簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4100字出處出處JIANGM,HUH,PENGJ,ETALINFLUENCEOFFRACTUREFILLINGONMECHANICALBEHAVIOROFLOESSC//PAVEMENTANDGEOTECHNICALENGINEERINGFORTRANSPORTATIONASCE,2015117126壓實(shí)處理對(duì)天然黃土力學(xué)性能的影響INFLUENCEOFFRACTUREFILLINGONMECHANICALBEHAVIOROFLOESS蔣明鏡1，胡海軍2，彭建兵3，王鑫鑫41同濟(jì)大學(xué)巖土工程博士后，郵編200092；電子郵箱HUHAIJUN163COM2同濟(jì)大學(xué)巖土工程博士后，郵編200092；電子郵箱HUHAIJUN163COM3長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)巖土工程研究學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)，郵編710054；電子郵箱DICEXY_1CHDEDUCN4同濟(jì)大學(xué)巖土工程研究生，郵編200092；電子郵箱WANGTIAN753214163COM摘要摘要為了調(diào)查影響壓實(shí)黃土和壓實(shí)過(guò)程中的力學(xué)因素變化，在陜西省涇陽(yáng)對(duì)天然黃土和壓實(shí)黃土進(jìn)行了常規(guī)三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)（CTC），減壓三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)（RTC）及恒定含水量條件下的減壓三軸拉伸試驗(yàn)（RTE）。這次試驗(yàn)?zāi)M了近地應(yīng)力的固結(jié)壓力，并成功觀測(cè)到了不同的破壞類型。在CTC測(cè)試中，每份土樣的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果都表明天然黃土和壓實(shí)黃土試件通過(guò)應(yīng)變硬化性能和剪切破壞面相互作用。在RTC測(cè)試中，每份土樣都出現(xiàn)了應(yīng)變軟化。剪切破壞面出現(xiàn)在黃土試件的共軛面，天然黃土與壓實(shí)黃土試件通過(guò)剪切破環(huán)面相互作用。在RTE測(cè)試中天然黃土樣被破壞，而壓實(shí)黃土完好。壓實(shí)黃土與天然黃土的剪切強(qiáng)度幾乎相同。簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介中國(guó)的黃土高原有大量地層裂縫，尤其是在陜西?。ㄍ醯?989；彭等1992李等2000趙等2009）。魯?shù)热耍?009）和胡等人（2009）對(duì)周?chē)貙恿芽p土的力學(xué)性能和物理性能進(jìn)行了研究。魯?shù)热耍?009）對(duì)壓實(shí)黃土進(jìn)行常規(guī)三軸壓縮試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系隨著固結(jié)壓力的增加而從應(yīng)變軟化向應(yīng)變硬化轉(zhuǎn)變。由于天然黃土被壓實(shí)后的變形方向與壓實(shí)的下底位盤(pán)整壓力的夾角為60度，所以剪切帶經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在天然黃土和壓實(shí)黃土的接觸面上。江等人用天然黃土，壓實(shí)黃土和地裂縫附近的壓槽已經(jīng)被挖掘出來(lái)。圖1給出了探槽的橫截面的地質(zhì)情況裂縫的分布和采樣的位置。地圖左下角的陰影部分為地裂縫受壓區(qū)，這里可能形成地震區(qū)。其他的小型裂縫是由于產(chǎn)生大型裂縫后產(chǎn)生的水平方向拉應(yīng)力產(chǎn)生的。這些裂縫幾乎是垂直的，裂縫的寬度在1200MM之間，且隨著深度加深而減小。裂縫（F12）下的壓實(shí)土樣在105M左右的深度下采集的。天然黃土是馬蘭黃土，顏色為黃色，在57MM左右寬的裂縫處采集的，如圖2所示。天然黃土試件和經(jīng)過(guò)壓實(shí)處理的黃土試件是為了三軸試驗(yàn)準(zhǔn)備的。壓實(shí)黃土試件和底平面的夾角是45度。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在隧道建筑過(guò)程中應(yīng)力在水平方向遞減。采樣方向參見(jiàn)圖3。CTC和RTC試驗(yàn)中的試件的采樣方向是接近垂直的；RTE試驗(yàn)的試件的采樣方向是水平的，這可以確保RTC試驗(yàn)和RTE試驗(yàn)中試件應(yīng)力遞減的方向幾乎是相同的。在試件制備過(guò)程中，要先對(duì)每份試件的初始含水量進(jìn)行測(cè)定。準(zhǔn)備工作完成后，將試件包裹在塑料薄膜中，并放置在潮濕的腔室中。測(cè)定含水量后對(duì)土樣進(jìn)行烘干處理或者加濕處理使含水量調(diào)節(jié)到15，然后將試樣包裹在塑料薄膜中再放置潮濕的腔室中至少兩天，以確保水分在試件中均勻分布，許多研究者（張等2006；楊等2010）也用這種方法來(lái)制備特定含水量的黃土試件。圖1黃土取樣處裂縫與地質(zhì)剖面圖2取好的土樣

簡(jiǎn)介：1SLEEETALAPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMFORTHESMARTHOMEAPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMFORTHESMARTHOMESUKLEE,MEMBER,IEEE,KYOUNGNAMHA,KYUNGCHANGLEE,MEMBER,IEEEABSTRACTSMARTHOMEISEXPECTEDTOOFFERVARIOUSINTELLIGENTSERVICESBYRECOGNIZINGRESIDENTSALONGWITHTHEIRLIFESTYLEANDFEELINGSONEOFTHEKEYISSUESFORREALIZINGTHESMARTHOMEISHOWTODETECTTHELOCATIONSOFRESIDENTSCURRENTLY,THERESEARCHEFFORTISFOCUSEDONTWOAPPROACHESTERMINALBASEDANDNONTERMINALBASEDMETHODSTHETERMINALBASEDMETHODEMPLOYSATYPEOFDEVICETHATSHOULDBECARRIEDBYTHERESIDENTWHILETHENONTERMINALBASEDMETHODREQUIRESNOSUCHDEVICETHISPAPERPRESENTSANOVELNONTERMINALBASEDAPPROACHUSINGANARRAYOFPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORSPIRSENSORSTHATCANDETECTRESIDENTSTHEFEASIBILITYOFTHESYSTEMISEVALUATEDEXPERIMENTALLYONATESTBEDINDEXTERMSSMARTHOME,LOCATIONBASEDSERVICE,PYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORPIRSENSOR,LOCATIONRECOGNITIONALGORITHMIINTRODUCTIONTHEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINSMARTHOMEASAWAYTOOFFERACONVENIENT,COMFORTABLE,ANDSAFERESIDENTIALENVIRONMENT1,2INGENERAL,THESMARTHOMEAIMSTOOFFERAPPROPRIATEINTELLIGENTSERVICESTOACTIVELYASSISTINTHERESIDENT’SLIFESUCHASHOUSEWORK,AMUSEMENT,REST,ANDSLEEPHENCE,INORDERTOENHANCETHERESIDENT’SCONVENIENCEANDSAFETY,DEVICESSUCHASHOMEAPPLIANCES,MULTIMEDIAAPPLIANCES,ANDINTERNETAPPLIANCESSHOULDBECONNECTEDVIAAHOMENETWORKSYSTEM,ASSHOWNINFIG1,ANDTHEYSHOULDBECONTROLLEDORMONITOREDREMOTELYUSINGATELEVISIONTVORPERSONALDIGITALASSISTANTPDA3,43FREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONRFIDTAGTHEREFORE,ITISIMPOSSIBLETORECOGNIZETHERESIDENT’SLOCATIONIFHEORSHEISNOTCARRYINGTHEDEVICEINCONTRAST,NONTERMINALMETHODSSUCHASEASYLIVINGANDSMARTFLOORCANFINDTHERESIDENT’SLOCATIONWITHOUTSUCHDEVICESHOWEVER,EASYLIVINGCANBEREGARDEDTOINVADETHERESIDENT’SPRIVACYWHILETHESMARTFLOORHASDIFFICULTYWITHEXTENDIBILITYANDMAINTENANCETHISPAPERPRESENTSANONTERMINALBASEDLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMTHATUSESANARRAYOFPYROELECTRICINFRAREDPIRSENSORS15,16THEPIRSENSORSONTHECEILINGDETECTTHEPRESENCEOFARESIDENTANDARELAIDOUTSOTHATDETECTIONAREASOFADJACENTSENSORSOVERLAPBYCOMBININGTHEOUTPUTSOFMULTIPLEPIRSENSORS,THESYSTEMISABLETOLOCATEARESIDENTWITHAREASONABLEDEGREEOFACCURACYTHISSYSTEMHASINHERENTADVANTAGEOFNONTERMINALBASEDMETHODSWHILEAVOIDINGPRIVACYANDEXTENDIBILITY,MAINTENANCEISSUESINORDERTODEMONSTRATEITSEFFICACY,ANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDHASBEENCONSTRUCTED,ANDTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMHASBEENEVALUATEDEXPERIMENTALLYUNDERVARIOUSEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDINTOFOURSECTIONS,INCLUDINGTHISINTRODUCTIONSECTIONIIPRESENTSTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMPILAS,ANDTHELOCATIONRECOGNITIONALGORITHMSECTIONIIIDESCRIBESARESIDENTDETECTIONMETHODUSINGPIRSENSORS,ANDEVALUATESTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMUNDERVARIOUSCONDITIONSUSINGANEXPERIMENTALTESTBEDFINALLY,ASUMMARYANDTHECONCLUSIONSAREPRESENTEDINSECTIONIVIIARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSORBASEDINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMAFRAMEWORKOFTHESMARTHOMEGIVENTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTOFTHESMARTHOME,ANINDOORLOCATIONAWARESYSTEMMUSTSATISFYTHEFOLLOWINGREQUIREMENTSFIRST,THELOCATIONAWARESYSTEMSHOULDBEIMPLEMENTEDATARELATIVELYLOWCOSTBECAUSEMANYSENSORSHAVETOBEINSTALLEDINROOMSOFDIFFERENTSIZESTODETECTTHERESIDENTINTHESMARTHOMESECOND,SENSORINSTALLATIONMUSTBEFLEXIBLEBECAUSETHESHAPEOFEACHROOMISDIFFERENTANDTHEREAREOBSTACLESSUCHASHOMEAPPLIANCESANDFURNITURE,WHICHPREVENTTHENORMALOPERATIONOFSENSORSTHETHIRDREQUIREMENTISTHATTHESENSORSFORTHELOCATIONAWARESYSTEMHAVETOBEROBUSTTONOISE,ANDSHOULDNOTBEAFFECTEDBYTHEIRSURROUNDINGSTHISISBECAUSETHESMARTHOMECANMAKEUSEOFVARIOUSWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONMETHODSSUCHASWIRELESSLANORRADIOFREQUENCYRFSYSTEMS,WHICHPRODUCEELECTROMAGNETICNOISE,ORTHEREMAYBESIGNIFICANTCHANGESINLIGHTORTEMPERATURETHATCANAFFECTSENSORPERFORMANCEFINALLY,ITISDESIRABLETHATTHESYSTEM’SACCURACYISADJUSTABLEACCORDINGTOROOMTYPES

