簡(jiǎn)介：本科生畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科生畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯（20122012屆）屆）課題名稱(chēng)課題名稱(chēng)基于行業(yè)區(qū)分的企業(yè)網(wǎng)站色彩設(shè)計(jì)的研究基于行業(yè)區(qū)分的企業(yè)網(wǎng)站色彩設(shè)計(jì)的研究學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)200808301105200808301105專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)電子商務(wù)電子商務(wù)081081班指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師姓名姓名學(xué)科學(xué)科電子商務(wù)電子商務(wù)職稱(chēng)職稱(chēng)講師講師年月日1FUNANDPLEASUREINTOPEOPLE’SLIVES7,11INADDITIONTOTHEIRFUNCTIONALCHARACTERISTICS,INTERACTIVESYSTEMSMUSTBEREGARDEDASCONVEYINGFEELINGSTHROUGHVISUALSENSORYMODALITIESINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,WESOUGHTTOENHANCECURRENTUNDERSTANDINGOFONEPERCEPTUALFEATURE,NAMELYCOLOUR,INATYPEOFINTERACTIVESYSTEMWHEREAESTHETICSANDATTRACTIVENESSCONSTITUTEAPARTICULARCHALLENGETHEWEBSITEHERE,USERS’INITIALFEELINGSARECRUCIAL,ASITISDURINGTHEFIRSTFEWSECONDSOFINTERACTIONTHATUSERSOR’’VISITORS’’DECIDEWHETHERORNOTTOCONTINUENAVIGATINGTHEWEBSITE12–14LINDGAARDETAL15SHOWEDTHATUSERS’FIRSTIMPRESSIONSARECONSTRUCTEDINABOUT50MSANDAPPEARTOBESTABLEOVERTIMETHEYALLOWUSERSTODEVELOPANAESTHETICIMPRESSIONOFTHEWEBPAGE,WHICHINFLUENCESTHEIRSUBSEQUENTNAVIGATIONSINCEVISITORS’PREFERENCESAREBASEDONTHEWEBSITE’SAESTHETICFEATURES16,17,OUROBJECTIVEWASTOANALYZEONEPARTICULARPERCEPTUALFEATURETHATCONTRIBUTESCONSIDERABLYTOFIRSTIMPRESSIONSWEBSITECOLOURCOLOURSHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOAFFECTOURPERCEPTIONS,EMOTIONALREACTIONSANDBEHAVIOURALINTENTIONS18HOWEVER,LITTLERESEARCHHASBEENDONEONTHEIMPACTOFCOLOURSININTERNETBASEDENVIRONMENTSANDONLYAHANDFULOFRESEARCHERSHAVECONDUCTEDSTUDIESONTHISTOPICINRECENTYEARSEG,19,20WITHAVIEWTOFILLINGTHISGAP,THEAIMOFOURSTUDYWASTWOFOLD–IDENTIFYINGCOLOURSTHATWEBSITEDESIGNERSANDUSERSFINDAPPEALING–DETERMININGWHETHERSOMECOLOURSFAVOURWEBSITEVISITORS’NAVIGATIONANDCOGNITIVEPROCESSESTOTHISEND,WECARRIEDOUTTWOEXPERIMENTALSTUDIESTHEFIRSTONEINVESTIGATEDTHEPREFERENCESEXPRESSEDBYDESIGNERSANDUSERSWHENTHEYWERESHOWNWEBSITEHOMEPAGESIN23DIFFERENTCOLOURSTHESECONDONEANALYZEDHOWTHEUSEOFTHREEDIFFERENTCOLOURSSELECTEDONTHEBASISOFTHERESULTSFROMTHEFIRSTSTUDYINWEBSITEDESIGNINFLUENCEDINTERACTIONSBETWEENVISITORSANDTHREEDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFTHESAMEWEBSITEWEARGUEDTHATTHEROLEOFCOLOURSISESSENTIALNOTONLYWHENACCESSINGASITEANDNAVIGATINGIT,BUTALSOAFTERTHEACTUALINTERACTIONHASCOMETOANENDANDUSERSEXPLOITTHEINFORMATIONTHEYHAVEJUSTOBTAINEDFROMTHESITEBEFOREDESCRIBINGTHESESTUDIES,WEPRESENTTHEIRTHEORETICALFRAMEWORK,INORDERTOUNDERLINEBOTHTHEIMPORTANCEOFPERCEPTUALANDAESTHETICFEATURESEG,COLOURSINTERMSOFTHEAFFECTSOREMOTIONSTHEYCONVEY,ANDTHEIRINFLUENCEONUSERS’INTERACTIONSWITHSYSTEMS2EMOTIONS,AESTHETICSANDCOLOURSFORYEARS,RESEARCHERSSHOWEDLITTLEORNOINTERESTINTHEPOSSIBLELINKSBETWEENEMOTIONANDCOGNITION,ANDBETWEENUSABILITYANDUSERS’EMOTIONSANDAESTHETICFEELINGSONLYRECENTLYHAVETHEYSOUGHTTODRAWTHESEDIFFERENTTHREADSTOGETHERWETHEREFOREBEGINBYBRIEFLYCHARACTERIZINGEMOTIONSANDTHEIRRELATIONSHIPWITHCOGNITION,ASWELLASTHEIRIMPLICATIONSFORPRODUCTDESIGN§21WETHENPOINTOUTTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENAESTHETICFEELINGSANDUSERS’JUDGMENTS§22,

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文8930字出處出處LIGHTINGRESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGY,20151477153515573042關(guān)于提升商店光源顯色性的研究FSZABO′PHDA,RKE′RIBSCA,JSCHANDADSCA,PCSUTIMSCA,AWILMDIPLINGFHBANDEBAURDIPLPHYSC潘諾尼亞大學(xué)，電氣工程與信息系統(tǒng)系，VESZPRE′M，匈牙利歐司朗光電半導(dǎo)體有限公司，雷根斯堡，德國(guó)歐司朗有限公司，雷根斯堡，德國(guó)2014年9月10日接收；2015年1月4日修訂；2015年1月25日發(fā)行本文提供了更優(yōu)質(zhì)的LED光源在商店照明使用環(huán)境的方案。本研究的主要方面是對(duì)LED光源對(duì)不同顏色的紡織品的光譜功率分布的分析，也包括水果蔬菜，肉類(lèi)和面包等產(chǎn)品。針對(duì)不同的頻段顏色的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)，如顯色指數(shù)和顏色質(zhì)量規(guī)模。小規(guī)模的調(diào)查與眼動(dòng)研究由歐司朗光電半導(dǎo)體有限公司在雷根斯堡大學(xué)完成，關(guān)于確定本實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察者更傾向于哪些度量指標(biāo)的測(cè)試均在潘諾尼亞大學(xué)完成。對(duì)于結(jié)論的心理影響已經(jīng)在層次分析過(guò)程和瑟斯頓方法的幫助下進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。研究結(jié)論就是，商鋪光源的光譜功率分布是影響商鋪整體環(huán)境的主要方面。1簡(jiǎn)介歐盟資助了ACRONYM公司的一個(gè)SSL4EU的三年項(xiàng)目，以建立一個(gè)應(yīng)用于辦公室，商鋪和家庭的光譜功率分布優(yōu)化方案。論文前14頁(yè)總結(jié)了關(guān)于顏色偏好調(diào)查的主要問(wèn)題，介紹了參與調(diào)查的三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室并討論了關(guān)于辦公室和家庭照明研究的細(xì)節(jié)。所偏好的顏色外觀在生活中的諸多方面起著重要的角色，不光光在辦公和家庭環(huán)境，同時(shí)影響著商店的環(huán)境。在商鋪照明領(lǐng)域，鹵素和高強(qiáng)的放電燈被視為傳統(tǒng)的光源。這些傳統(tǒng)光源在超市的使用上一般是放在顏色過(guò)濾器中，在肉類(lèi)食品中因逆光光源可以使肉類(lèi)更吸引人而大量采用，但同樣行為也應(yīng)用在果蔬上。但在服飾照明上，由于傳統(tǒng)光源對(duì)是不一樣的。CRI的基準(zhǔn)光源的選擇方法經(jīng)常是受到批評(píng)的，甚至色彩保真度也被認(rèn)為作為顏色表征的基準(zhǔn)顏色的評(píng)價(jià)也是不合理的。為了改善使用者對(duì)顏色表觀的感受，光源光譜設(shè)計(jì)可以用來(lái)來(lái)改善物體的顏色表現(xiàn)。雖然顏色的改變會(huì)使得CRI值降低（顏色的改變會(huì)使得和CRI測(cè)試光源的差別變得更大），但是以顏色質(zhì)量等級(jí)（CQS）來(lái)看，只有在測(cè)試顏色減少或是測(cè)試光源下色調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)才會(huì)降低。隨著樣本集合全部增加，色濃度也會(huì)跟著增加，后者也會(huì)隨著最優(yōu)光頻率對(duì)人的對(duì)比度指數(shù)而改變。在時(shí)尚店方面，顏色的和諧給顧客留下的印象對(duì)其購(gòu)買(mǎi)的決定有著重要的影響。在這些情況下，可以根據(jù)和諧顯色指數(shù)來(lái)優(yōu)化光源。3接受性的小規(guī)模研究31基礎(chǔ)設(shè)置這個(gè)小規(guī)模的研究由以下四個(gè)類(lèi)別的測(cè)試樣品得出彩色紡織品、果蔬、肉類(lèi)和烘焙產(chǎn)品。其所代表的類(lèi)別在零售業(yè)是最常見(jiàn)的物品。每個(gè)類(lèi)別都對(duì)光源的光譜分布有著不同的要求。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置由兩個(gè)不同的顏色的盒子組成，照明光譜可以調(diào)節(jié)。每個(gè)格子的照度規(guī)定為500LX，尺寸為50CM50CM50CM，并要求在150CM遠(yuǎn)的距離進(jìn)行觀察，觀察者頭部使用腮托視野跟蹤系統(tǒng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境的設(shè)置中視野跟蹤系統(tǒng)在左下角，顏色盒子放在右上方，見(jiàn)圖1每個(gè)類(lèi)別包含四個(gè)物體以分辨對(duì)不同顏色的喜好程度，特別要求是物體要分別放在兩個(gè)照明臺(tái)上。例如，紡織品類(lèi)包含紅色、藍(lán)色、棕色、淺綠的樣品?？赡馨l(fā)生的現(xiàn)象就是在特定的光譜功率分布下紅色波段的表觀要優(yōu)于藍(lán)色波段的表現(xiàn)。因此，實(shí)驗(yàn)的偏好性測(cè)試要一直在每個(gè)物體的特定場(chǎng)景。圖2和表1描述了四個(gè)類(lèi)別帶有不同的顏色物體在各自類(lèi)別下的比較。每個(gè)類(lèi)別被四個(gè)不同光譜功率分布的光源所照射，第一個(gè)光譜分布是常用與傳統(tǒng)光源，其他三個(gè)光譜分布是自定義混合的LED光源頻率物體以?xún)煞N方式評(píng)價(jià)根據(jù)主觀的外在表現(xiàn)和隱式的用戶(hù)喜好。在顯式的調(diào)查中，觀察者坐在兩個(gè)照明臺(tái)之前并要做出選擇在那個(gè)燈光下物體看起來(lái)更好看這種成對(duì)比較的評(píng)測(cè)使用了BRADLEYTERRYLUCE的縮放比較法，一個(gè)和處理簡(jiǎn)單物流功能的THURSTONE方法大致相同的方法。在隱式的調(diào)查中，眼動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)和熱圖分析一起使用。這些研究評(píng)估了不同分類(lèi)的物體在不同光譜下的吸引力。眼動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)測(cè)試人的視野位置和瀏覽所有所有物體的累積持續(xù)時(shí)間。這確實(shí)表示了測(cè)試

