簡(jiǎn)介：ALTERNATIVETRENDSINDEVELOPMENTOFTHERMALPOWERPLANTSVITALYAPRISYAZHNIUK,1DOCTOROFPHYSICALCHEMISTRY,HARHATZOFIMSTREET13/11,HOLON58493,ISRAELRECEIVED1DECEMBER2006ACCEPTED19MARCH2007AVAILABLEONLINE4APRIL2007ABSTRACTTHERMALORFOSSILFUELPOWERPLANTSTPPARETHEMAJORPOLLUTERSOFMAN’SENVIRONMENT,DISCHARGINGINTOTHEATMOSPHERETHEBASICPRODUCTOFCARBONFUELCOMBUSTION,CO2ITISTHISVERYGASTHATACCOUNTSFORTHEGREENHOUSEEFFECTCAUSINGTHEGLOBALCLIMATEWARMUPONOURPLANETANATURALSOLUTIONOFTHEPROBLEMOFREDUCINGCARBONDIOXIDEDISCHARGEINTOTHEATMOSPHERELIESINPOWERSAVING,THUSREDUCINGTHEAMOUNTOFTHEFUELBURNTTHISAPPROACHCANBEJUSTIFIEDFROMANYSTANDPOINT,BOTHECONOMICALLYANDECOLOGICALLYTHEIDEALWAYOFSOLVINGTHEPROBLEMWOULDBETOCOMPLETELYGIVEUPBURNINGCARBONCONTAININGFUEL,SUCHASCOAL,PETROLEUMPRODUCTS,ANDOTHERPOWERRESOURCESOFORGANICNATURETHISWORKISINTENDEDTOOUTLINETHEWAYSOFREDUCINGCONSUMPTIONOFFUELBYTPPAND,CONSEQUENTLY,OFREDUCINGTHEIRDISCHARGINGINTOTHEATMOSPHERETHEGASESPRODUCINGTHEGREENHOUSEEFFECTONEOFTHEWAYSLIESINCHANGINGTHETHERMOPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEWORKINGMEDIUM,WHICHBECOMESPOSSIBLEIFWECANMODIFYTHECONVENTIONALWORKINGMEDIUM,THATISWATER,ORCANUSESOMEWORKINGMEDIUMWITHQUITEDIFFERENTTHERMOPHYSICALPROPERTIESTHEARTICLEDWELLSONVARIOUSTECHNOLOGICALWAYSPROVIDINGFORAPRACTICALSOLUTIONOFTHEPROBLEM,SUCHASTHEKALINACYCLEMODIFICATIONOFWATERPROPERTIESBYWAYOFMAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICRESONANCEMHDRESONANCEANDEMPLOYING,INTHETHERMODYNAMICCYCLEOFTHERMALPOWERPLANTS,LIQUIDSBOILINGATTEMPERATURESWHICHARELOWERTHANTHATOFTHEENVIRONMENT?2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSAVINGPOWEREFFICIENCYREDUCINGDISCHARGESINTOTHEENVIRONMENTTHERMALPOWERPLANT1INTRODUCTIONHISTORYOFCIVILIZATIONANDTHEPROGRESSINSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYARECLOSELYASSOCIATEDWITHTHEGROWTHOFPOWERCONSUMPTIONADIRECTCONSEQUENCEOFTHEDEVELOPINGHEATPOWERENGINEERINGBASEDONCOMBUSTIONOFCARBONCONTAININGFUELANDOFTHEGROWINGAMOUNTOFELECTRICPOWERPRODUCEDISTHEINCREASINGCONSUMPTIONOFFUELENERGYRESOURCESCONSUMINGCOAL,OILANDGASTOPRODUCEELECTRICPOWER,ANDCONSUMINGOVER1OFTHEATMOSPHERICOXYGEN,HEATPOWERENGINEERINGREPLACESITBYSO2,NOX,ANDCO2,WHICHAGGRAVATESTHEGREENHOUSEEFFECTLETUSNOWTURNTOTHEDATAPUBLISHEDBYTHEGAOGENERALACCOUNTINGOFFICE,USAONJUNE20,20021ELECTRICPOWERSTATIONSOFTHEUSATHATBEGANOPERATINGBEFORE1972DISCHARGED,IN2000,59OFTHESULFURDIOXIDE,47OFTHENITROGENOXIDES,AND42OFTHECARBONDIOXIDEOFTHETOTALDISCHARGEBYTHEFUELFIREDPLANTS,WHILEHAVINGPRODUCEDONLY42OFTHETOTALELECTRICPOWERLETUSRESORTTOSIMPLECALCULATIONSTOSHOWTHECORRELATIONBETWEENGASEOUSDISCHARGEFROMTHENEWERANDTHEOLDPOWERSTATIONSINREFERENCETOTHEUNITOFTHEIRACTUALCAPACITYTODOSOWESHALLUSEASIMPLELOGICIFTHEOLDERPOWERSTATIONSPRODUCED42OFTHEELECTRICPOWEROBTAINED,THENEWERONESPRODUCED100?4258IFTHEOLDERSTATIONDISCHARGEDINTOTHEATMOSPHERE59OFTHESO2,THENEWERONESDISCHARGED100?5941,ANDSOONFOR13594311/SEEFRONTMATTER?2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JAPPLTHERMALENG200703025TEL97235589873EMAILADDRESSVITALPRISYAHOOCOM1SINCE2002ISRETIREDTHELASTPLACEOFWORKINSTITUTEOFPROBLEMSINMECHANICALENGINEERINGOFTHEUKRAINIANNATIONALACADEMYOFSCIENCES,KHARKOV,UKRAINEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/APTHERMENGAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMAPPLIEDTHERMALENGINEERING282008190–194RESONANTFREQUENCIESTHUSCAUSINGADROPINTHEHEATOFVAPORIZATIONORINTHEHEATCAPACITYUNFORTUNATELY,THEPROPERTIESOFWATERARESUCHTHATADECREASEINHEATCAPACITYRESULTSINANINCREASEINTHEHEATOFVAPORIZATIONANDVICEVERSACALCULATIONSSHOW4THATTHROUGHUSINGMHDRESONATORS,ITISQUITEPOSSIBLETORAISETHEEFFICIENCYOFTHETPPBY10THATWILLRESULTINREDUCINGFUELCONSUMPTIONBY29ATTHEUNCHANGEDINSTALLEDCAPACITYOFTHETPP,REDUCINGSOLIDANDGASEOUSDISCHARGEBY29,ANDREDUCINGDISCHARGEOFHEATBY5222EMPLOYMENTOFACOMPOSITEWORKINGMEDIUMATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHE90SINTHEUSAATA1MWPILOTPLANT,THEREWASIMPLEMENTEDTHEWELLKNOWNAKALINACYCLEINWHICHANINCREASEINEFFICIENCYOFTHETHERMALPOWERSTATIONISACHIEVEDBYUSING,ASAWORKINGMEDIUM,AWATERSOLUTIONOFCHEMICALS,SUCHAS,FORINSTANCE,AMMONIA,MONOETHYLAMINE,DIETHYLAMINE,ANDTHELIKEFOREXAMPLE,WHENAMMONIAISDISSOLVEDINWATERTHEHEATCAPACITYOFTHESOLUTIONFORMEDISLOWERTHANTHATOFWATERBESIDES,WHENDISSOLVINGONEGRAMMOLECULEOFAMMONIAINALITREOFWATER828KCALOFHEATISRELEASED,WHICHISJUSTENOUGHTOHEATUPAKILOGRAMOF14AMMONIASOLUTIONFORMEDALMOSTTO100?CTHUS,THEHEATRELEASEDONDISSOLVINGCANSAVE,WHENHEATINGALITREOFWATERFROM30?CTO100?C,ABOUT70KCALOFHEATOR001KGOFEQUIVALENTFUELTHEKALINACYCLEISREALIZEDASFOLLOWSSOMEAMMONIAISADDEDTOFEEDWATERBEFOREITENTERSTHESTEAMGENERATOROWINGTOTHEHEATRELEASEDONDISSOLUTIONOFAMMONIAANDLOWEREDHEATCAPACITYOFTHERESULTINGSOLUTION,ITSHEATINGTOTHEBOILINGTEMPERATUREREQUIRESLESSFUELTHENTHESTEAMANDGASEOUSAMMONIAARESEPARATED,CONDENSEDSEPARATELY,ANDTHENTHEWATERANDAMMONIAAREMIXEDAGAINBEFOREBEINGFEDTOTHESTEAMGENERATOR5INTHECHEMICALINDUSTRYTHEPROCESSOFSEPARATINGWATERANDAMMONIAISEXTENSIVELYUSEDATTHESTAGEOFDISTILLINGFILTERLIQUIDINPRODUCINGSODAASHBYTHESOLVEMETHODTHEPILOTHEATPOWERPLANTOPERATINGBYTHEKALINACYCLEHASPRACTICALLYPROVEDTHATRAISINGTHEEFFICIENCYOFATPPBY10ANDREDUCINGTHUSTHEFUELRATEBY20ISQUITEACHIEVABLESINCETHECHARACTEROFTHEFUELUSEDDOESNOTPLAYAPRINCIPALROLE,THEKALINACYCLERESULTSINREDUCINGTHEDISCHARGEOFDUST,CO2ANDSO2INPROPORTIONTOSAVINGFUEL,WHICHISBY20ADRAWBACKOFTHEKALINACYCLE,ASCOMPAREDWITHTHEMETHODOFMHDRESONANCEMENTIONEDINSECTION21,ISTHEIMPOSSIBILITYOFEMPLOYINGITATANOPERATINGTPPUSINGTHERANKINCYCLE23REPLACINGTHECONVENTIONALWORKINGMEDIUMLETUSDWELLMORECLOSELYONTHETECHNOLOGYOFPRODUCINGELECTRICPOWERBYWAYOFUSINGTHEHEATOFTHEENVIRONMENTWHICHWECONSIDERTOBETHEMOSTPROMISINGFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFREDUCINGFUELCONSUMPTIONTOBEGINWITH,LETUSREVIEWTHEBASICPRINCIPLESOFPHYSICSANDPHYSICALCHEMISTRYTHATMAKETHEFOUNDATIONSOFSAIDTECHNOLOGYANDHAVEBECOMEAXIOMATICTODAYAXIOM1ITHASBEENESTABLISHED6THATONEKMOLOFANYGASOCCUPIES,ATNORMALCONDITIONSPN101325KPATN28815?K,THEVOLUMEOFVMN22414M3/KMOLAXIOM2VAPORIZATIONANDCONDENSATIONAREALLEXAMPLESOFTHEFIRSTORDERPHASETRANSITIONTHEFIRSTORDERPHASETRANSITIONPT1ISCHARACTERIZEDBYCHANGINGTHEAGGREGATIVESTATEOFSUBSTANCEATTHEPOINTOFTRANSITIONINTRANSITIONFROMCONDENSEDTOGASEOUSSTATEORVICEVERSA,THERETAKESPLACEANABRUPTCHANGEINTHEVOLUMEOFTHEKMOLOFTHESUBSTANCE,WHICHISAREGULARTRENDWITHALLSUBSTANCESTHEVOLUMEOFONEKMOLOFANYSUBSTANCEINLIQUIDSTATEATTHEBOILINGTEMPERATUREANDNORMALPRESSUREISVLQBOIL?KMQLQBOILD2TWHEREKMISTHEWEIGHTOFKMOL,ANDQLQBOILISTHEDENSITYOFSUBSTANCEINLIQUIDSTATEATTHEBOILINGTEMPERATURETHEVOLUMEOFONEKMOLOFANYSUBSTANCEINGASEOUSSTATEATNORMALCONDITIONSISVNG?KMQNG?22141D3TWHEREQNGISTHEDENSITYOFTHESUBSTANCEINGASEOUSSTATEATNORMALCONDITIONSASTHEWEIGHTOFKMOLISPERMANENTWITHCHANGINGOFTHEAGGREGATESTATEOFSUBSTANCEVLQBOIL?QLQBOIL?VNG?QNGD4TVNG?VLQBOIL?QLQBOILQNG?22141D5TLETUSCONSIDERSOMENUMERICALEXAMPLESBORROWEDFROMREFERENCESOURCESWHILEINTHELIQUIDSTATEAKMOLOFWATERHASAVOLUMEOF0018M3,INTHEGASEOUSSTATE,UNDERNORMALCONDITIONS,ITHASAVOLUMEOF22414M3SEEAXIOM1ABOVE,THATIS1245TIMESGREATERWHILEINTHELIQUIDSTATEAKMOLOFNITROGENHASAVOLUMEOF0035M3,INTHEGASEOUSSTATE,UNDERNORMALCONDITIONS,ITHASAVOLUMEOF22414M3SEEAXIOM1ABOVE,THATIS640TIMESGREATERWHILEINTHELIQUIDSTATEAKMOLOFCARBONICDIOXIDEHASAVOLUMEOF0040M3,INTHEGASEOUSSTATE,UNDERNORMALCONDITIONS,ITHASAVOLUMEOF22414M3SEEAXIOM1ABOVE,THATIS561TIMESGREATERWHILEINTHELIQUIDSTATEAKMOLOFPROPANEHASAVOLUMEOF0076M3,INTHEGASEOUSSTATE,UNDERNORMALCONDITIONS,ITHASAVOLUMEOF22414M3SEEAXIOM1ABOVE,THATIS294TIMESGREATERAXIOM3FROMTHEEQUATIONOFSTATEFORTHEIDEALGAS6,ITFOLLOWSPNVNTN?PTVTTTD6T192VAPRISYAZHNIUK/APPLIEDTHERMALENGINEERING282008190–194