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文30653065字對(duì)女性插畫(huà)的解析對(duì)女性插畫(huà)的解析摘要摘要這篇論文描述了插畫(huà)再現(xiàn)的原因和現(xiàn)狀，簡(jiǎn)明分析了同時(shí)期插畫(huà)的差異，并且強(qiáng)調(diào)了女性插畫(huà)的地位。此外，在這篇論文里，通過(guò)分析不同時(shí)間段的女性插畫(huà)的代表作，研究了女性插畫(huà)的起源，圖片特色和發(fā)展過(guò)程，還分析了新媒體尤其是電腦的出現(xiàn)對(duì)女性插畫(huà)的創(chuàng)作方式和形式產(chǎn)生的影響。最后，通過(guò)分析同時(shí)期的女性插畫(huà)的案例與流行產(chǎn)業(yè)比較并取得很大測(cè)成功，論文表明女性插畫(huà)的產(chǎn)品的組合可以等價(jià)于與眾不同的藝術(shù)特色的產(chǎn)品，因此創(chuàng)造了極大的商業(yè)和文化價(jià)值，并在藝術(shù)和商業(yè)之間達(dá)成一種平衡。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞商業(yè)價(jià)值，女性插畫(huà)。11引言引言現(xiàn)如今，插畫(huà)正在經(jīng)歷一次重生。在過(guò)去幾十年，攝影構(gòu)成了人們主要的視覺(jué)文化并且覆蓋了雜志封面，海報(bào)和化妝品廣告的每個(gè)角落。然而，攝影的過(guò)度使用已經(jīng)帶來(lái)了人民的視覺(jué)疲勞。在這種情形下，插畫(huà)，一種古老的充滿詩(shī)意和自由表達(dá)的藝術(shù)形式，再次進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。插畫(huà)是一種通過(guò)插畫(huà)人的創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和不同表達(dá)形式來(lái)創(chuàng)造和表達(dá)的設(shè)計(jì)形式。插畫(huà)的不同可以在他們不同的風(fēng)格來(lái)反映出來(lái)有時(shí)他們跟隨傳統(tǒng)插畫(huà)藝術(shù)來(lái)展示他們的典雅和柔軟；有時(shí)他們通過(guò)譴責(zé)的和嘲弄的方式嘲笑世界上各種商業(yè)規(guī)則；有時(shí)他們以獨(dú)立的藝術(shù)品存在；有時(shí)他們出現(xiàn)在各種產(chǎn)品上以達(dá)到創(chuàng)造商業(yè)利潤(rùn)的目的。插畫(huà)可以同時(shí)有效的展現(xiàn)出藝術(shù)性和商業(yè)性，在各種書(shū)籍和雜志中扮演一個(gè)有趣獨(dú)特的角色，并且可以像小說(shuō)形式一樣在廣告和時(shí)尚活動(dòng)中引起人們的注意?，F(xiàn)如今，有許多類型的插畫(huà)，比如經(jīng)典插畫(huà)，時(shí)尚和生活風(fēng)格，學(xué)院，基本的，城市，搖滾和矢量風(fēng)格。實(shí)際上，技術(shù)，方法，藝術(shù)形式，傳統(tǒng)，積極性和靈感都可以影響插畫(huà)。如此獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)形式可以給今天的視覺(jué)文化品牌形象，在那時(shí)是眾所周知的。插畫(huà)設(shè)計(jì)人的靈感來(lái)自于新藝術(shù)的裝飾類型。通過(guò)優(yōu)雅和撩人的曲線，他成功設(shè)置了新的女性形象區(qū)別于傳統(tǒng)的形象，因此使得這個(gè)品牌取得巨大的商業(yè)成功?，F(xiàn)如今，女性插畫(huà)因?yàn)閹啄昵暗臄z影的沖擊變得不夠的流行，隨著服裝業(yè)和其他懷舊的產(chǎn)品，又開(kāi)始變得流行起來(lái)現(xiàn)在。比如，人們瘋搶克林姆的油畫(huà)和慕夏設(shè)計(jì)的玻璃，甚至一大波模仿品開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)。此外，BACCARAT，一個(gè)法國(guó)晶體產(chǎn)品手工家，制作的花瓶和一些同時(shí)期的藝術(shù)家也在女性插畫(huà)的幫助下取得了巨大的商業(yè)成功。33女性插畫(huà)創(chuàng)作的新媒介女性插畫(huà)創(chuàng)作的新媒介在21世紀(jì)中，隨著現(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展，插畫(huà)的媒介已經(jīng)從傳統(tǒng)紙張，玻璃，陶瓷和珠寶擴(kuò)展到了服裝，公共設(shè)施，電子產(chǎn)品，音頻產(chǎn)品等等。電腦的發(fā)展不僅改變了插畫(huà)創(chuàng)作的方式還影響了插畫(huà)的類型。拿矢量插畫(huà)作為一個(gè)例子，他們實(shí)際上是用電腦軟件制作出來(lái)的插畫(huà)。矢量插畫(huà)和分辨率沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系，因此他可以被更簡(jiǎn)單更廣泛的使用。舉個(gè)例子，鮮花和葡萄藤，如果插畫(huà)家不下很大的功夫他們是不可能被畫(huà)的很好，但是現(xiàn)在可以通過(guò)點(diǎn)擊復(fù)制和張貼來(lái)容易的畫(huà)出，導(dǎo)致在矢量風(fēng)格插畫(huà)中有太多重復(fù)的裝飾元素。多虧了矢量畫(huà)圖軟件，在插畫(huà)中，直線更圓潤(rùn)，輪廓更簡(jiǎn)潔，顏色更加統(tǒng)一和精美，所有的這些都對(duì)女性插畫(huà)的表達(dá)有幫助。很多的女性插畫(huà)能用矢量軟件來(lái)畫(huà)，通過(guò)這種方式，插畫(huà)的元素能更加與眾不同和更容易進(jìn)行定義。然而，電腦沒(méi)有完全支配今天的插畫(huà)類型，一些人為元素，比如鉛筆畫(huà)，墨水，抽象貼畫(huà)和剪紙等等，仍然能在YOSHITAJIMA，AUDREYKAWASAKI,CONTAINTER,和MAKIKAHORI的女性插畫(huà)中發(fā)現(xiàn)。此外，一些年輕插畫(huà)家也在追求這些技術(shù)在畫(huà)人物插畫(huà)時(shí)，試圖同新藝術(shù)時(shí)期的樣式和浪漫裝飾品中獲得靈感，以此來(lái)提升他們自己的插畫(huà)風(fēng)格。44女性插畫(huà)的商業(yè)價(jià)值女性插畫(huà)的商業(yè)價(jià)值隨著制作業(yè)和手工制造業(yè)的技術(shù)發(fā)展，女性插畫(huà)現(xiàn)在能被印在各種各樣的產(chǎn)品上。由于他們獨(dú)特的藝術(shù)感和裝飾感，擁有他們的產(chǎn)品被賦予了獨(dú)一無(wú)二的特征，因此被許多消費(fèi)者所喜愛(ài)。女性插畫(huà)和各種產(chǎn)品的組合不僅能突出插畫(huà)的藝術(shù)價(jià)值，還能增加產(chǎn)品的額外價(jià)值。

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯RECIRCULATINGAQUACULTURETANKPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSANOVERVIEWOFCRITICALCONSIDERATIONSTHOMASMLOSORDO,MICHAELPMASSERANDJAMESRAKOCYTRADITIONALAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONINPONDSREQUIRESLARGEQUANTITIESOFWATERAPPROXIMATELY1MILLIONGALLONSOFWATERPERACREAREREQUIREDTOFILLAPONDANDANEQUIVALENTVOLUMEISREQUIREDTOCOMPENSATEFOREVAPORATIONANDSEEPAGEDURINGTHEYEARASSUMINGANANNUALPONDYIELDOF5,000POUNDSOFFISHPERACRE,APPROXIMATELY100GALLONSOFWATERAREREQUIREDPERPOUNDOFFISHPRODUCTIONINMANYAREASOFTHEUNITEDSTATES,TRADITIONALAQUACULTUREINPONDSISNOTPOSSIBLEBECAUSEOFLIMITEDWATERSUPPLIESORANABSENCEOFSUITABLELANDFORPONDCONSTRUCTIONRECIRCULATINGAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMAYOFFERANALTERNATIVETOPONDAQUACULTURETECHNOLOGYTHROUGHWATERTREATMENTANDREUSE,RECIRCULATINGSYSTEMSUSEAFRACTIONOFTHEWATERREQUIREDBYPONDSTOPRODUCESIMILARYIELDSBECAUSERECIRCULATINGSYSTEMSUSUALLYUSETANKSFORAQUACULTUREPRODUCTION,SUBSTANTIALLYLESSLANDISREQUIREDAQUATICCROPPRODUCTIONINTANKSANDRACEWAYSWHERETHEENVIRONMENTISCONTROLLEDTHROUGHWATERTREATMENTANDRECIRCULATIONHASBEENSTUDIEDFORDECADESALTHOUGHTHESETECHNOLOGIESHAVEBEENCOSTLY,CLAIMSOFIMPRESSIVEYIELDSWITHYEARROUNDPRODUCTIONINLOCATIONSCLOSETOMAJORMARKETSANDWITHEXTREMELYLITTLEWATERUSAGEHAVEATTRACTEDTHEINTERESTOFPROSPECTIVEAQUACULTURISTSINRECENTYEARS,AVARIETYOFPRODUCTIONFACILITIESTHATUSERECIRCULATINGTECHNOLOGYHAVEBEENBUILTRESULTSHAVEBEENMIXEDWHILETHEREHAVEBEENSOMENOTABLELARGESCALEBUSINESSFAILURESINTHISSECTOR,NUMEROUSSMALLTOMEDIUMSCALEEFFORTSCONTINUEPRODUCTIONPROSPECTIVEAQUACULTURISTSANDINVESTORSNEEDTOBEAWAREOFTHEBASICTECHNICALANDECONOMICRISKSINVOLVEDINTHISTYPEOFAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYTHISFACTSHEETANDOTHERSINTHISSERIESAREDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEBASICINFORMATIONONRECIRCULATINGAQUACULTURETECHNOLOGYCRITICALPRODUCTIONCONSIDERATIONSALLAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMUSTPROVIDEASUITABLEENVIRONMENTTOPROMOTETHEGROWTHOFTHEAQUATICCROPCRITICALENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSINCLUDETHECONCENTRATIONSOFDISSOLVEDOXYGEN,UNIONIZEDAMMONIANITROGEN,NITRITENITROGEN,ANDCARBONDIOXIDEINTHEWATEROFTHECULTURESYSTEMNITRATECONCENTRATION,PH,ANDALKALINITYLEVELSWITHINTHESYSTEMAREALSOIMPORTANTTOPRODUCEFISHINACOSTEFFECTIVEMANNER,AQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSMUSTMAINTAINGOODWATERQUALITYDURINGPERIODSOFRAPIDFISHGROWTHTOENSURESUCHGROWTH,FISHAREFEDHIGHPROTEINPELLETEDDIETSATRATESRANGINGFROM15TO15PERCENTOFTHEIRBODYWEIGHTPERDAYDEPENDINGUPONTHEIRSIZEANDSPECIES15PERCENTFORJUVENILES,15PERCENTFORAMMONIAPRODUCTIONRATE,ANDTHEDESIREDCONCENTRATIONOFAMMONIANITROGENWITHINTHETANKDETERMINETHERECIRCULATINGFLOWRATEFROMTHETANKTOTHETREATMENTUNITUSINGTHEEXAMPLEOUTLINEDABOVE,IFATREATMENTSYSTEMREMOVES50PERCENTOFTHEAMMONIANITROGENINTHEWATERONASINGLEPASS,THENTHEFLOWRATEFROMTHETANKWOULDNEEDTOBETWICETHEFLOWREQUIREDIFFRESHWATERWEREUSEDTOFLUSHTHETANK93GPM/05186GPMAKEYTOSUCCESSFULRECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSISTHEUSEOFCOSTEFFECTIVEWATERTREATMENTSYSTEMCOMPONENTSALLRECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSREMOVEWASTESOLIDS,OXIDIZEAMMONIAANDNITRITENITROGEN,REMOVECARBONDIOXIDE,ANDAERATEOROXYGENATETHEWATERBEFORERETURNINGITTOTHEFISHTANKSEEFIG1MOREINTENSIVESYSTEMSORSYSTEMSCULTURINGSENSITIVESPECIESMAYREQUIREADDITIONALTREATMENTPROCESSESSUCHASFINESOLIDSREMOVAL,DISSOLVEDORGANICSREMOVAL,ORSOMEFORMOFDISINFECTIONWASTESOLIDSCONSTRAINTSPELLETEDFEEDSUSEDINAQUACULTUREPRODUCTIONCONSISTOFPROTEIN,CARBOHYDRATES,FAT,MINERALSANDWATERTHEPORTIONNOTASSIMILATEDBYTHEFISHISEXCRETEDASAHIGHLYORGANICWASTEFECALSOLIDSWHENBROKENDOWNBYBACTERIAWITHINTHESYSTEM,FECALSOLIDSANDUNEATENFEEDWILLCONSUMEDISSOLVEDOXYGENANDGENERATEAMMONIANITROGENFORTHISREASON,WASTESOLIDSSHOULDBEREMOVEDFROMTHESYSTEMASQUICKLYASPOSSIBLEWASTESOLIDSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOFOURCATEGORIESSETTLEABLE,SUSPENDED,FLOATABLEANDDISSOLVEDSOLIDSINRECIRCULATINGSYSTEMS,THEFIRSTTWOAREOFPRIMARYCONCERNDISSOLVEDORGANICSOLIDSCANBECOMEAPROBLEMINSYSTEMSWITHVERYLITTLEWATEREXCHANGESETTLEABLESOLIDSCONTROLSETTLEABLESOLIDSAREGENERALLYTHEEASIESTOFTHEFOURCATEGORIESTODEALWITHANDSHOULDBEREMOVEDFROMTHETANKANDFILTRATIONCOMPONENTSASRAPIDLYASPOSSIBLESETTLEABLESOLIDSARETHOSETHATWILLGENERALLYSETTLEOUTOFTHEWATERWITHIN1HOURUNDERSTILLCONDITIONSSETTLEABLESOLIDSCANBEREMOVEDASTHEYACCUMULATEONTHETANKBOTTOMTHROUGHPROPERPLACEMENTOFDRAINS,ORTHEYCANBEKEPTINSUSPENSIONWITHCONTINUOUSAGITATIONANDREMOVEDWITHASEDIMENTATIONTANKCLARIFIER,MECHANICALFILTERGRANULARORSCREEN,ORSWIRLSEPARATORTHESEDIMENTATIONANDSWIRLSEPARATORPROCESSESCANBEENHANCEDBYADDINGSTEEPINCLINETUBESTUBESETTLERSINTHESEDIMENTATIONTANKTOREDUCEFLOWTURBULENCEANDPROMOTEUNIFORMFLOWDISTRIBUTIONSUSPENDEDSOLIDSCONTROLFROMANAQUACULTURALENGINEERINGPOINTOFVIEW,THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENSUSPENDEDSOLIDSANDSETTLEABLESOLIDSISAPRACTICALONESUSPENDEDSOLIDSWILLNOTSETTLETOTHEBOTTOMOFTHEFISHCULTURETANKANDCANNOTBEREMOVEDEASILYINCONVENTIONALSETTLINGBASINSSUSPENDEDSOLIDSARENOTALWAYSDEALTWITHADEQUATELYINARECIRCULATINGPRODUCTIONSYSTEMIFNOTREMOVED,SUSPENDEDSOLIDSCANSIGNIFICANTLYLIMITTHEAMOUNTOFFISHTHATCANBEGROWNINTHESYSTEMANDCANIRRITATETHEGILLSOFFISHTHEMOSTPOPULARTREATMENTMETHODFORREMOVINGSUSPENDEDSOLIDSGENERALLYINVOLVESSOMEFORMOFMECHANICALFILTRATIONTHETWOTYPESOFMECHANICALFILTRATIONMOST

簡(jiǎn)介：目錄1外文文獻(xiàn)原文12外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯2SYSTEMSTHISISMOSTLYDUETOTHEFACTTHATRAILWAYTRANSPORTISCONSIDEREDBYRAILWAYOPERATORSANDPERCEIVEDBYTHEPUBLICASASAFEMEANOFTRANSPORTATIONTHISAPPROACHTOSAFETYMIGHTBEAPPLICABLETOTRADITIONALRAILWAYSYSTEMS,WHICHHAVEPROVENTHROUGHOUTTHEYEARSTHEIRPERFORMANCEITIS,HOWEVER,NOTENOUGHTOGUARANTEETHESAFETYOFRAILWAYSYSTEMSWHEREINNOVATIVEANDPARTICULARCONDITIONSAREPRESENT,OROFTHEEXISTINGLINESTHATHAVETOBEUPGRADEDTONEWEXERCISESTANDARDSFOREXAMPLE,THECOMBINATIONOFHIGHSPEEDTRANSIT,HIGHTRAFFICINTENSITY,COMBINEDTRANSPORTOFPASSENGERSANDDANGEROUSGOODSANDEXTREMELYLONGTUNNELS,MIGHTLEADTOUNACCEPTABLESAFETYLEVELSTHEREFORE,THEDESIGNERHASTOCHOOSEARAILWAYSYSTEMCONFIGURATIONTOGETHERWITHTHEPREVENTIVEANDMITIGATIVEMEASURESOFACCIDENTSTHATMINIMIZETHERISKANDULTIMATELYSHOULDVERIFYBYMEANSOFARISKANALYSISTHATTHEOBTAINEDSAFETYLEVELISBELOWAPREDEFINEDTARGETLEVELTHESCOPEOFTHISPAPERISTOILLUSTRATETHESTATEOFPRACTICERELATEDTOSAFETUNNELDESIGNANDASSOCIATEDRISKANALYSISASPECTSOFLONGRAILWAYTUNNELSFIRST,AMBITIOUSTUNNELPROJECTSAREBRIEFLYREVIEWEDFROMTHESAFETYPOINTOFVIEWTHERISKANALYSISPROCEDURESARETHENDESCRIBEDANDDISCUSSEDTHEPROBLEMOFRISKAPPRAISALISADDRESSEDANDQUANTITATIVETARGETSAFETYLEVELSAREPROPOSEDFINALLY,SAFETYSYSTEMSFORRISKREDUCTIONAREILLUSTRATED2MAJORTUNNELPROJECTSANDTHEASSOCIATEDRISKBASICDESIGNASPECTSINEXISTINGORUNDERDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONTUNNELSAREBRIEFLYSUMMARIZEDINTHISSECTIONTABLE1LISTOFEXISTINGLONGTUNNELSWORLDWIDENAMECOUNTRYLENGTHKMUNDERGROUNDDAISCHIMISUJAPAN222SIMPLONIIITALY/SWITZERLAND198APPENNINOITALY186ROKKOJAPAN162HARUNAJAPAN154GOTTHARDSWITZERLAND150NAKAYAMAJAPAN148LO¨TSCHBERGSWITZERLAND145HOKURIKUJAPAN139PRATOTIRESITALY135LANDRU¨CKENGERMANY108UNDERWATERSEIKANJAPAN539EUROTUNNELUK/FRANCE500SHINKANMONJAPAN187GREATBELTDENMARK80SEVERNUK70MERSEYUK49KANMONJAPAN36THEFOLLOWINGTUNNELSAREINCLUDEDATHECHANNELTUNNELBETWEENENGLANDANDFRANCEBTHESEIKANTUNNELINJAPANCTHEGOTTHARDTUNNELPLANNEDINSWITZERLANDDTHEBRENNERTUNNELPLANNEDBETWEENITALYANDAUSTRIA

簡(jiǎn)介：1使用基于重構(gòu)計(jì)算機(jī)平臺(tái)的FPGA分析高性能功率譜摘要功率譜分析是一種提供信號(hào)關(guān)鍵信息的重要工具。應(yīng)用的范圍包括通信系統(tǒng)到DNA測(cè)序。如果傳輸信號(hào)存在干擾，這可能是由于自然原因或疊加因素影響。在后一種情況下，其早期檢測(cè)和分析變得非常重要。在這種情況下有一個(gè)小觀察窗，在功率譜中快速查找可以顯示大量的信息，包括頻率和干擾源。在本文，我們提出基于重構(gòu)平臺(tái)FPGA功率譜分析的設(shè)計(jì)。這樣就可以達(dá)到實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)采集和對(duì)小時(shí)域輸入信號(hào)的采樣處理。處理過(guò)程包括通過(guò)一個(gè)輸入值的集合來(lái)計(jì)算其功率，平均值和峰值。該平臺(tái)支持四路輸入通道同步采集。1緒論功率譜信號(hào)的概念和使用是基礎(chǔ)工程，應(yīng)用在通信系統(tǒng)中、微波和雷達(dá)。最近，它也被用在不同的領(lǐng)域,如基因識(shí)別。在一個(gè)典型的發(fā)送接收信號(hào)系統(tǒng)中,如果接收到的信號(hào)是純粹的、就像預(yù)期的那樣,那么就沒(méi)有必要過(guò)濾。然而，在另一方面，一些干擾覆蓋所接收的信號(hào)，可能需要一定的分析，以了解更多的干擾。由于干擾往往增加接收電波的額外功率，功率成為了分析這類問(wèn)題有用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。運(yùn)用逆向工程技術(shù),輸入信號(hào)的過(guò)剩電量信息可以幫助尋找接口的特點(diǎn),如頻率、電源等。一個(gè)功率譜表現(xiàn)各種頻率成分的大小的一個(gè)信號(hào)。通過(guò)看譜,你能看到多少能量或功率是包含在信號(hào)的頻率成分內(nèi)的。分析及評(píng)價(jià)功率譜是隔離噪音的其中一種方式。有一些產(chǎn)生功率譜的技巧,最常見(jiàn)的一種是通過(guò)使用傅里葉變換，其他技術(shù),如小波變換或最大熵方法也可以被使用。經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,確定功率譜可以有三種方法（1）使用頻譜和信號(hào)分析儀一個(gè)商業(yè)專用的工具，顯示實(shí)時(shí)功率譜。（2）使用微機(jī)信號(hào)分析儀插件卡。（3）通過(guò)數(shù)字化的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)和一個(gè)執(zhí)行快速傅立葉變換（FFT）臺(tái)式機(jī)。從成本和復(fù)雜性的角度,對(duì)上述三個(gè)選擇降序排列,然而從靈活性考慮,他們是升序排列的。專用分析儀是有時(shí)候使用,但他們可能不符合成本效益及靈活性或者當(dāng)觀察期很短時(shí)，能力不夠提取相關(guān)干擾,一般而言,第二個(gè)選擇提供了額外的靈活性,特別是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可編程門(mén)陣列FPGA的使用。本文中我們提出我們的設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)非常強(qiáng)大的可重構(gòu)計(jì)算基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)為解決復(fù)雜信號(hào)的功能和實(shí)時(shí)分析。雖然這個(gè)作品作為一個(gè)工作站的附加卡，它是非常強(qiáng)大，靈活和相對(duì)低成本。功率譜分析使用由我們開(kāi)發(fā)的多通道數(shù)據(jù)采集和信號(hào)處理上進(jìn)行一些數(shù)據(jù)通道同時(shí)運(yùn)作四個(gè)模塊。該解決方案允許基于FPGA的實(shí)時(shí)采集和輸入信號(hào)的來(lái)樣加工。經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)采集和分析，基于選定的選項(xiàng)，數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到主機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上。同時(shí)我們的卡上進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)支持每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)流上四通道復(fù)雜的運(yùn)算法則。本文開(kāi)始我們簡(jiǎn)單的討論了功率譜分析力學(xué)。第三節(jié)概述了可重構(gòu)計(jì)算和用于這種工作的卡。第四和第五章中,我們分別討論了我們的實(shí)現(xiàn)方案用于功率譜分析的基礎(chǔ)上重構(gòu)FPGA硬件和實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置。最后，本文總結(jié)并指出了今后改進(jìn)的方向。3為可重構(gòu)計(jì)算卡系統(tǒng)軟件接口實(shí)現(xiàn)了紅帽LINUX操作系統(tǒng)。它提供的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸和控制卡，不論預(yù)期的應(yīng)用方面的所有基本功能。該設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序執(zhí)行資源管理和服務(wù)來(lái)分配/釋放DMA緩沖區(qū)。該系統(tǒng)軟件還提供基本服務(wù)的配置，安裝/免費(fèi)資源，輸入數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送，接收輸出數(shù)據(jù)，計(jì)算等發(fā)起。4功率頻譜分析儀對(duì)可重構(gòu)計(jì)算功率頻譜分析儀的應(yīng)用主要有兩部分組成一個(gè)運(yùn)行在主機(jī)系統(tǒng)上和另一個(gè)運(yùn)行在連接到主機(jī)的RC卡。主機(jī)控制應(yīng)用程序的初始設(shè)置。原始輸入數(shù)據(jù)是預(yù)先由RC卡處理，以及電力，平均功率和峰值功率值確定主機(jī)控制應(yīng)用程序的初始設(shè)置。原始輸入數(shù)據(jù)是預(yù)先由RC卡處理，以及電力，平均功率和峰值功率值決定的。在主機(jī)上執(zhí)行由RC產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)過(guò)處理的數(shù)據(jù)后處理等操作。這是必須完成的功率譜分析如圖1所示，輸入的LVDS數(shù)據(jù)流是由機(jī)載接收機(jī)處理，為計(jì)算引擎兼容的信號(hào)。功率譜計(jì)算塊駐留在XCV800計(jì)算的FPGA如圖2所示。它由六個(gè)主要部分組成輸入采樣器和緩沖器，多通道FFT單元，信道分離器和功率計(jì)算單元，平均和峰值功率的計(jì)算單位，時(shí)間標(biāo)記和控制，以及XCV800XCV300接口。在下面的小節(jié)中，我們描述這些組件的應(yīng)用程序。圖2計(jì)算功率譜分析儀上實(shí)現(xiàn)FPGA41輸入采樣和緩沖頻譜分析儀應(yīng)用程序需要四個(gè)輸入，每有一個(gè)4位數(shù)據(jù)寬度LVDS通道。但是，只有八個(gè)頻道專門(mén)為差分線。時(shí)分復(fù)用的通道是成雙成對(duì)CHANNEL1和CHANNEL2運(yùn)行在四條線上,而CHANNEL3和CHANNEL4在余下的四線。一個(gè)時(shí)鐘,作為閘門(mén)的選擇提供參考。數(shù)據(jù)采樣單元在時(shí)鐘的上升沿或下降沿發(fā)生變化。該通道復(fù)用輸入的數(shù)據(jù)傳遞到采樣單位，解復(fù)用，并轉(zhuǎn)交通道緩沖器，以及對(duì)輸入數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)。從通道緩沖器的數(shù)據(jù)輸入到FFT區(qū)塊，而從輸入數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)在SDRAM中。

