTIME,THECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYHASBEENGRADUALLYPERSUADEDBYTHEBENE?TSWHICHTHESESYSTEMSO?ERWHENCOMPAREDTOTHETRADITIONALAPPROACHMUCHOFTHESEBENE?TSARISEFROMTHEFACTTHATSYSTEMSCANBECOMEDEPRESSURISEDHOWEVER,MUCHOFTHEDESIREDBENE?TSONLYARISEATTHEDESIGNCONDITIONTYPICALLYASTORMWITHARETURNPERIODINEXCESSOF30YEARSWHENTHEAPPLICATIONWASBEINGMADEFORTHEWORKREPORTED,ITWASRECOGNISEDTHATTHEOVERWHELMINGMAJORITYOFRAINFALLEVENTSANYSIPHONICSYSTEMWOULDHAVETODRAINWOULDBEWELLBELOWTHEDESIGNCONDITIONTHIS,COUPLEDWITHREPORTSOFSIPHONICSYSTEMFAILURES,CONVINCEDTHEINVESTIGATORSTHATTHISWASANAREAWORTHYOFFUTURERESEARCH2AIMSANDOBJECTIVESOFRESEARCHSIPHONICRAINWATERDRAINAGEDEPENDSUPONTHEESTABLISHMENTOFFULLBORE?OWWITHINTHEPIPENETWORKLINKINGROOFCOLLECTIONOUTLETSTOTHESTORMSEWERTHERE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSSARTHURHWACUKSARTHURPLACEMENTOFCONVENTIONALMULTIPLEDOWNPIPESBYANETWORKOFCLOSEDCONDUITSO?ERSSIGNI?CANTADVANTAGESTOTHEBUILDINGDESIGNER,ASEVIDENCEDBYTHEINCREASINGINSTALLATIONOFSUCHSYSTEMSINBUILDINGSSUCHASAIRPORTTERMINALS,LARGEWAREHOUSESANDPRESTIGEO?CEDEVELOPMENTSHOWEVER,THEESTABLISHMENTOFSIPHONICACTIONDEPENDSUPONTHEMATCHINGOFTHENETWORKTOTHEEXPECTEDSTORMHYETOGRAPHANDTHEMAINTENANCEOFSIPHONICCONDITIONSTHROUGHOUTTHESTORMEVENTONLYONESTORMMATCHESANYPARTICULARSYSTEMERRORSINDESIGNMAYLEADTOSYSTEMSOPERATINGINANINE?CIENT,NONSIPHONICMODE,ORTOINSUF?CIENTCAPACITY?OODINGGENERATIONOFNEGATIVEPRESSURETRANSIENTSMAYLEADTOSYSTEMFAILUREDUETOPIPEWALLCOLLAPSE1WHILESIPHONICSYSTEMSHAVEBEENINSTALLEDINTHEUKOVERTHEPASTDECADE,THEREISNORECOGNISEDDESIGNSTANDARD,ANDSYSTEMDESIGNISBASEDONSTEADYSTATECALCULATIONSWHICHASSUMEANEARINSTANTANEOUSSTEADYFULLBOREENTRAINEDAIRFREE?OWTHEAIMOFTHEWORKREPORTEDWASTODEVELOPANUNSTEADY?OWMODELWHICHCOULDSIMULATECONDITIONSWITHINANIDEALISEDSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERDRAINAGESYSTEMDRIVENBYASTORMHYETOGRAPHDURINGPRIMINGTHISWOULDENABLE?OWCONDITIONSWITHINTHERAINWATERDRAINAGESYSTEMTOBEREPRESENTEDWITHINAIDEALISEDSIPHONICDRAINAGESYSTEM,FROMINITIALFREESURFACE?OWASTHESTORMDEVELOPS,THROUGHATWOPHASE?OWSTAGE,WHILEAIRENTERTAINED,ORINITIALLYPRESENT,INTHESYSTEMIS?USHEDOUT,UNTILTHEFULLBORE?OW03601323/01/SEEFRONTMATTERC?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0360132300000494SARTHUR,JASWA?ELD/BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT362001939–948941FIG1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFATESTRIGCON?GURATIONILLUSTRATINGTHEMAINDIMENSIONSFIG2AMBIENTPRESSURESINTHESYSTEMFORASTEADYGUTTERIN?OWRATEOF42OFTHEMEASUREDCAPACITYOFTHESYSTEMILLUSTRATEDINFIG1THE?GUREILLUSTRATESHOW,UNDERPARTICULARCONDITIONS,ACYCLICPRESSUREREGIMEMAYBEESTABLISHEDINTHESYSTEMTHEFREQUENCYOFTHECYCLICRESPONSEOFTHESYSTEMISRELATEDTOTHERATEOFIN?OW,ANDTHELENGTHSOFTHEHORIZONTALANDVERTICALPIPEWORK5CURRENTDESIGNPRACTICECURRENTLY,SIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSAREDESIGNEDTOACCOMMODATEASPECI?EDSTORMWHICH?LLS,ANDPRIMES,THEWHOLESYSTEMRAPIDLYWITH100WATERTHISASSUMPTIONMEANSTHATTHESYSTEMMAYBEDESIGNEDEASILYUSINGELEMENTARYSTEADYSTATEHYDRAULICRELATIONSHIPSTHESTEADY?OWENERGYEQUATIONISUSEDALMOSTUNIVERSALLY3ASTHEBACKBONEOFTHEDESIGNPROCEDUREFORSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSTHEPRESSUREDROPBETWEENANYTWOPOINTSXANDYCANBEDETERMINEDUSING?HQ22GA2Z?POINTX??HQ22GA2Z?POINTY?HXY1THEPRESSUREDROPBETWEENTWOPOINTS,?HXY,ISACCOUNTEDFORBYLOSSESDUETOTHEHYDRAULICRESISTANCEOFTHEPIPEWALLSANDADDITIONALLOSSESDUETO?TTINGSWHERETHESEAREPRESENTTHEDESIGNAPPROACHOUTLINEDABOVEWASUSEDTOESTIMATETHE?OWCAPACITYANDPRESSUREDISTRIBUTIONFORA

簡(jiǎn)介：THEDISCUSSIONOFWATERSAVINGTECHNOLOGYABOUTWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEINBUILDINGQIJUNFENG1,,YANGYANYAN2,HULINPENG31SCHOOLOFMUNICIPALANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,JILININSTITUTEOFARCHITECTUREANDCIVILENGINEERING,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINA2DEPARTMENTOFTHERMALENERGYENGINEERING,COLLAGEOFAUTOMOBILEENGINEERING,JILINUNIVERSITY,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINA3YATAIREALESTATEDEVELOPMENTCO,LTDCHANGCHUN,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINAJLSQJF126COMABSTRACTACCORDINGTOTHEPRESENTSITUATIONOFBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,ANALYZINGTHEWATERSAVINGTECHNIQUESOFBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGETOACHIEVEEFFECTIVEUTILIZATIONOFWATERRESOURCETHEWATERSAVINGTECHNIQUESMAINLYINCLUDEREASONABLYLIMITINGTHEPRESSUREOFWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSANDAVOIDINGOVERPRESSUREFLOWPERFECTINGHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMANDREDUCINGINEFFECTUALCOLDWATERADOPTINGWATERSAVINGWATERDISPENSINGFIXTURESANDSANITARYWAREPROMOTINGTHEUTILIZATIONOFHIGHQUALITYPIPEANDVALVEANDIMPROVINGTHECURRENTCONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLASWELLASDEVELOPINGANDPROMOTINGTHETECHNOLOGYOFUTILIZATIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERKEYWORDSBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEWATERCONSERVATIONTECHNIQUESIINTRODUCTIONWATERISASTRATEGICRESOURCEWHICHISRELATEDTOHUMANSURVIVALANDDEVELOPMENTTHETOTALWATERRESOURCESINOURCOUNTRYRANKSSIXTHINTHEWORLD,BUTTHEPERCAPITAPOSSESSIONOFWATERRESOURCESISONLYAQUARTEROFWORLDAVERAGETHEDISTRIBUTIONOFWATERRESOURCESISEXTREMELYUNEVENINOURCOUNTRY,ANDTWOTHIRDSOFCITIESNATIONWIDEHAVEVARYINGDEGREESWATERSHORTAGEINRECENTYEARS,CITYLIFESUFFERSGROWINGSHORTAGEOFWATERRESOURCESANDWATERPOLLUTION,WHICHNOTONLYDISTRESSTHEPEOPLESLIVELIHOODBUTALSOHASBECOMEAMAJORCONSTRAININGFACTORTHATPREVENTINGSOCIOECONOMICSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTTHEREFORE,WESHOULDFOCUSONWATERSAVINGCONSTRUCTIONWATERSAVINGISSYSTEMENGINEERINGEXCEPTFORFORMULATINGRELEVANTLAWSANDREGULATIONSRELATEDTOWATERSAVING,STRENGTHENINGDAILYMANAGEMENTANDPUBLICEDUCATION,USINGPRICELEVERAGETOPROMOTEWATERSAVING,INADDITIONEFFECTIVETECHNICALMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENTOENSURETHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONWATERSAVINGTHOROUGHLY1IIREASONABLELIMITTHEPRESSUREOFWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSANDAVOIDOVERPRESSUREFLOWINARTICLE335OFCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,DOMESTICWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSHOULDBEVERTICALDIVISIONTHEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFRESIDENTIALWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSISLESSTHAN035MPA,WHILEOFFICEBUILDING’SISLESSTHAN045MPAINSPECIALCIRCUMSTANCESTHEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREISLESSTHAN055MPA。