簡(jiǎn)介：OPTIMIZATIONOFPOLYSACCHARIDESEXTRACTIONFROMGYNOSTEMMAPENTAPHYLLUMMAKINOUSINGUNIFORMDESIGNEUNHYELEE,MISUNYUM,MINHEEJEONGDEPARTMENTOFPEDIATRICS,COLLEGEOFMEDICINE,KYUNGHEEUNIVERSITY,SEOUL,REPUBLICOFKOREARECEIVED12APRIL2006RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM5AUGUST2006ACCEPTED5OCTOBER2006AVAILABLEONLINE27NOVEMBER2006ABSTRACTUNIFORMDESIGNWASUSEDTOOPTIMIZETHEEFFECTSOFPROCESSINGPARAMETERSOFEXTRACTIONFROMGYNOSTEMMAPENTAPHYLLUMMAKINOONTHEYIELDOFPOLYSACCHARIDESFOURINDEPENDENTVARIABLESSUCHASEXTRACTIONTIMEMIN,SOLIDLIQUIDRATIOG/ML,IMMERSINGTIMEMIN,ANDEXTRACTIONTEMPERATURE?CWERESTUDYTHEOPTIMALCONDITIONSWEREDETERMINEDANDTHREEDIMENSIONALRESPONSESURFACESWEREPLOTTEDFROMTHEMATHEMATICALMODELSTHETVALUEANDPVALUEINDICATEDTHATBOTHIMMERSINGTIMEANDWATEREXTRACTIONTIMEX2X4HADINTERACTIONEFFECTSONTHERESPONSEVALUE,FOLLOWEDBYTHELINEARTERMSOFWATEREXTRACTIONTIMEX4,ANDTHEINTERACTIONEFFECTSOFIMMERSINGTIMEANDWATEREXTRACTIONTEMPERATUREX2X3CONSIDERINGTHEEFFICIENCY,THEOPTIMUMCONDITIONSOFPOLYSACCHARIDESEXTRACTIONWERELIQUIDSOLIDRATIOOF167,IMMERSINGTIMEOF10MIN,WATEREXTRACTIONTEMPERATUREOF95?C,ANDWATEREXTRACTIONTIMEOF15MINUNDEROPTIMIZEDCONDITIONS,THEEXPERIMENTALYIELD1129AGREEDCLOSELYWITHTHEPREDICTEDYIELDTHEREFORE,APPLICATIONOFUNIFORMDESIGNINTHEEXTRACTIONOFPOLYSACCHARIDESFROMGYNOSTEMMAPENTAPHYLLUMMAKINODRAMATICALLYREDUCEDEXTRACTIONTIME?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSGYNOSTEMMAPENTAPHYLLUMMAKINOPOLYSACCHARIDEEXTRACTIONUNIFORMDESIGN1INTRODUCTIONITISWELLACCEPTEDTHATCARBOHYDRATESCANSERVEASSTRUCTURALCOMPONENTSANDENERGYSOURCEOFTHECELLMOREINTERESTINGLY,THEIRHIGHLYCOMPLEXSTRUCTUREALLOWSVERYSPECIFICINTERACTIONSSOTHATTHESEBIOMOLECULESAREINVOLVEDINAVARIETYOFMOLECULARRECOGNITIONPROCESSESININTERCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONANDSIGNALTRANSDUCTIONSUCHASCELLADHESION,DIFFERENTIATION,DEVELOPMENT,REGULATION,ETCVARKI,1993FORTHESEREASONS,GREATINTERESTAROSEONPOLYSACCHARIDESBASEDPHARMACEUTICALSANDONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEANALYSISANDEXTRACTIONOFPOLYSACCHARIDESGYNOSTEMMAPENTAPHYLLUMMAKINOISAWELLKNOWNEDIBLEANDMEDICINALPLANTINORIENTALCOUNTRIESHU,CHEN,TSUNEMATU,SHIGENOBU,TRIVENI,SHAMALA,WATEREXTRACTIONTIME,120MINFIG2SHOWSTHEYIELDOFPOLYSACCHARIDESINCREASEDWITHELEVATINGSOLIDLIQUIDRATIOTABLE1INDEPENDENTVARIABLESOFTHEPROCESSANDTHEIRCORRESPONDINGLEVELSINDEPENDENTVARIABLESLEVELS12345678910111213SOLIDLIQUIDRATIOG/ML110115120125130135140145150155160165170IMMERSINGTIMEMIN0102030405060708090100110120WATEREXTRACTIONTEMPERATURE?C35404550556065707580859095WATEREXTRACTIONTIMEMIN153045607590105120135150165180195TABLE2UNIFORMDESIGNWITHTHEOBSERVEDRESPONSESANDPREDICTEDVALUESTREATVARIABLELEVELSEXPERIMENTALYEPREDICTEDYYE?YX1X2X3X4115911713000736332?023332221048530000569461?039461331135489000479510009490446826890006333040556965511313505000451014053986662121074900072156502743577777699000706128?007128881224631000660065?029065993111567000617014?05001410108612520000556554?03655411111319339000341260?00226012124106655000658711?0037111313953809000764082044918FIG1EFFECTOFIMMERSINGTIMEONTHEPOLYSACCHARIDESYIELDINWATEREXTRACTIONFIG2EFFECTOFSOLIDLIQUIDRATIOONTHEPOLYSACCHARIDESYIELDINWATEREXTRACTION80?C,2HEHLEEETAL/CARBOHYDRATEPOLYMERS692007311–317313

簡(jiǎn)介：THEPREPARATIONANDWIDEFREQUENCYMICROWAVEABSORBINGPROPERTIESOFTRISUBSTITUTEDBISPHTHALONITRILE/FE3O4MAGNETICHYBRIDMICROSPHERESSHIHUADONG,MINGZHENXU,JUNJIWEI,XULINYANG,XIAOBOLIUNRESEARCHBRANCHOFFUNCTIONALMATERIALS,INSTITUTEOFMICROELECTRONICTHEMAGNETICLOSSWASENHANCEDOBVIOUSLYWITHTHEINCREASINGAMOUNTOFTPHADDITIONALLY,THEMICROWAVEABSORPTIONPROPERTIESWEREDETECTED,ANDTHERESULTSDEMONSTRATEDTHATTHESTRONGREFLECTIONLOSSRLANDMULTIMODALBANDSAPPEAREDINTHEWIDEFREQUENCYFORTHETPH/FE3O4MAGNETICHYBRIDMICROSPHERESWHENTHEMATCHINGTHICKNESSWAS50MM,THEEFFECTIVERLVALUESOF?31DB,?33DBAND?37DBWEREOBTAINEDINTHEWIDEMICROWAVEFREQUENCYRANGEFROM2GHZTO16GHZBYADJUSTINGTHECONTENTOFTPHTHEWIDEFREQUENCYMICROWAVEABSORPTIONPROPERTIES,TOGETHERWITHTHEREGULARSPHEREANDEXCELLENTMAGNETISM,ENABLETPH/FE3O4MAGNETICHYBRIDMICROSPHERESTOBEFURTHERAPPLIEDINTHEAREASOFFUNCTIONALMATERIALS2013ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONMAGNETICHYBRIDMICROSPHERESAREANEWCLASSOFFUNCTIONALMATERIALSMADEOFMACROMOLECULARORGANICMATTERANDMAGNETITEFE3O4,WHICHPOSSESSTHEMAGNETICPROPERTIESASWELLASPROPERTIESOFORGANICMATTERITSNEWFUNCTIONSSHOWNBYTHECOMBINATIONOFTHEORGANICANDINORGANICMATTERSHAVEATTRACTEDMOREANDMOREATTENTIONWIDELYRESEARCHESANDAPPLICATIONHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDINTHEFIELDSOFBIOTECHNOLOGY,CHEMICAL,MILITARYSTEALTHMATERIAL,ENVIRONMENTALREMEDIATIONANDSOON1–4INRECENTYEARS,VARIOUSMETHODSHAVEBEENSUCCESSFULLYADOPTEDINPREPARINGFE3O4MICROSPHERES,SUCHASCORE–SHELLPROCESSES,EMULSIONPOLYMERIZATION,MINIEMULSIONPOLYMERIZATION,DISPERSIONPOLYMERIZATION,SUSPENSIONPOLYMERIZATION,ANDCROSSLINKING,ETCHOWEVER,OFALLTHESEMETHODS,THESTRUCTUREANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEPREPAREDMAGNETICHYBRIDMICROSPHERESSHOWITSPROSANDCONS5–9THEPROCESSOFTEDIOUSANDTIMECONSUMINGPREPARATION,BROADSIZEDISTRIBUTIONANDNOUNIFORMMAGNETITEFRACTIONARENOWTHENEWCHALLENGESTODEVELOPMAGNETICCOMPOSITESINADDITION,TOOBTAINIDEALABSORBINGMATERIALSWITHTHINTHICKNESSANDLOWDENSITYASWELLASBROADBANDMICROWAVEABSORPTION,FURTHERRESEARCHESARESTILLESSENTIALRECENTLY,AFACILEONESTEPSOLVENTTHERMALCRYSTALLIZATIONROUTETOPREPAREFE3O4MICROSPHERESHASBEENDEVELOPEDINOURLAB10,11THERESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHEFE3O4HYBRIDMICROSPHERESEXHIBITEDUNIFORMPARTICLESIZE,STABLEMAGNETISMANDSPECIALSTRONGMICROWAVEABSORPTIONPROPERTIES,WHICHEFFICIENTLYSOLVEDTHEABOVEPROBLEMSANDWASWIDELYAPPLIEDINMULTIFUNCTIONALMAGNETICMATERIALSACCORDINGTOTHELITERATURE,INTHEFORMATIONPROCESSOFPOLYMER/FE3O4MAGNETICHYBRIDMICROSPHERES,THEMICROSPHERESPROPERTIESDEPENDONTHETYPEANDMOLECULARSTRUCTUREOFTHEORGANICSPECIESDIFFERENTKINDSOFTHEPOLYMERCOMBINEDWITHFE3O4WILLPOSSESSDIFFERENTSTRUCTUREANDMORPHOLOGY,RESULTINGINTHEDISTINGUISHABLEMICROWAVEABSORPTIONPROPERTIESASREPORTED,THEPHTHALOCYANINEBASEDPOLYMER/FE3O4MAGNETICHYBRIDSCANCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JMMMJOURNALOFMAGNETISMANDMAGNETICMATERIALS03048853/SEEFRONTMATTER2013ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JJMMM201308038NCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL/FAXT8602883207326EMAILADDRESSLIUXBUESTCEDUCNXLIUJOURNALOFMAGNETISMANDMAGNETICMATERIALS349201415–2032MAGNETICPROPERTIESTHEHYSTERESISLOOPSFORTPH/FE3O4MAGNETICHYBRIDMICROSPHERESWITHVARIOUSCONTENTOFTPHAREINVESTIGATEDATROOMTEMPERATUREUSINGAVIBRATINGSAMPLEMAGNETOMETERVSM,ASSHOWNINFIG4THESATURATIONMAGNETIZATIONANDTHECOERCIVITYVALUESOFTHETHREESAMPLESARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE1THESAMPLESDEMONSTRATEBETTERMAGNETICPROPERTIESTHANTHOSEREPORTEDINLITERATURES17THESATURATIONMAGNETIZATIONVALUESDECREASEALONGWITHTHEINCREASINGAMOUNTOFTPH,BUTSTILLREACH5816EMUG?1THEREASONSHOULDBETHEEXISTENCEOFTHEORGANICMATTERINTHEFE3O4PARTICLESANDTHELOWERCRYSTALLIZATIONOFMAGNETITEINTHEHYBRIDMICROSPHERES17ANDS3HASLOWERSATURATIONMAGNETIZATIONTHANTHEOTHERTWOSAMPLESS1,S2,WHICHISGIVENRISETOTHEBIGGESTSPINUNORDEREDDEGREEANDTHEINCREASINGSURFACEAREAOFTHEMAGNETICHYBRIDMICROSPHERESITCANBESEENFROMTHETABLETHATTHECOERCIVITYINCREASESALONGWITHTHEINCREASINGAMOUNTOFTPHS1HASTHELOWESTCOERCIVITY,WHICHCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEINCREASEDINTERPARTICLEDIPOLARINTERACTIONFROMTHEDECREASEDNANOPARTICLESPACEDISTANCEFORTHESINGLEDOMAINNANOPARTICLES1433MICROWAVEELECTROMAGNETICPROPERTIESITISWELLKNOWNTHATDIELECTRICCONSTANTANDPERMEABILITYARETHEINTRINSICPARAMETERSOFELECTROMAGNETICPROPERTYFORWAVEABSORBINGMATERIALBOTHDIELECTRICCONSTANTANDPERMEABILITYCANBEUSEDINTHEPLURALUNDERALTERNATINGMAGNETIC18INFIG5A,THEDIELECTRICLOSSCANBEEXPRESSEDASTHERATIOOFTHEIMAGINARYPARTΕ″ANDTHEREALPARTΕ′OFCOMPLEXPERMITTIVITYTHERANGEOFTHEDIELECTRICLOSSISBETWEEN001AND016WHENTHEFREQUENCYISLOWERTHAN7GHZ,THEDIELECTRICLOSSCURVESOFTHESAMPLESAREALLSMALLANDSIMILARANDTHEDIELECTRICLOSSMAXIMUMSOFS1,S2ANDS3APPEARATABOUT17GHZ,FIG2FTIRSPECTRAOFS1,S2ANDS3FIG1SEMIMAGESOFAPUREFE3O4,BS1,CS2ANDDS3SDONGETAL/JOURNALOFMAGNETISMANDMAGNETICMATERIALS349201415–2017