簡(jiǎn)介：URBANANDLANDSCAPEPERSPECTIVESHIROYUKISHIMIZUAKITOMURAYAMAEDSBASICANDCLINICALENVIRONMENTALAPPROACHESINLANDSCAPEPLANNINGX7PLANNINGINVISIBLELANDSCAPESMAKINGINVISIBLETIDALFLATLANDSCAPESVISIBLEFORFUTURESUSTAINABILITY113HIROMIYAMASHITA8APROSPECTTOWARDESTABLISHMENTOFBASICANDCLINICALENVIRONMENTALSTUDIESBYORTONSITERESEARCHTRAINING133HIROKAZUKATO,HIROYUKISHIMIZU,NORIYUKIKAWAMURA,YASUHIROHIRANO,TAKASHITASHIRO,HIROMIYAMASHITA,KEISUKETOMITA,MITSUYUKITOMIYOSHI,ANDKAZUHAGIHARAPARTIVCONCLUSION9NEWDEVELOPMENTINLANDSCAPEPLANNINGREPORTOFTHEGERMANY–JAPANSYMPOSIUMANDSUGGESTIONSONTHERESEARCHANDPRACTICETOBECONDUCTEDINTHEFUTURE147HIROYUKISHIMIZU,AKITOMURAYAMA,ANDKOHEIOKAMOTONAMEINDEX157SUBJECTINDEX159CONTENTS

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簡(jiǎn)介：1ABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOFINDANINNOVATIVE,HIGHEFFICIENCY,PRACTICALANDLOWCOSTCONTROLSYSTEMSTRUCTUREWITHANOPTIMIZEDCONTROLSTRATEGYFORSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDWINDTURBINEWITHDIRECTDRIVENPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSGENERATORPMSGTHISRESEARCHADOPTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYBASEDONPHASELOCKEDLOOPPLLFORPMSGCONTROL,ANDTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYISBASEDONTHESINGLEPHASEPLLTHESIMULATIONDEMONSTRATESTHATTHESENSORLESSCONTROLSTRATEGYANDSINGLEPHASEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYAREPRACTICALSOLUTIONSFORGRIDCONNECTEDPMSGWINDTURBINES,ANDTHEYCANPROVIDEBOTHGENERATORSPEEDCONTROLFOROPTIMIZEDWINDPOWERTRACKINGANDGOODPOWERQUALITYCONTROLFORELECTRICITYDELIVEREDTOTHEGRIDTHEDESIGNEDSYSTEMOFFERSMANYUNIQUEADVANTAGES,INCLUDINGSIMPLETOPOLOGY,OPTIMIZEDCONTROLSTRATEGY,COSTEFFECTIVEANDFASTRESPONDTOGRIDFAILURESINDEXTERMSMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTTRACKINGMPPT,PMSG,PULSEWIDTHMODULATIONPWMCONVERTER,SPEEDCONTROL,VARIABLESPEEDWINDTURBINEIINTRODUCTIONNRECENTYEARS,GREATATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDONRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES,SUCHASWINDANDSOLARENERGYWINDENERGYISTHEMOSTPOPULARRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCEDUETOITSRELATIVELYLOWCOSTTHEOVERALLSYSTEMCOSTCANBEFURTHERREDUCEDBYOPTIMALCONTROLOFHIGHEFFICIENCYPOWERELECTRONICCONVERTERSTOEXTRACTMAXIMUMPOWERINACCORDANCEWITHATMOSPHERICCONDITIONS11THEWINDENERGYCONVERSIONSYSTEMBASEDONPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSGENERATORPMSGISONEOFTHEMOSTFAVORABLEANDRELIABLEMETHODSOFPOWERGENERATIONRELIABILITYOFVARIABLESPEEDDIRECTDRIVENPMSGWINDTURBINESCANBEIMPROVEDSIGNIFICANTLYCOMPARINGTODOUBLYFEDINDUCTIONGENERATORDFIGWINDTURBINESWITHGEARBOXESNOISE,POWERLOSS,ADDITIONALCOST,ANDPOTENTIALMECHANICALFAILUREARETYPICALPROBLEMSFORADFIGWINDTURBINEBECAUSEOFTHEEXISTENCEOFAGEARBOXTHEUSEOFDIRECTDRIVENPMSGCOULDSOLVETHESEPROBLEMSMOREOVER,LOWVOLTAGERIDETHROUGHLVRTISALSOABIGISSUEFORDFIGBECAUSETHETHISWORKWASSUPPORTEDINPARTBYTHESPECIALFUNDSFROMBEIJINGMUNICIPALEDUCATIONCOMMISSIONCHUNXUEWEN,GUOJIELU,PENGWANGANDZHENGXILIAREWITHTHEPOWERELECTRONICSANDMOTORDRIVERSENGINEERINGRESEARCHCENTRE,NORTHCHINAUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,BEIJING,CHINAEMAILWENCHX1980YAHOOCOMCN,LUGOD307163COM,CATDAPENG2008163COM,LZXNCUTEDUCNXIONGWEILIUANDZAIMINGFANAREWITHTHESCHOOLOFCOMPUTING,ENGINEERINGANDPHYSICALSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFCENTRALLANCASHIRE,PRESTON,PR12HE,UKEMAILXLIU9UCLANACUK,ZMFANUCLANACUKELECTROMAGNETICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESTATORANDTHEROTORISMORECOMPLEXTHANPMSGTHEREFORE,IT’SMOREDIFFICULTFORDFIGTOSOLVELVRTPROBLEMSAFELYANDRELIABLYINAVARIABLESPEEDPMSGSYSTEM,VECTORCONTROLAPPROACHISOFTENUSEDTOACHIEVENEARLYDECOUPLEDACTIVEANDREACTIVEPOWERCONTROLONTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERWHICHISACURRENTREGULATEDVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTERINTHISWAY,THEPOWERCONVERTERMAINTAINSTHEDCLINKVOLTAGEANDIMPROVESTHEPOWERFACTOROFTHESYSTEM1,7,10DIFFERENTCONTROLMETHODSFORMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTTRACKINGMPPTINVARIABLESPEEDWINDTURBINEGENERATORSHAVEBEENDISCUSSEDIN2,4,7THISRESEARCHADOPTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYBASEDONPHASELOCKEDLOOPPLLFORPMSGCONTROL2THEMETHODREQUIRESONLYONEACTIVESWITCHINGDEVICE,IEINSULATEDGATEBIPOLARTRANSISTORIGBT,WHICHISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEGENERATORTORQUEANDSPEEDSOASTOEXTRACTMAXIMUMWINDPOWERITISASIMPLETOPOLOGYANDLOWCOSTSOLUTIONFORASMALLSCALEWINDTURBINEBECAUSEOFTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYTHEGRIDSIDEINVERTERCONTROLSTRATEGYISBASEDONTHESINGLEPHASEPLL,WHICHAPPLIESACONTROLMETHODINDIRECTQUADRATUREDQROTATINGFRAMETOSINGLEPHASEINVERTERANDACHIEVESSUPERIORSTEADYSTATEANDDYNAMICPERFORMANCE6FORSMALLSCALEWINDTURBINE,SINGLEPHASEPOWERSUPPLYTOCONSUMERSISPOPULARTHEREAREMANYCONTROLMETHODSFORSINGLEPHASEINVERTER,SUCHASPICONTROLLER,QUASIPRCONTROLLER,ETC5HOWEVER,THESEMETHODSCAN’TDECOUPLETHEACTIVEPOWERANDREACTIVEPOWERSOASTOHAVEGOODPOWERCONTROLPERFORMANCESINGLEPHASEPLLMETHODBASEDONDQROTATINGFRAMECANWELLSOLVETHISPROBLEMONTHEOTHERHAND,ENCODERSAREVULNERABLECOMPONENTSFORWINDTURBINES,PARTICULARLYFORSMALLWINDTURBINES,BECAUSESMALLWINDTURBINESEXPERIENCESEVERERVIBRATIONSTHANTHEIRLARGECOUNTERPARTSTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLOPTSOUTTHEENCODERS,ANDTHEREFORETHERELIABILITYOFWINDTURBINESISMUCHIMPROVEDFORTHESEREASONS,THESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLANDSINGLEPHASEPLLMETHODHAVETHEIRUNIQUEADVANTAGESFORSMALLSCALEWINDTURBINESTHISPAPERISSTRUCTUREDFURTHERINFOLLOWINGTHREESECTIONSINSECTIONII,THEPRINCIPLEOFTHEFULLPOWERBACKTOBACKPWMCONVERTERISINTRODUCEDTHENTHEVECTORCONTROLOFSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDWINDPOWERSYSTEMINCLUDINGSENSORLESSCONTROL,VECTORCONTROLOFPMSG,SINGLEPHASEPLL,VECTORCONTROLOFGRIDSIDEINVERTERAREDESCRIBEDINSECTIONIIIFINALLY,INSECTIONIV,THESIMULATIONRESULTSANDCONCLUSIONAREGIVENVECTORCONTROLSTRATEGYFORSMALLSCALEGRIDCONNECTEDPMSGWINDTURBINECONVERTERCHUNXUEWEN,GUOJIELU,PENGWANG,ZHENGXILIMEMBERIEEE,XIONGWEILIUMEMBERIEEE,ZAIMINGFANSTUDENTMEMBERIEEEI3THEACTUALROTORPOSITIONOFPMSGISINDICATEDINTHEDQCOORDINATESYSTEMTHEESTIMATEDLOCATIONFOR∧ΘISTHEDQ∧∧?COORDINATESYSTEM,ΑΒISTHESTATIONARYCOORDINATESYSTEM,ASSHOWNINFIG3ASTHEROTORPOSITIONOFPMSGISESTIMATEDRATHERTHANMEASUREDINTHESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSYSTEM,THEREEXISTSANERRORΘΔBETWEENTHEACTUALROTORPOSITIONΘANDTHEESTIMATEDLOCATION∧ΘATTHESAMETIME,THEBACKEMFELECTROMOTIVEFORCEGENERATEDBYTHEROTORPERMANENTMAGNETSGENERATESTWODAXISANDQAXISCOMPONENTSINTHEESTIMATEDROTORPOSITIONORIENTATIONCOORDINATES,WHICHAREEXPRESSEDASSDE∧ANDSQE∧RESPECTIVELYCONVENTIONALPICONTROLLERCANACHIEVEZEROERRORCONTROL,IESDE∧ORΘΔCANBEADJUSTEDTOZEROVALUETHEPLLSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLSCHEMATICDIAGRAMISSHOWNINFIG4,ANDTHEVALUEOFSDE∧ANDSQE∧CANBEOBTAINEDFROM1SDSDSSDDQSQSDSQSQSSQQDSDSQDIURILLIEDTDIURILLIEDTΩΩ∧∧∧∧∧∧?????????1ΘΘ?