ALTHOUGHTHECODEMAKESCERTAINRESTRICTIVEPROVISIONFORTHEMAXIMUMPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYFITTINGSANDSERVICEPIPE,THISISCONSIDEREDFROMPREVENTINGTHEDAMAGECAUSEDBYHIGHPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYFITTINGSNOTFROMTHEANGLEOFPREVENTINGOVERPRESSUREFLOWANEXPERIMENTALRESULTOFAWATERSAVINGTAPSHOWSTHATTHEMAXIMUMFLOWRATEIS046L/SWHENTAPFULLYOPEN,THECORRESPONDINGDYNAMICPRESSUREIS022MPAANDHYDROSTATICPRESSUREIS03MPAACCORDINGTOTHERATEDFLOWQ015L/SWHICHISREGARDEDASTHESTANDARD,THEFLOWRATEWHENWATERSAVINGTAPFULLYOPENIS3TIMESOFTHERATEDFLOWINANOTHERMEASUREDSURVEYFOR67TAPS,THEREWERE47TAPSWHICHEXCEEDEDTHERATEDFLOW2THEOVERLIMITRATIOREACHES61THEREFORE,THEPROBLEMOFOVERPRESSUREFLOWINWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMISSERIOUSANDFOLLOWINGMEASURESSHOULDBEADOPTEDAREASONABLYDETERMINETHEPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYTHEPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREASHOULDBEACTEDACCORDINGTOCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,WHILETHEBESTUSEHYDRAULICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARESISBETWEEN010MPAAND020MPA,MOSTOFTHEMAREINOVERPRESSUREFLOWINRECENTYEARS,BRANCHPIPEDECOMPRESSIONWASWIDELYUSEDINPROJECTS,WHICHBECAMEANIMPORTANTMEASUREFORWATERSAVINGINTHELOWERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,THEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYAFTERDECOMPRESSIONSHOULDTAKELOWVALUEASPOSSIBLEONTHECONDITIONTHATITSATISFIESTHEDEMANDOFRATEDFLOWOFSANITARYWARES’WATERSUPPLYFITTINGSITISSUGGESTEDTHAT,INHIGHERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,DECOMPRESSIONMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENWHENTHELOWESTHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARES’WATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSISMORETHAN015MPABADOPTDECOMPRESSIONMEASURESPROPERLYALLOCATINGRELIEFFITTINGINWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMMEANSTHATHYDRAULICPRESSURESHOULDBELIMITEDWITHINLIMITINGVALUEANDREDUCETHETHREATOFOVERPRESSUREFLOW2010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONDIGITALMANUFACTURINGHYDRAULICVALVEISTHEUPGRADINGPRODUCTSOFFLOATVALVESINTHESAMECONDITIONS,WESHOULDGIVEPRIORITYTOTHESELECTIONOFTHEBETTERWATERSAVINGVALVESVIIMPROVETHECURRENTCONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLACCORDINGTOTHECURRENTCODEINOURCOUNTRY,FIREPOOLSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDWHENMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYPIPELINES,WATERSUPPLYPIPESORNATURALWATERCANNOTMEETFIREDEMANDWHENTHEMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYPIPELINEISBRANCHEDORTHEREISONLYONEWATERINLETPIPEEXCEPTFORSECONDRESIDENTIALBUILDINGTHEVOLUMEOFFIREPOOLSHOULDMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFINDOORANDOUTDOORWATERUSEWITHINTHEFIREDURATIONTIMEINTHISWAY,THEVOLUMEOFFIREPOOLOFEVERYHIGHRISEBUILDINGISVERYLARGEBYCALCULATED,THEVOLUMEWILLBEFROMSEVERALHUNDREDSOFCUBICMETERSTOMORETHANSEVERALTHOUSANDCUBICMETERSGENERALLYTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLHASTWOWAYS,NAMELYTHECOMBINATIONOFFIREPOOLANDDRINKINGWATERTANK,THECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLINDEPENDENTLYINTHECASEOFCOMBINATIONOFFIREPOOLANDDRINKINGWATERTANK,SINCEMOSTBUILDINGS’FIREWATERSTORAGEISMUCHGREATERTHANDRINKWATERSTORAGE,DRINKWATERSTAYSTOOLONGINTANKTORESULTPOORWATERQUALITYBECAUSEOFTHEEXHAUSTOFRESIDUALCHLORINETHEREFORE，DRINKINGWATERTANKANDFIREPOOLSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDSEPARATELYINTHENEWBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONNOTONLYTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLINDEPENDENTLYOCCUPIESVALUABLEBUILDINGSPACETHATCOSTSALOTOFCONSTRUCTIONINVESTMENT,BUTALSOFIREWATERISEASYTOBESMELLYBECAUSEOFFIREWATER’SLOWERFREQUENCYOFUSEINORDERTOENSUREFIREWATERQUALITY,WEHAVETOREPLACEFIREWATERREGULARLYWHICHRESULTSINWASTEOFWATERRESOURCETHEREFORE,IPUTFORWARDSOMESUGGESTIONSABOUTTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLAADAPTTHEREGIONALCOOPERATIONMODEOFFIREPOOLWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCITYCONSTRUCTION,THEDENSITYOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSGROWSQUICKLYGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSSHOULDCOORDINATETHERELEVANTUNITSANDDEPARTMENTSTOPROMOTETHATTHEADJACENTBUILDINGSINTHESAMEBLOCKSHARETHESAMEFIREPOOLANDESTABLISHSHAREDCONTROLCENTERACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALSITUATIONTHEDESIGNOFFIREPOOLSHOULDBEACCORDANCEWITHTHEMAXIMFIREWATERVOLUMEOFBUILDINGUSERELEVANTBENEFICIARIESUNDERTAKECERTAINCOSTACCORDINGTOTHESCALEOFBUILDINGINTHISWAY,WECANSAVEINVESTMENT,REDUCEWASTEWATER,ANDENSURETHEFIREWATERBDEVELOPRECLAIMEDWATERASTHESOURCEOFFIREWATERATPRESENT,SOMECITIESWITHSEVEREWATERSHORTAGESINOURCOUNTRYHAVECARRIEDOUTTOEXPLORETHECONSTRUCTIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERSYSTEMITDEMANDSTHATRECLAIMEDWATERSYSTEMSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDINTHEPUBLICBUILDINGS,ESPECIALLYINLARGEHOTELS,GUESTHOUSES,ETCIFWEDEVELOPRECLAIMEDWATERASTHESOURCEOFFIREWATER,THESOURCEOFDRINKINGWATERCANBESAVEDINLARGEQUANTITYIFWERECYCLERECLAIMEDWATERREASONABLY,UTILIZERECLAIMEDWATERANDCOMBINEITWITHFIREWATERTOFORMEFFECTIVECIRCULATION,THESECONDARYPOLLUTIONPROBLEMCAUSEDBYTHELONGTIMESTAYOFFIREWATERCANBESOLVEDCMAKEFULLUSEOFMUNICIPALWATERRESOURCESWITHTHECONTINUOUSDEVELOPMENTANDPROMOTIONOFCITYWATERSUPPLYNETWORKS,THECAPACITYANDRELIABILITYOFMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYAREGREATLYIMPROVEDWHENMUNICIPALWATERLINENETWORKCANSATISFYTHEDEMANDOFFIREWATERDURINGFIREHAZARD,THEINDOORFIREPOOLWASSUGGESTEDTOBECANCELEDANDDIRECTLYDRAWWATERFROMMUNICIPALWATERPIPENETWORKSVIIDEVELOPANDPROMOTETHETECHNOLOGYABOUTUTILIZATIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERTHEWATERSAVINGOFBUILDINGMEANSNOTONLYTOREDUCETHENEEDOFWATER,BUTALSOTOINCREASETHEAVAILABLEWATERINTHEREGIONSWITHSEVEREWATERSHORTAGE,TOENHANCETHEEFFICIENCYOFUSAGEOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERISANIMPORTANTPARTOFWATERSAVINGRECLAIMEDWATERISNOPOTABLEWATEROFKINDSOFDRAINAGEWATERAFTERPROCESSEDCOMPLYINGWITHTHEWATERQUALITYSTANDARDITCANBEUSEDASTOILETFLUSHING,URBANGREENING,VEHICLESWASHING,FIRE,ETCWITHINLIFE,THEMUNICIPALADMINISTRATION,THEENVIRONMENTACCORDINGTOTHEDATA,AFTERUSEOFWATERREUSESYSTEM,RESIDENTIALWATERCONSUMPTIONWILLSAVE3040ANDATTHESAMETIMETHEEMISSIONSWILLREDUCE3550COMMERCIALRESIDENTIALDISTRICTCANSAVE70SCIENTIFICRESEARCHINSTITUTIONCANSAVEWATERAROUND40FORGENERALRESIDENTIALCOMMUNITYITCANSAVE305WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCITYANDTHEIMPROVEMENTOFLIVINGSTANDARDS,THECITY’SWATERCONSUMPTIONWILLCONTINUETOINCREASEINTHEAREAWITHTHESHORTAGEOFAVAILABLEWATERRESOURCES,THEPRICEOFWATERWILLMAINTAINACERTAINGROWTHRATE,THUSTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHESECONDWATERRESOURCEISECONOMICALLYVIABLEITISTHEEFFECTIVEMEASURESFORRECLAMATIONOFSEWAGEANDWATERSAVING,ITALSOISTHEINEVITABLEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFWATERSAVINGSIMILARTORECLAIMEDWATER,RAINRECYCLINGISTHERAINWATERTHROUGHCOLLECTION,STORAGE,HANDLING,ANDTOBEUSEDASMISCELLANEOUSWATERSINCE1980,EUROPE,JAPANANDOTHERCOUNTRIES,ONEAFTERANOTHER,HAVECARRIEDOUTINVESTIGATIONABOUTRAINWATERCOLLECTIONANDUTILIZATIONRESEARCHSHOWSTHAT,IFRAINWATERCOLLECTIONANDUTILIZATIONSYSTEMISESTABLISHED,THECOLLECTION,PROCESSINGANDRECYCLINGOFRAINWATERNEARBY,USEDFORFLUSHINGTOILET,CLEANINGVEHICLES,AFFORESTING,SPRAYINGSTREETS,ORASASUPPLEMENTFOR671670

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯CLOTHINGEVALUATIVECRITERIAACROSSNATIONALCOMPARISONOFTAIWANESEANDUNITEDSTATESCONSUMERS臺(tái)灣消費(fèi)者與美國(guó)消費(fèi)者服裝購(gòu)買心理差異的研究（3）消費(fèi)的決策過(guò)程；（4）模型中的變量影響決策過(guò)程的模式；在模型中，給出消費(fèi)信息的獲取階段之前，個(gè)體需要形成消費(fèi)需求的意向，這一意向?qū)е缕湔J(rèn)為自身有必要進(jìn)行相關(guān)的此項(xiàng)消費(fèi)，一旦對(duì)于自身需要進(jìn)行此項(xiàng)消費(fèi)的意向形成，則個(gè)體即開(kāi)始通過(guò)收集和搜索來(lái)獲取消費(fèi)的相關(guān)信息，“所謂的信息處理，其宏指涵蓋的消費(fèi)進(jìn)程，包括信息的獲取、對(duì)所獲取信息的評(píng)估和判斷，對(duì)評(píng)估判斷完成后的相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)存、以及在進(jìn)行具體的消費(fèi)行為時(shí)重新從儲(chǔ)存的信息中進(jìn)行提取”（恩格爾等1995年發(fā)表的相關(guān)論文，第472頁(yè)）。據(jù)此，消費(fèi)信息的處理階段有如下五個(gè)步驟消費(fèi)者對(duì)于該信息的首次接觸，對(duì)于該信息的關(guān)注，進(jìn)一步的理解，接受該信息所包含的內(nèi)容，并最終保留該消費(fèi)信息。而決策過(guò)程的階段則有如下六個(gè)步驟對(duì)自消費(fèi)需求進(jìn)行認(rèn)可、開(kāi)始搜索信息、在購(gòu)買前對(duì)信息進(jìn)行評(píng)估、購(gòu)買行為決定、具體的消費(fèi)行為和購(gòu)買后對(duì)發(fā)生的消費(fèi)行為的評(píng)價(jià)。而變量影響決策過(guò)程分為三類一、環(huán)境造成的影響；二、個(gè)體間的差異造成的影響；三、心理決策過(guò)程差異造成的影響。這其中，環(huán)境因素包括消費(fèi)者所處的文化氛圍，所在的社會(huì)階層，消費(fèi)者的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷，消費(fèi)者的家庭境況；而個(gè)體間的差異則包括消費(fèi)者可利用的資源，消費(fèi)的動(dòng)機(jī)，消費(fèi)者的知識(shí)，對(duì)于消費(fèi)的態(tài)度，消費(fèi)者的人格，價(jià)值觀念和取向以及生活方式；心理決策過(guò)程的因素包括消費(fèi)者對(duì)其獲取的消費(fèi)信息的處理，對(duì)信息的學(xué)習(xí)，以及隨之而來(lái)的消費(fèi)行為的變化。本研究旨在探討這些因素間的互動(dòng)和相關(guān)的關(guān)系。文化對(duì)于消費(fèi)者決策形成的影響和在模型中最終導(dǎo)致購(gòu)買行為做出之間的聯(lián)系在評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得到了進(jìn)一步的展示，在購(gòu)買行為發(fā)生前，對(duì)消費(fèi)信息的評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)，在本研究中，如前文所述的使用EKM模型進(jìn)行跨境的數(shù)據(jù)采集的樣本可以說(shuō)明這一問(wèn)題和結(jié)論。從消費(fèi)者行為學(xué)的角度看，文化的含義，是指“一整套的價(jià)值觀念，即包括有思想，實(shí)物和其他有意義的表意符號(hào)，以幫助人與人間進(jìn)行溝通，解釋和評(píng)價(jià)其作為社會(huì)成員的關(guān)系，以及對(duì)其他社會(huì)成員進(jìn)行評(píng)判”（恩格爾語(yǔ)，見(jiàn)其1995年的論文，第611頁(yè)）。根據(jù)恩格爾，布萊克韋爾和米尼阿德（1995年）的觀點(diǎn)，文化對(duì)于消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買行為的影響，主要體現(xiàn)在影響人們購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品的種類，及消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)，個(gè)人的決策和消費(fèi)信息的溝通上（同年論文第615頁(yè)）。除此之外，“文化的影響差異可能會(huì)因國(guó)別的不同而不同”（羅伯遜，則林斯基，1984年論文，第555頁(yè)）。因此，在本研究中，文化被廣義的界定為某一個(gè)具體的國(guó)家根據(jù)恩格爾，布萊克韋爾和米尼阿德的論文所定義的文化。在本研究中，文化的種群選擇和比較，是在臺(tái)灣的消費(fèi)者和美國(guó)的消費(fèi)者間進(jìn)行的。這兩個(gè)地區(qū)和國(guó)家被選定進(jìn)行消費(fèi)者群體比較的樣本為主要有以下幾個(gè)原因。首先，大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者行為學(xué)的研究，包括大部分的研究試驗(yàn)方面的EKM消費(fèi)模式的決策模型中采用的消費(fèi)者樣本來(lái)自美國(guó)。因此，考察研究的美國(guó)消費(fèi)者，使我們能夠比較本研究結(jié)果和這些以往的研究的異同。而臺(tái)灣之所以入選，是因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)成為一個(gè)有吸引力的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，其在二十世紀(jì)過(guò)去的四十多年間經(jīng)濟(jì)快速的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，使市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為“臺(tái)灣的市場(chǎng)雖然

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄三英文文獻(xiàn)英文文獻(xiàn)MEASUREMENTSCIENCEREVIEW,VOLUME1,NUMBER1,2001MEASUREMENTSOFSELECTEDPARAMETERSOFAHYDRAULICPUMPBYMEANSOFACOMPUTERBASEDMEASURINGSYSTEMTADEUSZZLOTO1,ZYGMUNTBIERNACKI2,MAREKKURKOWSKI2,1INSTITUTEOFMACHINETECHNOLOGYANDPRODUCTIONAUTOMATION,CZESTOCHOWATECHNICALUNIVERSITY,ALARMIIKRAJOWEJ21,42200CZESTOCHOWA,POLAND,EMAILZLOTOITMPCZCZESTPL2INSTITUTEOFELECTRONICSANDCONTROLSYSTEMS,CZESTOCHOWATECHNICALUNIVERSITY,ALARMIIKRAJOWEJ17,42200CZESTOCHOWA,POLAND,EMAILBIERNACELPCZCZESTPL,MAREKEKBPOCZTAONETPLABSTRACTTHEBASICCHARACTERISTICPARAMETERSOFTHEPUMPOPERATIONAREPRESENTEDTHEPARAMETERSAREMONITOREDBYACOMPUTERBASEDMEASURINGSYSTEMATAHYDRAULICSTANDTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEMEASURINGSYSTEMANDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEMEASURINGCONVERTERSAPPLIEDINTHESYSTEMAREDESCRIBED1INTRODUCTIONDUETOTHEIRIMPORTANTADVANTAGES,HYDRAULICDRIVESANDCONTROLSARECOMMONLYAPPLIEDINANUMBEROFFIELDSOFMECHANICALENGINEERINGTHESTILLINCREASINGDEMANDFORHYDRAULICDRIVESENCOURAGESRESEARCHONNEWCONSTRUCTIONALSOLUTIONSINTENDEDTOIMPROVEOPERATINGPARAMETERS,EFFICIENCYANDTOLOWERPRODUCTIONCOSTDETERMINEVOLUMETRICEFFICIENCYOFTHEPUMPASARATIOOFREALFLOWINTENSITYTOTHEORETICALFLOWINTENSITY21TSSRZVTTTQQQQQQQN???????THEHYDRAULICMECHANICALLOSSES,ONTHEOTHERHAND,CAUSETHEREALTORQUEAPPLIEDTOTHEPUMPSHAFTTOBEGREATERTHANTHETHEORETICALTORQUETHISKINDOFLOSSISASSOCIATEDWITHTHEFLOWRESISTANCEOFTHEOPERATINGAGENTINTHEINTERNALCHANNELSOFTHEPUMPASWEELASWITHFRICTIONLOSSESOCCURRINGONTHESURFACEOFALLTHEMOVINGPARTSSINCEITISDIFFICULTTODIFFERENTIATEBETWEENTHELOSSESRESULTINGFROMTHETWOSOURCESMENTIONEDABOVE,THEYARECONSIDEREDJOINTLYASHYDRAULICMECHANICALEFFICIENCY,WHICHMAYBEEXPRESSEDASTHELOSSTORQUETHEREALTORQUECANBEREPRESENTEDASASUMOFTHETHEORETICALTORQUEANDTHELOSSTORQUE3RZTSMMM??THEHYDRAULICMECHANICALEFFICIENCYOFTHEPUMPISDEFINEDAS411TTHMSRZTSTMMMMMMM??????ULTIMATELY,THETOTALEFFICIENCYOFTHEPUMPISEQUALTOTHERATIOOFTHEC?EFFECTIVEPOWERTOTHEPOWERSUPPLIEDTOTHEPUMPSHAFT5ERZNN??AFTERTRANSFORMATIONSTHEFOLLOWINGWASOBTAINED622NVRZVVHMRZRZQNPQPNMM???????????????????THUS,THETOTALPUMPEFFICIENCYISTHEPRODUCTOFVOLUMETRICEFFICIENCYV?

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄附錄A外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)EFFECTSOFGEOMETRYANDFILLETRADIUSONDIESTRESSESINSTAMPINGPROCESSESABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEUSEOFTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODTOANALYZETHEFAILUREOFDIESINSTAMPINGPROCESSESFORTHEDIEANALYZEDINTHEPRESENTPROBLEM,THECRACKSATDIFFERENTLOCATIONSCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOACOUPLEOFMECHANISMSONEOFTHEMISDUETOLARGEPRINCIPALSTRESSESANDTHEOTHERONEISDUETOLARGESHEARSTRESSESATHREEDIMENSIONALMODELISUSEDTOSIMULATETHESEPROBLEMSFIRSTTHEMODELISTHENSIMPLIFIEDTOANAXISYMMETRICPROBLEMFORANALYZINGTHEEFFECTSOFGEOMETRYANDFILLETRADIUSONDIESTRESSES2000ELSEVIERSCIENCESAALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSTAMPINGMETALFORMINGFINITEELEMENTMETHODDIEFAILURE1INTRODUCTIONINMETALFORMINGPROCESSES,DIEFAILUREANALYSISISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPROBLEMSBEFORETHEBEGINNINGOFTHISDECADE,MOSTRESEARCHFOCUSEDONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEORETICALANDNUMERICALMETHODSUPPERBOUNDTECHNIQUES1,2,CONTACTIMPACTPROCEDURES3ANDTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEM4,5ARETHEMAINTECHNIQUESFORANALYZINGSTAMPINGPROBLEMSWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,THEFEMBECOMESTHEDOMINANTTECHNIQUE612ALTANANDCOWORKERS13,14DISCUSSEDTHECAUSESOFFAILUREINFORGINGTOOLINGANDPRESENTEDAFATIGUEANALYSISCONCEPTTHATCANBEAPPLIEDDURINGPROCESSANDTOOLDESIGNTOANALYZETHESTRESSESINTOOLSINTHESETWOPAPERS,THEYUSEDTHEPUNCHINGLOADASTHEBOUNDARYFORCETOANALYZETHESTRESSSTATESTHATEXISTINTHEINSERTSDURINGTHEFORMINGPROCESSANDDETERMINEDTHECAUSESOFTHEFAILURESBASEDONTHESECONCEPTS,THEYALSOGAVESOMESUGGESTIONSTOIMPROVEDIEDESIGNINTHISPAPER,LINEARSTRESSANALYSISOFATHREEDIMENSIONAL3DDIEMODELISPRESENTEDTHESTRESSPATTERNSARETHENANALYZEDTOEXPLAINTHECAUSESOFTHECRACKINITIATIONSOMESUGGESTIONSABOUTOPTIMIZATIONOFTHEDIETOREDUCETHESTRESSCONCENTRATIONAREPRESENTEDINORDERTOOPTIMIZETHEDESIGNOFTHEDIE,THEEFFECTSOFGEOMETRYANDFILLETRADIUSAREDISCUSSEDBASEDONASIMPLIFIEDAXISYMMETRICMODEL2PROBLEMDEFINITIONTHISSTUDYFOCUSESONTHELINEARELASTICSTRESSANALYSISOFTHEDIEINATYPICALMETALFORMINGSITUATIONFIG1THEDIEFIG2WITHAHALFMOONSHAPEDINGOTONTHETOPSURFACEISPUNCHEDDOWNTOWARDSTHEWORKPIECEWHICHISHELDINSIDETHECOLLAR,ANDTHEPATTERNISMADEONTOTHEWORKPIECECRACKSWEREFOUNDINTHEDIEAFTERREPEATEDOPERATIONIWHENTHEDIEPUNCHEDTHEWORKPIECE,THEREISCRACKINITIATIONBETWEENTHETIPOFTHEMOONSHAPEDPATTERNANDONEOFTHEEDGESCRACKIANDIIAFTERREPEATEDPUNCHING,THEREISALSOACRACKATTHEFILLETOFTHEDIECRACKIITHEPRESENTWORKWASCARRIEDOUTWITHTHEFOLLOWINGOBJECTIVESITOESTABLISHTHECAUSESOFTHECRACKINITIATIONANDIITOSTUDYTHEEFFECTSOFGEOMETRYANDFILLETACCORDINGTOTHEIRANALYSIS,THEFATIGUEFAILUREISDUETOTWOFACTORSIWHENTHESTRESSEXCEEDSTHEYIELDSTRENGTHOFTHEDIEMATERIAL,ALOCALIZEDPLASTICZONEGENERALLYFORMSDURINGTHEFIRSTLOADCYCLEANDUNDERGOESPLASTICCYCLINGDURINGSUBSEQUENTUNLOADINGANDRELOADING,THUSMICROSCOPICCRACKSINITIATEANDIITENSILEPRINCIPALSTRESSESCAUSETHEMICROSCOPICCRACKSTOGROWANDLEADTOTHESUBSEQUENTPROPAGATIONOFTHECRACKSTHEVONMISESSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONISSHOWNINFIG5AVERYHIGHSTRESSOCCURINTHEHALFMOONANDFILLETREGIONSIFTHECONTACTPRESSUREKEEPSINCREASING,PLASTICZONESWILLFORMFIRSTINTHESETWOREGIONSFIG5BSHOWSTHEMAXIMUMPRINCIPALSTRESSSP3DISTRIBUTIONPATTERNINORDERTOSHOWTHEAREAOFCRACKIINITIATION,FIG5CPROVIDESAZOOMEDVIEWOFTHEAREAITISCLEARTHATATENSILEPRINCIPALSTRESSSP3CONCENTRATIONOF255MPAEXISTSBETWEENTHEHALFMOONPATTERNANDTHEFREEEDGEANDISTHECAUSEOFCRACKINITIATIONSINCECRACKIPROPAGATESNEARLYNORMALTOTHE12PLANE,THEDIRECTIONOFTHESTRESSESWHICHCAUSETHECRACKINITIATIONMUSTBEPARALLELTOTHATPLANEFIG5DSHOWSTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEMAXIMUMPRINCIPALTENSILESTRESSATNODE145ANDCONFIRMSCRACKIISNORMALTOTHE12PLANE

簡(jiǎn)介：關(guān)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沖擊波對(duì)電力變壓器的影響的關(guān)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沖擊波對(duì)電力變壓器的影響的研究研究KAVERIBHUYAN,MEMBER,IEEE,ANDSAIBALCHATTERJEE,MEMBER,IEEE摘要摘要這篇論文詣在反映電力變壓器的過(guò)電壓性能的觀察結(jié)果。這個(gè)沖擊試驗(yàn)?zāi)M了在電力變壓器實(shí)際運(yùn)行時(shí)存在的一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，即一個(gè)變壓器承受由于雷電或其他干擾作用于聯(lián)接線上時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的入射過(guò)電壓。一個(gè)模擬的非線性變壓器模型將幫助我們分析變壓器在不同種沖擊波形下的過(guò)電壓效應(yīng)，并且將通過(guò)MATLABSIMULINK進(jìn)行仿真。對(duì)于一定范圍內(nèi)的實(shí)用波形（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）和不同的線圈鏈接方式，對(duì)于代表了實(shí)際電場(chǎng)下的過(guò)電壓波形的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雷電沖擊電壓波形和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雷電波形的比較就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)于變壓器承受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沖擊波形時(shí)的表現(xiàn)將體現(xiàn)在本論文中。對(duì)地最大電壓和隨著試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行所出現(xiàn)的，針對(duì)0線圈分接和10線圈分接的貫穿線圈的過(guò)電壓也將分別被記錄和分析。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞建模；電力設(shè)備；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沖擊波；變壓器線圈I緒論緒論檢查電力變壓器的正常與否對(duì)供電的可靠性至關(guān)重要。沖擊試驗(yàn)是一種有效的控制工具，它在電力變壓器上執(zhí)行，用以評(píng)估它們絕緣的完全性1。變壓器絕緣在很大程度上視瞬時(shí)電壓和線圈上的壓力而決定2。帶有長(zhǎng)波和大數(shù)量級(jí)的不同的沖擊電壓可能是因?yàn)椴僮魇д`，雷電過(guò)電壓或?qū)嶒?yàn)室的沖擊電壓試驗(yàn)所造成的3。假設(shè)進(jìn)行雷電沖擊電壓試驗(yàn)，12/50ΜS的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)雷電過(guò)電壓波形常被用于變壓器試驗(yàn)4。當(dāng)變壓器用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波形的過(guò)電壓試驗(yàn)時(shí)，由于部分線圈的共振，實(shí)際上線圈的絕緣承受的是（單向或雙向震動(dòng)的）非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)波。同樣，在實(shí)踐中電力系統(tǒng)的所有組成部分都要承受由雷電或操作引起的不同種波形的瞬時(shí)過(guò)電壓的危險(xiǎn)。因此，在非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沖擊波下估算絕緣體的絕緣強(qiáng)度是十分必要的4。電力系統(tǒng)50以上的故障是由于線圈的絕緣故障引起的4。為了設(shè)計(jì)絕緣結(jié)構(gòu)，了解貫穿于絕緣結(jié)構(gòu)的電壓變化和針對(duì)特定電壓波形的絕緣強(qiáng)度情況是十分必要的2。SIMULINK模塊基于3MVA,33/11KV的三相變壓器的參數(shù)而建立2。80個(gè)主線圈和8個(gè)額外線圈被用作裝配線圈5。對(duì)于中性點(diǎn)接地的變壓器線圈在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沖擊電壓波12/50ΜS下、在3ΜS,8ΜS和15ΜS下的截波下以及在非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沖擊波下的性能研究已經(jīng)完成。暫態(tài)研究的基礎(chǔ)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)沖擊波下變壓器線圈的暫態(tài)響應(yīng)。II研究框架研究框架在研究中，線圈受不同種沖擊波作用，并且隨著測(cè)定時(shí)間進(jìn)行線圈的在圖2的（A）和（B）中,特性曲線表明了10抽頭線圈的對(duì)地電壓的最大值和隨著測(cè)定時(shí)間進(jìn)行的，線圈間電壓分別在全波、3ΜS,8ΜS和15ΜS截波、脈沖波、雙脈沖波形和阻尼振蕩波下的波形的不同。針對(duì)10抽頭線圈的過(guò)電壓響應(yīng)的對(duì)地電壓的最大值的對(duì)比性研究已經(jīng)完成，它是在實(shí)際的全波、3ΜS,8ΜS和15ΜS截波、脈沖波、雙脈沖波形和阻尼振蕩情況下研究的。觀察結(jié)果被記錄在表II中。圖210抽頭時(shí)線圈的對(duì)地電壓最大值的變化情況表210抽頭時(shí)線圈的對(duì)地電壓最大值的變化情況