簡(jiǎn)介：MAXIMUMMAXIMUMEFFICIENCYEFFICIENCYDRIVESDRIVESOFOFINTERIORINTERIORPERMANENTPERMANENTMAGNETMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSSYNCHRONOUSMOTORMOTORCONSIDERINGCONSIDERINGIRONIRONLOSSLOSSANDANDCROSSMAGNETICCROSSMAGNETICSATURATIONSATURATIONJOHNJOHNBBADAWEY,ADAWEY,SHUSHUYAMAMOTO,YAMAMOTO,TAKASHITAKASHIKANO,KANO,ANDANDTAKAHIROTAKAHIROARAARADEPARTMENTDEPARTMENTOFOFELECTRICALELECTRICALENGINEERING,ENGINEERING,POLYTECHNICPOLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY,UNIVERSITY,SAGAMIHARA,SAGAMIHARA,KANAGAWA,KANAGAWA,JAPANJAPANABSTRACTABSTRACTTHISTHISPAPERPAPERCOVERSCOVERSTHETHEPROPOSEDPROPOSEDMETHODMETHODTOTOMAXIMIZEMAXIMIZETHETHEDRIVINGDRIVINGEFFICIENCYEFFICIENCYFORFORINTERIORINTERIORPERMANENTPERMANENTMAGNETMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSSYNCHRONOUSMOTORSMOTORSCONSIDERINGCONSIDERINGIRONIRONLOSSLOSSANDANDCROSSMAGNETICCROSSMAGNETICSATURATIONSATURATIONEFFECTSEFFECTSUSINGUSINGASIMPLESIMPLEREPETITIONREPETITIONCALCULATIONCALCULATIONMETHOD,METHOD,THETHEPROPOSEDPROPOSEDMETHODMETHODAUTOMATICALLYAUTOMATICALLYDETERMINESDETERMINESTHETHEOPTIMUMOPTIMUMCURRENTCURRENTCOMMANDCOMMANDININREALTIMEREALTIMETHISTHISMETHODMETHODNOTNOTONLYONLYMAXIMIZESMAXIMIZESTHETHEDRIVINGDRIVINGEFFICIENCYEFFICIENCYBUTBUTALSOALSOREALIZESREALIZESHIGHPRECISIONHIGHPRECISIONTORQUETORQUECONTROLCONTROLPERFORMANCEPERFORMANCETHETHEVALIDITYVALIDITYOFOFTHISTHISMETHODMETHODISISVERIFIEDVERIFIEDFROMFROMEXPERIMENTALEXPERIMENTALRESULTSRESULTSINDEXINDEXTERMTERMIRONIRONLOSS,LOSS,MAGNETICMAGNETICSATURATION,SATURATION,MAXIMUMMAXIMUMEFFICIENCYEFFICIENCYDRIVE,DRIVE,OPTIMUMOPTIMUMCURRENTCURRENTCOMMAND,COMMAND,TORQUETORQUECONTROLCONTROLPERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEIIINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONENERGYENERGYCONSERVATIONCONSERVATIONISISTHETHEPRIMARYPRIMARYGOALGOALANDANDGENERALGENERALOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOFOFOUROURLATESTLATESTRESEARCHRESEARCHDEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTININTHETHEFIELDFIELDOFOFELECTRICALELECTRICALMACHINESMACHINESANDANDSYSTEMSYSTEMFROMFROMTHETHEPERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVEVIEWVIEWOFOFEFFECTIVEEFFECTIVEANDANDEFFICIENTEFFICIENTUTILIZATIONUTILIZATIONOFOFELECTRICALELECTRICALENERGY,ENERGY,ANANESSENTIALESSENTIALTECHNOLOGICALTECHNOLOGICALISSUEISSUETOTOCONSIDERCONSIDERISISTOTODRIVEDRIVETHETHEMACHINEMACHINEATATITSITSMAXIMUMMAXIMUMEFFICIENCYEFFICIENCYPERMANENTPERMANENTMAGNETMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSSYNCHRONOUSMOTORSMOTORSPMSMPMSMAREAREWIDELYWIDELYUSEDUSEDININHYBRIDHYBRIDELECTRONICELECTRONICVEHICLES,VEHICLES,ROBOTICS,ROBOTICS,SERVOSERVOSYSTEM,SYSTEM,ANDANDOTHEROTHERHIGHPERFORMANCEHIGHPERFORMANCEINDUSTRYINDUSTRYAPPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSMAXIMUMMAXIMUMEFFICIENCYEFFICIENCYDRIVESDRIVESOFOFPMSMPMSMCANCANBEBEREALIZEDREALIZEDBYBYTHETHELOSSLOSSMINIMIZATIONMINIMIZATIONCONTROLCONTROLSTRATEGIESSTRATEGIESLOSSLOSSMINIMIZATIONMINIMIZATIONCONTROLLERSCONTROLLERSOFOFIPMSMSIPMSMSAREAREROUGHLYROUGHLYDIVIDEDDIVIDEDINTOINTOSEARCHSEARCHCONTROLLERSCONTROLLERSANDANDLOSSMODELLOSSMODELBASEDBASEDCONTROLLERSCONTROLLERSTHETHEFORMERFORMERISISTHETHESEARCHSEARCHCONTROLCONTROLALGORITHMALGORITHMMETHODMETHOD1313WHEREWHERETHETHECURRENTCURRENTCOMMANDCOMMANDVECTORVECTORISISGENERATEDGENERATEDSOSOTHATTHATINPUTINPUTPOWERPOWERISISMINIMIZEDMINIMIZEDININTHISTHISMETHOD,METHOD,MOTORMOTORCONSTANTSCONSTANTSAREAREUNNECESSARYUNNECESSARYBUTBUTTHETHEPULSATIONPULSATIONISISSUPERIMPOSEDSUPERIMPOSEDTOTOTHETHEDDANDANDQAXISQAXISCURRENTSCURRENTSDURINGDURINGSTEADYSTATESTEADYSTATECONDITIONSCONDITIONSONONTHETHEOTHEROTHERHAND,HAND,THETHELATTERLATTERWHICHWHICHISISTHETHELOSSMODELLOSSMODELCONTROLCONTROLMETHODMETHOD4949UTILIZESUTILIZESMOTORMOTORCONSTANTSCONSTANTSININTHETHEGENERATIONGENERATIONOFOFTHETHECURRENTCURRENTCOMMANDCOMMANDVECTORVECTORTHISTHISMETHODMETHODISISSUPERIORSUPERIORWITHWITHREGARDREGARDTOTOCONTROLCONTROLSTABILITYSTABILITYANDANDCURRENTCURRENTPULSATIONPULSATIONREDUCTIONREDUCTIONTHATTHAT’SWHYWHYITITISISMOREMOREOFTENOFTENUSEDUSEDINININDUSTRIALINDUSTRIALDRIVEDRIVESYSTEMSSYSTEMSTHETHELATTERLATTERMETHODMETHODISISGENERALLYGENERALLYCLASSIFIEDCLASSIFIEDINTOINTOTHETHEOFFLINEOFFLINEANDANDTHETHEONLINEONLINEMETHODSMETHODSININTHETHEOFFLINEOFFLINEMETHOD,METHOD,THETHECURRENTCURRENTREFERENCEREFERENCESIGNALSIGNALCORRESPONDINGCORRESPONDINGTOTOEACHEACHSPEEDSPEEDANDANDTORQUETORQUETHATTHATMINIMIZESMINIMIZESLOSSLOSSISISCALCULATEDCALCULATEDBEFOREHAND,BEFOREHAND,ANDANDSTOREDSTOREDININTHETHEMEMORYMEMORYTABLETABLEOFOFTHETHEDIGITALDIGITALSIGNALSIGNALPROCESSORPROCESSORDSPDSPTOTOBEBEUSEDUSEDFORFORVECTORVECTORCONTROLCONTROLININTHETHEONLINEONLINEMETHOD,METHOD,THETHECURRENTCURRENTCOMMANDCOMMANDVECTORVECTORTHATTHATACHIEVESACHIEVESMINIMUMMINIMUMLOSSLOSSISISAUTOMATICALLYAUTOMATICALLYCALCULATEDCALCULATEDININREALREALTIMETIMEININTHETHEDSPDSPWHILEWHILEITITCARRIESCARRIESOUTOUTCONTROLCONTROLOPERATIONSOPERATIONSTHETHEOFFLINEOFFLINEMETHODMETHODHASHASTHETHEADVANTAGEADVANTAGEOFOFBEINGBEINGABLEABLETOTOUSEUSEACONCISECONCISEALGORITHM,ALGORITHM,INCREASESINCREASESININFLUXWEAKENINGFLUXWEAKENINGZONEZONEIIIIIIMAXIMUMMAXIMUMEFFICIENCYEFFICIENCYVECTORVECTORCONTROLCONTROLMETHODMETHODAATHETHEREPETITIONREPETITIONCALCULATIONCALCULATIONMETHODMETHODFIGFIG3SHOWSSHOWSTHETHEEQUIVALENTEQUIVALENTCIRCUITCIRCUITDIAGRAMDIAGRAMOFOFIPMSM,IPMSM,WHEREWHEREVDVDANDANDVQVQAREARETHETHEVOLTAGES,VOLTAGES,IQIQANDANDIQIQAREARETHETHECURRENTS,CURRENTS,IMDIMDANDANDIMQIMQAREARETHETHEMAGNETIZATIONMAGNETIZATIONCURRENTS,CURRENTS,ANDANDLD,LD,ANDANDLQLQAREARETHETHEDDANDANDQAXISQAXISINDUCTANCESINDUCTANCESRARAISISSTATORSTATORWINDINGWINDINGRESISTANCE,RESISTANCE,ΩREREISISTHETHEANGULARANGULARVELOCITY,VELOCITY,ANDANDKEKEISISTHETHEEMFEMFCONSTANTCONSTANTTOTOACCURATELYACCURATELYEVALUATEEVALUATELOSSLOSSININTHISTHISCIRCUIT,CIRCUIT,THETHECORECORELOSSLOSSRESISTANCERESISTANCERCRCHASHASBEENBEENINTRODUCEDINTRODUCEDININTHISTHISEQUIVALENTEQUIVALENTCIRCUIT,CIRCUIT,THETHEEQUATIONEQUATIONFORFORTORQUETORQUEIS,IS,DQEMDMQMQTPPIIILLK???（1）WHEREWHEREPISISTHETHENUMBERNUMBEROFOFPOLEPOLEPAIRSPAIRSEQUATIONEQUATION22EXPRESSESEXPRESSESTHETHERELATIONRELATIONBETWEENBETWEENTHETHECURRENTCURRENTLEADLEADANGLEANGLEΒDEFINEDDEFINEDININFIGFIG44ANDANDMAGNETIZATIONMAGNETIZATIONCURRENTSCURRENTSIMDIMDANDANDIMQIMQTANIMDIMQ???