ΘΔΑΒDD?QQ?FIG3PRESUMEDROTATINGCOORDINATESYSTEMSKKIPS1ΘΔΩ?Θ?ΘFIG4PRINCIPLEOFPLLBASEDSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLIFWEIGNORETHECURRENTDIFFERENTIALITEMSIN1,THENWEHAVESDSSDQSQSDSQSQSSQDSD?????ARCTANARCTAN?????URILIEEURILIΩΘΩ?Δ????2WHERESDU,SQU,SDIANDSQIARETHED,QAXISCOMPONENTSOFTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEANDCURRENTOFTHEGENERATORSTATORDLQLANDSRARETHEINDUCTANCEANDRESISTANCEOFTHESTATORΩISTHEGENERATORELECTRICALANGULARVELOCITYOFTHEGENERATOR“∧“INDICATESESTIMATEDVALUEBLOCKDIAGRAMOFSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBASEDONDIGITALPLLISSHOWNINFIG5THEBACKEMFELECTROMOTIVEFORCEVALUEOFTHEESTIMATEDROTATINGCOORDINATESCANBEOBTAINEDBYCALCULATINGTHETHREEPHASEVOLTAGESANDCURRENTSOFTHEPMSGSTATORTHECALCULATEDANGLEDIFFERENCEΘΔCANBEUSEDTOESTIMATETHEANGULARVELOCITYTHROUGHTHEPICONTROLLERTHENTHEVALUEOFTHEESTIMATEDANGLECANBEOBTAINEDBYINTEGRALELEMENTGENERALLY,THESPEEDHASCONSIDERABLEFLUCTUATIONSUSINGTHISMETHODTHEREFOREITWILLACHIEVEABETTERESTIMATIONBYADDINGALOWPASSFILTERLPF,ASSHOWNINFIG5FILTERSUSIEMFCALCULATIONDE∧QE∧DIVIDERARCTANGENTINTEGRATORPICONTROLLERΘΔLPFΘ∧Ω∧FIG5BLOCKDIAGRAMOFSENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBASEDONDIGITALPLLBVECTORCONTROLOFPMSGINORDERTOSTUDYTHETORQUECONTROLOFPMSG,ITISNECESSARYTOESTABLISHAMATHEMATICALMODELBECAUSEQAXISLEADSDAXIS90°INTHEDQCOORDINATESYSTEM,THEGENERATORVOLTAGEEQUATIONCANBEEXPRESSEDAS8SDSDSSDDSQSQSQSQSQQDSDDIURILLIDTDIURILLIDTΩΩΩΨ????????3THESIGNIFICANCEOFVARIOUSPHYSICALQUANTITIESIN3ISTHESAMEASIN1THEGENERATORELECTROMAGNETICTORQUEEQUATIONCANBEEXPRESSEDAS3322ESQDQSDSQTPIPLLIIΨ?4WHEREPISTHENUMBEROFGENERATORPOLEPAIRS,ANDΨISTHEMAGNETICFLUXBASEDONTHEABOVEMATHEMATICALMODEL,THESENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLPROGRAMOFPMSGISESTABLISHED,ANDITSCONTROLBLOCKDIAGRAMISSHOWNINFIG6ΩΩ?Θ?SDISQISD?ISQ?ISD?USQ?USAISBIIPARKICLARKPARKCLARKFIG6SENSORLESSVECTORCONTROLBLOCKDIAGRAMOFPMSGGENERATORROTORPOSITIONANDSPEEDWHICHAREESTIMATEDBYSENSORLESSALGORITHMCANBEUSEDINVECTORCONTROLTHEREFERENCEVALUEOFMOTORTORQUECANBEOBTAINEDBYTHESPEED

簡(jiǎn)介：ABSTRACTTODEVELOPELECTRICALBUSSESFORAPPLICATIONSWITHAFASTRECHARGESYSTEMINSTATIONS,PVIHASBEENTESTINGSOMEELECTRICALENERGYCOMPONENTSLIKESUPERCAPACITORSANDBATTERIESWITHHIGHPOWERDENSITYNEVERTHLESS,SUPERCAPACITORSLIMITAVERAGEAUTONOMYBETWEENTWORECHARGEPOINTS,DUETOTHEIRPOORENERGYDENSITYONTHEOTHERSIDECYCLELIFEOFBATTERIESAREVERYDEPENDENTONCURRENTTOSURMOUNTTHESEPROBLEMS,PVIINCOLLABORATIONWITHTHEFCLABLABORATORYANDTHEAMPERELABORATORY,ARESTUDYINGLITHIUMIONCAPACITORLICFORAPPLICATIONSWITHFASTRECHARGEWETAKETOASSESSHOWTHESTORAGESYSTEMMEETSBUSSESPOWERANDENERGYREQUIREMENTSINHEAVYELECTRICVEHICLESWENOTETHATTHEADVANTAGEOFLICTECHNOLOGYCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALSUPERCAPACITORLIESINTHEFACTTHATTHEENERGYDENSITYANDTHENOMINALVOLTAGEAREHIGHERINTHISSTUDY,THELIIONCAPACITORISCHARACTERIZEDANDMODELLEDTHECHARACTERIZATIONANDMODELLINGMETHODSARETHESAMEOFSUPERCAPACITORWITHDOUBLELAYERACTIVATEDCARBONTECHNOLOGYTHELICEFFICIENCYWILLBEDISCUSSEDIINTRODUCTIONLITHIUMIONCAPACITORISANEWSTORAGEDEVICEWHICHCOMBINESHIGHPOWERDENSITYANDHIGHENERGYDENSITYCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALSUPERCAPACITOROFTHEMARKETITHASFOURTIMEHIGHERENERGYDENSITYTHANCONVENTIONALSUPERCAPACITORTHESTRUCTUREOFTHELICISCOMPOSEDBYTWOELECTRODESTHEPOSITIVEONEISFORMEDBYACTIVATEDCARBONASINDOUBLELAYERCAPACITORTHENEGATIVEELECTRODEUSESLITHIUMIONDOPEDCARBONTHISNEWELECTRODETECHNOLOGYBOOSTSTHECAPACITYOFTHENEGATIVEELECTRODEANDINCREASESTHEELECTRICALPOTENTIALDIFFERENCETHEELECTROLYTEISBASEDONTHELIIONFIGURE1SHOWSTHEELEMENTARYSTRUCTUREOFEDLCANDLIIONCAPACITORSTRUCTUREITCANBESEENTHATTHENEGATIVELICELECTRODEISFORMEDBYLIDOPEDCARBONETHEEQUIVALENTCAPACITANCEISFORMEDBYTHEPOSITIVEELECTRODECAPACITANCECDLINSERIESWITHTHENEGATIVEONECLITHEEQUIVALENTCAPACITORCANBEEXPRESSEDASFOLLOWINGCLI1CDL1C1EQ1WHERECLICDL?DLEQCC≈2FIG1ELEMENTARYSTRUCTUREOFEDLCANDLIIONCAPACITORJMENERGY1THELIIONCAPACITORSTUDIEDINTHISPAPERFIGURE2ISFABRICATEDBYJMENERGYTHEIRPARAMETERSARENOMINALCAPACITANCE2000FVOLUME124MLWEIGHT208G,ESSCAP’2008–LITHIUMIONCAPACITORCHARACTERIZATIONANDMODELLINGHGUALOUS1,GALCICEK1,YDIAB3,AHAMMAR2,PVENET3,KADAMS4,MAKIYAMA4,CMARUMO51FCLABSET,UTBMUFC,BATF,RUETHIERRYMIEG90010BELFORT,2PVI,RUEDEMAISONROUGEZONEINDUSTRIELLEGRETZARMAINVILLIERSFRANCE3AMPEREUMRCNRS5005,UNIVERSITéDELYON,UNIVERSITéLYON1,69622VILLEURBANNECEDEX,FRANCE4JSRMICRONVLEUVEN,BELGIUM5JMENERGY,JAPANHAMIDGUALOUSUNIVFCOMTEFRESSCAP’08–3RDEUROPEANSYMPOSIUMONSUPERCAPACITORSANDAPPLICATIONSROMAITALYNOVEMBER67,2008HAL00373149,VERSION127AUG2009AUTHORMANUSCRIPT,PUBLISHEDIN“ESSCAP,ROMEITALIE2008“FIG5CHARGEANDDISCHARGEOFLICAPACITORATCONSTANTCURRENTTABLEIIESROF2000FLIIONCAPACITORCURRENTAESRM?50184100170150178ESRVARIATIONSWITHCURRENTFORTHESETHREEVALUESCANBENEGLECTEDBACCHARACTERIZATIONTHELIIONCAPACITORACCHARACTERIZATIONWASREALIZEDUSINGANELECTROCHEMICALIMPEDANCESPECTROSCOPYEISTOCHARACTERIZETHESTUDIEDDEVICE,THESWEEPINFREQUENCYMUSTBEDONEFORVARIOUSVOLTAGELEVELSEISALLOWSTHESTUDYOFTHEINFLUENCEOFFREQUENCYONTHELIIONCAPACITORFIGURE6PRESENTSTHEVARIATIONOFTHENEGATIVEIMAGINARYPARTASAFUNCTIONOFTHEREALPARTFORDIFFERENTVOLTAGEVALUESITCANBESEENTHATTHELIIONCAPACITOREQUIVALENTCAPACITANCECISNOTLINEARWITHVOLTAGE0002000020004000600080010000050001000150002000250003000350004REZIMZIM_38VIM_22VIM_26VIM_30VIM_34VFIG6LIIONCAPACITORIMAGINARYPARTASAFUNCTIONOFREALPARTFOR22V,26V,3V34VAND38VITASSUMEDASAFIRSTAPPROXIMATIONTHATLIIONCAPACITORISMODELLEDBYARESISTANCEINSERIESWITHCAPACITANCEUSINGTHEEISRESULTSWEDEDUCEDTHECEVOLUTIONSASAFUNCTIONOFDCVOLTAGEFIGURE7REPRESENTSTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSITCANBESEENTHATLIIONCAPACITOREQUIVALENTCAPACITANCEDECREASESWITHVOLTAGEWHENV3VANDTHECAPACITANCEINCREASES150017001900210023002500270029002253354VOLTAGEVCFCFCAPA41MHZCFCAPA410MHZCFCAPA910MHZCFCAPA310MHZFIG7CVARIATIONSWITHLIIONCAPACITORVOLTAGETHEDCVOLTAGEDEPENDENCYOFESRISDEPICTEDINFIGURE8NOASTHECLASSICALDOUBLELAYERCAPACITOR,ANINCREASEINVOLTAGELEADSTODECREASETHEESRTHISMEANSINHIGHVOLTAGE,WECANOBTAINBESTDISCHARGINGPOWERFIG8ESRVFREQUENCYFORDIFFERENTVOLTAGESFIGURE9SHOWSTHEVARIATIONOFCAPACITANCEVERSUSTHEFREQUENCYFORDIFFERENTVOLTAGEFROMTHISFIGURE,ITSCLEARTHATTHELIIONCAPACITOREQUIVALENTCAPACITANCECISNOTLINEARWITHVOLTAGEFIG9CAPACITANCEVFREQUENCYFORDIFFERENTVOLTAGESIIILIONCAPACITORMODELLINGTOMODELTHELICCOMPONENTS,WEHAVECHOSENA“MULTIPENETRABILITY”2MODELPRESENTEDONFIGURE10ITISCOMPOSEDOFFOURELEMENTS,INDUCTANCEL,SERIESRESISTANCEANDCOMPLEXPARALLELPOREIMPEDANCESDESCRIBEDBYTHEEQUATIONBELOWINTHEPRESENTEDMODELONLYZP1ANDZP2ARECONSIDEREDTHEMODELPARAMETERSARECALCULATEDUSINGTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFEISTHECOMPARISONBETWEENSIMULATEDANDMEASUREDNYQUITPLOTAREPRESENTEDONFIGURE11HAL00373149,VERSION127AUG2009