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文7600字，字，4600單詞，單詞，28000英文字符英文字符7關(guān)于修建路外停車位的建議BEIJINGPARKING,ITDPCHINA1471MARCH2015允許開(kāi)發(fā)商為距離地鐵站500米以內(nèi)的住宅開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)修建最多為常規(guī)80的最大停車位。對(duì)于商業(yè)用地而言，停車位大小則根據(jù)土地用途，開(kāi)發(fā)密度，交通通達(dá)性以及道路容量來(lái)劃分為三種區(qū)域。在交通便利，道路容量適中且開(kāi)發(fā)密度大的地區(qū)，如果有研究證明確實(shí)需要更小的停車位，商業(yè)區(qū)的停車位規(guī)格可進(jìn)一步縮小。根據(jù)上海規(guī)劃國(guó)土資源局出臺(tái)的上海整改計(jì)劃技術(shù)指導(dǎo)原則（2011），上海開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)內(nèi)，距地鐵站300米以內(nèi)的范圍里，允許住宅區(qū)停車位規(guī)格最多縮小20。73實(shí)施車位數(shù)量限制車位數(shù)量限制是指有策略地使用土地，管理交通需求。北京可借此控制規(guī)劃區(qū)域內(nèi)的路內(nèi)和路外停車位數(shù)量。車位數(shù)量限制也叫做限制或凍結(jié)點(diǎn)，這種策略在可選范圍內(nèi)控制總可用土地面積和未來(lái)規(guī)劃的停車位大小。逐漸調(diào)整該策略還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期性的模式轉(zhuǎn)變。通過(guò)限制停車位的總數(shù)量，市政府和區(qū)政府可以更好地控制汽車使用率的增長(zhǎng)，緩解交通擁堵，減少污染，促使人們使用NMT和公共交通方式。某些城市將該措施貫徹得更加徹底，將市區(qū)的車位數(shù)量控制在現(xiàn)有水平上，他們意識(shí)到限制車位數(shù)量會(huì)使自駕出行更暢通。車位數(shù)量超出一定范圍后就不再利于目標(biāo)城市的健康積極發(fā)展。波蘭，紐約，波士頓和蘇黎世等采用該策略后成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了建立理想，持久環(huán)保并且流動(dòng)性良好城市的目標(biāo)。1982年，紐約位于在96大街以下環(huán)繞中心商業(yè)區(qū)的曼哈頓核心區(qū)設(shè)定車位數(shù)量限制，從而控制路外公共停車位的數(shù)量。同時(shí)，由于允許開(kāi)發(fā)建筑面積的配建停車位并非必需，所以只有本利之和可達(dá)到最大價(jià)值時(shí)才會(huì)修建。很多曾用作停車位的地皮都已經(jīng)被用于利潤(rùn)更高的用途。因此，曼哈頓中心商業(yè)區(qū)的路外停車位總量從1978的近127000個(gè)公共停車位下降到2010的102000個(gè)。波士頓1976年設(shè)立了車位數(shù)量限制，以緩解交通擁堵，鼓勵(lì)人們使用公共交通方式。該措施由空氣污染控制委員會(huì)牽頭實(shí)施，允許根據(jù)已有車位數(shù)量和可用于車位建設(shè)的土地（當(dāng)停車設(shè)施用地被占用于其他用途時(shí)）的情況新建停車位。今后的開(kāi)發(fā)商也可以將這片土地建成停車場(chǎng)，只要不超出該地區(qū)的車位數(shù)量限制。波士頓東部于1989年采用這種限制策略，南部于1993年采用。停車位建設(shè)同時(shí)受土地使用規(guī)則和州實(shí)施計(jì)劃限制，這兩者都旨在監(jiān)督各州對(duì)聯(lián)邦空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的遵守情況。路內(nèi)停車位不受限制。但是限制路外車位數(shù)量成功緩解了城市交通擁堵，由于路邊停車收費(fèi)低，人們不愿意在市區(qū)停車但最主要是因?yàn)槁穬?nèi)車位收費(fèi)更高。長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，如果路內(nèi)車位不能妥善安排，那么有限的路外車位的要么會(huì)增值要么就得不到充分利用。這就促進(jìn)了停車位在不同需求群體（比如通勤者和購(gòu)物者，居民）中的分配，由于車位數(shù)量不會(huì)增加，所以利用率反倒增高了。瑞士蘇黎世，德國(guó)漢堡，丹麥哥本哈根的城市中心都對(duì)車位數(shù)量有限制。每修建一個(gè)路外車位，就得拆除一個(gè)路內(nèi)車位?？粘龅目臻g才能用于加寬人行道、自行車道或公共運(yùn)輸?shù)缆?。漢堡1976年實(shí)施這種總量限制和交易制度，蘇黎世1996年將其列入“歷史性車位折中方案”。蘇黎世進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)這項(xiàng)措施在該市沒(méi)有實(shí)施車位限制的地區(qū)，開(kāi)發(fā)商只能在保證道路可供更多車輛通行，當(dāng)?shù)乜諝庾詢羟也晃廴局苓叺貐^(qū)的前提下，才可以新建停車位。

簡(jiǎn)介：外文資料原文外文資料原文ANALYSISANDCOMPENSATIONOFDEADTIMEEFFECTSFORTHEACSERVODRIVERHAITAOQIN1,ANWENSHEN2,QIAOZHANG3,WENYUWANG4DEPARTMENTOFCONTROLSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,HUAZHONGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,CHINAABSTRACTAONLINEDEADTIMECOMPENSATIONMETHODFORTHEALTERNATINGCURRENTACSERVOISPROPOSEDBYAPPLYTHEFASTFOURIERTRANSFORMFFTTOTHECOMPENSATINGVOLTAGEINONEPERIODOFTHREEPHASEOUTPUTCURRENT,WITHOUTANYADDITIONALHARDWARE,THEDEADTIMEEFFECTSISELIMINATEDBYCOMPENSATETHE1TH,5TH,7THHARMONICCOMPONENTSONLYTHERESULTSOFSIMULATIONSANDEXPERIMENTSWELLDEMONSTRATETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPROPOSEDMETHODINDEXTERMSACSERVO,DEADTIMECOMPENSATION,PERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORPMSMIINTRODUCTIONFORTHESTORAGEEFFECTOFPOWERDEVICE,IT’SVERYNECESSARYTOSETADEADTIMEONBOTHSWITCHESINANINVERTERLEGTOAVOIDTHESHOOTTHROUGHINTHEDCLINKACCORDINGTOTHEINSULATEDGATEBIPOLARTRANSISTOR’SIGBTPERFORMANCE,WEUSUALLYSETTHEDEADTIMEAS25US,THISDISTORTSTHEVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTER’SVSIOUTPUTVOLTAGE,RESULTINGINPHASECURRENTDISTORTIONS,TORQUERIPPLESANDDEGRADATIONSOFCONTROLPERFORMANCETOOVERCOMETHEDEADTIMEEFFECT,VARIOUSAPPROACHESHAVEBEENSTUDIEDANDAPPLIEDCONVENTIONALLY,ERRORVOLTAGEDUETOTHEDEADTIMEEFFECTCANBEPRECALCULATEDANDCOMPENSATEDBYADDINGTHEMTOTHE3PHASEREFERENCEVOLTAGEACCORDINGTOTHEPHASECURRENTPOLARITY12AONLINECOMPENSATIONMETHODISPRESENTEDIN3,COMPUTETHEERRORVOLTAGEBYCOMPARETHEREFERENCEVOLTAGEWITHTHEREALVOLTAGE,ANDTHENADDTHISTONEXTREFERENCEVOLTAGEASTHENEWREFERENCEINTHISAPPROACH,THEERRORVOLTAGEWHICHCAUSEDBYMANYREASONSSUCHASDEADTIME,DCLINKVOLTAGEDROPS,ETCCANBEELIMINATEDHOWEVER,ESTIMATIONOFTHEREALVOLTAGESHOULDUSETHEPARAMETEROFMOTORWHICHARENOTFIXEDVALUEBUTVARYINGWHILEATWORKINGIN4,DEADTIMEEFFECTISCOMPENSATEDBYMODIFIEDPWMGATESIGNALSWITHHARDWARECIRCUITSIN6,AMETHODWHICHCHANGETHEPWMGATESIGNALONLINEBASEDONTHEPOLARITYOFPHASECURRENTISPRESENTEDALLTHEAPPROACHESMENTIONEDABOVECANELIMINATETHEDEADTIMEEFFECTGREATLYANDHAVEAGOODPERFORMANCE,HOWEVER,WITHTHEINCREASEOFCOMPLEXITYOFTHESOFTWAREANDHARDWARE,WHICHRESTRICTTHEPRACTICABILITYTHUS,INTHEPAPER,AMETHODBASEDONTHE2PHASESTATIONARYFRAMEISPROPOSEDTHEPROPOSEDMETHODPRODUCESTHECOMPENSATINGSIGNALBYUSETHEPHASEOFTHECURRENTONLY,DOESNOTNEEDANYADDITIONALHARDWARECIRCUITSFIGURE2PRACTICALSWITCHINGPATTERNCONSIDERINGTHEDEADTIMEANDTURNON/OFFTIMEOFSWITCHINGDEVICESAIDEALGATESIGNALPATTERNSBPRACTICALSIGNALPATTERNSCONSIDERINGTHEDEADTIMECACTUALOUTPUTVOLTAGECONSIDERINGTHEDEADTIMEANDSWITCHINGTIMETHEAVERAGEERRORVOLTAGECANBECALCULATEDFROMFIGURE2ASIN11DADAUIFI0UUIFI0???????????