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簡(jiǎn)介：1本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文翻譯譯文譯文中國(guó)上市公司偏好股權(quán)融資非制度性因素國(guó)際商業(yè)管理雜志200910摘要本文把重點(diǎn)集中于中國(guó)上市公司的融資活動(dòng)，運(yùn)用西方融資理論，從非制度性因素方面，如融資成本、企業(yè)資產(chǎn)類(lèi)型和質(zhì)量、盈利能力、行業(yè)因素、股權(quán)結(jié)構(gòu)因素、財(cái)務(wù)管理水平和社會(huì)文化，分析了中國(guó)上市公司傾向于股權(quán)融資的原因，并得出結(jié)論，股權(quán)融資偏好是上市公司根據(jù)中國(guó)融資環(huán)境的一種合理的選擇。最后，針對(duì)公司的股權(quán)融資偏好提出了一些簡(jiǎn)明的建議。關(guān)鍵詞股權(quán)融資，非制度性因素，融資成本一、前言中國(guó)上市公司偏好于股權(quán)融資，根據(jù)中國(guó)證券報(bào)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，1997年上市公司在資本市場(chǎng)的融資金額為9587億美元，其中股票融資的比例是725％，，在1998年和1999年比例分別為726％和723％，另一方面，債券融資的比例分別是178％，249％和251％。在這三年，股票融資的比例，在比中國(guó)發(fā)達(dá)的資本市場(chǎng)中卻在下跌。以美國(guó)為例，當(dāng)美國(guó)企業(yè)需要的資金在資本市場(chǎng)上，于股權(quán)融資相比他們寧愿選擇債券融資。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，從1970年到1985年，美日企業(yè)債券融資占了境外融資的917％，比股權(quán)融資高很多。閻達(dá)五等發(fā)現(xiàn)，大約中國(guó)3/4的上市公司偏好于股權(quán)融資。許多研究的學(xué)者認(rèn)為，上市公司按以下順序進(jìn)行外部融資第一個(gè)是股票基金，第二個(gè)是可轉(zhuǎn)換債券，三是短期債務(wù)，最后一個(gè)是長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債。許多研究人員通常分析我國(guó)上市公司偏好股權(quán)是由于我們國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革所帶來(lái)的制度性因素。他們認(rèn)為，上市公司的融資活動(dòng)違背了西方古典融資理論只是因?yàn)槟切┲贫刃栽?。例如，?yōu)序融資理論認(rèn)為，當(dāng)企業(yè)需要資金時(shí)，他們首先應(yīng)該轉(zhuǎn)向內(nèi)部資金（折舊和留存收益），然后再進(jìn)行債權(quán)融資，最后的選擇是股票融資。在這篇文章中，筆者認(rèn)為，這是因?yàn)榫唧w的金融環(huán)境激活了企業(yè)的這種偏好，并結(jié)合了非制度性因素和西方金融理論，嘗試解釋股權(quán)融資偏好的原因。二、上市公司的融資成本和股權(quán)融資偏好1關(guān)，如果企業(yè)有更無(wú)形的資產(chǎn)，更多低質(zhì)量的資產(chǎn)，這將擁有較低的流動(dòng)性和較低的資產(chǎn)抵押價(jià)值。當(dāng)這類(lèi)企業(yè)面臨著很大的金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，就沒(méi)有辦法來(lái)解決其資產(chǎn)出售的問(wèn)題。此外，因?yàn)閷?duì)抵押貸款資產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變成現(xiàn)金的能力的關(guān)注，債權(quán)人將提高利率水平，降低金融合約其他項(xiàng)目的債務(wù)人規(guī)則，這些都將提高代理成本和降低公司價(jià)值。美國(guó)高通公司是無(wú)線數(shù)據(jù)和通信服務(wù)供應(yīng)商，它是CDMA的發(fā)明者和用戶(hù)，也占據(jù)了HDR技術(shù)。2000年３月底，其股票的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值在1120億美元，但長(zhǎng)期負(fù)債的數(shù)量是零。為什么呢原因可能是有一些在市場(chǎng)上擁有類(lèi)似技術(shù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手和高通公司管理層采取保守態(tài)度的融資活動(dòng)。但最重要的因素可能是高通公司擁有大量具有較低質(zhì)量的可兌換無(wú)形資產(chǎn)將，它沒(méi)有足夠的資金來(lái)支付其債務(wù)時(shí)，公司的價(jià)值會(huì)下降。在中國(guó)，許多上市公司是由國(guó)有企業(yè)改造而來(lái)的。在轉(zhuǎn)型中，上市企業(yè)接管了國(guó)有企業(yè)的高效優(yōu)質(zhì)資產(chǎn)，但隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，有些項(xiàng)目未能配合市場(chǎng)供求下降相應(yīng)資產(chǎn)價(jià)值。另一方面，新的高科技公司也有許多無(wú)形的資產(chǎn)。國(guó)有企業(yè)和高科技公司是資本市場(chǎng)的大部分地區(qū)。我們可以得出結(jié)論，上市公司的資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量卻很低。這一點(diǎn)是P/B指數(shù)（股價(jià)與賬面價(jià)值）支持的，這通常作為可以衡量的上市公司的資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量最重要的指標(biāo)。據(jù)深圳證券信息公司的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，截至到2003年11月14日，共有412個(gè)公司的P/B小于2，占在中國(guó)發(fā)行A股的上市公司的比例的30％，其中，有150家公司的P/B小于153，而股市的加權(quán)平均P/Ｂ為242。資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量低意味著債務(wù)資金會(huì)帶來(lái)更多的成本，并降低上市公司的總價(jià)值。因此，在中國(guó)進(jìn)行外部融資是，上市公司更傾向于股權(quán)。四、盈利能力和股權(quán)融資偏好財(cái)務(wù)杠桿理論告訴我們，在公司利潤(rùn)的小變化可能使公司的每股收益發(fā)生巨大變化。就像杠桿，我們可以通過(guò)使用它擴(kuò)增行動(dòng)。債券融資可以充分利用這個(gè)作用，這些公司有較高的盈利水平將得到更高的每股收益水平，因?yàn)閭Y本產(chǎn)生的利息為股東提供的利潤(rùn)比股東應(yīng)當(dāng)支付的更多。相反，這些公司的低盈利率會(huì)降低債券的每股盈利水平，因?yàn)閭荒墚a(chǎn)生股東履行清償?shù)睦嫘枨髞?lái)滿(mǎn)足足夠的利潤(rùn)。1999年，愛(ài)迪生國(guó)際公司具有穩(wěn)定的客戶(hù)量和許多無(wú)形的資產(chǎn)，這些提供了高層次的盈利能力來(lái)獲得債務(wù)資金，其債務(wù)占其總資產(chǎn)的672％。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的上市公司始終有高盈利水平。以美國(guó)為例，在美國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)有許多

簡(jiǎn)介：THEREARE18MAMMALIANFIBROBLASTGROWTHFACTORSFGF1–FGF10ANDFGF16–FGF23WHICHAREGROUPEDINTO6SUBFAMILIESBASEDONDIFFERENCESINSEQUENCEHOMOLOGYANDPHYLOGENYFGF1ANDFGF2FGF3,FGF7,FGF10,FGF22FGF4,FGF5ANDFGF6FGF8,FGF17ANDFGF18FGF9,FGF16ANDFGF20ANDFGF19,FGF21ANDFGF23REF1THENUMBERED‘FGFS’THATAREUNASSIGNEDTOSUBFAMILIESTHEFGFHOMOLOGOUSFACTORSPREVIOUSLYKNOWNASFGF11–FGF14HAVEHIGHSEQUENCEIDENTITYWITHTHEFGFFAMILYBUTDONOTACTIVATEFGFRECEPTORSFGFRSANDARETHEREFORENOTGENERALLYCONSIDEREDMEMBERSOFTHEFGFFAMILY2BOX1FGF15ISTHEMOUSEORTHOLOGUEOFHUMANFGF19FGFSARECLASSICALLYCONSIDEREDTOBEPARACRINEFACTORSANDAREKNOWNFORTHEIRROLESINTISSUEPATTERNINGANDORGANOGENESISDURINGEMBRYOGENESISTHEFIRSTFIVESUBFAMILIESFALLINTOTHISCATEGORYBYCONTRAST,THEFGF19,FGF21ANDFGF23SUBFAMILYHASRECENTLYBEENSHOWNTOFUNCTIONINANENDOCRINEMANNER,DEPENDENTONTHEPRESENCEOFKLOTHOPROTEINSINTHEIRTARGETTISSUES,TOREGULATEBILEACID,CHOLESTEROL,GLUCOSE,VITAMINDANDPHOSPHATEHOMEOSTASIS3–6THEINVOLVEMENTOFFGFSIGNALLINGINHUMANDISEASEISWELLDOCUMENTEDDEREGULATEDFGFSIGNALLINGCANCONTRIBUTETOPATHOLOGICALCONDITIONSEITHERTHROUGHGAINORLOSSOFFUNCTIONMUTATIONSINTHELIGANDSTHEMSELVESFOREXAMPLE,FGF23GAINOFFUNCTIONINAUTOSOMALDOMINANTHYPOPHOSPHATAEMICRICKETS7,FGF10LOSSOFFUNCTIONINLACRIMOAURICULODENTODIGITALSYNDROMELADDSYNDROME8,FGF3LOSSOFFUNCTIONINDEAFNESS9ANDFGF8LOSSOFFUNCTIONINKALLMANNSYNDROME10ORTHROUGHGAINORLOSSOFFUNCTIONMUTATIONSINFGFRS,WHICHCONTRIBUTETOMANYSKELETALSYNDROMES41,KALLMANNSYNDROME36,LADDSYNDROME54ANDCANCERTHERAPEUTICAPPROACHESUSINGEXOGENOUSFGFS,ANTIBODIESORSMALLMOLECULESARESTILLRELATIVELYNEW,ANDMANYAVENUESOFINVESTIGATIONREMAINOPENRECOMBINANTFGF7ISALREADYINUSEFORTHETREATMENTOFCHEMORADIATIONINDUCEDORALMUCOSITISFUTUREAPPLICATIONOFTHEFGFSINRENALDISEASE,GLUCOSEANDPHOSPHATEHOMEOSTASIS,STEMCELLRESEARCH,TISSUEREPAIRANDBIOENGINEERING,ANDANGIOGENESISISEXPECTEDCONTINUEDEFFORTSTOUNDERSTANDTHESTRUCTURALBIOLOGYOFFGF–FGFRINTERACTIONSWILLPLAYAKEYPARTINDRIVINGTHEDISCOVERYOFNEWTHERAPIESINTHISARTICLE,WEBRIEFLYREVIEWCURRENTKNOWLEDGEREGARDINGFGF–FGFRSIGNALLINGANDTHENFOCUSONTHEBIOLOGY,PATHOLOGYANDRECENTDEVELOPMENTSREGARDINGTHEPHARMACOLOGICALAPPLICATIONSOFEACHLIGANDTHEFGF–FGFRSIGNALLINGSYSTEMFGFSALLFGFS,EXCEPTTHOSEINSUBFAMILIESFGF1ANDFGF2,ANDFGF9,FGF16ANDFGF20,HAVESIGNALPEPTIDESTHEFGF9,FGF16ANDFGF20SUBFAMILYISNONETHELESSSECRETEDTHROUGHTHETRADITIONALENDOPLASMICRETICULUMER–GOLGISECRETORYPATHWAY11,WHEREASTHEFGF1ANDFGF2SUBFAMILYISSECRETEDINDEPENDENTLY12FGFSHAVEAHOMOLOGOUSCOREREGIONTHATCONSISTSOF120–130AMINOACIDSORDEREDINTO12ANTIPARALLELΒSTRANDSΒ1–Β12FLANKEDBYDIVERGENTAMINOANDCARBOXYLTERMINIFIG1AINGENERAL,PRIMARYSEQUENCEVARIATIONOFTHENANDCTERMINALTAILSOFFGFSACCOUNTSFORTHEDIFFERENTBIOLOGYOFTHELIGANDS13FIG1BTHEHEPARANSULPHATEGLYCOSAMINOGLYCANHSGAGBINDINGSITEHBSWITHINTHEFGFCOREISCOMPOSEDOFTHEΒ1–Β2LOOPANDPARTSOFTHEREGIONSPANNINGΒ10ANDΒ12FORPARACRINEFGFS,DEPARTMENTOFPHARMACOLOGY,NEWYORKUNIVERSITYSCHOOLOFMEDICINE,NEWYORK,NEWYORK10016,USAEMAILSANDREWBEENKENMEDNYUEDUMOOSAMOHAMMADINYUMCORGDOI101038/NRD2792AUTOSOMALDOMINANTHYPOPHOSPHATAEMICRICKETSAHEREDITARYDISORDEROFPHOSPHATEWASTINGCHARACTERIZEDBYRICKETS,LOWEREXTREMITYDEFORMITIESANDOSTEOMALACIALACRIMOAURICULODENTODIGITALSYNDROMELADDASYNDROMECHARACTERIZEDBYABNORMALITIESOFTHEDIGITSANDTEETH,LOWSETEARSANDAPLASIAOFTHELACRIMALANDSALIVARYGLANDSMUTATIONSINFGFR2ANDFGF10AREKNOWNTOCAUSELADDKALLMANNSYNDROMETHISSYNDROMERESULTSFROMADEFICIENCYOFGONADOTROPINRELEASINGHORMONE,WHICHLEADSTOHYPOGONADISMMUTATIONSINFGFR1CANDFGF8AREKNOWNTOCAUSEKALLMANNSYNDROMETHEFGFFAMILYBIOLOGY,PATHOPHYSIOLOGYANDTHERAPYANDREWBEENKENANDMOOSAMOHAMMADIABSTRACT|THEFAMILYOFFIBROBLASTGROWTHFACTORSFGFSREGULATESAPLETHORAOFDEVELOPMENTALPROCESSES,INCLUDINGBRAINPATTERNING,BRANCHINGMORPHOGENESISANDLIMBDEVELOPMENTSEVERALMITOGENIC,CYTOPROTECTIVEANDANGIOGENICTHERAPEUTICAPPLICATIONSOFFGFSAREALREADYBEINGEXPLORED,ANDTHERECENTDISCOVERYOFTHECRUCIALROLESOFTHEENDOCRINEACTINGFGF19SUBFAMILYINBILEACID,GLUCOSEANDPHOSPHATEHOMEOSTASISHASSPARKEDRENEWEDINTERESTINTHEPHARMACOLOGICALPOTENTIALOFTHISFAMILYTHISREVIEWDISCUSSESTRADITIONALAPPLICATIONSOFRECOMBINANTFGFSANDSMALLMOLECULEFGFRECEPTORKINASEINHIBITORSINTHETREATMENTOFCANCERANDCARDIOVASCULARDISEASEANDTHEIREMERGINGPOTENTIALINTHETREATMENTOFMETABOLICSYNDROMEANDHYPOPHOSPHATAEMICDISEASESREVIEWSNATUREREVIEWS|DRUGDISCOVERYVOLUME8|MARCH2009|235?2009MACMILLANPUBLISHERSLIMITEDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCANATUREREVIEWS|DRUGDISCOVERYFGF1FGF2FGF3FGF7FGF10FGF22FGF4FGF5FGF6FGF8FGF17FGF18FGF9FGF16FGF20FGF19FGF21FGF23EKFNLPPGNYKKPKLLYCGSGAFPPGHFKDPKRLYCGGVYEHLGGAPRRRKLYCRSYDYMEGGDIRVRRLFCVRSYNHLQGDVRWRKLFSPRSYPHLEGDVRWRRLFSSGAGDYLLGIKRLRRLYCQSSFQWSPSGRRTGSLYCNWESGYLVGIKRQRRLYCLVTDQLSRRLIRTYQLYSAMTDQLSRRQIREYQLYSRARDDVSRKQLRLYQLYSVTDLDHLKGILRRRQLYCPTDFAHLKGILRRRQLYCAAQLAHLHGILRRRQLYCPHVHYGWGDPIRLRHLYTSSPLLQFGGQVRQRYLYTNASPLLGSSWGGLIHLYT143734556831726774424343494852333527313451728548898491596060666569505244BΒ1CTERMINUSNTERMINUSΒ9Β8Β6Β4Β7Β5Β3Β2Β10Β11Β1Β12FGFR1ATLEASTTHREEGENETICDISORDERSCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOMUTATIONSINFGFR1KALLMAN’SSYNDROME36,OSTEOGLOPHONICDYPLASIAANDPFEIFFER’SSYNDROME37PATHOLOGICALFGFR1SIGNALLINGALSOOCC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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文2360字STUDYONMARKETINGSTRATEGYOFCREDITCARDINCHINASINCE2000,THECREDITCARDMARKETHASBEENDEVELOPINGRAPIDLYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECREDITCARDMEETSTHENEEDSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPEOPLE’SWAYOFLIFEANDTHECONSUMPTIONLEVELITISTHEOUTCOMEWHENTHESOCIALECONOMYDEVELOPSTOACERTAINPHASEANDISTHEEVIDENTTRENDWHENTHECHINESEFINANCEDEVELOPSTOWARDMODERNIZATIONANDINTERNATIONALIZATIONTORESEARCHTHEMARKETINGSTRATEGYOFTHECREDITCARDISTHEPREMISEANDTHEBASISOFUNDERSTANDINGTHECOMPETITIVEDEVELOPINGTRENDOFTHECREDITCARDMARKET,GRASPINGTHEDEVELOPINGLAWOFTHECREDITCARDMARKET,ANDIMPROVINGTHECOMPETITIVESUPERIORITYOFTHEENTERPRISEUNDERTHEBACKGROUNDOFWORKINGINTHEFINANCIALSETTLINGUNIT,WITHTHEPERSONALEXPERIENCESOFALLTHESERVICESOFTHECREDITCARD,ANDONTHEBASISOFREADINGALARGENUMBEROFMATERIALS,THEAUTHOREMPLOYSTHEMETHODOFCOMBININGTHETHEORYWITHTHEPRACTICEINORDERTOMAKEACOMPREHENSIVEANALYSISOFTHEMARKETINGSTRATEGYOFTHECREDITCARDFIRSTWESHOULDUNDERSTANDTHEBASICOPERATINGTRIALOFTHECREDITCARDANDTHEDEVELOPINGCONDITIONSATHOMEANDABROADSECONDONTHEBASISOFTHEANALYSISOFTHEMACROANDMICROENVIRONMENTWESHOULDCARRYOUTTHERESEARCHINTOTHEMARKETSEGMENTATIONOFTHECREDITCARDANDTHENFROMTHETWOASPECTSOFTHEMARKETINGCHANNELANDTHESTRATEGYOFTHESALESPROMOTION,WECOMPREHENSIVELYRESEARCHTHE4PSIMPORTANTELEMENTSOFTHECREDITCARDTHE4PSAREPRODUCT,PRICE,PLACEANDPROMOTIONCONCERNINGTHESALESPROMOTIONSTRATEGYOFTHEPRODUCT,THEANALYSISOFTHEMARKETINGSTRATEGYISCONDUCTEDFROMTHREEASPECTSTHEPRICESTRATEGY,THEVALUEADDEDSERVICESTRATEGYANDTHEPRODUCTSTRATEGYBEINGONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINTERMEDIARYSERVICESTOOLSINCOMMERCIALBANKS,CREDITCARDBUSINESSOFDOMESTICBANKSHASBYFARLAGGEDBEHINDDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,NOMATTERINTHEMACROSOCIALCREDITSYSTEMANDINTERNETMANAGEMENT,ORINTHEMICROCOSMICBUSINESSPHILOSOPHY,OPERATIONMECHANISMANDMARKETINGMIXINTHEMEANWHILE,CREDITCARDSERVICEISALSOTHEWEAKESTLINKINCHINACOMMERCIALBANKS’BUSINESSOPERATIONTHEREFORE,ITTURNSTOBEQUITESIGNIFICANTTODEVELOPANDSTRENGTHENCHINACREDITCARDINDUSTRYLEARNINGTHEEXPERIENCEOFDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESBASEDONCHINASOCIALCONDITIONWITHTHEFASTSTEADYANDHEALTHYDEVELOPMENTOFOURCOUNTRY’SECONOMY,THELEVELOFPEOPLE’SCONSUMPTIONISRAISING,ALSOTHEYREQUIREMOREANDMOREFINANCIALSERVICEMOREPEOPLEHAVEACCEPTEDTHECHANGEINTHEWAYOFTHEPAYMENTFROMCASHTOCREDITCARDALLOFTHESEESTABLISHEDAGOODBASEFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCREDITCARDINJUNE1985,ZHUHAIBRANCH,BANKOFCHINAISSUEDTHEFIRSTCREDITCARDZHONGYINCARDBUTTHISCARDISNOTTHETRULYCREDITCARD,IFTHECARDHOLDERWANTTOPAYTHEBILLWITHOVERDRAFT,THEYMUSTDEPOSITSOMEMONEYINTHECARDASHOTINTHELOCKERUNTILMARCH1995,GUANGDONGDEVELOPMENTBANKISSUEDTHEFIRSTCREDITCARDGUANGFAVISACREDITCARDUPTOTHEPRESENT,THEREARE19COMMERCIALBANKSISSUEDCREDITCARDINOURCOUNTRYINTHEASPECTOFTHENUMBER,ITADDEDTO3308MILLIONDURINGTHEFIRSTTHREEMONTHSIN2005,THEBALANCEOFTHECREDITCARD’SOVERDRAFTIS9367BILLION,ACCOUNTINGINSTITUTIONSTHESEDAYS,CRMCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENTSYSTEMISWIDELYAPPLIEDINTHEFINANCIALANDSERVICEINDUSTRYTHISWIDEAPPLICATIONISMAINLYACCELERATEDBYTHEECONOMICGLOBALIZATION,COMPETITIONSOFTHEFINANCIALMARKET,TECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONS,DEVELOPMENTSINTHEBANKMANAGEMENTANDOPERATIONFINANCIALORGANIZATIONSARENOWCONSIDERINGCRMASASTRATEGY,WHICHHELPSAMELIORATINGCUSTOMERVALUEBYINTEGRATINGCUSTOMERINFORMATIONRESOURCESIMPROVINGCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONANDLOYALTYBYPROVIDINGMOREECONOMIC,CONVENIENTANDADAPTIVEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESANDFINALLYREALIZINGTHEMAXIMUMPROFITFORTHEORGANIZATIONITSELFASCHINAHASJOINEDTHEWTOWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONANDITSFINANCIALMARKETISOPENINGFORTHEFOREIGNFINANCIALORGANIZATIONS,THECREDITCARDMARKETHASBECOMETHEFIRSTCHOICEWHENFOREIGNBANKSENTERINTOTHECHINESEMARKETTHUSOURLOCALCOMMERCIALBANKSAREFACINGSEVERECOMPETITIONSINTHISCONTEXT,HOWTOFIXPOTENTIALTARGETCUSTOMERSHOWTOUNDERSTANDCUSTOMERCONSUMPTIONCHARACTERSFROMEXCHANGESANDTHENCONDUCTDIFFERENTMARKETINGOPERATIONSHOWTOSETUPRISKALERTSYSTEMARETHECRUCIALCHALLENGESCONFRONTEDWITHCARDISSUINGBANKSWITHADVANCEDDATAWAREHOUSEANDDATADIGTECHNOLOGIES,CRMSYSTEMCANANALYZETHENEEDS,EXCHANGESMODES,OPPORTUNITIES,RISKSANDCOSTSRELATEDWITHCURRENTANDPOTENTIALCUSTOMERS,THUSINCREASECREDITCARDBUSINESS’SBENEFITINMAXIMUMTHEREFORE,ESTABLISHINGCRMSYSTEMANDPROVIDINGSTRONGANALYZINGFUNCTIONAREEXIGENTFORCREDITCARDBUSINESS’DEVELOPMENTOFCOMMERCIALBANKS

簡(jiǎn)介：鄭州輕工業(yè)學(xué)院鄭州輕工業(yè)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯題目填埋式柔性液體管道的三維有限元分析案例研究學(xué)生姓名許斌專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化052學(xué)號(hào)200502010216院（系）機(jī)電工程學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師職稱(chēng)王紅衛(wèi)（教授）完成時(shí)間2009年6月1日掩埋，壓縮將導(dǎo)致管線在溝槽中橫向變形其結(jié)果是長(zhǎng)生有限向上位移的“狹窄蜿蜒”。同樣，這仍然是一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，一方面，如果溝槽寬度太窄而不能消除管道的過(guò)度應(yīng)變能，管道就只能向上移動(dòng)。另一方面，溝填的管道可能被覆蓋少量的土壤，雖然這樣管道的橫向移動(dòng)被極大的限制，但向上的位移卻會(huì)過(guò)大（或不穩(wěn)定）。最終當(dāng)管線應(yīng)變能超過(guò)回填物和管道自重提供的約束時(shí)，管線會(huì)脫離溝槽。對(duì)柔性管道而言，這種過(guò)度的向上的位移經(jīng)常被成為劇變屈曲。對(duì)于接近劇變屈曲狀態(tài)的柔性管道而言，重點(diǎn)是，管道相對(duì)環(huán)境危害將變的脆弱或失去其結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。影響劇變屈曲的因素包括安裝和挖溝產(chǎn)生的預(yù)應(yīng)力，初始時(shí)海底結(jié)構(gòu)和柔性管道的結(jié)構(gòu)性能以及周?chē)浇槿鐪喜邸⒒靥钔粱蜇?fù)載。所以，為所有海底管線評(píng)估潛在的劇變屈曲以成為普遍的做法，它可以使管線工作在更高的流量、壓力和溫度下。以上規(guī)格的支付要求會(huì)顯著增加項(xiàng)目預(yù)算。根據(jù)規(guī)格的支付要求會(huì)造成更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，引起劇變屈曲從而破壞結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。此外一旦其成為經(jīng)濟(jì)上的制約，其它選項(xiàng)如設(shè)計(jì)智能路線或給管線預(yù)先加壓也應(yīng)該被考慮。為劇變屈曲已經(jīng)建立了很多模型，但它們中的大多數(shù)局限于簡(jiǎn)化的個(gè)人資料，以便于分析模型可以在普遍靜平衡的基礎(chǔ)上得以發(fā)展。重點(diǎn)主要放在關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)力和上舉反力上，它們決定覆蓋物設(shè)計(jì)而不是模擬管線反應(yīng)。這些簡(jiǎn)化方法可能過(guò)于保守并且在某些情況下，它們不能確定危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)和潛在的劇變屈曲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果。因此重要的是理解管線如何響應(yīng)各種附加情況，一邊獲取更高效率的設(shè)計(jì)，以確保管線的完整性，特別是柔性管道。為了更現(xiàn)實(shí)的評(píng)估離岸管線的劇變屈曲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，本文提出了一種有限元分析法。劇變屈曲的分析方法劇變屈曲的分析方法WELLSTREAM的劇變屈曲分析是一種有限元分析法（FEM）。進(jìn)行該分析是利用ANSYS一種大規(guī)模、通用的有限元程序，它利用有限元方法對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)、電子及電磁進(jìn)行分析。當(dāng)把壓力、熱力條件和管道自重（包括或不包括管道內(nèi)液體）納入考慮之中時(shí)，非線性、大撓度單元被用來(lái)模擬柔性管道、海底和海溝是可行的。另外，集中或分散的預(yù)應(yīng)力和指定的位移也可以得到解決。柔性管道和回填土

簡(jiǎn)介：SHIPSIMULATIONMODELSANAIDTOHARBORDESIGNBYRPDALLINGA,1THELZINGA,2ANDRHMHUIJSMANS3ABSTRACTINTHEDESIGNANDDEVELOPMENTOFPORTS,COSTBENEFITANALYSESAREOFTENUSEDTOSELECTTHEFINALDESIGNTHESEANALYSESSHOWONTHEONEHANDTHECOSTS,IE,CAPITALANDMAINTENANCECOSTSFORDREDGINGANDINVESTMENTCOSTS,ANDONTHEOTHERHANDTHEBENEFITSOFALARGERTRANSPORTVOLUMETHEECONOMYOFAPORTISSUBSTANTIALLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEDIMENSIONSOFAPPROACHCHANNELSANDPORTENTRANCESTODETERMINEOPTIMALDIMENSIONSOFAHARBOR,THEVESSELSTHATWILLCALLATTHEPORTHAVETOBECONSIDERED,BECAUSETHECHANNELANDPORTDIMENSIONSARELARGELYINFLUENCEDBYTHEBEHAVIOROFTHEVESSELSINTHEPREDICTIONOFSHIPMOTIONS,SIMULATIONTECHNIQUESHAVEPROVENTOBEADEQUATETOOLSTWOSUCHSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESAREDISCUSSEDONERELATEDTOHORIZONTALSHIPMOTIONSTHEOTHERRELATEDTOVERTICALSHIPMOTIONSINTRODUCTIONINDESIGNINGANDDEVELOPINGAPORT,THEHARBORDIMENSIONS,WHICHGUARANTEESAFEOPERATIONOFVESSELS,HAVETOBEESTABLISHEDTHESEDIMENSIONSAREDEPENDENTONTHEBEHAVIOROFTHEVESSELSTHATCALLATTHEPORT,SOSPECIALKNOWLEDGEOFTHEBEHAVIOROFVESSELSISREQUIREDINGENERAL,THEBEHAVIOROFAVESSELARRIVINGATORDEPARTINGFROMAPORTISINFLUENCEDBYTHEWAYITISCONTROLLEDANDBYENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESASSHOWNINFIG1THECONTROLOFAVESSELDEPENDSONTHEPERCEPTIVEABILITIESOFASHIPSNAVIGATOR,HISPOSSIBILITIESANDACTIONSINCONTROLLINGAVESSEL,ANDTHERESPONSECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEVESSELINQUESTIONENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESSUCHASWIND,WAVES,CURRENTS,MUD,ANDBANKSALSOAFFECTTHEBEHAVIOROFAVESSELQUITEOFTENINASPECIFICDESIGNSTUDYFORAPORT,NOTENOUGHINFORMATIONISAVAILABLEONTHEBEHAVIOROFAPARTICULARVESSELUNDERPARTICULARCIRCUMSTANCESINSUCHCASES,SIMULATIONMODELSAREFREQUENTLYUSEDTOPREDICTTHEVESSELSBEHAVIORWHENEVERUSINGSIMULATIONMODELS,THREEIMPORTANTSTAGESCANBEDISTINGUISHED1THEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEPROTOTYPEPROBLEMINTHEMODEL2THEDETERMINATIONOFTHEBEHAVIOROFAVESSELAND3THEINTERPRETATIONOFTHERESULTSOFTHEMODELANDITSIMPLEMENTATIONINTOTHEFAIRWAYDIMENSIONSOFTHEPROTOTYPESITUATIONPROJECTMGR,NSMB,THEEDE/WAGENINGENLABORATORIESOFMARITIMERESEARCHINSTITUTENETHERLANDS,POBOX28,6700AAWAGENINGEN,THENETHERLANDS2PROJECTMGR,NSMB,EDE/WAGENINGENLABORATORIESOFMARITIMERESEARCHINSTITUTENETHERLANDS,POBOX28,6700AAWAGENINGEN,THENETHERLANDSSCIENTIFICOFFICER,NSMB,EDE/WAGENINGENLABORATORIESOFMARITIMERESEARCHINSTITUTENETHERLANDS,POBOX28,6700AAWAGENINGEN,THENETHERLANDSNOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILAUGUST1,1986TOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGEROFJOURNALSTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONFEBRUARY20,1985THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFWATERWAY,PORT,COASTALANDOCEANENGINEERING,VOL112,NO2,MARCH1986?ASCE,ISSN0733950X/86/00020255/0100PAPERNO20469255DOWNLOADED08JAN2012TO22220529173REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICENSEORCOPYRIGHTVISITHTTP//WWWASCELIBRARYORGINGFASTTIMESIMULATIONMODELSTHERELATIONTOFAIRWAYDIMENSIONINGISALSODISCUSSEDHORIZONTALSHIPMOTIONSINTRODUCTIONNOWADAYSSEVERALSHIPHANDLINGSIMULATORS,CONSISTINGOFAMOCKUPOFASHIPSBRIDGE,ACOMPUTER,ANDLARGEVISUALSCENERY,AREINUSEALLAVAILABLEINSTRUMENTSNORMALLYUSEDFORREALNAVIGATION,EG,ASHIPSRADAR,AREALSOAVAILABLEONSUCHLARGESCALEORFULLMISSIONSIMULATORSFIG2THEBEHAVIOROFTHEVESSELSINTHEHORIZONTALPLANE,INCLUDINGTHEEFFECTSOFENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESLIKETHEONESSHOWNINFIG1,AREDESCRIBEDMATHEMATICALLYEXAMPLESOFAPPLYINGMANEUVERINGSIMULATORSINPORTANDFAIRWAYDESIGNAREGIVENINREFS4,AND3ENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESWHENAPPLYINGSIMULATIONMODELS,ITHASTOBEDECIDEDWHICHSPECIFICENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESTOINCLUDEINTHEMODELCURRENTS,WIND,WAVESSWELL,BANKS,ANDSHALLOWWATER,ANDTHEPREVAILINGMUDCONDITIONSCANALLHAVEACLEAREFFECTONTHESHIPSBEHAVIORTHEEFFECTSOFMUDONTHEMANEUVERINGCHARACTERISTICSOFLARGEVLCCSWASTHESUBJECTOFARECENTEXPERIMENTALTESTPROGRAM,REPORTEDBYSELLMEIJER,ETAL12THEMANEUVERINGEQUATIONS,DESCRIBINGTHESHIPSBEHAVIOR,WEREADAPTEDACCORDINGTOTHEEXPERIMENTALTESTRESULTSSIMULATIONEXPERIMENTSWEREPERFORMEDONTHEMANEUVERINGSIMULATORATMARINTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFMUDONTHEMANEUVERINGPERFORMANCEOFVLCCSANDTHEPOSSIBLESTRATEGYADOPTEDBYPILOTS7MEDIUMSCALESIMULATORSLARGESCALE,MEDIUMSCALE,ANDSMALLSCALEORMICROSIMULATORSAREINUSENOWADAYSAMICROSIMULATORGENERALLYCONSISTSOFAMICROCOMPUTER,ASINGLEVISUALDISPLAYUNITVDU,ANDAUNITTOCONTROLTHEVESSELRECENTLY,AMEDIUMSCALESIMULATOR,THESOCALLEDPANORAMICVIEWSIMULATORPANSIM,WASDEVELOPEDBYMARINTHEPANSIMCONSISTSOFTHREEMINICOMPUTERS,IE,ONEPDP11/44ANDTWOPDP11/34,WHICHAREALSOUSEDFORTHELARGESCALESIMULATORSOFMARIN,UPTOTHREEVISUALDISPLAYUNITSVECTORSCANTYPE,ANDACONTROLUNITFORRUDDER,ENGINE,BOWTHRUSTER,ANDPOSSIBLYTUGBOATSANEXAMPLEOFTHEPANSIMCONFIGURATIONWITHONLYONEVDUISDISPLAYEDINFIG3AFIG3BSHOWSANEXAMPLEOFTHEIMAGEONTHEVDUFIG2INTERIOROFLARGESCALESHIPHANDLINGSIMULATORATMARIN257DOWNLOADED08JAN2012TO22220529173REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICENSEORCOPYRIGHTVISITHTTP//WWWASCELIBRARYORG

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄附錄B外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)DESIGNOFA4POLELINESTARTPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORFLIBERT1,JSOULARD1ANDJENGSTR?M21ROYALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALMACHINESANDPOWERELECTRONICS,10044STOCKHOLM,SWEDENEMAILFLORENCEEKCKTHSEEMAILJULIETTEEKCKTHSE2ITTFLYGTABBOX1309,17125SOLNA,SWEDENEMAILJORGENENGSTROMFLYGTCOMABSTRACTTOIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFSUBMERSIBLEPUMPS,THESOLUTIONDESCRIBEDINTHISARTICLECONSISTSINREPLACINGTHEROTOROFTHEINDUCTIONMOTORWITHAROTORPRESENTINGASQUIRRELCAGEANDBURIEDPERMANENTMAGNETSTHATCANSTARTONTHEGRIDTHEANALYTICALPROCEDURETODESIGNTHEROTORISPRESENTEDWITHMAGNETSPLACEDINUSHAPEANDAFOURPOLEMOTORTHESTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTPERFORMANCESOFTHEDIFFERENTDESIGNEDMOTORSARETHENSTUDIEDUSINGFINITEELEMENTCALCULATIONSANDANALYTICALMODELSASANEXAMPLE,THEDESIGNOFA75KWFOURPOLEMOTORISDESCRIBED1INTRODUCTIONINORDERTODECREASEGASEMISSIONS,DIFFERENTCOUNTRIESLEDBYTHEUNITEDSTATESIMPOSEDCLASSESOFEFFICIENCYFORSTANDALONEINDUCTIONMOTORSTHROUGHTHEIRLEGISLATIONEVENTHOUGHITISPOSSIBLETOINCREASETHEEFFICIENCYOFTRADITIONALINDUCTIONMOTORS,THISCANNOTBEEASILYDONEWITHOUTOVERSIZINGTHEMOTOR,WHICHISDEFINITELYCONTRARYTOTHEIDEAOFANINTEGRATEDMOTORFORPRODUCTSSUCHASPUMPSINTHISCASE,THESOLUTIONCOULDBETOFINDANOTHERTYPEOFMOTORTHATREACHESHIGHEREFFICIENCYLEVELSTHELINESTARTPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORLSPMISONEOFTHEMBYINTRODUCINGPERMANENTMAGNETSBURIEDBENEATHTHESQUIRRELCAGE,AHYBRIDROTORISOBTAINEDWHICHCOMBINESANASYNCHRONOUSSTARTWITHASYNCHRONOUSSTEADYSTATEOPERATIONWITHREALLYLOWCOPPERLOSSESATSTEADYSTATEHARMONICSLOSSESONLY,ABETTEREFFICIENCYCANBEREACHEDTHEDESIGNPROCEDURE,WHICHWILLBEDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPER,HASBEENUSEDONA75KWFOURPOLEMOTORDIFFERENTDESIGNSWERETESTEDINORDERTOFINDAGOODCOMPROMISEBETWEENGOODSTEADYSTATEPERFORMANCESANDAGOODSTARTANDSYNCHRONIZATION2DESIGNPROCEDUREASTARTANDSYNCHRONIZATIONOFTHELSPMSTHEEXTERIORMAGNETSAREPLACEDDIRECTLYUNDERONEBARTOHEAVILYSATURATETHEIRONBRIDGESANDALLOWTHEMAGNETIZATIONOFTHEAIRGAPFORALOWHARMONICCONTENT,ANELECTRICALPOLEANGLENEARTO120°HASBEENCHOSENTHEMAGNETSHAVEALLTHESAMEDIMENSIONSBECAUSEOFECONOMICALREASONSTHEMAGNETDIMENSIONSARECALCULATEDANALYTICALLYINORDERTOOBTAINTHECHOSENNOLOADVOLTAGE3THISANALYTICALDESIGNPROCEDUREHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDINMATLABASTHEWHOLEPROGRAMISANALYTICAL,ITSEXECUTIONTAKESONLYFEWSECONDSTHEGEOMETRY