簡(jiǎn)介：PRECISIONFREQUENCYMETERBAFURMANANDI,IVERZINUDC62131VFREQUENCYISBECOMINGANINCREASINGLYWIDESPREADPARAMETERUSEDFORCONTROL,CONVERSION,ANDMEASUREMENTPURPOSESATTHEPRESENTDEVELOPMENTSTAGEOFAUTOMATICS,MEASUREMENTS,ANDTHEDISPLAYANDCONVERSIONTECHNIQUES,DIGITALMETHODSFORMEASURINGANDCONVERTINGFREQUENCYARETHEMOSTPRECISETHEREEXISTMETHODSFORIMPROVINGCONSIDERABLYTHEPRECISIONCLASSOFANALOGFREQUENCYCONVERTERSANDFREQUENCYMETERSTHECIRCUITOFAHIGHFREQUENCYTOADCSIGNALCONVERTERISDESCRIBEDINTHISARTICLETHECONVERTERISUSEDASAFREQUENCYMETERWITHANOUTPUTTOACLASS01POINTERINSTRUMENTTHEBASICPRINCIPLEOFANALOGINSTRUMENTS,USEDINDESIGNINGTHISFREQUENCYMETER,CONSISTEDOFDETECTINGTHEMEANVALUEOFTHEVOLTAGEBYINTEGRATINGTHEMEASUREDFREQUENCYPULSESWHICHWERECALIBRATEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEIRDURATIONANDAMPLITUDETHEERROROFSUCHDEVICESDEPENDSVIRTUALLYONTHEIRCALIBRATIONSTABILITYWITHAVARYINGSUPPLYVOLTAGEANDTEMPERATUREAHIGHPRECISIONWASATTAINEDINTHISCIRCUITBYSHAPINGTHEDURATIONOFTHEINTEGRATEDPULSESBYMEANSOFACRYSTALSTABILIZEDGENERATORINCOMBINATIONWITHAHIGHPRECISIONVOLTAGESTABILIZERTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHISMETHOD1MADEITPOSSIBLETOREDUCETHEBASICERROROFTHEFREQUENCYMETERTO001HOWEVER,THEADDITIONALERRORSOFACTUALCIRCUITSPREVENTTHEATTAINMENTOFTHISPRECISIONBELOWWEANALYZETHEPOSSIBILITIESOFAPPLYINGSUCHCIRCUITSFORDESIGNINGAFREQUENCYMETERTHEFREQUENCYMETERFIGSIAND2CONSISTSOFAPULSEDURATIONSHAPINGCIRCUIT,APULSEAMPLITUDESHAPINGCIRCUIT,ANDANINTEGRATINGUNITTHEDURATIONSHAPINGCIRCUITCONSISTSOFASYNCHRONIZINGGATECONTROLLEDBYCLOCKFREQUENCYGENERATORCGINTHEABSENCEOFANINPUTSIGNALTRIGGER1TRISINPOSITION1,GATEANDISBLOCKEDANDTRIGGER2TRISINPOSITIONOTHEDURATIONSHAPINGCIRCUITTRIGGER2TRHASALOWOUTPUTPOTENTIALONRECEIVINGAPULSEOFTHEMEASUREDFREQUENCY,TRIGGER1TRISTRIPPED,THEANDGATEBECOMESCONDUCTING,ANDTHEROUTINECLOCKPULSESETSTRIGGER2TRTOPOSITION1THEFOLLOWINGCLOCKPULSERETURNSTRIGGER2TRANDTHENTRIGGER1TRINTOTHEIRINITIALPOSITIONSTHUS,EVERYRECEIVEDPULSEOFTHEMEASUREDFREQUENCYPRODUCESAPOTENTIALDIFFERENCEATTHEOUTPUTOFTRIGGER2TRTHISDIFFERENCELASTSONEPERIODOFTHEDOCKFREQUENCYTHESTABILITYOFTHEDURATIONSHAPINGCIRCUITISDETERMINEDBYTHATOFTHECLOCKFREQUENCYGENERATORANDTHEEDGESOFTHEVOLTAGEDROPPULSEATTHEOUTPUTOFTRIGGER2TRACRYSTALSTABILIZEDGENERATORMAINTAINSITSFREQUENCYOVERAWIDETEMPERATURERANGEWITHOUTTHERMOSTATICCONTROLWITHAPRECISIONOF10STHEBASICINSTABILITYINSHAPINGTHEPULSEDURATIONTHUSDEPENDSONTHESWITCHINGTIMEOFTHECIMUITTRANSISTORSTHESWITCHINGTIMEOFASATURATEDTRANSISTORCONSISTSOFTHEDURATIONOFTHEEFFECTIVEPULSEEDGESANDTHETIMEREQUIREDTOSWITCHFROMTHESATURATEDSTATEITSHOULDBENOTEDTHAT,SINCETHEOUTPUTTRANSISTOR2TRANDTHEINPUTTRANSISTOROFSWITCHSOPERATEINPHASEOPPOSITION,APARTIALORCOMPLETECOMPENSATIONOFTHEEFFECTOFTHEIRLAGGINGANDTHEOUTPUTPULSEDURATIONCANBEOBTAINEDINPRACTICEITISDIFFICULTTOATTAINCOMPLETECOMPENSATION,ESPECIALLYOVERAWIDETEMPERATURERANGE/TINPUTANDFIG1BLOCKSCHEMATICOFTHEFREQUENCYMETERR,,2GVFROMTHEOUTFA1,,STAB,PUTOF2TR,Y2“R2“FIG,2OUTPUTPULSESHAPINGCIRCUITTRANSLATEDFROMIZMERITELNAYATEKHNIKA,NO4,PP3133,APRIL,1968ORIGINALARTICLESUBMITTEDJULY14,1967470AFURTHERRAISINGOFTHESATURATIONRATIOHASABENEFICIALEFFECTONTHEOPERATIONOFTHEAMPLITUDESHAPINGCIRCUIT,BUTITIMPAIRSTHESTABILITYOFTHEDURATIONSHAPINGCIRCUITTHEABOVEPULSEDURATIONDETERMINESTHEFREQUENCYMEASURINGLIMITTHUS,FMAX2500HZFORTP200SECTAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEPOSSIBILITYOFTHEMEASUREMENTSBEINGDELAYEDBYONEPERIODACCORDINGTOTHEOPERATINGCONDITIONSOFTHESYNCHRONIZINGELEMENTTHEABOVETEMPERATUREERRORCANBEREDUCED,BYMEANSOFAPREVIOUSLYDESCRIBEDPARAMETRICCOMPENSATION,BYAFACTOROF57TOAVALUENOTEXCEEDING00012/INTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF2050THETOTALMAXIMUMERROROFTHEPULSEDURATIONANDAMPLITUDESHAPINGCIRCUITSINTHEABOVETEMPERATURERANGEWILLTHENREMAINBELOW007ANDRISETO01FORARANGEEXTENDEDUPTO60THEMEASUREDFREQUENCYRANGECANBERAISEDTO10KHZFORTHESAMEPRECISIONBYUSINGHIGHFREQUENCYTRANSISTORSMP401MP403THEEXTENSIONOFTHEFREQUENCYRANGEISPRODUCEDMAINLYBYREDUCINGTHEDESATURATIONTIMETHELIMITATIONOFTHETEMPERATURERANGEBY50INTHISCASEISDUETOASHARPLYRISINGEFFECTOFTHEUNCONTROLLEDCOLLECTORCURRENTOFGERMANIUMTRANSISTORSONTHETOTALERROROFTHETRANSDUCER,OURINDUSTRYHASDEVELOPEDRECENTLYTHEPRODUCTIONOFNEWTYPESOFSILICONSTABILITRONSWITHAHIGHTHERMALSTABILITYOFTHEIRSTABILIZEDVOLTAGETHETEMPERATURECOEFFICIENTOFVOLTAGEFORSTABILITRONSD818DD818EAMOUNTSRESPECTIVELYTO0002AND0001/FORANOMINALDYNAMICRESISTANCEOF18FTHEIRAPPLICATIONLEADSTOASIMPLIFICATIONOFTHEFREQUENCYMETERCIRCUITWITHOUTIMPAIRINGITSHIGHSTABILITYORWIDEFREQUENCYRANGE,INTHEIMPROVEDVERSIONOFTHECIRCUITTHESPECIALSTABILIZEROFTHEVOLTAGECOMPENSATIONTYPEISREPLACEDBYASIMPLETWOSECTIONPARAMETRICSTABILIZERWITHSTABILITRONSD1D2D816DD818EINTHECOLLECTORCIRCUITOFTHESHAPINGSWITCHTRANSISTORTIFIG4INTHISCIRCUITTHEOUTPUTRESISTANCEOFTHESWITCHISDETERMINEDINITSOPENCONDITIONBYTHERESISTANCEOFSATURATEDTRANSISTORTI,ANDINITSCLOSEDCONDITIONBYTHEDYNAMICRESISTANCEOFTHESTABILIIRONOVERITSSTABILIZINGRANGE,THUS,THEINSTABILITYOFTHEVOLTAGELEVELATTHEOUTPUTOFTHECLOSEDSWITCHISNOWDETERMINEDBYTHETEMPERATURECOEFFICIENTOFVOLTAGEOFSTABILITRONDZINSTEADOFCURRENTVARIATIONSWITHHEAT,THISMAKESITALSOPOSSIBLETOUSEHIGHFREQUENCYTRANSISTORSMP401MP403OVERAWIDETEMPERATURERANGEUPTO60THECOLLECTORVOLTAGEOFASATURATEDTRANSISTORTYPEMP401MP403ISLOWERTHANTHATOFMP20MP106THISCANBEUSEDFORIMPROVINGTHEVOLTAGECOMPENSATIONBYMEANSOFTRANSISTORTZOFTHESAMETYPEINORDERTOOBTAINAZEROVOLTAGEATTHEFREQUENCYMETEROUTPUTTHEABOVECIRCUITSWERETESTEDOUTWITHADIGITALFREQUENCYMETER434ANDPOTENTIOMETERPPTV1,THEOUTPUTPOINTERINSTRUMENTCONSISTEDOFCLASS01MILLIVOLTMETERTYPEGOERZ134420WITHARANGEUPTO60MVANDARESISTANCEOF10TTHEPRECISIONCLASSOFTHEFREQUENCYMETERISTHENDETERMINEDVIRTUALLYBYTHATOFTHEOUTPUTINSTRUMENTITSTOTALADDITIONALERRORDIDNOTEXCEED0,107OFORTEMPERATUREVARIATIONSINTHERANGEOF2060ANDSUPPLYVOLTAGECHANGESOFI10THEINITIALDRIFTAMOUNTEDTO0,3IN35RAINAFTERSWITCHINGINTHESUPPLYVOLTAGE,THELOWERFREQUENCYMEASURINGLIMITOF20HZISDETERMINEDBYTHEFREQUENCYPROPERTIESOFTHEINTEGRATINGUNITSHOULDITBENECESSARYTORAISETHETIMECONSTANTOFTHEOUTPUTINSTRUMENTANADDITIONALINDUCTANCEISCONNECTEDINSERIESWITHITSMOVINGCOILTHEUSEOFCAPACITIVEFILTERSATTHEOUTPUTOFTHESWITCHIMPAIRSTHETRANSDUCERSLINEARITYSINCEITBECOMESDIFFICULTTOOBTAINSTRICTLYEQUALTIMECONSTANTSFORTHECHARGINGANDDISCHARGINGCIRCUITSOFTHECAPACITANCETHEABOVECIRCUITSFORCONVERTINGFREQUENCYINTOADCCURRENTCANSERVEASABASISFORDESIGNINGMASSPRODUCEDANALOGFREQUENCYMETERSWITHAPRECISIONCLASSOF0T02THEPRODUCTIONOFSUCHINSTRUMENTSWILTSERVETOREDUCETHEAPPLICATIONRANGEOFEXPENSIVEDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERS1LITERATURECITEDRPDERRICKANDWHNATSON,WESTINGHOUSEENG,2__33,NO11963472