，，WHERE,DDCSTUUT???DONOFFTTTT????ACCORDINGTO1,THEMOSTOBVIOUSIMPACTOFDEADTIMEEFFECTISLOWERTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGE,RESULTINGINHARMONICSINPHASECURRENT,TORQUERIPPLEANDSPEEDFLUCTUATION,ESPECIALLYINLOWSPEEDIICOMPENSATIONOFDEADTIMEEFFECTTHEMAINPRINCIPLEOFTHECOMPENSATIONISPRODUCEASAMEAMPLITUDEANDOPPOSITESIGNVOLTAGEWITHTHEERRORVOLTAGETODECREASEORELIMINATETHEEFFECTOFDEADTIMEFROM1,AMPLITUDEOFTHEERRORVOLTAGEWHICHDEPENDONDEADTIME,SWITCHPERIOD,SWITCHINGTIMEANDDCLINKMVOLTAGEISFIXEDFOROFFLINECOMPENSATIONTHEKEYOFCOMPENSATIONISTOJUDGEPOLARITYOFTHEPHASECURRENTIT’SDIFFICULTTOJUDGETHEPOLARITYOFPHASECURRENTACCURATELYINTHEREALCONTROLSYSTEM,HOWEVER,ANDTHEAMBIGUITYATTHEZEROPOINTOFPHASECURRENTWILLDETERIORATETHECOMPENSATIONEFFECTTHUS,INTHISPAPER,ACOMPENSATIONMETHODWHICHDEPENDONTHEPHASEOFCURRENTONLYINTHE2PHASESTATIONARYΑ/ΒFRAMEISPROPOSEDTHEERRORVOLTAGEDEPENDONTHEPOLARITYOFPHASECURRENT,SOTHREEPHASECURRENTWILLHAVESIXDIFFERENTCOMBINATIONSOFTHEERRORVOLTAGEVECTORTABLEISHOWS,THEERRORVOLTAGEANDIT’SVECTORATDIFFERENTPOLARITYOFTHREEPHASECURRENT,WHERE1,22323DDKUKU????TABLEIERRORVOLTAGEVECTORACCORDINGTOTHEPOLARITYOFTHREEPHASECURRENTFIGURE3SHOWSTHECOMPENSATIONVOLTAGEVECTORTHECOMPENSATIONVOLTAGEVECTORMOVEDISCONTINUOUSLY,AND

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簡(jiǎn)介：ANALYSISONTHEREVERSELOGISTICSUNDEREBUSINESSENVIRONMENTQUNLIWU,SHENGCAILIUDEPARTMENTOFBUSINESSMANAGEMENTNORTHCHINAELECTRICPOWERUNIVERSITY,BAODING071003,CHINALIUSHENGCAI2003163COMABSTRACTWITHTHEFURTHERRESEARCHOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYINTHEWORLD,MOREANDMOREENTERPRISESHAVEBEENIDENTIFYINGTHEHARMONIOUSDEVELOPMENTBETWEENECONOMYANDECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTUNDERSUCHBACKGROUND,REVERSELOGISTICSAPPEARSASANEWFIELDINLOGISTICSMANAGEMENT,REVERSELOGISTICSHASATTRACTEDMOREANDMOREATTENTIONINTHECIRCLEOFBUSINESSANDTHEORYITHASSOMANYADVANTAGESASREDUCINGPRODUCTIONCOSTS,INCREASINGCUSTOMERS’DEGREEOFSATISFACTIONANDENHANCINGCOMPETITIVEABILITYOFCOMPANIES,WHICHAREOFGREATSIGNIFICANCETOOURBUSINESSPRACTICESTHISARTICLEDISCUSSESTHEMEANING,ROLEOFREVERSELOGISTICSANDITSDEVELOPMENTSITUATIONINFOREIGNCOUNTRIESSTARTINGFROMANALYZINGTHEPROCESSANDCHARACTERISTICSOFREVERSELOGISTICSUNDEREBUSINESSENVIRONMENT,THEPAPERMAKESADETAILEDANALYSISONTHEEBUSINESSMODELOFREVERSELOGISTICSANDTHENPUTSFORWARDTHREEFORMSSUPPORTINGTHEREVERSELOGISTICSANDSUGGESTIONSTOIMPLEMENTTHEREVERSELOGISTICSBYUSINGREVERSELOGISTICS,ENTERPRISESCANACHIEVETHEGOALSOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDHELPTHEMTOCOMPETEINTHEIRINDUSTRIES,ESPECIALLYWHENCONFRONTINGINTENSECOMPETITIONANDLOWPROFITMARGINSSOITISURGENTFORENTERPRISESTOIMPLEMENTREVERSELOGISTICS1INTRODUCTIONACCORDINGTOTHEDEFINITIONOFCOUNCILOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTCLM,REVERSELOGISTICSISAPROCESSINWHICHAMANUFACTURERSYSTEMATICALLYACCEPTSPREVIOUSLYSHIPPEDPRODUCTSORPARTSFROMTHEPOINTFORCONSUMPTIONFORPOSSIBLERECYCLING,REMANUFACTURING,ORDISPOSALITHASRECEIVEDAGREATDEALOFATTENTIONFROMOPERATIONSMANAGERSANDCOMPANYEXECUTIVESITINCLUDESSEVERALKEYLINKS,SUCHASRECOVERY,CHECKANDPROCESS,PARTITIONSANDREPROCESSINGANDDISCARDINGPOLICYTHEISSUESHAVEBEENINVESTIGATEDBYMANYRESEARCHERSINCREASINGLY,STRINGENTENVIRONMENTALANDPACKAGINGREGULATIONSAREFORCINGCOMPANIESTOBECOMEMOREACCOUNTABLEFORFINALPRODUCTS,LONGAFTERTHEYSELLTHEPRODUCTS2INRECENTYEARS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFREVERSELOGISTICSISQUITERAPID,ESPECIALLYINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESAMERICA,JAPANANDOTHERDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESINEUROPEHAVEGONEFARAHEADOFCHINAINREVERSELOGISTICSPRACTICETHEREVERSELOGISTICSMANAGEMENTINCHINAISSTILLUNDERTHEPOORCONDITIONSATTHEENDOFLASTCENTURYINAMERICA,REVERSELOGISTICSRAISEDHIGHATTENTIONOFAMERICANLOGISTICSEXPERTSACCORDINGTOASURVEY,ALLTHELOGISTICSCOSTSACCOUNTEDFOR107PERCENTOFAMERICANECONOMICQUANTITYREVERSELOGISTICSCOSTISABOUT4PERCENTOFALLLOGISTICSINAMERICA,OVERTHIRTYPERCENTENTERPRISESPAYATTENTIONTOTHEDISPOSALOFTHEIRPRODUCTSIMPLEMENTATIONOFREVERSELOGISTICSISOFGREATIMPORTANCE,ESPECIALLYINTHEAUTOMOBILEFIRMS,ELECTRONICSMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRY,PUBLISHINGINDUSTRYANDCATALOGUESALESITISESTIMATEDBYAUTOMOBILECOMPONENTSANDPARTSREMANUFACTURINGASSOCIATIONTHATRAWMATERIALSSAVEDTHROUGHREMANUFACTURINGCOULDFILL155,000WAGONS,WHICHISEQUIVALENTTO1100MILESTRAINTHEREFORE,ECONOMICBENEFITISQUITECONSIDERABLERECENTLY,MANYWORDFAMOUSITENTERPRISESHAVEREGARDEDREVERSELOGISTICSSTRATEGYASTHEPRIMARYMEANSOFCOMPETITIONADVANTAGEFORINSTANCE,SUNMICROSYSTEMSPOSSESSESANINTERNATIONALCENTEROFCOMPONENTSANDPARTSRETROFITTING,WHICHRENEWSPARTSFROMASIAORLATINAMERICAANDREACHESTHELATESTDESIGNHEWLETTPACKARDOFTENUSETHERENEWEDORIMPROVEDCOMPONENTSANDTHENRESALEPRODUCTSINDIFFERENTWAYSTHOMSON,AHOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCECOMPANY,TRANSPORTSTHERECOVERABLEPARTSTOMEXICOANDTHENRETROFITSTHESEPARTS2THEOPERATIONMODELOFREVERSELOGISTICSREVERSELOGISTICS,ASTHEEFFECTIVEMEANSOFRESOURCESHORTAGEANDENVIRONMENTPOLLUTION,HASBEENUSEDWIDELYINMANYENTERPRISESINTHEPROCESSOFIMPLEMENTINGREVERSELOGISTICS,ENTERPRISESSHOULDCHOOSETHEPROPEROPERATIONMODELONTHEGROUNDOFTHEACTUALSITUATIONTHEREAREMAINLYSEVERALOPERATIONMODELSASFOLLOWSSELFEMPLOYEDMODEL,POOLMODEL,OUTSOURCINGMODEL,ETCENTERPRISESSHOULDSELECTTHEMOSTSUITABLEMODEL,BASEDONFULLYUNDERSTANDINGTHEADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFVARIOUSKINDSOFMODELS,SOTHATTHEYCANADOPTEFFECTIVEMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYOFREVERSELOGISTICS4FOLLOWINGISSIMPLEINTRODUCTIONOFTHREEMODELS2008ISECSINTERNATIONALCOLLOQUIUMONCOMPUTING,COMMUNICATION,CONTROL,ANDMANAGEMENT9780769532905/082500?2008IEEEDOI101109/CCCM2008491482008ISECSINTERNATIONALCOLLOQUIUMONCOMPUTING,COMMUNICATION,CONTROL,ANDMANAGEMENT9780769532905/082500?2008IEEEDOI101109/CCCM2008491482008ISECSINTERNATIONALCOLLOQUIUMONCOMPUTING,COMMUNICATION,CONTROL,ANDMANAGEMENT9780769532905/082500?2008IEEEDOI101109/CCCM200849148COMPONENTSTOSOLVETHISPROBLEM,INADDITIONTOTHELISTOFSUCHPRODUCTS,ITISPOSSIBLETOFINDPOTENTIALCOMMODITIESWITHALARGENUMBEROFSEARCHENGINESIDENTIFICATIONOFSUCHPRODUCTSCANALSOSTRENGTHENFURTHERUNDERSTANDINGTOCERTAINCRUCIALPROBLEMTHROUGHORALCOMMUNICATIONANDINTERNETAPROBLEMRELATEDTOREPRODUCTIONISPREVENTIONANDBEFOREHANDMAINTENANCEOFHEAVYINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENT,ITSOPERATIONISOFTENGEOGRAPHICALLYDISTANTANDTIMEISURGENTTHEREPRODUCTIONOFINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENTISUSUALLYACLOSEDLOOPBUSINESSPROCESSINOTHERWORDS,USERSSUBMITTHEIRPARTOFTHEINDUSTRIALEQUIPMENTSTHENREACQUIREREPRODUCTIONEQUIPMENTAFTERSOMETIMESTRICTTIMELIMITSANDQUALITYASSURANCEINPRODUCTIONAREIMPORTANTFACTORSTOTHEPROBLEM,EBUSINESSHASPLAYEDASIGNIFICANTROLEFIGURE1EBUSINESSMODELOFREVERSELOGISTICS233COMPLETESOLUTIONSCHE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簡(jiǎn)介：4OR2007599–116DOI101007/S1028800700473INVITEDSURVEYCOMBINATORIALOPTIMIZATIONANDGREENLOGISTICSABDELKADERSBIHIRICHARDWEGLESERECEIVED23FEBRUARY2007/REVISED20APRIL2007/PUBLISHEDONLINE1JUNE2007?SPRINGERVERLAG2007ABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOINTRODUCETHEAREAOFGREENLOGISTICSANDTODESCRIBESOMEOFTHEPROBLEMSTHATARISEINTHISSUBJECTWHICHCANBEFORMULATEDASCOMBINATORIALOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMSTHEPAPERPARTICULARLYCONSIDERSTHETOPICSOFREVERSELOGISTICS,WASTEMANAGEMENTANDVEHICLEROUTINGANDSCHEDULINGKEYWORDSGREENLOGISTICSREVERSELOGISTICSCOMBINATORIALOPTIMIZATIONWASTEMANAGEMENTHAZARDOUSMATERIALSMSCCLASSIFICATION200090C1090C3590C5990C901INTRODUCTIONGREENLOGISTICSISCONCERNEDWITHPRODUCINGANDDISTRIBUTINGGOODSINASUSTAINABLEWAY,TAKINGACCOUNTOFENVIRONMENTALANDSOCIALFACTORSTHUSTHEOBJECTIVESARENOTONLYCONCERNEDWITHTHEECONOMICIMPACTOFLOGISTICSPOLICIESONTHEORGANIZATIONCARRYINGTHEMOUT,BUTALSOWITHTHEWIDEREFFECTSONSOCIETY,SUCHASTHEEFFECTSOFPOLLUTIONONTHEENVIRONMENTGREENLOGISTICSACTIVITIESINCLUDEMEASURINGTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFDIFFERENTDISTRIBUTIONSTRATEGIES,REDUCINGTHEENERGYUSAGEINLOGISTICSACTIVITIES,REDUCINGWASTEANDMANAGINGITSTREATMENTINRECENTYEARSTHEREHASBEENINCREASINGCONCERNABOUTTHEENVIRONMENTALEFFECTSONTHEPLANETOFHUMANACTIVITYANDCURRENTLOGISTICPRACTICESMAYNOTBESUSTAINABLEINTHELONGTERMASBIHIRWEGLESEBDEPARTMENTOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCE,LANCASTERUNIVERSITYMANAGEMENTSCHOOL,LANCASTER,LA14YX,UKEMAILASBIHILANCASTERACUKRWEGLESEEMAILREGLESELANCASTERACUK123COMBINATORIALOPTIMIZATIONANDGREENLOGISTICS101GRAMMINGMODELTODETERMINETHEOPTIMALINVESTMENTPOLICIESFORTHECOPPERINDUSTRYINCHILEAKEYPARTOFTHEMODELWASTOCONTROLAIRPOLLUTIONTHROUGHEMISSIONSINTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSLEGISLATIONWITHINTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITYGIVESHIGHIMPORTANCETORECYCLEDPRODUCTSAND,INSOMECASES,ITHASESTABLISHEDTHERESPONSIBILITYFORTHEENDOFLIFEPRODUCTSTOTHEMANUFACTURERSFOREXAMPLE,THEWASTEELECTRONICANDELECTRICALEQUIPMENTWEEEDIRECTIVE2002/96/EC1DEALSWITHTHISSUCHLEGISLATIONISONEOFTHEDRIVERSINESTABLISHINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFREVERSELOGISTICSOPERATIONSMOSTEUROPEANCOMPANIESWILLINCREASINGLYHAVETOTHINKABOUTINCORPORATINGREVERSELOGISTICSACTIVITIESINTHEIRBUSINESSOPERATIONS21LOCATIONMODELSUSEDINREVERSELOGISTICSTHEREISAHUGEAMOUNTOFRESEARCHINFACILITYLOCATIONTHEORYINGENERALHOWEVER,INTHELITERATUREWEFOUNDRELATIVELYFEWPAPERSONTHISTOPICAPPLICABLETOREVERSELOGISTICSRLKRIKKE1998PROPOSESSOMEMODELSFORRLNETWORKDESIGNHEDESIGNSAMODELFORAMULTIPRODUCTANDMULTIECHELONSITUATIONTHEMODELALLOWSNEWFACILITIESTOBEADDEDWITHTHECORRESPONDINGCOSTFUNCTIONSWHENNECESSARYHEPROPOSESTHEDESIGNOFANETWORKGRAPHANDATRANSPORTATIONGRAPHASBASICINPUTSFORHISMODELBARROSETAL1998CONSIDERTHEPROBLEMOFTHERECYCLINGOFSANDASUBPRODUCTOFRECYCLINGCONSTRUCTIONWASTEINTHENETHERLANDSTHEYPROPOSEATWOLEVELLOCATIONMODELFORTHESANDPROBLEMANDCONSIDERITSOPTIMIZATIONUSINGHEURISTICPROCEDURESFLEISCHMANNETAL2000REVIEWEDNINEPUBLISHEDCASESTUDIESONLOGISTICSNETWORKDESIGNFORPRODUCTRECOVERYINDIFFERENTINDUSTRIES,ANDIDENTIFIEDSOMEGENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFPRODUCTRECOVERYNETWORKS,COMPARINGTHEMWITHTRADITIONALLOGISTICSSTRUCTURESTHEYCLASSIFIEDTHEPRODUCTRECOVERYNETWORKSINTHREESUBAREASREUSABLEITEMNETWORKS,REMANUFACTURINGNETWORKS,ANDRECYCLINGNETWORKSOTHERREFERENCESDEALWITHTHISTOPICEG,KRIKKE1998SARKIS2001FLEISCHMANN2001MOSTOFTHEMODELSDEVELOPEDINTHISFIELDARESIMILARTOTHETRADITIONALLOCATIONPROBLEMS,INPARTICULARLOCATIONALLOCATIONMODELSSEEKROONANDVRIJENS1995AMMONSETAL1999SPENGLERETAL1997MARìNANDPELEGRìN1998JAYARAMANETAL1999KRIKKEETAL1999,2001INMOSTOFTHEMODELS,TRANSPORTATIONANDPROCESSINGCOSTSWEREMINIMIZEDWHILETHEENVIRONMENTALCOSTSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEDESIGNEDNETWORKWEREOFTENNEGLECTED22DYNAMICLOTSIZINGPROBLEMTHEDYNAMICLOTSIZINGPROBLEMINITSSIMPLESTFORMCONSIDERSAFACILITY,POSSIBLYAWAREHOUSEORARETAILER,WHICHFACESDYNAMICDEMANDFORASINGLEITEMOVERAFINITEHORIZONSEEWAGNERANDWHITIN1958THEFACILITYPLACESORDERSFORTHEITEMFROMASUPPLYAGENCY,EG,AMANUFACTURERORASUPPLIER,WHICHISASSUMEDTOHAVEANUNLIMITEDQUANTITYOFTHEPRODUCTTHEMODELASSUMESAFIXEDORDERINGSETUPCOST,ALINEAR1HTTP//EURLEXEUROPAEU/LEXURISERV/LEXURISERVDOURICELEX32002L0096ENHTMLACCESSED20/02/2007123