簡(jiǎn)介：1外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)ARSENICINTHEENVIRONMENTBIOLOGYANDCHEMISTRYABSTRACTARSENICASDISTRIBUTIONANDTOXICOLOGYINTHEENVIRONMENTISASERIOUSISSUE,WITHMILLIONSOFINDIVIDUALSWORLDWIDEBEINGAFFECTEDBYASTOXICOSISSOURCESOFASCONTAMINATIONAREBOTHNATURALANDANTHROPOGENICANDTHESCALEOFCONTAMINATIONRANGESFROMLOCALTOREGIONALTHEREAREMANYAREASOFRESEARCHTHATAREBEINGACTIVELYPURSUEDTOADDRESSTHEASCONTAMINATIONPROBLEMTHESEINCLUDENEWMETHODSOFSCREENINGFORASINTHEFIELD,DETERMININGTHEEPIDEMIOLOGYOFASINHUMANS,ANDIDENTIFYINGTHERISKOFASUPTAKEINAGRICULTUREREMEDIATIONOFASAFFECTEDWATERSUPPLIESISIMPORTANTANDRESEARCHINCLUDESASSESSINGNATURALREMEDIATIONPOTENTIALASWELLASPHYTOREMEDIATIONANOTHERAREAOFACTIVERESEARCHISONTHEMICROBIALLYMEDIATEDBIOGEOCHEMICALINTERACTIONSOFASINTHEENVIRONMENTIN2005,ACONFERENCEWASCONVENEDTOBRINGTOGETHERSCIENTISTSINVOLVEDINMANYOFTHEDIFFERENTAREASOFASRESEARCHINTHISPAPER,WEPRESENTASYNTHESISOFTHEASISSUESINTHELIGHTOFLONGSTANDINGRESEARCHANDWITHREGARDSTOTHENEWFINDINGSPRESENTEDATTHISCONFERENCETHISCONTRIBUTIONPROVIDESABACKDROPTOTHEISSUESRAISEDATTHECONFERENCETOGETHERWITHANOVERVIEWOFCONTEMPORARYANDHISTORICALISSUESOFASCONTAMINATIONANDHEALTHIMPACTSCROWNCOPYRIGHT2007PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTION11LOCATIONANDSCALEOFPROBLEMARSENICASHASBEENDETECTEDINGROUNDWATERINSEVERALCOUNTRIESOFTHEWORLD,WITHCONCENTRATIONLEVELSEXCEEDINGTHEWHODRINKINGWATERGUIDELINEVALUEOF10ΜG/LWHO,2001ASWELLASTHENATIONALREGULATORYSTANDARDSEG50ΜG/LININDIAANDBANGLADESH,AHMEDETAL,2004MUKHERJEEETAL,2006ARSENICINGROUNDWATERISOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHGEOLOGICSOURCES,BUTINSOMELOCATIONSANTHROPOGENICINPUTSCANBEEXTREMELYIMPORTANTINGESTIONOFGEOGENICASFROMGROUNDWATERSOURCESISMANIFESTEDASCHRONICHEALTHDISORDERSINMOSTOFTHEAFFECTEDREGIONSOFTHEWORLDBGSBHATTACHARYAETAL,2002A,BSMEDLEYANDKINNIBURGH,2002WELCHAND3RAISINGCOMMUNITYAWARENESSABOUTTHEHEALTHPROBLEMSRELATEDTOCHRONICASEXPOSUREFROMDRINKINGWATERANOVERALLRISKASSESSMENTINCLUDINGACOMPONENTOFMITIGATIONFORASCONTAMINATIONSHOULDBEBASEDONACCURATEDETERMINATIONOFASLEVELSINTWWATERUSINGECONOMICALLYVIABLEMETHODSFORASSCREENINGFIELDTESTKITSOFFERAMOREPRACTICALTOOLTHANLABORATORYMEASUREMENTSWITHINTHETIMEFRAMEANDFINANCIALRESOURCESAVAILABLEFORSCREENINGANDASSESSMENTOFTHEASCONTAMINATEDWELLSASWELLASTHEIRMONITORINGSIMPLE,LOWCOSTMETHODSFORASDETERMINATION,SUCHASTHEFIELDTESTKITSHAVEPROVEDTOBEMOSTSUITABLEFORPERFORMINGTHETWSCREENINGQUICKLYSEVERALCOMMERCIALFIELDTESTKITSAREAVAILABLEFORDETERMINATIONOFASINTWWATERRAHMANETAL,2002KHANDAKER,2004DESHPANDEANDPANDE,2005VANGEENETAL,2005STEINMAUSETAL,2006FIELDKITSPROVIDESEMIQUANTITATIVERESULTSANDTHERELIABILITYOFSEVERALFIELDKITSAREQUESTIONEDBECAUSEOFPOORACCURACYRAHMANETAL,2002THUS,THEREISANEEDFORFURTHEREVALUATIONOFTHESCREENINGRESULTSBYTHEFIELDKIT,PRIORTOITSRECOMMENDATIONFORWIDESCALEUSEINBANGLADESHANDELSEWHEREINTHEWORLD13EPIDEMIOLOGYINGESTIONOFGROUNDWATERWITHELEVATEDASCONCENTRATIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDHUMANHEALTHEFFECTSAREPREVALENTINSEVERALREGIONSACROSSTHEWORLDARSENICTOXICITYANDCHRONICARSENICOSISISOFANALARMINGMAGNITUDEPARTICULARLYINSOUTHASIAANDISAMAJORENVIRONMENTALHEALTHDISASTERCHAKRABORTIETAL,2004KAPAJETAL,2006ARSENICISPERHAPSTHEONLYHUMANCARCINOGENFORWHICHTHEREISADEQUATEEVIDENCEOFCARCINOGENICRISKBYBOTHINHALATIONANDINGESTIONCENTENOETAL,2002CHENANDAHSAN,2004MOSTOFTHEINGESTEDASISRAPIDLYEXCRETEDVIATHEKIDNEYWITHINAFEWDAYSTAMETAL,1979BUCHETETAL,1981VAHTER,1994HOWEVER,HIGHLEVELSOFASARERETAINEDFORLONGERPERIODSOFTIMEINTHEBONE,SKIN,HAIR,ANDNAILSOFEXPOSEDHUMANSKARAGASETAL,2000MANDALETAL,2003STUDIESOFASSPECIATIONINTHEURINEOFEXPOSEDHUMANSINDICATETHATTHEMETABOLITESCOMPRISE10–15INORGANICASIASANDMONOMETHYLARSONICACIDMMAVANDAMAJORPROPORTION60–80OFDIMETHYLARSENICACIDDMAVTAMETAL,1979VAHTERETAL,1995HOPENHAYNRICHETAL,1996RECENTSTUDIESHAVEFOUNDMONOMETHYLARSONOUSACIDMMAIIIANDDIMETHYLARSINOUSACIDDMAIIIINTRACEQUANTITIESINHUMANURINEAPOSHIANETAL,2000DELRAZOETAL,2001MANDALETAL,2001INGENERAL,MMAIIIISMORETOXICTHANASIIIANDASVVIZPETRICKETAL,2000,2001

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文3617字出處出處MATTAEEFFECTIVENESSOFTUNEDMASSDAMPERSAGAINSTGROUNDMOTIONPULSESJJOURNALOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,2012,1392188198外文翻譯外文翻譯地面運(yùn)動(dòng)沖擊作用下調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器的有效性EMILIANOMATTA,PHD,PE1摘要眾所周知，當(dāng)輸入設(shè)備的時(shí)間減少時(shí)，調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器（TMDS）的有效性會(huì)降低。試驗(yàn)表明，調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器的使用通常會(huì)阻礙短時(shí)的，類(lèi)似脈沖的地面震動(dòng)，比如說(shuō)那些在擬域的向前或拋擲的事件。然而對(duì)這些可控制的傷害的系統(tǒng)的評(píng)估仍然是缺失的。這篇文章里，一個(gè)近來(lái)分析地面震動(dòng)脈沖模型被用來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)與評(píng)估調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器在減少地震沖擊性方面的影響。根據(jù)這個(gè)模型，首先，會(huì)介紹一個(gè)新的優(yōu)化方法來(lái)代替經(jīng)典的方法。然后，這兩種方法會(huì)被拿來(lái)檢測(cè)單自由度和多自由度的線性結(jié)構(gòu)，這些結(jié)構(gòu)既屬于可分析的脈沖特點(diǎn)的大型擬域記錄。