簡(jiǎn)介：外文原文外文原文FIRFILTERDESIGNTECHNIQUESABSTRACTTHISREPORTDEALSWITHSOMEOFTHETECHNIQUESUSEDTODESIGNFIRFILTERSINTHEBEGINNING,THEWINDOWINGMETHODANDTHEFREQUENCYSAMPLINGMETHODSAREDISCUSSEDINDETAILWITHTHEIRMERITSANDDEMERITSDIFFERENTOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUESINVOLVEDINFIRFILTERDESIGNAREALSOCOVERED,INCLUDINGRABINER’SMETHODFORFIRFILTERDESIGNTHESEOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUESREDUCETHEERRORCAUSEDBYFREQUENCYSAMPLINGTECHNIQUEATTHENONSAMPLEDFREQUENCYPOINTSABRIEFDISCUSSIONOFSOMETECHNIQUESUSEDBYFILTERDESIGNPACKAGESLIKEMATLABAREALSOINCLUDEDINTRODUCTIONFIRFILTERSAREFILTERSHAVINGATRANSFERFUNCTIONOFAPOLYNOMIALINZANDISANALLZEROFILTERINTHESENSETHATTHEZEROESINTHEZPLANEDETERMINETHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEMAGNITUDECHARACTERISTICTHEZTRANSFORMOFANPOINTFIRFILTERISGIVENBY1FIRFILTERSAREPARTICULARLYUSEFULFORAPPLICATIONSWHEREEXACTLINEARPHASERESPONSEISREQUIREDTHEFIRFILTERISGENERALLYIMPLEMENTEDINANONRECURSIVEWAYWHICHGUARANTEESASTABLEFILTERFIRFILTERDESIGNESSENTIALLYCONSISTSOFTWOPARTSIAPPROXIMATIONPROBLEMIIREALIZATIONPROBLEMTHEAPPROXIMATIONSTAGETAKESTHESPECIFICATIONANDGIVESATRANSFERFUNCTIONTHROUGHFOURSTEPSTHEYAREASFOLLOWSIADESIREDORIDEALRESPONSEISCHOSEN,USUALLYINTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINIIANALLOWEDCLASSOFFILTERSISCHOSENEGTHELENGTHNFORAFIRFILTERS6THUSTHECONVOLUTIONOFHDWWITHWWYIELDSTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFTHETRUNCATEDFIRFILTER7THEFREQUENCYRESPONSECANALSOBEOBTAINEDUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGRELATION8BUTDIRECTTRUNCATIONOFHDNTOMTERMSTOOBTAINHNLEADSTOTHEGIBBSPHENOMENONEFFECTWHICHMANIFESTSITSELFASAFIXEDPERCENTAGEOVERSHOOTANDRIPPLEBEFOREANDAFTERANAPPROXIMATEDDISCONTINUITYINTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEDUETOTHENONUNIFORMCONVERGENCEOFTHEFOURIERSERIESATADISCONTINUITYTHUSTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOBTAINEDBYUSING8CONTAINSRIPPLESINTHEFREQUENCYDOMAININORDERTOREDUCETHERIPPLES,INSTEADOFMULTIPLYINGHDNWITHARECTANGULARWINDOWWN,HDNISMULTIPLIEDWITHAWINDOWFUNCTIONTHATCONTAINSATAPERANDDECAYSTOWARDZEROGRADUALLY,INSTEADOFABRUPTLYASITOCCURSINARECTANGULARWINDOWASMULTIPLICATIONOFSEQUENCESHDNANDWNINTIMEDOMAINISEQUIVALENTTOCONVOLUTIONOFHDWANDWWINTHEFREQUENCYDOMAIN,ITHASTHEEFFECTOFSMOOTHINGHDWTHESEVERALEFFECTSOFWINDOWINGTHEFOURIERCOEFFICIENTSOFTHEFILTERONTHERESULTOFTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFTHEFILTERAREASFOLLOWSIAMAJOREFFECTISTHATDISCONTINUITIESINHWBECOMETRANSITIONBANDSBETWEENVALUESONEITHERSIDEOFTHEDISCONTINUITYIITHEWIDTHOFTHETRANSITIONBANDSDEPENDSONTHEWIDTHOFTHEMAINLOBEOFTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFTHEWINDOWFUNCTION,WNIEWWIIISINCETHEFILTERFREQUENCYRESPONSEISOBTAINEDVIAACONVOLUTIONRELATION,ITISCLEARTHATTHERESULTINGFILTERSARENEVEROPTIMALINANYSENSEIVASMTHELENGTHOFTHEWINDOWFUNCTIONINCREASES,THEMAINLOBEWIDTHOFWWISREDUCEDWHICHREDUCESTHEWIDTHOFTHETRANSITIONBAND,BUTTHISALSOINTRODUCESMORERIPPLEINTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSE

簡(jiǎn)介：ELSEVIERTHERMOELECTRICPOWERCHARACTERIZATIONOFA2024ALUMINUMALLOYDURINGSOLUTIONTREATMENTANDAGINGDARENSUN,XITHENSUN,DEREK0NORTHWOOD,”ANDJERRYHSOKOLOWSKI”ENGINEERINGMATERIALSGROUP,DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDMATERIALSENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFWINDSOR,WINDSOR,ONTARIO,N9B3P4,CANADA,ANDENGINEERINGMATERIALSDEPARTMENT,JILINUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,CHANGCHUN,PEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINATHESOLUTIONTREATMENTANDAGINGOFA2024ALUMINUMALLOYWASSTUDIEDUSINGTHETHERMOELECTRICPOWERTEPMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUE,ANDTHERESULTSCOMPAREDTOTHOSEOBTAINEDBYMICROHARDNESSANDOPTICALMICROSCOPYTHETEPVALUECHANGESWITHSOLUTIONTREATMENTTEMPERATUREANDDURATIONANDREACHESAMAXIMUMVALUEFORSOLUTIONTREATMENTAT500°CTHECHANGESINTEPDURINGSOLUTIONTREATMENTARECAUSEDBYCHANGESINTHESOLUBILITYOFTHEALLOYINGELEMENTSINOALINTHEARTIFICIALAGINGPROCESS,THETEPVALUEDECREASESWITHINCREASINGAGINGTIME,BUTEXHIBITSDIFFERENTCHARACTERISTICSFORDIFFERENTSTAGESOFAGINGINTHEINITIALSTAGE,THETEPVALUEDECREASESSLOWLYANDSHOWSAFLUCTUATINGBEHAVIORFORAGINGINTEMPERATURESBELOW190°CTHISFLUCTUATIONISCAUSEDBYGIZONE,GPBZONE,E”,8’,S”,ANDS’FORMATIONWHICHMAKEDIFFERENTCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHETEPVALUETHETEPVALUESCORRESPONDINGTOMAXIMUMMICROHARDNESSFORDIFFERENTAGINGTEMPERATURESARETHESAMEFORAGIVENSOLUTIONTREATMENTTEMPERATUREAFTERTHEPEAKAGE,THETEPVALUESDECREASEVERYQUICKLYBECAUSETHESOLUBILITYOFTHEALLOYINGELEMENTSINCYALDECREASESWITHAGINGTIMETHEMICROSTRUCTURALCHANGESCAUSEDBYPRECIPITATIONDURINGAGINGWHICHCANNOTBEOBSERVEDBYTHELIGHTOPTICALMICROSCOPEWERESUCCESSFULLYMONITOREDBYTHETEPMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUEINTRODUCTIONSYSTEM2SEEFIG1ASANEXAMPLEATTEMPERATURESBELOWTHESOLIDUS,THEEQUITHEALUMINUMALLOY2024ISWIDELYUSEDINLIBRIUMSTATECONSISTSOFTWOSOLIDPHASESYAIRCRAFTSTRUCTURES,RIVETHARDWARE,TRUCKSOLIDSOLUTIONANDANINTERMETALLICCOMWHEELS,SCREWMACHINEPRODUCTS,ANDOTHERPOUNDPHASE,8ALZCUTHESOLIDSOLUBILMISCELLANEOUSSTRUCTURALAPPLICATIONS11ITITYOFCOPPERINTHEALUMINUMSOLIDSOLUISAPRECIPITATIONHARDENINGALLOYWHICHISTIONINCREASESASTHETEMPERATUREINCREASES,SUBJECTEDTOASOLUTIONTREATMENT,QUENCHANDATTEMPERATURESABOVETHELOWERCURVEING,ANDANARTIFICIALAGINGTREATMENTINORSOLIDUS,COPPERISCOMPLETELYSOLUBLEINDERTOOBTAINTHEOPTIMUMCOMBINATIONOFAALHOWEVER,ATTEMPERATURESABOVETHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESINCIPIENTMELTINGTEMPERATURETHESOLIDUSTHESOLUTIONTREATMENTRESULTSINTHEDISLINE,THESOLUBILITYOFCOPPERINALUMINUMSOLUTIONOFSOLIDPHASES,ANDTHETEMPERADECREASESWITHINCREASINGTEMPERATURESBETUREFORTHISTREATMENTMUSTBECAREFULLYCAUSEOFFORMATIONOFALIQUIDPHASEWHICHCHOSENTHESOLUBILITYTEMPERATURERELATIONCONTAINSAHIGHERCOPPERCONTENTTHANINSHIPSCANBEILLUSTRATEDBYUSINGTHEALCUTHESOLIDTHEREFORE,THESOLUTIONTEMPERA83MATERIALSCHARACTERIZATION36839219960ELSEVIERSCIENCEINC,1996655AVENUEOFTHEAMERICAS,NEWYORK,NY1001010445803/96/1500I’11S1044580396000022TEPCHARACTERIZATIONOFA2024ALALLOY85OPSSIO2LKMSLURRYTHESAMPLESWERETHENETCHEDUSINGASOLUTIONOF200MLH205MLHN033MLHCL2MLHFTHESPECIMENSWERETHENEXAMINEDUNDERTHELIGHTOPTICALMICROSCOPEATAMAGNIFICATIONOFX100ANDX500THERMOELECTRICPOWERANDMICROHARDNESSMEASUREMENTSFIGURE2SHOWSTHEPRINCIPLEOFTHETEPMEASUREMENTSYSTEMTWOCOPPERBLOCKSAANDBWEREMAINTAINEDATTEMPERATURESOFT15OCANDTAT25”C,RESPECTIVELYTHESPECIMENWASPRESSEDINTOTHESECUBLOCKSTOENSUREAGOODTHERMALANDELECTRICALCONTACTAVOLTAGE,AVKVISGENERATEDACROSSTHESPECIMENTHETEPVALUES,AS,ARECALCULATEDUSINGEQUATION14ASAVIATAMOREDETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHETEPMEASUREMENTSYSTEMCANBEFOUNDINNORTHWOODETAL15MICROHARDNESSWASMEASUREDWITHALOADOFLOOG,ADIAMONDPYRAMIDINDENTOR,ANDTESTTIMEOF15SAMINIMUMOFSIXREADINGSWERETAKENRANDOMLYFOREACHHARDNESSDETERMINATIONTOPROVIDEASTATISTICALBASISFORTHEMEANHARDNESSVALUESEXPERIMENTALRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONEFFECTOFSOLUTIONTREATMENTTEMPERATUREANDDURATIONTHEVARIATIONINTEPVALUES,ASKV/K,ANDTHEMICROHARDNESSASAFUNCTIONOFSOLUTIONTREATMENTTEMPERATURESARESHOWNINFIG3BELOW5OO”C,THETEPVALUESANDTHEMAD,T\BBCKBTTCITC2TSAT,4I4FIG2SCHEMATICDIAGRAMSHOWINGTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUPFORTHETEPMEASUREMENTSI_I“LCKERM,CRAHARDNESAH”TEPFIG3EFFECTOFSOLUTIONTEMPERATUREONTEPVALUEANDMICROHARDNESSOF2024ALUMINUMALLOYMICROHARDNESSINCREASEWITHINCREASINGSOLUTIONTREATMENTTEMPERATURE,REACHINGAMAXIMUMVALUEATABOUT5OO”C,BEFOREDECREASINGWITHFURTHERINCREASESINTEMPERATUREFIGURE4SHOWSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHETEPANDTHEDURATIONOFTHESOLUTIONTREATMENTFORTHESAMPLESSOLUTIONTREATEDAT500°CITCANREADILYBESEENTHATINITIALLYTHETEPVALUESINCREASERAPIDLYWITHTIMEBEFOREREACHINGANAPPROXIMATELYCONSTANTTEPVALUEAFTER3MINUTESOFTREATMENTRECENTSTUDIESHAVECLEARLYSHOWNTHATTHETEPVALUESMEASUREDATAMBIENTTEMPERATURE20°CARESENSITIVETOTHEAMOUNTOFALLOYINGELEMENTSINSOLIDSOLUTION9,10,161ASPREVIOUSLYNOTED,FORMOSTALUMINUMALLOYS,THESOLUBILITYOFTHEALLOYINGELEMENTSINSOLIDSOLUTIONCHANGESWITHTHESOLUTIONTREATMENTTEMPERATUREANDTIMETHEALCUPHASEDIAGRAM,SHOWSTHATTHESOLUBILITYOFCOPPERINAALSOLIDSOLUTIONINCREASESWITHTEMPERATUREFORSOLUTION031015202530SOLUTIONTREATMENTTIME,TMINUTESFIG4EFFECTOFSOLUTIONTREATMENTTIMEAT500°CONTHETEPVALUE

簡(jiǎn)介：NEWANDIMPROVEDMETHODSFORPERFORMINGRATETRANSIENTANALYSISOFSHALEGASRESERVOIRSMORTEZANOBAKHT,SPE,UNIVERSITYOFCALGARYANDFEKETEASSOCIATES,CRCLARKSON,SPE,ANDDKAVIANI,SPE,UNIVERSITYOFCALGARYSUMMARYMULTIFRACTUREDHORIZONTALWELLSARECURRENTLYTHEMOSTPOPULARMETHODFOREXPLOITINGLOWPERMEABILITYTIGHTANDSHALEGASRESERVOIRSPRODUCTIONDATAANALYSISISTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDTOOLFORANALYZINGTHESERESERVOIRSFORTHEPURPOSEOFRESERVESESTIMATION,HYDRAULICFRACTURESTIMULATIONOPTIMIZATION,ANDDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGAMBROSEETAL2011HOWEVER,ASPOINTEDOUTBYCLARKSONETAL2012,AFUNDAMENTALPROBLEMWITHTHEAPPLICATIONOFCONVENTIONALPRODUCTIONDATAANALYSISTOULTRALOWPERMEABILITYRESERVOIRSISTHATCURRENTMETHODSWEREDERIVEDWITHTHEASSUMPTIONTHATFLOWCANBEDESCRIBEDWITHDARCY’SLAWTHISASSUMPTIONMAYNOTBEVALIDFORTIGHT/SHALEGASRESERVOIRS,ASTHEYCONTAINAWIDEDISTRIBUTIONOFPORESIZES,INCLUDINGINSOMECASESNANOPORESLOUCKSETAL2009THEREFORE,THEMEANFREEPATHOFGASMOLECULESMAYBECOMPARABLETOORLARGERTHANTHEAVERAGEEFFECTIVEROCKPORETHROATRADIUS,CAUSINGTHEGASMOLECULESTOSLIPALONGPORESURFACESTHISRESULTSINSLIPPAGENONDARCYFLOW,WHICHISNOTACCOUNTEDFORINCONVENTIONALPRODUCTIONDATAANALYSISCLARKSONETAL2012MODIFIEDTHEPSEUDOVARIABLESUSEDFORANALYZINGGASRESERVOIRSINPRODUCTIONDATAANALYSISTOACCOUNTFORSLIPPAGETHEYDEMONSTRATEDTHATIFTHEEFFECTOFSLIPPAGEISNOTCONSIDERED,ITLEADSTONOTICEABLEERRORSINRESERVOIRCHARACTERIZATIONCLARKSONETAL2012ALSOMENTIONEDTHATEVENAFTERUSINGTHEMODIFIEDPSEUDOVARIABLES,THEVALUESFORPERMEABILITYANDFRACTUREHALFLENGTHDONOTEXACTLYMATCHTHEINPUTDATATOSIMULATIONINTHISPAPER,AMETHODOLOGYTOPROPERLYANALYZETHEPRODUCTIONDATAFROMAFRACTUREDWELLINATIGHT/SHALEGASRESERVOIRPRODUCINGUNDERACONSTANTFLOWINGPRESSUREINTHEPRESENCEOFDESORPTIONANDSLIPPAGEISPRESENTEDTHISMETHODUSESANEWPSEUDOTIMEDEFINITIONINSTEADOFTHECONVENTIONALPSEUDOTIMECURRENTLYBEINGUSEDINPRODUCTIONDATAANALYSISTHEMETHODISVALIDATEDUSINGANUMBEROFNUMERICALLYSIMULATEDCASESITISFOUNDTHATTHENEWLYDEVELOPEDANALYTICALMETHODRESULTSINAMORERELIABLEESTIMATEOFFRACTUREHALFLENGTHORCONTACTEDMATRIXSURFACEAREA,IFPERMEABILITYISKNOWNINTRODUCTIONHORIZONTALWELLSCASEDOROPENHOLEWITHMULTIPLEFRACTURESARECOMMONLYUSEDTODEVELOPWELLSINMOSTTIGHT/SHALEGASPLAYSBECAUSEOFMASSIVEHYDRAULICFRACTURESINTHESEWELLS,THEDOMINANTFLOWREGIMEOBSERVEDISLINEARFLOW,WHICHMAYCONTINUEFORSEVERALYEARSITISDOCUMENTEDINTHELITERATURETHATLINEARFLOWAPPEARSASASTRAIGHTLINEONTHESQUAREROOTOFTIMEPLOT,WHICHISAPLOTOFNORMALIZEDPRESSUREVSSQUAREROOTOFTIMEWATTENBARGERETAL1998ELBANBIANDWATTENBARGER1998USINGTHESLOPEOFTHISLINEOVERESTIMATESTHEVALUEOFXFFFIFFIFFIKP,WHEREXFISFRACTUREHALFLENGTHANDKISPERMEABILITY,ORACMFFIFFIFFIKP,WHEREACMISCONTACTEDMATRIXSURFACEAREA,CALCULATEDFROMLINEARFLOWANALYSISFORCONSTANTFLOWINGPRESSUREPRODUCTIONIBRAHIMANDWATTENBARGER2005,2006NOBAKHTETAL2010NOBAKHTANDCLARKSON2011AIBRAHIMANDWATTENBARGER2005,2006PROPOSEDTOMULTIPLYXFFFIFFIFFIKP,OBTAINEDUSINGTHESLOPEOFTHESQUAREROOTOFTIMEPLOTBYANEMPIRICALLYOBTAINEDCORRECTIONFACTOR,FCP,UNDERCONSTANTFLOWINGPRESSURECONDITIONFCP?1?00852DD?00857D2DD1TWHEREDDISTHEDRAWDOWNPARAMETERANDISRELATEDTOPSEUDOPRESSUREATINITIALPRESSURE,PPI,ANDPSEUDOPRESSUREATFLOWINGPRESSURE,PPWF,USINGEQ2DD?PPI?PPWFPPID2TNOBAKHTANDCLARKSON2011ASTUDIEDTHELINEARFLOWUNDERCONSTANTFLOWINGPRESSUREPRODUCTIONINDETAILTHEYRANANUMBEROFSIMULATIONCASESFORTHERESERVOIRGEOMETRYSHOWNINFIG1ANDSHOWEDTHATTHECORRECTIONFACTORCALCULATEDFROMEQ1ISNOTCORRECTINGXFFFIFFIFFIKPVALUESOBTAINEDFROMTHESQUAREROOTOFTIMEPLOTTOMATCHINPUTVALUESTOTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONNOBAKHTANDCLARKSON2011AEXPLAINEDTHATTHEOVERESTIMATIONOFXFFFIFFIFFIKPISBECAUSETHESQUAREROOTOFTIMEPLOTDOESNOTACCOUNTFORCHANGINGGASVISCOSITYANDGASCOMPRESSIBILITY,WHICHAREINCORPORATEDINTOPSEUDOTIME,TA,FRAIMANDWATTENBARGER1987AGARWALETAL1999ASTA?DLGCTTIDT0DT?LG?CTD3THERE,?LGAND?CTAREGASVISCOSITYANDTOTALCOMPRESSIBILITYATTHEAVERAGERESERVOIRPRESSURENOBAKHTANDCLARKSON2011APROPOSEDTOUSECORRECTEDPSEUDOTIMEINWHICHTHEGASVISCOSITYANDGASCOMPRESSIBILITYINEQ3AREEVALUATEDATTHEAVERAGEPRESSUREINTHEREGIONOFINFLUENCEANDERSONANDMATTAR2005FINALLY,THEYDEVELOPEDANANALYTICALMETHODTOCORRECTOVERESTIMATIONOFXFFFIFFIFFIKPCALCULATEDFROMTHESQUAREROOTOFTIMEPLOTTHEANALYTICALMETHODDEVELOPEDBYNOBAKHTANDCLARKSON2011ADOESNOTACCOUNTFORDESORPTIONANDGASSLIPPAGEEFFECTSNONDARCYFLOWASNOTEDBYCLARKSONETAL2012,COMMONASSUMPTIONSUSEDFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCONVENTIONALPRODUCTIONDATAANALYSISARENOTTRUEFORUNCONVENTIONALRESERVOIRSWITHEXTREMELYLOWPERMEABILITYONEOFTHESELIMITATIONSISTHEEXISTENCEOFGASSLIPPAGENONDARCYFLOWINLOWPERMEABILITYRESERVOIRSOZKANETAL2010CLARKSONETAL2012INLOWPERMEABILITYRESERVOIRS,THEGASMOLECULESMAYSLIPALONGTHEPORESURFACESIE,THEGASVELOCITYATPORESURFACESISNOTZEROANDCAUSEADDITIONALFLUXONTOPOFTHEVISCOUSFLOWEXPRESSEDBYDARCY’SLAWBECAUSEOFTHISADDITIONALFLUX,APPARENTGASPERMEABILITY,KA,BECOMESHIGHERTHANTHELIQUIDEQUIVALENTPERMEABILITY,K1,OFTHESAMEPOROUSMEDIUMCLARKSONETAL2012USEDTHEFOLLOWINGPSEUDOPRESSUREEQ4ANDPSEUDOTIMEEQ5TOINCLUDESLIPPAGEEFFECTINTOPRODUCTIONDATAANALYISP?PI?P?PWF?2DPIPWFKRLGZPDPD4TT?A?DLGCTTIDT0?KRDT?LG?CTD5TNOWWITHCONOCOPHILIPSCANADACOPYRIGHTVC2012SOCIETYOFPETROLEUMENGINEERSTHISPAPERSPE147869WASACCEPTEDFORPRES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