簡(jiǎn)介：1外文文獻(xiàn)ADAQCARDBASEDMIXEDSIGNALVIRTUALOSCMOSCOPEABSTRACTCOMPLEXSIGNALSFINDMANYAPPLICATIONSINSONAR,RADAR，ECHOLOCATIONSYSTEMSANDFORSTUDYINGTHERESONANTFREQUENCIESDIGITALSTORAGEOSCILLOSCOPCSDSOISUSEDTHESEDAYSFORACQUISITIONANDDISPLAYOFROUTINESIGNALSTHISINSTRUMENT,FOUNDINEVERYMEASUREMENTLABORATORY,THOUGHPOTENTINDISPLAYINGSIMPLEPERIODICWAVEFORMSLIKESINUSOIDSFAILSWHENFREQUENCYVARYINGTIMESIGNALSAREAPPLIED,THISPROBLEMSURFACESBECAUSETHEUNDERLYINGTECHNIQUEOFOSCILLOSCOPEUSEDTOTRIGGERTHEWAVEFORMDOESNOTACQUIESCEWITHCOMPLEXSIGNALSLIKECHIRPREADYSOLUTIONTOTHISPROBLEMISTHEMIXEDSIGNALOSCILLOSCOPETHISISACOSTLYSOLUTIONANDSMALLLABORATORIESCANNOTAFFORDTOHAVETHECOSTLYINSTRUMENTSINTHISPAPER,ACOSTEFFECTIVEDAQCARDBASEDMIXEDSIGNALVIRTUAL0SCILLOSCOPEISPROPOSEDTOSTUDYTHECOMPLEXSIGNALSANINTELLIGENTTECHNIQUE,WEIGHTEDHAMMINGDISTANCEWHDALGORITHMWASUSEDTOACCURATELYTRIGGERTHECOMPLEXWAVEFORMSALSOFORFREQUENCYDOMAINANALYSIS,JOINTTIMEFREQUENCYANALYSISJTFATECHNIQUESWEREUSEDALABVLEWTMBASEDVIRTUALINSTRUMENTWASDESIGNEDANDDEVELOPEDWITHACAPABILITYTOACQUIRE,DISPLAYANDANALYZETHETRIGGEREDSIGNALTHEINTEGRATEDPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGELABVIEWTMWASCHOSENASITOFFERSMANYSIMPLEREADYTOUSEFUNCTIONSINAWAYTHEPROPOSALOFFERSACOSTEFFECTIVE,FASTANDFLEXIBLESOLUTIONTOTREATTHECOMPLEXSIGNALSTHENEEDTOCREATESUCHSOLUTIONSISTHECONSEQUENCEOFCOSTLYHARDWARESYSTEMSTHEDEFICIENCYOFCONVENTIONALHARDWARESCHEMEFORTHEVIRTUALOSCILLOSCOPEFORCOMPLEXSIGNALSWITHSOMEREALTIMEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREPRESENTEDINTHISWORKKEVYWORDSVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATION,CHIRPSIGNAL,DATAACQUISITION,TRIGGERING,COMPLEXSIGNALS,JTFA1INTRODUCTIONFORTHELASTTWODECADESTHEREHASBEENATREMENDOUSPROGRESSINCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYMEASUREMENTDOMAINISNOLONGERLEFTUNAFFECTEDTHEWAYMEASUREMENTSAREBEINGDONEISTOTALLYREVOLUTIONIZEDCOMPUTERBASEDMEASUREMENTORSAYVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONISGRADUALLYREPLACINGTHECOSTLYBENCHTOPINSTRUMENTATIONASITOFFERS3

簡(jiǎn)介：1畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯題目BASEDONMCUINTERSECTIONTRAFFICLIGHTSTHECONTROLLERDESIGN附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)該譯文選材得當(dāng)，符合該生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目要求。漢語(yǔ)譯文比較通順，字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求，符合本科畢業(yè)生外文翻譯的要求。3附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文基于單片機(jī)的十字路口交通燈控制器的設(shè)計(jì)由于我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展從而導(dǎo)致了汽車(chē)數(shù)量的猛增，大中型城市的城市交通，正面臨著嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)，從而導(dǎo)致交通問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)重，其主要表現(xiàn)如下交通事故頻發(fā)，對(duì)人類(lèi)生命安全造成極大威脅；交通擁堵嚴(yán)重，導(dǎo)致出行時(shí)間增加，能源消耗加大；空氣污染和噪聲污染程度日益加深等。日常的交通堵塞成為人們司空見(jiàn)慣而又不得不忍受的問(wèn)題。在這種背景下，結(jié)合我國(guó)城市道路交通的實(shí)際情況，開(kāi)發(fā)出真正適合我們自身特點(diǎn)的智能信號(hào)燈控制系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)前的主要任務(wù)。前言在實(shí)際應(yīng)用上，根據(jù)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外實(shí)際交通信號(hào)控制應(yīng)用的考察，平面獨(dú)立交叉口信號(hào)控制基本采用定周期、多時(shí)段定周期、半感應(yīng)、全感應(yīng)等幾種方式。前兩種控制方式完全是基于對(duì)平面交叉口既往交通流數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查，由于交通流存在的變化性和隨機(jī)性，這兩種方式都具有通行效率低、方案易老化的缺陷，而半感應(yīng)式和全感應(yīng)式這兩種方式是在前兩種方式的基礎(chǔ)上增加了車(chē)輛檢測(cè)器并根據(jù)其提供的信息來(lái)調(diào)整周期長(zhǎng)和綠信比，它對(duì)車(chē)輛隨機(jī)到達(dá)的適應(yīng)性較大，可使車(chē)輛在停車(chē)線(xiàn)前盡可能少停車(chē)，達(dá)到交通流暢的效果。在現(xiàn)代化的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，電流、電壓、溫度、壓力、流量、流速和開(kāi)關(guān)量都是常用的主要被控參數(shù)。例如在冶金工業(yè)、化工生產(chǎn)、電力工程、造紙行業(yè)、機(jī)械制造和食品加工等諸多領(lǐng)域中，人們都需要對(duì)交通進(jìn)行有序的控制。采用單片機(jī)來(lái)對(duì)交通進(jìn)行控制，不僅具有控制方便、組態(tài)簡(jiǎn)單和靈活性大等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而且可以大幅度提高被控制量的技術(shù)指標(biāo)，從而能夠大大提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量。因此，單片機(jī)對(duì)交通燈的控制問(wèn)題是一個(gè)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到的問(wèn)題。在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，有很多行業(yè)有大量的交通燈設(shè)備，在現(xiàn)行系統(tǒng)中,大多數(shù)的交通控制信號(hào)都是用繼電器來(lái)完成的,但繼電器響應(yīng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),靈敏度低,長(zhǎng)期使用之后,故障機(jī)會(huì)大大增加,而采用單片機(jī)控制,其精度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于繼電器,響應(yīng)時(shí)間短,軟件可靠性高,不會(huì)因?yàn)楣ぷ鲿r(shí)間緣故而降低其性能,相比而言,本方案具有很高的可行性。關(guān)于AT89C51

簡(jiǎn)介：VALUINGTHEWARRANTYCEILINGCLAUSEONNEWMEXICOHIGHWAY44USINGABINOMIALLATTICEMODELABSTRACTIN1998THENEWMEXICOSTATEHIGHWAYANDTRANSPORTATIONDEPARTMENTNMSHTDAGREEDTOPAY60MILLIONFORA20YEARPAVEMENTWARRANTYONTHEIRROUTE44PROJECTNM44,NOWUS550THEWARRANTYINCLUDESACEILINGCLAUSETHATCAPSTOTALEXPENDITURESAT110MILLIONASTHEFIRSTLONGTERMHIGHWAYWARRANTYINTHEUNITEDSTATES,THETRANSACTIONSETACONTROVERSIALPRECEDENTTHATPARTIESINTERESTEDININNOVATIVEHIGHWAYCONTRACTING,INCLUDINGOTHERSTATEDEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONSDOTS,THEUSDOT,SURETIES,ANDCONTRACTORS,VIEWASATESTCASEFOREVALUATINGPRICINGANDCOSTEFFECTIVENESSANINTERIMAUDITREPORTPUBLISHEDBYTHESTATEOFNEWMEXICOABBEY2004REPTOTHELEGISLATIVEFINANCECOMMITTEE,STATEHIGHWAYANDTRANSPORTATIONDEPARTMENTSANTAFENMPROVIDESINVALUABLEFISCALPROJECTIONSANDCHALLENGESTHECOSTEFFECTIVENESSOFTHE60MILLIONEXPENDITURETHISPAPERPRESENTSANINDEPENDENTANALYSISOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEWARRANTYCLAUSESBASEDUPONNMSHTDDATA,THEANALYSISCONTENDSTHAT60MILLIONWASAFAIRCOSTOFTHE20YEARPAVEMENTWARRANTYATTHETIMEOFACCEPTANCEIFTHEEXPENDITURECEILINGISNOTCONSIDEREDFURTHERMORETHISPAPERARGUESTHATTHECEILINGONEXPENDITURECANBEVALUABLEUSINGTHEREALOPTIONSAPPROACH,THEPAPEREVALUATESTHEWARRANTYCEILINGCLAUSEONNM44ANDSOMEPOLICYSUGGESTIONSAREDISCUSSEDINTRODUCTIONSTATEDEPARTMENTSOFTRANSPORTATIONDOTTURNEDINCREASINGLYPROACTIVEWHENAWARDINGLARGEHIGHWAYPAVEMENTCONTRACTSASARESULTOFTHEUNITEDSTATESFEDERALHIGHWAYADMINISTRATIONSFHWASPECIALEXPERIMENTALPROJECTSSEPSSEPNO14,IMPLEMENTEDIN1990,OPENEDTHEDOORFORINNOVATIVECONTRACTINGMETHODSINCLUDINGLANERENTAL,COSTPLUSTIMEBIDDING,DESIGNBUILDTECHNIQUES,ANDWARRANTYCLAUSESTHEWARRANTYCLAUSESHOLDCONTRACTORSLIABLEFORREPARATIONFORPERFORMANCEFAILURESWITHINAWARRANTYPERIODTHATTYPICALLYEXTENDSFROM5TO7YEARSTHOUGHNEWMEXICOWASNOTAMONGTHEORIGINALEIGHTSTATESTHATINITIATEDTHEUSEOFWARRANTIESUNDERSEPNO14THEYHAVESINCEEVALUATEDTHEOPTIONOFWARRANTYCONTRACTINGANDSUCCESSFULLYAPPLIEDITTOTHENEWMEXICOSTATEROUTE44PROJECTNOWUS550,NUMBERS,THEWARRANTYPRICINGWAS6,400/LANEMI/YEAR,A60REDUCTIONASCOMPAREDTOTHEINITIALEVALUATIONMAVETAL2003ADDITIONALLY,THEWARRANTYDURATIONWASLIMITEDBYTHREECEILINGCLAUSES120YEARSOFSERVICELIFE24,000,000EQUIVALENTSINGLEAXLELOADSESALSAND3114MILLIONINTOTALEXPENDITURES,OFWHICH1L0MILLIONISTHECEILINGFORTHEPAVEMENTWARRANTYAND4MILLIONISTHECEILINGFORTHESTRUCTUREWARRANTYTHUS,INRETURNFOR62MILLIONMESAPDCAGREEDTOPROVIDEUPTO114MILLIONINREPAIRSOVERAPERIODOF20YEARSOR4MILLIONESALSTOENSURETHEFISCALLIABILITYWASMETTHEWARRANTYWASALSOBACKEDBYAPERFORMANCEBONDTHEPARTIESESTABLISHEDWHATCONSTITUTESWARRANTEDPAVEMENTDEFECTSBASEDONOBJECTIVECRITERIASUCHASSMOOTHNESS,RUTTING,TRANSVERSECRACKSPACING,CRACKWIDTH,POTHOLES,DEPRESSIONSBLEEDING,RAVELING,ANDDELAMINATIONSBECAUSETHEWARRANTYPROVIDERSHOULDERSTHERISKSASSOCIATEDWITHPERFORMANCE,THEYHAVEASTRONGINCENTIVETOASSUREQUALITYINTHEDESIGN,COMPOSITION,ANDCONSTRUCTIONOFTHEPAVEMENTTHEPARTIESALSODEVELOPEDPLANSTOMONITORPERFORMANCEANDPERFORMBOTHPREVENTATIVEANDROUTINEMAINTENANCETOENSURETHEHIGHWAY’SHEALTH2DISCOUNTEDCASHFLOWANALYSISINARECENTINTERIMREPORTOFTHENM44WARRANTYAUDIT,THESTATEOFNEWMEXICOCHALLENGEDTHECOSTEFFECTIVENESSOFTHE62MILLIONWARRANTYABBEY2004THISINTERIMREPORTANDITSPREDECESSORABBEY1999PROVIDEINVALUABLECOSTPROJECTIONSONTHENM44PROJECTANDTHEASSOCIATEDWARRANTYUSINGTHESEDATAWECONDUCTEDOUROWNCOSTANALYSISBASEDONTHEINFORMATIONAVAILABLETOTHENMSHTDWHENTHEYMADETHEWARRANTYDECISIONIN1998SOFORTHISANALYSIS,ALLWARRAFITYBENEFITSANDCOSTSINCURREDDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONANDWARRANTYPERIODWEREDISCOUNTEDBACKTOTHEDECISIONTIMEIN1998,ANDALLCOSTS,ANDPAYMENTSWEREASSUMEDTOFALLATTHEENDOFTHEYEARADDITIONALLY,WECONSIDEREDONLYTHEPAVEMENTWARRANTYWHICHISVALUEDAT60MILLIONANDEXPLAINS968OFTHETOTALWARRANTYCOSTIGNORINGTHESTRUCTURESWARRANTY,WHICHISVALUEDATONLY2MILLION,REDUCESAMBIGUITYWITHOUTANYSIGNIFICANTIMPACTONTHERESULTSFARTHERMOREABBEY2004ESTIMATESTHATTHESTRUCTURESWARRANTYWILLEXPIREBEFORETHEENDOFTHE10YEARWARRANTYPERIOD,WHILETHEPAVEMENTWARRANTYPROBABLYWILLREMAININEFFECTFORTHEENTIRE20YEARTERM3DISCUSSIONANDPOLICYSUGGESTIONSDUETOTHECEILINGCLAUSE,THEPRICEOFTHEWARRANTYPROVISIONSINTHENM44PROJECTDOESNOTREFLECTTHEREALCOSTTOTHENMSHTDTHECEILINGCLAUSE,VALUEDAT48MILLION/YEAR

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文49664966字采用一種新的快速處理模型測(cè)量注塑件凹痕的視覺(jué)感知性采用一種新的快速處理模型測(cè)量注塑件凹痕的視覺(jué)感知性迪特爾格魯伯，約翰內(nèi)斯實(shí)干家，迪特馬爾哈巴杰拉爾德R伯杰，沃爾特關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞注塑成型縮痕表面檢查視覺(jué)感知摘要這項(xiàng)工作的目的是提出一種新穎的方法用于凹痕上的注塑件表面的視覺(jué)感知性的快速評(píng)估。基于先前的研究工作對(duì)表面缺陷進(jìn)行的檢測(cè)，它是一種根據(jù)CCD圖像對(duì)縮痕的可見(jiàn)性計(jì)算的新模式。采用了一種新的計(jì)算表面模型函數(shù)來(lái)確定二階導(dǎo)數(shù)（ASD）的振幅作為凹痕的視覺(jué)感知性的量度。該模型的參數(shù)是快速可計(jì)算的，因此，非常適合用于在線(xiàn)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)的機(jī)器視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)。為了測(cè)試該模型參數(shù)，注射成型部件采用預(yù)先設(shè)置的處理?xiàng)l件下產(chǎn)生，并在凹痕的視覺(jué)感知過(guò)程參數(shù)變化的影響下進(jìn)行評(píng)估。作者通過(guò)愛(ài)思唯爾有限公司出版，發(fā)布于2013年，所有權(quán)受保護(hù)。1介紹介紹高質(zhì)量的注塑成型塑料部件，旨在吸引潛在客戶(hù)的注意力，比如汽車(chē)行業(yè)，或用于個(gè)人護(hù)理產(chǎn)品中使用等。一方面，各種因素會(huì)影響產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量對(duì)顧客的印象，另一方面，聚合物材料的特性和工藝參數(shù)強(qiáng)烈地影響凹痕的形成，如注射后在模具中的保持壓力。這種類(lèi)型的缺陷的發(fā)生是由于在聚合物材料在注射后的冷卻階段收縮的結(jié)果。例如，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)肋，材料在肋部分的底板的T字路口的積累會(huì)造成這樣。凹痕可以通過(guò)在注射后施加高夾持壓力被減小。然而，該方法是能量和耗時(shí)的，并因此降低了日常生產(chǎn)配額。作為行業(yè)試圖避免縮痕，同時(shí)保持生產(chǎn)成本盡可能低，這種表面缺陷已成為一個(gè)低品質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)的指示。在大多數(shù)情況下，完美的預(yù)防凹痕是不可能的，因此，有必要檢測(cè)和評(píng)價(jià)感知的水平。測(cè)量結(jié)果必須顯示與人類(lèi)感知和缺陷評(píng)價(jià)的高相關(guān)性。對(duì)于一個(gè)可能的內(nèi)嵌應(yīng)用，結(jié)果還必須是精確的，無(wú)歧義的和可重復(fù)的。在本文中，將呈現(xiàn)一種新的凹痕視覺(jué)感知與檢測(cè)和評(píng)價(jià)的方法。它的目的是基于圖像處理的凹痕視覺(jué)感知和量化而開(kāi)發(fā)的一種快速方法。凡之前提述的有關(guān)的凹痕的大幅評(píng)估的工作給出了下面的文字。施和古普塔用于把流動(dòng)模擬與有限元分析相結(jié)合來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)位置和縮痕深度。它們包括溫度和在其工作腔中的壓力。實(shí)驗(yàn)是以良好的仿真模型為依據(jù)16。神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)被用來(lái)模擬注塑缺陷。經(jīng)測(cè)定，它們可以被用來(lái)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的計(jì)算流分析。應(yīng)用神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)降低的計(jì)算處理量7,8。NI使用CAE注射成型模擬程序來(lái)描述造成凹痕的主要因素，并比較其結(jié)果與注塑部分的測(cè)量結(jié)果。發(fā)生凹痕的預(yù)測(cè)是基于很好的實(shí)驗(yàn)，他們也指出，較高的熱質(zhì)量和近肋骨基地的有效填充時(shí)間是凹痕深度的決定性因素。此外，所使用的材料，部件的幾何形狀，所述冷卻通道布局和模制的工藝窗口的影響進(jìn)行了研究9。雖然重點(diǎn)是表面有劃痕，但由于光學(xué)材料參數(shù)，包括在他們的思考，使得MòRILLOU等人的工作也是耐人尋味的。他們結(jié)合雙向反射分布函數(shù)（BRDF）與紋理映射，即他們建造的地形和光學(xué)表面性質(zhì)10之間的橋梁。爾文諾伊寧等負(fù)責(zé)關(guān)于注塑件的光澤度差測(cè)量的出版工作。他們提出了一個(gè)方法來(lái)測(cè)量凸或凹表面11光3圖1，凹痕的形成圖2注塑成型測(cè)試部分和包括一個(gè)凹痕的實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)域在初步的測(cè)試運(yùn)行，建立了工藝窗口的保壓壓力的變化。設(shè)定保持時(shí)間得足夠高，以避免對(duì)凹痕的形成沒(méi)有任何影響。它是假設(shè)注射噴嘴溫度接近熔化溫度時(shí)，發(fā)生噴射，從而監(jiān)測(cè)噴嘴溫度恒定性。原則上，在注射成型過(guò)程中，也有可能測(cè)量在模具表面溫度在一確定的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。然而，保持實(shí)際的模具表面溫度完全不變，而其他參數(shù)繼續(xù)變化，這是不可能的。為解決此問(wèn)題，可將冷卻劑溫度作為設(shè)定參數(shù)。然而，最小的模具溫度在注射成型過(guò)程中所使用的模內(nèi)傳感器測(cè)定。測(cè)得的溫度為2℃至5℃，比冷卻液的溫度高。處理的參數(shù)列于表1中。以1兆帕為單位，保壓壓力從28MPA上升到41兆帕。測(cè)試部分開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)時(shí)的工藝參數(shù)進(jìn)行了監(jiān)測(cè)是穩(wěn)定的。第10部分的一系列被拒絕。這意味著它得到保證，所有零件均產(chǎn)生在接近恒定的模具溫度。23。數(shù)據(jù)采集一個(gè)AVT黃貂魚(yú)的F504攝像頭是來(lái)自MATHWORKS公司用來(lái)控制和利用MATLAB解決數(shù)據(jù)采集。一條來(lái)自從VICOLUX的光線(xiàn)，由FAL11WLED光源配備擴(kuò)散器通過(guò)

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4940字出處出處WEIA,CHENX,HUANGYSPATIALLAYOUTOFENVIRONMENTALLANDSCAPESINELDERLYCOMMUNITYJJOURNALOFLANDSCAPERESEARCH,20152老年社區(qū)環(huán)境景觀空間布局研老年社區(qū)環(huán)境景觀空間布局研究魏安潔，陳曉，黃玉溪（城市建設(shè)，江西師范大學(xué)，南昌，江西330022。北京交通大學(xué)建筑與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院，北京，100044，中國(guó)）摘要摘要當(dāng)今中國(guó)進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì)，養(yǎng)老問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)重。通過(guò)獨(dú)生子女政策的影響，傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)老保障體系無(wú)法適應(yīng)新的社會(huì)形勢(shì)，該機(jī)構(gòu)已成為未來(lái)養(yǎng)老保障體系的主體。對(duì)老年人健康的研究建筑設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)取得了許多成果，但這些對(duì)老年社區(qū)景觀設(shè)計(jì)報(bào)道的較少。本文研究了景觀設(shè)計(jì)視角下的養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)理論和實(shí)踐，并試圖探索老年人的環(huán)境景觀的空間布局社區(qū)。在梳理中國(guó)和他們的需求，老年組的特定心理需求的基礎(chǔ)上?？怂咕坝^空間布局，提出了一些有效的解決方案成功的老年觀在國(guó)外的社區(qū)，然后分析了中國(guó)老年社區(qū)的發(fā)展，從而指出景觀設(shè)計(jì)方法能促進(jìn)老年人身心健康的養(yǎng)老組織機(jī)構(gòu)。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞老年公寓，景觀設(shè)計(jì)，空間布局老齡化人口已經(jīng)或?qū)⒈辉谠S多國(guó)家是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。根據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國(guó)作為世界上人口最多的國(guó)家自2003年正式進(jìn)入老齡社會(huì)，在中國(guó)60歲以上的人口達(dá)到2千萬(wàn)人。目前的老化在中國(guó)的問(wèn)題會(huì)導(dǎo)致很大的變化的養(yǎng)老理念和模式，需要經(jīng)濟(jì)支持的老年群體，在醫(yī)療保健，生活支持和心理健康逐漸被重視，因此景觀老年社區(qū)的設(shè)計(jì)要他們的行為特征分析，并采取相應(yīng)的策略來(lái)滿(mǎn)足在不同的老年人需求的環(huán)境水平。1、一般情況下的老年社區(qū)老年社區(qū)是指居住空間專(zhuān)門(mén)為老年人建立健康生活設(shè)施，提高公共配套設(shè)施，和現(xiàn)代化設(shè)施。這是一個(gè)新的結(jié)算類(lèi)型的老年人和生活方式，擁有各種安全和服務(wù)設(shè)施在郵局，超市，護(hù)理機(jī)構(gòu)，和銀行，分散的家庭沒(méi)有，和家庭般的溫馨氛圍，也常見(jiàn)護(hù)理機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)有。相比與普通的住宅區(qū)，老年人社區(qū)呈現(xiàn)以下特點(diǎn)首先，大部分的居民都是老年人，生活在他們自己的公寓；其次，社區(qū)由共同生活居住的建筑或集中住宅為主，建筑設(shè)計(jì)的概念和方法以老年人為設(shè)計(jì)重點(diǎn)；第三，老年人社區(qū)不僅具有基本功能和生活設(shè)施與普通住宅區(qū)，也是擁有醫(yī)療服務(wù)護(hù)理服務(wù)的老人。