以百分位反應(yīng)譜來(lái)表達(dá)結(jié)果在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的評(píng)價(jià)，顯示以脈沖為導(dǎo)向的調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器正反面的設(shè)計(jì)理由，提高對(duì)調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器在地面震動(dòng)中的總體性能的理解。DOI101061/ASCEST1943541X0000629版權(quán)2013美國(guó)土木工程師協(xié)會(huì)土木工程師數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)主題目標(biāo)地震工程；結(jié)構(gòu)控制；抗震設(shè)計(jì)；阻尼；抗震結(jié)構(gòu)；地表運(yùn)動(dòng)；沖擊荷載；反應(yīng)譜。關(guān)鍵詞地震工程調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器最佳設(shè)計(jì)淺埋地震地表運(yùn)動(dòng)脈沖模型百分率反應(yīng)譜1引言被動(dòng)調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器被廣泛應(yīng)用于土木工程，用來(lái)減少由看似穩(wěn)定的動(dòng)態(tài)載荷（如風(fēng)、海浪、人）引起的震動(dòng)，但它的抗震性是建立在地面震動(dòng)屬性上的KAYNIAETAL1981。當(dāng)調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器與一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的移動(dòng)同時(shí)反應(yīng)時(shí)，它被證明在對(duì)抗持久、窄頻帶的地面移動(dòng)上是有效的，但對(duì)于減少猛烈沖擊帶來(lái)的峰值響應(yīng)是無(wú)效的。有些文獻(xiàn)里承認(rèn)調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器有不便之處。SLADEK和KLINGNER1983指出一個(gè)調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器在短時(shí)間的通電后沒(méi)有時(shí)間產(chǎn)生有效的控制作用。TSAI1995證明一個(gè)調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器在短時(shí)間里使用正弦激勵(lì)，會(huì)有5的質(zhì)量比率在第一次反應(yīng)周期里是無(wú)效的。SINHA和IGUSA1995創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)測(cè)試短期寬頻帶的地面移動(dòng)的調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器性能的閉式表達(dá)式，還指出在短期通電時(shí)或通電時(shí)間增加并二次接近它的平穩(wěn)值時(shí)，調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器是無(wú)效的。CHEN和WU2001觀察到在劇烈地面移動(dòng)下，如果結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)歷峰值3地震保護(hù)系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)空間域表達(dá)式的存在。這篇論文展示了以脈沖為導(dǎo)向的調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器可能存在的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，HE和AGRAWAL2008的模型被用來(lái)優(yōu)化與評(píng)估調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器在應(yīng)對(duì)地震上的功能。介紹一個(gè)新的脈沖設(shè)計(jì)作為經(jīng)典H方法的替代物，這兩種策略被用來(lái)檢測(cè)單自由度和多自由度線性結(jié)構(gòu)受控于可分析脈沖和近域數(shù)據(jù)。最終的數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)估由百分位反應(yīng)譜表達(dá)，將會(huì)顯示以脈沖為導(dǎo)向的調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)劣，提高對(duì)調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器在具有沖擊性的地面運(yùn)動(dòng)下所屬性能的整體理解。2脈沖地面移動(dòng)分析模型HE和AGRAWAL（2008）定義地面速率分析模型為公式?jīng)]標(biāo)注其中脈沖原頻率脈沖時(shí)間；振幅比例因子正弦相位角衰減系數(shù)偏斜參數(shù)和脈沖開(kāi)始時(shí)間在時(shí)間的變化，地面加速度可以這么得到這個(gè)模型本質(zhì)上是一種振幅調(diào)制正弦曲線,可以模擬記錄NF地面運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù),通過(guò)選擇合適的脈沖。參數(shù)N和Α,控制速度的積累和衰變的速度脈沖,分別可以另外的形式表達(dá)的周期數(shù)的累積階段,N,脈沖衰減率,ΞG具有相同的物理意義的參數(shù)ΞG在KANAITAJIMI模型,根據(jù)該模型轉(zhuǎn)化成為一個(gè)正弦曲線為N變成無(wú)窮大和/或ΞP變?yōu)榱恪Ｃ}沖參數(shù)都是以HE和AGRAWAL2008通過(guò)非線性最小二乘回歸確定36NF的地面運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)記錄的，在此稱(chēng)為SET36，他們的近似解析將用來(lái)近似求解TMDS的性能。3在單自由度結(jié)構(gòu)下TMDS脈沖像地面運(yùn)動(dòng)幾種方法來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)TMD在單自由度在T結(jié)構(gòu)和阻尼比ΞS地面運(yùn)動(dòng)下。設(shè)為質(zhì)量比為Μ；TMD的比例結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量,質(zhì)量和頻率比Υ；比TMD對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)固有頻率自然

簡(jiǎn)介：英文翻譯部分英文部分ADVANCEDCONTROLALGORITHMSFORSTEAMTEMPERATUREREGULATIONOFTHERMALPOWERPLANTSASANCHEZLOPEZ,GARROYOFIGUEROA,AVILLAVICENCIORAMIREZINSTITUTODEINVESTIGACIONESELECTRICAS,DIVISIONDESISTEMASDECONTROL,REFORMANO113,COLONIAPALMIRA,CUERNAVACA,MORELOS62490,MEXICORECEIVED5FEBRUARY2003REVISED6APRIL2004ACCEPTED8JULY2004ABSTRACTAMODELBASEDCONTROLLERDYNAMICMATRIXCONTROLANDANINTELLIGENTCONTROLLERFUZZYLOGICCONTROLHAVEBEENDESIGNEDANDIMPLEMENTEDFORSTEAMTEMPERATUREREGULATIONOFA300MWTHERMALPOWERPLANTTHETEMPERATUREREGULATIONISCONSIDEREDTHEMOSTDEMANDEDCONTROLLOOPINTHESTEAMGENERATIONPROCESSBOTHPROPOSEDCONTROLLERSDYNAMICMATRIXCONTROLLERDMCANDFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERFLCWEREAPPLIEDTOREGULATESUPERHEATEDANDREHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATURETHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEFLCCONTROLLERHASABETTERPERFORMANCETHANADVANCEDMODELBASEDCONTROLLER,SUCHASDMCORACONVENTIONALPIDCONTROLLERTHEMAINBENEFITSARETHEREDUCTIONOFTHEOVERSHOOTANDTHETIGHTERREGULATIONOFTHESTEAMTEMPERATURESFLCCONTROLLERSCANACHIEVEGOODRESULTFORCOMPLEXNONLINEARPROCESSESWITHDYNAMICVARIATIONORWITHLONGDELAYTIMESKEYWORDSTHERMALPOWERPLANTSPOWERPLANTCONTROLSTEAMTEMPERATUREREGULATIONPREDICTIVECONTROLFUZZYLOGICCONTROL1INTRODUCTIONCURRENTECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTFACTORSPUTASTRINGERREQUIREMENTONTHERMALPOWERPLANTSTOBEOPERATEDATAHIGHLEVELOFEFFICIENCYANDSAFETYATMINIMUMCOSTINADDITION,THEREAREANINCREMENTOFTHEAGEOFTHERMALPLANTSTHATAFFECTEDTHERELIABILITYANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEPLANTSTHESEFACTORSHAVEINCREASEDTHECOMPLEXITYOFPOWERCONTROLSYSTEMSOPERATIONS1,2CURRENTLY,THECOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYHAVEBEENEXTENSIVELYUSEDINTHERMALPLANTPROCESSOPERATIONANDCONTROLDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMSDCSANDMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMSMISHAVEBEENPLAYINGANIMPORTANTROLETOSHOWPERTURBEDWITHANUNITARYSTEPSIGNALASANINPUTDISTURBANCEFIG3THISMETHODISTHEMOSTCOMMONANDEASYMEANTOOBTAINTHEDYNAMICMATRIXCOEFFICIENTSOFTHEPROCESSTHECONTROLTECHNIQUEINCLUDESTHEFOLLOWINGSPROCEDURESAOBTAININGTHEDYNAMICMATRIXMODELOFTHEPROCESSINTHISSTAGE,ASTEPSIGNALISAPPLIEDTOTHEINPUTOFTHEPROCESSTHEMEASUREMENTSOBTAINEDWITHTHISACTIVITYREPRESENTTHEPROCESSBEHAVIORASWELLASTHECOEFFICIENTSOFTHEPROCESSSTATEINTIMETHISSTEPISPERFORMEDJUSTONCEBEFORETHEOPERATIONOFTHECONTROLALGORITHM

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