簡(jiǎn)介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMINERALS,METALLURGYANDMATERIALSVOLUME16,NUMBER5,OCTOBER2009,PAGE534MATERIALSCORRESPONDINGAUTHORSSURESH,EMAILSSURESHNITTEDUALSOAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM?2009UNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYBEIJINGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDEXPERIMENTALSTUDIESONTHEEROSIONRATEOFDIFFERENTHEATTREATEDCARBONSTEELECONOMISERTUBESOFPOWERBOILERSBYFLYASHPARTICLESTADANIELSAGAYARAJ1,SSURESH2,ANDMCHANDRASEKAR3DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYTIRUCHIRAPPALLI620015,TAMILNADU,INDIARECEIVED20081023ABSTRACTTHEEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSONTHEEFFECTOFTHEFLYASHPARTICLESIZE,VELOCITY,IMPINGEMENTANGLE,ANDFEEDRATEWEREDONEWITHANEMPHASISONTHEEFFECTOFEROSIONONANNEALEDSA210GRA1AANDNORMALIZEDSA210GRA1NCARBONSTEELECONOMIZERTUBEMATERIALSEROSIONRATESWEREEVALUATEDWITHDIFFERENTIMPINGEMENTANGLESRANGINGFROM15°TO90°,ATFOURDIFFERENTVELOCITIESOF325,35,375,AND40M/S,ANDATFOURDIFFERENTFEEDRATESOFFLYASHPARTICLESOF2,4,6AND8G/MINTHEERODENTUSEDWASFLYASHPARTICLES,SIZESRANGINGFROM50250ΜMOFIRREGULARSHAPESEROSIONRATEISFOUNDTOBETHEMAXIMUMATTHEIMPINGEMENTANGLEOF30°EROSIONRATESOFTHECARBONSTEELTUBEINDIFFERENTHEATTREATMENTCONDITIONS,ANNEALEDANDNORMALIZED,ATACONSTANTVELOCITYOF325M/SWITHDIFFERENTANGLESWERESTUDIEDINALLCASESOFFEEDRATES,IMPINGEMENTANGLES,PARTICLESIZES,ANDVELOCITIESOFFLYASHPARTICLES,ITHASBEENFOUNDTHATTHEEROSIONRATEOFTHEANNEALEDTUBEISLESSTHANTHATOFTHENORMALIZEDTUBEEMPIRICALCORRELATIONSFOREROSIONRATERELATINGTHEVELOCITY,SIZE,FEEDRATE,ANDIMPINGEMENTANGLEOFTHEPARTICLESANDELONGATIONPROPERTYOFTHETARGETMATERIALSWEREARRIVEDMORPHOLOGIESOFTHEERODEDSURFACEWEREEXAMINEDBYSCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPESEMKEYWORDSEROSIONRATEECONOMISERTUBESANNEALINGNORMALIZING1INTRODUCTIONINLARGECOALFIREDPOWERSTATIONS,PULVERIZEDCOALISBURNTINTHEBURNERSOFBOILERSTOIMPROVETHEOVERALLTHERMALEFFICIENCYOFTHEBOILERPLANT,HEATEXCHANGERSAREUSEDTOEXTRACTRESIDUALHEATENERGYFROMTHEFLUEGASANDTOTRANSFERITTOTHEFEEDWATERFLOWINGTHROUGHTHETUBESBYTHEPROCESSOFCONDUCTIONANDCONVECTIONINCOALFIREDPOWERSTATIONS,ABOUT20OFTHEASHPRODUCEDINTHEBOILERSISDEPOSITEDONTHEBOILERWALLSANDTHESUPERHEATERTUBESTHERESTOFTHEASHISENTRAINEDINTHESTREAMOFFLUEGASLEAVINGTHEBOILERTHEASHPARTICLESCOLLIDEWITHTHESURFACEOFTHEECONOMISERCOILTUBESANDTHEMATERIALISERODEDFROMTHESURFACESINTHEADVANCEDSTAGEOFEROSION,THETUBESBECOMEPERFORATEDTHETUBEELEMENTSFAILONCETHEYCANNOTMAINTAINTHEIRSTRUCTURALINTEGRITYSUCHEROSIONSHORTENSTHESERVICELIFEOFTHETUBESONCETHISHAPPENS,THEPOWERPLANTHASTOBESHUTDOWNANDHASTOINCURLOSSESEROSIONISAMECHANICALDAMAGERESULTINGINREMOVALOFTHEMATERIALFROMTHESURFACEBYIMPACTOFPARTICLESEARLIERTHEMECHANISMBEHINDTHISWASBELIEVEDDUETOTHEMICROCUTTINGMECHANISM2LATERITWASPROVEDTHATFORDUCTILEMATERIALS,THEEROSIONMECHANISMINVOLVESTHESEQUENTIALPLASTICDEFORMATIONPROCESSOFPLATELETFORMATIONANDCRATERFORMATIONDUETOFORGINGANDEXTRUSION3THROUGHMANYSTUDIESANDEXPERIMENTSDONEONTHEEROSIONOFBOILERTUBES,ITISESTIMATEDTHAT2530OFBOILERTUBEFAILUREOCCURSDUETOTHEASHEROSIONLEVYETAL3DEMONSTRATEDTHATFORTHEDUCTILEMATERIALEROSIONRATEISLOWERFORTHEMATERIALSHAVINGHIGHERDUCTILITYSATYANATHAN1SHOWEDTHATFLYASHEROSIONISTHEMAJORCONCERNFORALMOSTONETHIRDOFTOTALTUBEFAILURESTHEMAJORFACTORSINFLUENCINGTHEEROSIONPROCESSARETHEAMOUNTOFASHPARTICLES,ITSVELOCITY,ANDTHEDESIGNCONDITIONSFINNIEETAL2DEVELOPEDANANALYTICALMODELTOFINDTHEEROSIONRATEBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHEEROSIONMECHANISMWASDUETOMICROCUTTINGLATERITWASDEMONSTRATEDBYLEVYETAL3THATMICROCUTTINGWASNOTTHEPRIMARYMECHANISMBYWHICHDUCTILESTRUCTURALMETALERODEDTHEYCONDUCTEDEXPERIMENTSANDCONCLUDEDTHATFORTHEDUCTILEMATERIALIMPACTINGPARTICLESCAUSESEVERELOCALIZEDPLASTICSTRAIN,WHICHEXCEEDSTHE536INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMINERALS,METALLURGYANDMATERIALS,VOL16,NO5,OCT2009MICROSCOPEANDTHEIMAGESARESHOWNINFIGS23SEMIMAGESOFTHEERODEDAREASHOWEXCESSIVEPILINGUPOFDEFORMEDMATERIALTHATWASEXTRUDEDUPFROMTHECRATERSPRODUCEDBYPARTICLEEROSIONANDCONFIRMEDTHATTHEEROSIONMECHANISMWASNOTSIMPLYBYTHEMICROCUTTINGMECHANISMALONECOMPARATIVELYTHENUMBEROFPLATELETSFORMEDINTHEANNEALEDSPECIMENISMORETHANTHATFORMEDINTHENORMALIZEDSPECIMEN4EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURETHETESTSAMPLEWASWEIGHEDINITIALLYANDTHENITWASFITTEDATTHEJETEROSIONTESTRIGWITHADESIREDANGLETHEFLYASHWASTAKENINTHECHAMBERPROVIDEDTHEVELOCITYANDTHECONCENTRATIONOFFLYASHPARTICLESWEREADJUSTEDBYCONTROLLINGTHEAIRFLOWPASSINGTHROUGHTHEVENTURIAJETOFAIRWITHTHEFLYASHPARTICLESPASSEDTHROUGHANOZZLEANDHITTHESURFACEOFTHESAMPLEWITHANANGLECHOSENTOPLACETHESAMPLEAFTERDOINGTHEEXPERIMENTFORTHESCHEDULEDTIMETHESAMPLEWASREMOVED,ITWASCLEANEDANDWEIGHEDTOGETTHEWEIGHTLOSSTAKENPLACETHEAMOUNTOFTHEASHUSEDWASALSOMEASUREDTHEEROSIONRATEWASCOMPUTEDASTHERATIOOFWEIGHTLOSSINTHESAMPLETOTHATOFTHEASHUSEDEFFECTSOFIMPINGEMENTOFFLYASHPARTICLESWITHOTHERANGLESCANBESTUDIEDBYVARYINGTHEANGLEOFPLACINGTHESAMPLEFIG1EXPERIMENTALSETUP5RESULTSANDDISCUSSION51EFFECTOFVELOCITY,IMPINGEMENTANGLE,FEEDRATE,ANDPARTICLESIZEOFFLYASHPARTICLESONTUBEEROSIONFIG4SHOWSTHEEROSIONRATEOFLOWCARBONSTEELTUBESATDIFFERENTIMPINGEMENTVELOCITIESRANGINGFROM325M/STO40M/SWITHTHEIMPINGEMENTANGLEOF30°THEDATAFORGRAPHSAREOBTAINEDAFTERTHESTEADYSTATEOFTHEEROSIONRATEISREACHEDEROSIONRATEFORSA210GRA1NISHIGHERTHANTHATFORSA210GRA1AATAGIVENVELOCITYATTRIBUTINGTODUCTILITYANDELONGATIONOFTHEMATERIALSINDUCTILEMATERIALS,WHENFLYASHPARTICLESIMPINGEATAVELOCITY,ATTHEIMPACTPOINTTHEPARTICLELOSESAFRACTIONOFITSKINETICENERGYTOTHETARGETMATERIALFORDEFORMATIONOFTHESURFACEANDSHEARSTRAINSAREINDUCEDINTHETARGETMATERIALWHENTHESHEARSTRAINEXCEEDSTHEELASTICLIMITOFTHETARGETMATERIAL,FLYASHPARTICLESPENETRATETHESURFACEOFTHETARGETMATERIALANDFORMPLATELETS,WHICHAREREMOVEDINTHESUBSEQUENTIMPINGEMENTOFTHEPARTICLESFLYASHPARTICLESHAVESUFFICIENTLEVELOFSTRENGTHANDINTEGRITYTOCAUSEEROSIONINTHEVELOCITYRANGEUSEDINFIG2SEMIMAGESOFTHEERODEDSPECIMENOFTHENORMALIZEDTUBE