老年人社區(qū)時(shí)早期提出的，由于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì)比中國(guó)早，老年人在美國(guó)，日本的社區(qū)，和新加坡已發(fā)展成熟，建設(shè)老年人的社區(qū)一直作為提高老年人生活環(huán)境的重要途徑。這些國(guó)家已經(jīng)積累了豐富的老年社區(qū)的規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，為其他國(guó)家提供有益的參考，針對(duì)老齡化社會(huì)通過(guò)制定政策和計(jì)劃應(yīng)對(duì)。2、國(guó)外案例日本、新加坡等亞洲國(guó)家與中國(guó)有更少的文化差異，所以老年人在社區(qū)景觀設(shè)計(jì)兩國(guó)都為我們提供了有效的經(jīng)驗(yàn)這場(chǎng)。例如，內(nèi)部景觀設(shè)計(jì)靜岡縣敬老院使用的變化光與影的效果，和配料植物，為創(chuàng)造一個(gè)舒適的氛圍老年人。寶冢太陽(yáng)城療養(yǎng)院提供療養(yǎng)院在參考設(shè)計(jì)城市舊區(qū)改造。家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)新加坡將老年公寓垂直城市農(nóng)場(chǎng)，為我們提供了參考為解決人口老齡化和保障這些人的食物供應(yīng)。布局老年社區(qū)在中國(guó)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)考慮到中國(guó)的特點(diǎn)社會(huì)和地方老年組。結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)注防御功能，這是反射該國(guó)的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。例如，北京四合院的山墻從中西方不同的格子窗國(guó)家的獨(dú)立的內(nèi)部空間，從外面的世界。閻錫山故居和王家住所在山西省同時(shí)注重防御功能，這些建筑有高聳的墻壁甚至碉樓四角結(jié)構(gòu)。土樓在福建省列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)，它就像一個(gè)巨大的堡壘，整個(gè)外壁沒(méi)有任何窗戶(hù)，這樣，外人的入侵可有效地防止。35溫柔和安靜古代中國(guó)有沒(méi)有這樣的游戲展示力量和勇氣的奧運(yùn)在古希臘奧運(yùn)會(huì)，也沒(méi)有這樣的暴力游戲作為奴隸的摔跤。這樣的差異農(nóng)耕文化與游牧文化之間表明中國(guó)的一種精神和文化，和一個(gè)共同的心理情結(jié)。中國(guó)更喜歡溫和的活動(dòng)，如打麻將，因?yàn)檗r(nóng)耕文化的特點(diǎn)是安靜，和桃子的概念“善良伴隨著殺戮”以善根深在心里中國(guó)。溫柔是中國(guó)人的一種典型氣質(zhì)。在“水”占有特別在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化中的重要地位作為中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)的核心因素文化。山和水文化，和隱士文化可以概括為“精致的中國(guó)文化”，與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)園林是的“雅文化代表”。4、中國(guó)老年社區(qū)環(huán)境的空間布局41強(qiáng)調(diào)老年人的視覺(jué)和觸覺(jué)感覺(jué)，提高空間的可達(dá)性和辨識(shí)性老年人的社區(qū)的關(guān)鍵設(shè)計(jì)是滿(mǎn)足生理和功能的景觀老年人的心理需求?？紤]到老年人的行為特征，小綠色空間可以安排附近入口建筑方便日常居民的鍛煉。景觀集群在社區(qū)的老年人組成的植物園林綠化和休閑空間，小規(guī)模的水景的設(shè)計(jì)通常是豐富的視覺(jué)和音響體驗(yàn)?？紤]到視力不良高年級(jí)的學(xué)生，工廠設(shè)計(jì)集錦的顏色，和與美麗的顏色一年四季植物結(jié)合適當(dāng)?shù)谋尘邦伾珣?yīng)力的顏色，形狀和大小，劃船，水果葉，視覺(jué)和觸覺(jué)的老年人。在老年社區(qū)，交通線(xiàn)路應(yīng)明確設(shè)計(jì)使老年人就能到達(dá)目的地安全方便。此外，無(wú)障礙設(shè)計(jì)輔助設(shè)施應(yīng)考慮，和景觀設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該是廣泛的途徑足以保證老年人通道輔助被別人。因?yàn)槔夏耆巳菀酌月?，設(shè)計(jì)和室外空間的布置應(yīng)更容易識(shí)別。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，由于老人生活在一個(gè)地方時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了，他們與社區(qū)環(huán)境相當(dāng)熟悉，這是保持原始圖像的重要社區(qū)，和老社區(qū)不裝修或逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變。在新開(kāi)發(fā)的社區(qū)，地方，建筑和景觀設(shè)置，應(yīng)據(jù)老人們熟悉的設(shè)計(jì)的人。社區(qū)道路具有很高的可讀性要有明確的路線(xiàn)，明確的節(jié)點(diǎn)，和簡(jiǎn)潔的指標(biāo)體系。指示系統(tǒng)應(yīng)避免眩光，紅色等鮮艷的顏色，黃色和橙色可以代替藍(lán)色紫色，指示器上的字體應(yīng)其背景合同。和指標(biāo)應(yīng)安裝在合適的高度，甚至晚上還考慮可讀性，如房間號(hào)碼。此外，個(gè)性和特征空間應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)突出的可識(shí)別性，例如，通過(guò)利用形式等細(xì)節(jié)的變化，材料，紋理和顏色。在關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)的符號(hào)或視覺(jué)的目標(biāo)應(yīng)該是建立提升外層空間的可識(shí)別性。42合理的安排交流空間滿(mǎn)足老年人的喜好老年人熱衷社交活動(dòng)，比起這些活動(dòng)主要發(fā)生在公共場(chǎng)所和依靠他人的合作，他們更喜歡所有年齡組的活動(dòng)空間，而不是那些專(zhuān)為老年人。考慮到大量的參與者，中央廣場(chǎng)總是一個(gè)良好的選擇，公共綠色空間設(shè)施（如社區(qū)服務(wù)中心活動(dòng)中心）可以合并，公告欄設(shè)置起來(lái)。大部分的空間應(yīng)保證陽(yáng)光充足，直接連接主要途徑。有時(shí)性能區(qū)需要組織宣傳活動(dòng)等廣場(chǎng)上，應(yīng)鋪設(shè)防滑材料。對(duì)于小規(guī)模的宣傳活動(dòng)，只有小廣場(chǎng)或綠色空間是必要的，或部分中央廣場(chǎng)借，長(zhǎng)椅和步驟應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)。每個(gè)地方都有自己的文化，架空墻可以設(shè)置在社區(qū)展示書(shū)法，攝影和繪畫(huà)作品居民，以豐富的文化氛圍該社區(qū)，并激發(fā)他們的活力。這樣的空間應(yīng)該遠(yuǎn)離汽車(chē)與直接連接通路提供寧?kù)o的環(huán)境。此外，照明應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是，路線(xiàn)的行人流量分類(lèi)出來(lái)，走廊，涼亭和長(zhǎng)椅排列在附近。老年人經(jīng)常聚集唱歌，跳舞，下棋，喝茶聊天，這樣的空間可以集中或散，花壇，花架，和樹(shù)木用于形成私人和半私人的空間，和滿(mǎn)足老年人的交流需求。例如，一個(gè)小廣場(chǎng)是專(zhuān)為跳舞，種植的樹(shù)木，布局調(diào)整減少噪音。43保持了原有的街道關(guān)系，設(shè)置田園采摘區(qū)

簡(jiǎn)介：附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文開(kāi)發(fā)輪胎牽引力測(cè)試裝置VK蒂瓦里一，A，KP潘迪B，AK夏爾馬?A農(nóng)業(yè)電力機(jī)械部門(mén)，農(nóng)業(yè)工程與技術(shù)，JUNAGADH農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)，JUNAGADH362001，印度古吉拉特B農(nóng)業(yè)與食品工程系，印度理工學(xué)院，克勒格布爾，印度研究所?技術(shù)學(xué)院和農(nóng)業(yè)工程，農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)MAHARANA，烏代布爾，印度普拉塔普大學(xué)摘要一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置，其中包括一個(gè)室內(nèi)土槽，一個(gè)帶有單輪測(cè)試儀土壤處理車(chē)，上面還裝著用來(lái)在土壤進(jìn)行牽引力試驗(yàn)的牽引力設(shè)備。通過(guò)這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置可以測(cè)試土壤對(duì)輪胎的影響以及相關(guān)參數(shù)，單輪測(cè)試儀的設(shè)計(jì)原理是這樣的，動(dòng)態(tài)的重量等于計(jì)算出來(lái)的靜態(tài)反作用力，該裝置最大測(cè)試直徑為15M，垂直力最大可達(dá)19KN，水平拉力最大可達(dá)72KN，扭矩可達(dá)55千牛米，速度可達(dá)35公里/小時(shí)。2009ISTVS。由ELSEVIER公司保留出版所有權(quán)。1簡(jiǎn)介農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)占到印度機(jī)械動(dòng)力使用總數(shù)42的份額。為了滿(mǎn)足糧食的糧食生產(chǎn)的需求印度農(nóng)場(chǎng)對(duì)于拖拉機(jī)的需求比十年前多了一倍，多以盡可能的優(yōu)化拖拉機(jī)的性能有助于減少能源的浪費(fèi)，輪胎是車(chē)輛和地面的接觸設(shè)備，農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)和越野滑雪車(chē)輛只有在執(zhí)行特定任務(wù)時(shí)才能有匹配車(chē)輛設(shè)計(jì)的輪胎。當(dāng)車(chē)輛經(jīng)過(guò)地面時(shí)，由于車(chē)輛的自重，輪胎會(huì)使地面板結(jié)，過(guò)度的板結(jié)會(huì)造成土壤容重的增加，從而影響根系生長(zhǎng)，土壤通氣和水的運(yùn)動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致作物減產(chǎn)，這是必須選擇合適輪胎的原因之一。另一原因是輪胎的負(fù)載效應(yīng)可能影響牽引性能。因此世界各地都開(kāi)始輪胎測(cè)試設(shè)備，大部分是室內(nèi)土壤監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)施，但是也有部分能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)實(shí)地輪胎測(cè)試?；仡櫸墨I(xiàn)表明在過(guò)去研究人員非常注重輪胎牽引能力的測(cè)試。例如在美國(guó)奧本的國(guó)家土動(dòng)力實(shí)驗(yàn)室，英國(guó)的錫爾索研究所，最初印度的克勒格布爾的印度理工學(xué)院發(fā)展了一個(gè)了輪胎測(cè)試運(yùn)輸單元，后來(lái)該單元被完全修改和輪胎牽引力測(cè)試設(shè)備的開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)為了研究印度各種拖拉機(jī)輪胎牽引力的性能。VK的蒂瓦里等。/地面力學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)46（2009）293298命名T扭矩（NM）VT理論速度（M/S）P拉力（N）S車(chē)輪打滑（）W動(dòng)態(tài)權(quán)重/垂直力KNTE牽引效率（無(wú)量綱）D整體輪胎直徑（M）NTR凈牽引比（無(wú)量綱）R輾壓半徑在零狀態(tài)的測(cè)試輪子（M）GRT總牽引比率（無(wú)量綱）N車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)速（轉(zhuǎn)/MIN）MRR電阻率（無(wú)量綱）VA實(shí)際速度（M/S）2輪胎牽引試驗(yàn)設(shè)備所開(kāi)發(fā)的輪胎牽引力測(cè)試設(shè)施包括一個(gè)室內(nèi)土槽，單輪測(cè)試儀，土壤處理手推車(chē)，一牽引力加載裝置和一個(gè)控制箱。一個(gè)輪胎的牽引力測(cè)試機(jī)構(gòu)普遍如圖1所示。VK的蒂瓦里等。/地面力學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)46（2009）293298圖1一般看法的輪胎牽引力測(cè)試設(shè)施。21。土槽土槽是用水泥混凝土和磚建成的，外形尺寸137M150M235M，它還提供了90MM90MM5MM的MS角鐵柱，兩個(gè)125MM65MM5MM印度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通道，137M外事沿著土槽的軌道，側(cè)軌道用來(lái)方便牽引力下臺(tái)車(chē)在土槽中運(yùn)動(dòng)，電

簡(jiǎn)介：COMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNAPPLICATIONS,VOL2,NOS14,2005,PP9510495ADAPTIVENCSIMULATIONFORMULTIAXISSOLIDMACHININGHONGTYAU1,LEESTSOU2ANDYUCTONG31NATIONALCHUNGCHENGUNIVERSITY,IMEHTYCCUEDUTW2NATIONALCHUNGCHENGUNIVERSITY,LSTSOUCADMECCUEDUTW3NATIONALCHUNGCHENGUNIVERSITY,PUMECCUEDUTWABSTRACTFORTHEMACHININGOFACOMPLICATEDSURFACE,ALARGEAMOUNTOFLINEARNCSEGMENTSAREUSUALLYGENERATEDTOAPPROXIMATETHESURFACEWITHPRECISIONIFINACCURATENCCODESARENOTDISCOVEREDUNTILTHEENDOFCUTTING,TIMEANDEXPENSIVEMATERIALWOULDBEWASTEDHOWEVER,ACCURATEANDVIEWINDEPENDENTVERIFICATIONOFMULTIAXISNCMACHININGISSTILLACHALLENGETHISPAPEREMPHASIZESTHEUSEOFADAPTIVEOCTREETODEVELOPARELIABLEMULTIAXISSIMULATIONPROCEDUREWHICHVERIFIESTHECUTTINGROUTEANDTHEWORKPIECEAPPEARANCEDURINGANDAFTERSIMULATIONVOXELMODELSWITHADAPTIVEOCTREEDATASTRUCTUREAREUSEDTOAPPROXIMATETHEMACHINEDWORKPIECEWITHSPECIFIEDRESOLUTIONIMPLICITFUNCTIONSAREUSEDTOREPRESENTVARIOUSCUTTERGEOMETRIESFORTHEEXAMINATIONOFCUTTERCONTACTPOINTSWITHSPEEDANDACCURACYITALLOWSAUSERTODOERRORANALYSISANDCOMPARISONBETWEENTHECUTTINGMODELANDTHEORIGINALCADMODELITCANALSOVERIFYTHEEXACTNESSOFNCCODESBEFOREMACHININGISCARRIEDOUTBYACNCMACHINEINORDERTOAVOIDWASTINGMATERIALANDTOIMPROVEMACHININGACCURACYKEYWORDSNCSIMULATION,SOLIDMACHINING,ADAPTIVEVOXELMODEL1INTRODUCTIONNCMACHININGISAFUNDAMENTALANDIMPORTANTMANUFACTURINGPROCESSFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFMECHANICALPARTSIDEALLY,ANNCMACHINEWOULDBERUNNINGINUNMANNEDMODETHEUSEOFNCSIMULATIONANDVERIFICATIONISESSENTIALIFPROGRAMSARETOBERUNWITHCONFIDENCEDURINGANUNMANNEDOPERATION1THEREFORE,ITISOFVITALIMPORTANCETOGUARANTEETHEEXACTNESSOFNCPATHSBEFOREEXECUTIONFROMLITERATURE,NCSIMULATIONCANMAINLYBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREEMAJORAPPROACHES7,DESCRIBEDASFOLLOWSTHEFIRSTKINDOFAPPROACHUSESDIRECTBOOLEANINTERSECTIONSOFSOLIDMODELSTOCALCULATETHEMATERIALREMOVALVOLUMESDURINGMACHINING2,3THISAPPROACHISTHEORETICALLYCAPABLEOFPROVIDINGACCURATENCSIMULATION,BUTTHEPROBLEMWITHUSINGTHESOLIDMODELINGAPPROACHISTHATITISCOMPUTATIONALLYEXPENSIVETHECOSTOFSIMULATIONUSINGCONSTRUCTIVESOLIDGEOMETRYISPROPORTIONALTOTHEFOURTHPOWEROFTHENUMBEROFTOOLMOVEMENTSON411THESECONDKINDOFAPPROACHUSESSPATIALPARTITIONINGREPRESENTATIONTOREPRESENTTHECUTTERANDTHEWORKPIECE48INTHISAPPROACH,ASOLIDOBJECTISDECOMPOSEDINTOACOLLECTIONOFBASICGEOMETRICELEMENTS,WHICHINCLUDEVOXELS4,5,DEXELS6,7,GBUFFERS8,ANDSOON,THUSSIMPLIFYINGTHEPROCESSESOFREGULARIZEDBOOLEANSETOPERATIONSTHETHIRDKINDOFAPPROACHUSESDISCRETEVECTORINTERSECTION911THISMETHODISBASEDONADISCRETIZATIONOFASURFACEINTOASETOFPOINTSCUTTINGISSIMULATEDBYCALCULATINGTHEINTERSECTIONOFVECTORSWHICHPASSTHROUGHTHESURFACEPOINTSWITHTOOLPATHENVELOPESDURINGMULTIAXISNCMACHINING,THECUTTINGTOOLFREQUENTLYROTATESSOTHATITISVERYDIFFICULTTOCALCULATEAWORKPIECEMODELTHATISVIEWDEPENDENTTHUS,INTHISPAPER,WEUSETHEVOXELDATASTRUCTURETOREPRESENTTHEWORKPIECEMODELBUTACCORDINGTOPASTLITERATURE,IFPRECISIONISNEEDED,ALARGENUMBEROFVOXELSMUSTBESETUPTOCARRYOUTBOOLEANSETOPERATIONSTHISCONSUMESMEMORYANDTIMETHUS,OURAPPROACHUSESTHEOCTREEDATASTRUCTURETOREPRESENTTHEWORKPIECEMODELTHEOCTREECANBEADAPTEDTOCREATEVOXELSWITHTHEDESIREDRESOLUTIONSTHATARENEEDEDWEUTILIZETHEOCTREETOQUICKLYSEARCHFORVOXELSWHICHHAVECONTACTWITHTHECUTTERHOWEVER,OURAPPROACHUSESANIMPLICITFUNCTIONTOREPRESENTTHECUTTINGTOOLBECAUSEACUTTERCANBEEASILYANDEXACTLYREPRESENTEDBYIMPLICITALGEBRAICEQUATIONS,ANDJUDGINGWHETHERTHECUTTERKEEPSINCONTACTWITHTHEWORKPIECEISALSOEASYTHUS,OURAPPROACHISRELIABLEANDPRECISETHECONTENTOFTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2DISCUSSESTHEWORKPIECEREPRESENTATIONUSINGOCTREEBASEDVOXELMODESSECTION3PRESENTSTHEFORMULATIONOFIMPLICITFUNCTIONSUSEDTOREPRESENTTHEGEOMETRYOFVARIOUSCUTTERSCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNAPPLICATIONS,VOL2,NOS14,2005,PP9510497THISIMPLICITFUNCTIONISUSEDTODETERMINEWHETHERAVOXELISINSIDE,OUTSIDE,ORINTERSECTEDWITHTHECUTTERWITHOUTLOSINGANYACCURACYTHEJUDGMENTCANBEMADEBYINSERTINGTHECOORDINATESOFTHEVERTICESOFAVOXELINTOTHEIMPLICITFUNCTIONEQN2DESCRIBESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENAVERTEXANDTHECUTTER,WHICHISALSOILLUSTRATEDINFIG30LIEINSIDETHESURFACE,,0LIEONTHESURFACE0LIEOUTSIDETHESURFACEFXYZ?2WHERERTHECUTTERRADIUSLTHEDISTANCEMEASUREDFROMTHECENTERPOINTALONGTHECUTTERAXISFIG2FLATENDMILLANDTHEASSOCIATEDCOORDINATESYSTEMFIG3IMPLICITFUNCTIONUSEDTODETERMINETHEINTERIOROREXTERIOROFACUTTERBALLENDMILLSCANBEREPRESENTEDBYTHEUNIONOFACYLINDERANDASPHERE,ASSHOWNINFIG4ASSUMINGTHETOOLISPARALLELTOTHEZAXIS,ANDTHEORIGINOFTHECOORDINATESYSTEMISTRANSLATEDTOTHECENTEROFTHESPHERE,THEIMPLICITFUNCTIONOFABALLENDMILLCANBEDESCRIBEDAS{}2222222MAX,0,,ABSZLXYRIFZFXYZXYZROTHERWISE???≥?????3WHERERTHECUTTERRADIUSLTHEDISTANCEMEASUREDFROMTHECENTERPOINTALONGTHECUTTERAXIS

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文60206020字出處出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAUTOMOTIVETECHNOLOGY,2009,103321328畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論計(jì)（論文）外文）外文參考資料及譯文譯文題目譯文題目STRUCTURALOPTIMIZATIONOFACIRCUMFERENTIALFRICTIONDISKBRAKEWITHCONSIDERATIONOFTHERMOELASTICINSTABILITY圓周摩擦的盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化（考慮熱－彈不穩(wěn)定性）學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)專(zhuān)業(yè)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化（現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)技術(shù)）所在學(xué)院所在學(xué)院機(jī)電工程學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師職稱(chēng)稱(chēng)STRUCTURALOPTIMIZATIONOFACIRCUMFERENTIALFRICTIONDISKBRAKEWITHCONSIDERATIONOFTHERMOELASTICINSTABILITYBCSONG1ANDKHLEE21RESEARCHENGINEER,RTHUS,ADESIGNIMPROVEMENTINTHEBRAKECOMPONENTALONECANELIMINATEORMINIMIZETHENOISEGENERATEDFROMVIBRATIONSLOWERTHAN30HZTHEJUDDERIS

簡(jiǎn)介：PSEUDOPOLARBASEDESTIMATIONOFLARGETRANSLATIONSROTATIONSANDSCALINGSINIMAGESYOSIKELLERAMIRAVERBUCHMOSHEISRAELIDEPARTMENTOFMATHEMATICSDEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERSCIENCEDEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERSCIENCEYALEUNIVRSITYTELAVIVUNIVERSITYTECHNIONINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYNEWHAVEN,CT,USATELAVIV,ISRAELHAIFA,ISRAELYOSIKELLERYALEEDUABSTRACTONEOFTHEMAJORCHALLENGESRELATEDTOIMAGEREGISTRATIONISTHEESTIMATIONOFLARGEMOTIONSWITHOUTPRIORKNOWLEDGETHISPAPERPRESENTSAFOURIERBASEDAPPROACHTHATESTIMATESLARGETRANSLATION,SCALEANDROTATIONMOTIONSTHEALGORITHMUSESTHEPSEUDOPOLARTRANSFORMTOACHIEVESUBSTANTIALIMPROVEDAPPROXIMATIONSOFTHEPOLARANDLOGPOLARFOURIERTRANSFORMSOFANIMAGETHUS,ROTATIONANDSCALECHANGESAREREDUCEDTOTRANSLATIONSWHICHAREESTIMATEDUSINGPHASECORRELATIONBYUTILIZINGTHEPSEUDOPOLARGRIDWEINCREASETHEPERFORMANCEACCURACY,SPEED,ROBUSTNESSOFTHEREGISTRATIONALGORITHMSSCALESUPTO4ANDARBITRARYROTATIONANGLESCANBEROBUSTLYRECOVERED,COMPAREDTOAMAXIMUMSCALINGOF2RECOVEREDBYTHECURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTALGORITHMSTHEALGORITHMUTILIZESONLY1DFFTCALCULATIONSWHOSEOVERALLCOMPLEXITYISSIGNIFICANTLYLOWERTHANPRIORWORKSEXPERIMENTALRESULTSDEMONSTRATETHEAPPLICABILITYOFTHESEALGORITHMS1INTRODUCTIONIMAGEREGISTRATIONPLAYSAVITALROLEINMANYIMAGEPROCESSINGAPPLICATIONSSUCHASVIDEOCOMPRESSION1,VIDEOENHANCEMENT2ANDSCENEREPRESENTATION3TONAMEAFEWTHISPROBLEMWASANALYZEDUSINGVARIOUSCOMPUTATIONALTECHNIQUES,SUCHASPIXELDOMAINGRADIENTMETHODS2,CORRELATIONTECHNIQUES15ANDDISCRETEFOURIERDFTDOMAINALGORITHMS6,11GRADIENTMETHODSBASEDIMAGEREGISTRATIONALGORITHMSARECONSIDEREDTOBETHESTATEOFTHEARTTHEYMAYFAILUNLESSTHETWOIMAGESAREMISALIGNEDBYONLYAMODERATEMOTIONFOURIERBASEDSCHEMES,WHICHAREABLETOESTIMATERELATIVELYLARGEROTATION,SCALINGANDTRANSLATION,AREOFTENUSEDASBOOTSTRAPFORMOREACCURATEGRADIENTMETHODSTHEBASICNOTIONRELATEDTOFOURIERBASEDSCHEMESISTHESHIFTPROPERTY18OFTHEFOURIERTRANSFORMWHICHALLOWSROBUSTESTIMATIONOFTRANSLATIONSUSINGTHENORMALIZEDPHASECORRELATIONALGORITHM6,9,10HENCE,INORDERTOACCOUNTFORROTATIONSANDSCALING,THEIMAGEISTRANSFORMEDINTOAPOLARORLOGPOLARFOURIERGRIDREFERREDTOASTHEFOURIERMELLINTRANSFORMROTATIONSANDSCALINGAREREDUCEDTOTRANSLATIONSINTHESEREPRESENTATIONSANDCANBEESTIMATEDUSINGPHASECORRELATIONINTHISPAPERWEPROPOSETOITERATIVELYESTIMATETHEPOLARANDLOGPOLARDFTUSINGTHEPSEUDOPOLARFFTPPFFT19THERESULTINGALGORITHMISABLETOROBUSTLYREGISTERIMAGESROTATEDBYARBITRARYANGLESANDSCALEDUPTOAFACTOROF4ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATTHEMAXIMUMSCALEFACTORRECOVEREDIN11AND16WAS20AND18,RESPECTIVELYINPARTICULAR,THEPROPOSEDALGORITHMDOESNOTRESULTTOINTERPOLATIONINEITHERSPATIALORFOURIERDOMAINONLY1DFFTOPERATIONSAREUSED,MAKINGITMUCHFASTERANDESPECIALLYSUITEDFORREALTIMEAPPLICATIONSTHERESTOFPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSPRIORRESULTSRELATEDTOFFTBASEDIMAGEREGISTRATIONAREGIVENINSECTION2,WHILETHEPROPOSEDALGORITHM,ISPRESENTEDINSECTION3EXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREDISCUSSEDINSECTION4ANDFINALCONCLUSIONSAREGIVENINSECTION52PREVIOUSRELATEDWORK21TRANSLATIONESTIMATIONTHEBASISOFTHEFOURIERBASEDMOTIONESTIMATIONISTHESHIFTPROPERTY18OFTHEFOURIERTRANSFORMDENOTEBYFFFX,YG,BFΩX,ΩY1THEFOURIERTRANSFORMOFFX,YTHEN,FFFX￠X,Y￠YGBFΩX,ΩYEJΩX￠XΩY￠Y2EQUATION2CANBEUSEDFORTHEESTIMATIONOFIMAGETRANSLATION6,10ASSUMETHEIMAGESI1X,YANDI2X,YHAVESOMEOVERLAPTHATI1X￠X,Y￠YI2X,Y3PROCEEDINGSOFTHEIEEEWORKSHOPONMOTIONANDVIDEOCOMPUTINGWACV/MOTION’050769522718/052000IEEEROTATIONANDTRANSLATIONESTIMATIONALGORITHMOPERATESASFOLLOWS1LETM1,L1ANDM2,L2BETHESIZESOFI1I,JANDI2I,J,RESPECTIVELYTHEN,ATITERATIONN0,I1I,JANDI2I,JAREZEROPADDEDSUCHTHATM1L1M2L22K,K2Z122THEMAGNITUDESMPP1?ΘI,RJ￠ANDMPP2?ΘI,RJ￠OFTHEPPFFTSOFIN1I,JANDI2I,JARECALCULATED,RESPECTIVELY3THEPOLARDFTS,MAGNITUDESCMPOLAR1?ΘI,RJ￠ANDCMPOLAR2?ΘI,RJ￠OFIN1I,JANDI2I,JARESUBSTITUTEDBYMPP1?ΘI,RJ￠ANDMPP2?ΘI,RJ￠RESPECTIVELY4THETRANSLATIONALONGTHE?ΘAXISOFMPP1?ΘI,RJ￠ANDMPP2?ΘI,RJ￠ISESTIMATEDUSINGPHASECORRELATIONTHERESULTISDENOTEDBY￠ΘN5LETΘNBETHEACCUMULATEDROTATIONANGLEESTIMATEDATITERATIONNΘN,NXI0￠ΘIΘN?1￠ΘNTHEN,THEINPUTIMAGEI1I,JISROTATEDBYΘNAROUNDTHECENTEROFTHEIMAGEUSINGTHEFFTBASEDIMAGEROTATIONALGORITHMDESCRIBEDIN4THISROTATIONSCHEMEISACCURATEANDFASTSINCEONLY1DFFTOPERATIONSAREUSEDIN11Θ,RI01ΘΘN,R,N1,THEROTATIONCANBECONDUCTEDAROUNDANYPIXELWERECOMMENDTOUSETHECENTRALPIXELOFI1I,JSUCHTHATTHEBOUNDINGRECTANGULAROFTHEROTATEDIMAGEWILLBEASSMALLASPOSSIBLE6STEPS25AREREITERATEDUNTILTHEANGULARREFINEMENTTERM￠ΘNISSMALLERTHANAPREDEFINEDTHRESHOLDΕΘ,IEJ￠ΘNJ0THEPOLARAXISISAPPROXIMATEDUSINGTHESAMEPROCEDUREASINSECTION31,WHILETHERADIALAXISISAPPROXIMATEDUSINGNEARESTNEIGHBORINTERPOLATION4THERELATIVETRANSLATIONBETWEENCMLOG?POLAR1I,JANDCMLOG?POLAR2I,JISRECOVEREDBYA2DPHASECORRELATIONONTHE?ΘAND?RAXES5LET￠ΘNAND￠RNBETHEROTATIONANGLEANDTHESCALINGVALUEESTIMATEDATITERATIONN,RESPECTIVELYTHEN,THEINPUTIMAGEI1X,YISROTATEDAROUNDTHECENTEROFTHEIMAGE4ANDTHENSCALEDUSINGDFTDOMAINZEROPADDINGIN11Θ,RI01ΘΘN,R￠RN16WHEREΘNNXI0￠ΘIΘN?1￠ΘNRNNYI0￠RIRN?1￠￠RN17PROCEEDINGSOFTHEIEEEWORKSHOPONMOTIONANDVIDEOCOMPUTINGWACV/MOTION’050769522718/052000IEEE

簡(jiǎn)介：LEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMSIMULTANEOUSTASKEXECUTIONDEMONSTRATIONSMURILOFERNANDESMARTINSDEPTOFELECANDELECTRONICENGINEERINGIMPERIALCOLLEGELONDONLONDON,UKMURILOIEEEORGYIANNISDEMIRISDEPTOFELECANDELECTRONICENGINEERINGIMPERIALCOLLEGELONDONLONDON,UKYDEMIRISIMPERIALACUKABSTRACTTHECENTRALPROBLEMOFDESIGNINGINTELLIGENTROBOTSYSTEMSWHICHLEARNBYDEMONSTRATIONSOFDESIREDBEHAVIOURHASBEENLARGELYSTUDIEDWITHINTHEFIELDOFROBOTICSNUMEROUSARCHITECTURESFORACTIONRECOGNITIONANDPREDICTIONOFINTENTOFASINGLETEACHERHAVEBEENPROPOSEDHOWEVER,LITTLEWORKHASBEENDONEADDRESSINGHOWAGROUPOFROBOTSCANLEARNBYSIMULTANEOUSDEMONSTRATIONSOFMULTIPLETEACHERSTHISPAPERCONTRIBUTESANOVELAPPROACHFORLEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMUNLABELLEDDATATHEROBOTSFIRSTLYLEARNTHEDEMONSTRATEDSEQUENCEOFINDIVIDUALACTIONSUSINGTHEHAMMERARCHITECTURESUBSEQUENTLY,THEGROUPBEHAVIOURISSEGMENTEDOVERTIMEANDSPACEBYAPPLYINGASPATIOTEMPORALCLUSTERINGALGORITHMTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTS,INWHICHHUMANSTELEOPERATEDREALROBOTSDURINGASEARCHANDRESCUETASKDEPLOYMENT,SUCCESSFULLYDEMONSTRATEDTHEEFFICACYOFCOMBININGACTIONRECOGNITIONATINDIVIDUALLEVELWITHGROUPBEHAVIOURSEGMENTATION,SPOTTINGTHEEXACTMOMENTWHENROBOTSMUSTFORMCOALITIONSTOACHIEVETHEGOAL,THUSYIELDINGREASONABLEGENERATIONOFMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSCATEGORIESANDSUBJECTDESCRIPTORSI29ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEROBOTICSGENERALTERMSALGORITHMS,DESIGN,EXPERIMENTATIONKEYWORDSLEARNINGBYDEMONSTRATION,MULTIROBOTSYSTEMS,SPECTRALCLUSTERING1INTRODUCTIONASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFSTUDIESINMULTIROBOTSYSTEMSMRSADDRESSESTHEPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONSOFENGAGINGMULTIPLEROBOTSTOCOLLABORATIVELYDEPLOYCOMPLEXTASKSSUCHASSEARCHANDRESCUE,DISTRIBUTEDMAPPINGANDEXPLORATIONOFUNKNOWNENVIRONMENTS,ASWELLASHAZARDOUSTASKSANDFORAGING–FORANOVERVIEWOFTHEFIELD,SEE13DESIGNINGDISTRIBUTEDINTELLIGENTSYSTEMS,SUCHASMRS,ISAPROFITABLECITEASLEARNINGMULTIROBOTJOINTACTIONPLANSFROMSIMULTANEOUSTASKEXECUTIONDEMONSTRATIONS,MFMARTINS,YDEMIRIS,PROCOF9THINTCONFONAUTONOMOUSAGENTSANDMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSAAMAS2010,VANDERHOEK,KAMINKA,LESPéRANCE,LUCKANDSENEDS,MAY,10–14,2010,TORONTO,CANADA,PP?COPYRIGHTC?2010,INTERNATIONALFOUNDATIONFORAUTONOMOUSAGENTSANDMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSWWWIFAAMASORGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDFIGURE1THEP3ATMOBILEROBOTSUSEDINTHISPAPER,EQUIPPEDWITHONBOARDCOMPUTERS,CAMERAS,LASERANDSONARRANGESENSORSTECHNOLOGYWHICHBRINGSBENEFITSSUCHASFLEXIBILITY,REDUNDANCYANDROBUSTNESS,AMONGOTHERSSIMILARLY,ASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFSTUDIESHAVEPROPOSEDNUMEROUSAPPROACHESTOROBOTLEARNINGBYDEMONSTRATIONLBD–FORACOMPREHENSIVEREVIEW,SEE1EQUIPPINGROBOTSWITHTHEABILITYTOUNDERSTANDTHECONTEXTINWHICHTHEYINTERACTWITHOUTTHENEEDOFCONFIGURINGORPROGRAMMINGTHEROBOTSISANEXTREMELYDESIREDFEATUREREGARDINGLBD,THEMETHODSWHICHHAVEBEENPROPOSEDAREMOSTLYFOCUSSEDONASINGLETEACHER,SINGLEROBOTSCENARIOIN7,ASINGLEROBOTLEARNTASEQUENCEOFACTIONSDEMONSTRATEDBYASINGLETEACHERIN12,THEAUTHORSPRESENTEDANAPPROACHWHEREAHUMANACTEDBOTHASATEACHERANDCOLLABORATORTOAROBOTTHEROBOTWASABLETOMATCHTHEPREDICTEDRESULTANTSTATEOFTHEHUMAN’SMOVEMENTSTOTHEOBSERVEDSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTBASEDONITSUNDERLYINGCAPABILITIESASUPERVISEDLEARNINGMETHODWASPRESENTEDIN4USINGGAUSSIANMIXTUREMODELS,INWHICHAFOURLEGGEDROBOTWASTELEOPERATEDDURINGANAVIGATIONTASKFEWSTUDIESADDRESSEDTHEPREDICTIONOFINTENTINADVERSARIALMULTIAGENTSCENARIOS,SUCHASTHEWORKOF3,INWHICHGROUPMANOEUVRESCOULDBEPREDICTEDBASEDUPONEXISTINGMODELSOFGROUPFORMATIONINTHEWORKOF5,MULTIPLEHUMANOIDROBOTSREQUESTEDATEACHER’SDEMONSTRATIONWHENFACINGUNFAMILIARSTATESIN14,THEPROBLEMOFEXTRACTINGGROUPBEHAVIOURFROMOBSERVEDCOORDINATEDMANOEUVRESOFMULTIPLEAGENTSALONGTIMEWASADDRESSEDBYUSINGACLUSTERINGALGORITHMTHEMETHODPRESENTEDIN9ALLOWEDASINGLEROBOTTOPREDICTTHEINTENTIONSOF2HUMANSBASEDONSPATIOTEMPORALRELATIONSHIPSHOWEVER,THECHALLENGEOFDESIGNINGANMRSSYSTEMINWHICHMULTIPLEROBOTSLEARNGROUPBEHAVIOURBYOBSERVATION931931938I1I2INF1F2FNSTATESATTM1M2MNPREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1PREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1PREDICTIONVERIFICATIONATT1P1P2PNFIGURE3DIAGRAMATICSTATEMENTOFTHEHAMMERARCHITECTUREBASEDONSTATEST,MULTIPLEINVERSEMODELSI1TOINCOMPUTEMOTORCOMMANDSM1TOMN,WITHWHICHTHECORRESPONDINGFORWARDMODELSF1TOFNFORMPREDICTIONSREGARDINGTHENEXTSTATEST1P1TOPNWHICHAREVERIFIEDATST1MAYPERFORMCERTAINACTIONSSEQUENTIALLYORSIMULTANEOUSLYRESULTINGINACOMBINATIONOFACTIONS,WHILETHEROBOTHASACCESSTOTHEJOYSTICKCOMMANDSONLYINORDERTORECOGNISEACTIONSFROMOBSERVEDDATAANDMANOEUVRECOMMANDS,THISPAPERMAKESUSEOFTHEHIERARCHICALATTENTIVEMULTIPLEMODELSFOREXECUTIONANDRECOGNITIONHAMMERARCHITECTURE7,WHICHHASBEENPROVENTOWORKVERYWELLWHENAPPLIEDTODISTINCTROBOTSCENARIOSHAMMERISBASEDUPONTHECONCEPTSOFMULTIPLEHIERARCHICALLYCONNECTEDINVERSEFORWARDMODELSINTHISARCHITECTURE,ANINVERSEMODELHASASINPUTSTHEOBSERVEDSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTANDTHETARGETGOALS,ANDITSOUTPUTSARETHEMOTORCOMMANDSREQUIREDTOACHIEVEORMAINTAINTHETARGETGOALSONTHEOTHERHAND,FORWARDMODELSHAVEASINPUTSTHEOBSERVEDSTATEANDMOTORCOMMANDS,ANDTHEOUTPUTISAPREDICTIONOFTHENEXTSTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTASILLUSTRATEDINFIG3,EACHINVERSEFORWARDPAIRRESULTSINAHYPOTHESISBYSIMULATINGTHEEXECUTIONOFAPRIMITIVEBEHAVIOUR,ANDTHENTHEPREDICTEDSTATEISCOMPAREDTOTHEOBSERVEDSTATETOCOMPUTEACONFIDENCEVALUETHISVALUEREPRESENTSHOWC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簡(jiǎn)介：1THEAPPLICATIONOFADVANCEDROBOTICSANDSENSORTECHNOLOGIESTOTHEPRESERVATIONOFTHEUSSCONSTITUTIONJEFFREYCOLESTEVENDUBOWSKYNATHANRUTMANCRAIGSUNADADEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERINGMASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYCAMBRIDGE,MAO2139USAABSTRACTTHEAPPLICATIONOFROBOTICSANDADVANCEDSENSORTECHNOLOGYTOSOLVEIMPORTANTPROBLEMSINTHEFIELDSOFARCHITECTURAL,ARCHAEOLOGICALANDARTCONSERVATIONANDPRESERVATIONISDISCUSSEDTHEUSSCONSTITUTIONISCONSIDEREDASADEMONSTRATIONPROJECTOFTHISWORKTHREEIMPORTANTAPPLICATIONSOFTHISTECHNOLOGYTOTHEPRESERVATIONOFTHESHIPAREDISCUSSEDADESIGNISPRESENTEDFORONEOFTHESEAPPLICATIONSAKEELDEFLECTIONMEASUREMENTSYSTEMITISCONCLUDEDTHATROBOTICSANDADVANCEDSENSORTECHNOLOGYOFFERSSUBSTANTIALPROMISEOFHAVINGIMPORTANTBENEFITSFORTHERESTORATIONANDPRESERVATIONOFIMPORTANTHISTORICANDARCHITECTURALSITESANDMOMENTSINTRODUCTIONTHISPAPERREPORTSONARESEARCHPROGRAMINWHICHWEAREEXPLORINGTHEAPPLICATIONOFRECENTLYDEVELOPEDTECHNOLOGIESINROBOTICS,SENSORSANDREALTIMECOMPUTERSTOSOLVEIMPORTANTPROBLEMSFACEDBYTHEARCHITECTURAL,ARCHAEOLOGICALANDARTCONSERVATIONANDPRESERVATIONCOMMUNITIESOVERTHEPASTDECADE,SIGNIFICANTADVANCEMENTHASBEENMADEINTHETECHNOLOGYOFROBOTICS,SENSORSANDCOMPUTERS,ATSUBSTANTIALCOSTSTOGOVERNMENTAGENCIESSUCHASNASA,THEDEPARTMENTOFDEFENSE,ANDTHEDEPARTMENTOFENERGY17THISTECHNOLOGYHASIMPORTANTPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONINTHEAREAOFPRESERVATIONANDCONSERVATIONOFHISTORICANDARTISTICTREASURES,ANDINPARTICULARMONUMENTSANDFIELDSITESAMONGTHETASKSTHATTHECONSERVATIONCOMMUNITYISCALLEDONTOPERFORM,THEREEXISTANUMBERTHATCOULDGREATLYBENEFITFROMTHEAPPLICATIONOFADVANCEDROBOTICSANDGRADUATERESEARCHASSISTANTPROFESSOR3ASYSTEMBASEDONDISTRIBUTEDSENSORTECHNOLOGYFORQUICKLY,ACCURATELY,ANDINEXPENSIVELYDETERMININGTHEKEELSHAPESIMPLYPUT,THESYSTEMMEASURESTHEWATERPRESSUREATASMALLSETOFLOCATIONSSEVENONTHEKEELFROMTHESEMEASUREMENTSACOMPUTERACCURATELYINFERSTHESHAPEOFTHEKEEL,INREALTIMETHESYSTEMISABLETOUSEASMALLNUMBEROFSENSORSBYAPPLYINGCHEBYSHEVTHEORYTODETERMINETHEOPTIMALLOCATIONSFORTHEPRESSUREMEASUREMENTSTHESELOCATIONSARESELECTEDTOMINIMIZETHEMAXIMUMMEASUREMENTERRORTHEWATERPRESSUREONTHEKEELISCONVERTEDTOANAIRPRESSURESIGNALBYFIXEDKEELPRESSURETRANSDUCERS,SEEFIGURE2PRESSURESENSORSTHENMEASURETHEPRESSUREATTHEKEEL,WHICHISADIRECTFUNCTIONOFTHEDEPTHTHESEPRESSURESENSORSAREEXPOSEDONLYTOAIRPRESSUREANDARELOCATEDATANONBOARDMEASUREMENTCOMPUTERWITHINTHESHIPTHISDESIGNPUTSALLELECTRONICHARDWAREELEMENTSINA“SHIRTSLEEVE”ENVIRONMENTITPERMITSTHEUSEOFINEXPENSIVECOMMERCIALCOMPONENTSANDMAKESMAINTENANCEANDCALIBRATIONOFTHESYSTEMEASYDIFFERENTIALPRESSURESENSORSAIRHOSESCOMPUTERREFERENCEPRESSUREWATERPRESSURE/AIRPRESSURETRANSDUCERSKEELDATAACQUISITIONINTERFACEFIGURE2THEHOGMEASUREMENTSYSTEMOVERVIEWSENSORSONTHEKEELREPORTPRESSUREATSPECIFICLOCATIONS,FROMWHICHTHECOMPUTERCALCULATESTHEKEELSHAPETHEKEELPRESSURESARECOMPAREDTOAREFERENCEPRESSUREATONEENDOFTHESHIPUSINGTHESEDIFFERENTIALPRESSURESENSORSTHISALLOWSACCURATEMEASUREMENTSOVERTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：PROCEDIAENGINEERING312012464–47318777058?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDDOI101016/JPROENG2012011053AVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONADVANCESINCOMPUTATIONALMODELINGANDSIMULATIONANALYSISONSAFETYOFREMOVINGTHECLOSURESEGMENTINAPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECABLESTAYEDBRIDGEHONGJIANGLIA,WANHENGLIA,JINQUANZHANGAARESEARCHINSTITUTEOFHIGHWAYOFMOC,BEIJING100088,CHINAABSTRACTAIMINGATFAILUREOFCLOSURESEGMENTINAPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECABLESTAYEDBRIDGE,ASTRENGTHENINGTECHNOLOGY,NAMELYREPLACINGTHECLOSURESEGMENT,WASFIRSTLYPUTFORWARDBUTREMOVINGTHEOLDCLOSURESEGMENTWASAPROCESSOFRELEASEOFINTERNALFORCEANDHADGREATRISKSOTHESTRUCTURALSAFETYPOSSIBLYINDUCEDBYREMOVINGMUSTBEANALYZEDANDCONFIRMEDBASEDONFEMANDSUMMARYOFENGINEERINGEXPERIENCE,THECONSTRUCTIONSTAGESFORREMOVINGTHEOLDCLOSURESEGMENTWERESIMULATED,ANDTHENSOMEANALYSISRELEVANTTOSAFETY,INCLUDINGTHERMALEFFECT,DYNAMICCHARACTERISTICSANDGLOBALSTABILITYOFTHEWHOLEBRIDGESTRUCTURE,WERESYSTEMATICALLYPRESENTEDACCORDINGTOTHESEANALYSISRESULTS,CORRESPONDINGPREVENTIONANDCONTROLMEASURESWEREPROVIDEDTOENSURECONSTRUCTIONSAFETYSTUDIESSHOWEDTHAT,VARIATIONRANGEOFITSSTRUCTURALSTATEBETWEENBEFOREANDAFTERREMOVINGISNOTOBVIOUS,ANDITSDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICSCHANGEDLITTLEAFTERREMOVINGINADDITION,STRUCTURALINSTABILITYCOULDNOTBEINDUCEDBYREMOVING,BUTFORTHESAKEOFIMPROVINGCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYRELIABILITY,NECESSARYSAFETYPREVENTIONANDCONTROLMEASURESWEREINDISPENSABLEANALYSISONSAFETYOFREMOVINGTHEOLDCLOSURESEGMENTCONSTITUTEDTHEIMPORTANTPARTOFTHESTRENGTHENINGTECHNOLOGYOFREPLACINGTHECLOSURESEGMENT,ANDBECAMETHETHEORETICALBASISOFREMOVINGPARTIALSTRUCTURALMEMBERSFOREXISTINGBRIDGES?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFKUNMINGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYKEYWORDSPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECABLESTAYEDBRIDGESSTRENGTHENINGREPLACINGREMOVINGSAFETYCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8613910552916FAX861062079556EMAILADDRESSHJLIRIOHCN第134頁(yè)共143頁(yè)466HONGJIANGLIETAL/PROCEDIAENGINEERING312012464–473FIG2TYPICALSECTIONOFMAINGIRDERFIG3CRACKATTHEWETJOINT3CONSTRUCTIONSTAGEANALYSISONREMOVALOFTHECLOSURESEGMENTREFERREDTOTHECLOSUREPROCESSINNEWBRIDGES,AMETHODFORREMOVALOFTHEOLDCLOSURESEGMENTINYONGHEBRIDGEWASESTABLISHEDONTHEONEHAND,THEIDEAOFBALANCEWEIGHTWASFOLLOWED,THATIS,SOMETEMPORARYWEIGHTSEGWATERTANKSWEREPLACEDATBRIDGEDECKTOSUBSTITUTEFORTHEWEIGHTOFOLDCLOSURESEGMENTTOMAINTAINTHELOADBALANCEFORITSMAINSPANONTHEOTHERHAND,AFTERREMOVINGDECKPAVEMENTNEARTHEOLDCLOSURESEGMENT,THEOLDCLOSURESEGMENTWASLOCKEDBYUSINGANEXTERNALSTIFFFRAMEMADEBYSECTIONSTEELTOMAKETHEMAINGIRDERSTILLCONTINUOUSAFTERREMOVALOFTHEOLDCLOSURESEGMENTTHEREMOVALCONSTRUCTIONSEQUENCESINCLUDEDRELEASINGPRESTRESSINGTENDONSATTHEOLDCLOSURESEGMENT,CHISELLINGTHECONCRETEBYSTEP,ANDREMOVINGSTEELBARSANDPRESTRESSINGTENDONS3STRUCTURALMECHANICALMODESBEFOREANDAFTERREMOVINGTHEOLDCLOSURESEGMENTWEREDIFFERENTASSHOWNINFIG4FIG4ASTRUCTURALMODEBEFOREREMOVALOFTHECLOSURESEGMENTBSTRUCTURALMODEAFTERREMOVALOFTHECLOSURESEGMENTTOANALYZEANDPREDICTSTRUCTURALSTATECHANGESINDUCEDBYREMOVALOFTHECLOSURESEGMENT,ASTRUCTURALINITIALCALCULATIONMODELWASESTABLISHEDBYORIGINALCONSTRUCTIONPROCESSOFYONGHEBRIDGE,ANDTHENACORRECTEDORADJUSTEDMODELWASOBTAINEDBYCONSIDERINGAVARIETYOFOPERATIONFACTORSANDINSPECTEDRESULTSBEFOREREMOVALOFTHECLOSURESEGMENTTOSIMULATETHESTRUCTURALCURRENTSTATE4BASEDONTHESE,第136頁(yè)共143頁(yè)