簡(jiǎn)介：EVALUATIONOFHEATMANAGEMENTININJECTIONMOULDTOOLSBAMCCALLA1,PSALLAN1ANDPRHORNSBY2THECONTROLANDMANAGEMENTOFHEATININJECTIONMOULDTOOLSISAVITALREQUIREMENTFOROBTAININGOPTIMUMPRODUCTIONPROCESSINGCONDITIONSTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANINVESTIGATIONTHATCOMPAREDCONVENTIONALMOULDCOOLINGMETHODSWITHARELATIVELYNEWTECHNIQUECALLED‘PULSECOOLINGTECHNOLOGY’PCTTHEPRINCIPLEOFPCTISTHEUSEOFANINTERMITTENTFLOWOFTHECOOLINGMEDIUMINTHEMOULDTOOLWITHACCURATECONTROLOFTHEMOULDCAVITYSURFACETEMPERATUREDURINGTHEINJECTIONMOULDINGCYCLEAMOULDTOOLINSTRUMENTEDFORCAVITYPRESSURE,CAVITYSURFACETEMPERATUREANDMOULDBACKGROUNDTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSWASCONSTRUCTEDFORTHESTUDYRESULTSSHOWINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFPCTCOMPAREDWITHCONVENTIONALCOOLINGAREPRESENTEDFORPOLYPROPYLENEPP,POLYCARBONATEANDFILLEDPPWITHTALCANDALUMINIUMPOWDERSAREDUCTIONOFUPTO22OFTHECONVENTIONALLYCOOLEDMOULDINGCYCLETIMEFORUNFILLEDPPHASBEENRECORDEDWHENPULSEDMOULDCOOLINGWASUSEDKEYWORDSINJECTIONMOULDING,MOULDCOOLING,PULSEDCOOLING,MOULDTEMPERATURECONTROLINTRODUCTIONTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHETEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMINANINJECTIONMOULDTOOLISTOMAINTAINACONSISTENTCAVITYSURFACETEMPERATURECYCLETHATISESSENTIALFORPARTREPRODUCIBILITYININJECTIONMOULDINGCHANGESINTHECAVITYSURFACETEMPERATURECYCLECANRESULTINAVARIATIONINPROPERTIES,SUCHASSHRINKAGE,INTERNALSTRESS,WARPAGEANDTHESURFACEQUALITYOFMOULDINGSTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHECOOLINGSYSTEMISAMAJORFACTORTHATWILLAFFECTTHEOVERALLCYCLETIME,ASITISTHETIMETOCOOLTHEMOULDINGFROMITSINJECTIONTEMPERATURETOATEMPERATUREATWHICHITCANBEEJECTEDFROMTHEMOULDTOOLTHATTYPICALLYFORMSTHELARGESTPORTIONOFTHEMOULDINGCYCLETIMETHETHERMALPROPERTIESOFTHEMOULDMATERIAL,THEDESIGNOFTHECOOLINGCHANNELS,THEPARTSECTIONTHICKNESS,THEPROPERTIESOFTHEPROCESSEDMATERIALANDTHETEMPERATUREOFTHECOOLINGMEDIUMWILLALLCONTRIBUTETOTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHETOOL1NUMEROUSCOMMERCIALPRODUCTSHAVEBEENDESIGNEDTOIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEREMOVALOFTHEHEATFROMATHERMOPLASTICSINJECTIONMOULDTOOLEXAMPLESOFSOMEOFTHESEAREASFOLLOWSIALLOYSWITHHIGHTHERMALCONDUCTIVITIESBASEDONBERYLLIUMANDCOPPERHAVEBEENUSEDFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFMOULDINSERTSIICONFORMALCOOLINGCHANNELSHAVEBEENUSEDTOACHIEVEUNIFORMHEATREMOVALFROMCOMPLEXMOULDEDSECTIONSIIICOOLINGPROBESANDSPECIALDESIGNSTOCREATETURBULENTFLOWINTHECOOLINGAGENTALLOFTHESEFEATURESCANOFFERSIGNIFICANTBENEFITSTOTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHECOOLINGOFTHEMOULDTOOL,BUTTHEYDONOTPROVIDEFORTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEHEATEXTRACTIONINTHEMOULDTOOLTHECONVENTIONALMETHODOFCOOLINGTHATISUSEDINTHEINDUSTRYINVOLVESATEMPERATURECONTROLUNITTHATSUPPLIESACOOLINGFLUIDTOTHEMOULDTOOLATASETTEMPERATURETHESENSORUSEDTOCONTROLTHETEMPERATUREOFTHECOOLANTCANBESITUATEDINTHEMOULDTOOLORINTHECONTROLUNITTHEMAINFEATUREOFTHISMETHODOFCOOLINGISTHATTHECOOLANTISCONSTANTLYFLOWINGANDTHATTYPICALLYONLYONECONTROLLINGSENSORISUSEDONAMOULDTOOLOVERTHELAST15YEARS,AMOULDCOOLINGPROCESSTHATCLAIMSTOEFFECTIVELYMANAGETHEHEATTRANSFERININJECTIONMOULDTOOLSHASBEENDEVELOPED2,3THEPROCESSKNOWNAS‘PULSEDCOOLINGTECHNOLOGY’OR‘PCT’OPERATESWITHCONTROLLEDPULSESOFTHECOOLANTTOSEPARATECOOLINGZONESINTHEMOULDTOOLITALSOUSESTHEHEATSUPPLIEDBYTHEINJECTEDRESINMELTTOMAINTAINTHETEMPERATUREOFTHETOOLSOTHATONLYTHEEXCESSHEATFROMTHATSOURCEISEXTRACTEDFROMTHEMOULD2,3ABRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFTHEOPERATIONOFPCTISASFOLLOWSITHEMOULDISINITIALLYHEATEDBYTHEPOLYMERTHATISMOULDEDDURINGTHESETUPPROCEDUREFORTHETOOLALTERNATIVELYTHETOOLCANBEINITIALLYPRIMEDBYUSINGANAUXILIARYHEATINGSYSTEMIIWHENTHEMOULDREACHESTHESETTEMPERATURETHEPULSEDCOOLINGCONTROLTAKESOVERTHEMOULDSURFACETEMPERATUREINEACHOFTHEZONESOFTHETOOLISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEDEMANDFORCOOLANTIIITHEPCTCONTROLISPROGRAMMEDTOSUPPLYPULSESOFTHECOOLINGFLUIDONLYWHENTHEMOULDSURFACESENSORSDEMANDIT1WOLFSONCENTREFORMATERIALSPROCESSING,BRUNELUNIVERSITYUXBRIDGEUB83PH,UK2SCHOOLOFMECHANICALANDAEROSPACEENGINEERING,QUEENSUNIVERSITYBELFAST,BELFASTBT95AH,UKCORRESPONDINGAUTHOR,EMAILPETERALLANBRUNELACUK26?2007INSTITUTEOFMATERIALS,MINERALSANDMININGPUBLISHEDBYMANEYONBEHALFOFTHEINSTITUTERECEIVED27FEBRUARY2006ACCEPTED25OCTOBER2006DOI101179/174328907X174593PLASTICS,RUBBERANDCOMPOSITES2007VOL36NO1THETALCFILLEDPPCOMPOUNDSWEREMADEBYBLENDINGPPPOWDERGROUNDFROMPELLETS,WITHTHEDRIEDTALCPOWDERINAVBLENDERANDTHENCOMPOUNDINGTHEMIXINACOROTATINGTWINSCREWEXTRUDERABETOLTS40THEMOULDINGTRIALSFORBOTHCONVENTIONALCOOLINGANDPULSEDCOOLINGWERECARRIEDOUTWITHINJECTIONGATES1AND3ONTHEENDSOFTHETENSILEBARCAVITIESFIG2WHENTHEBASICMOULDINGCONDITIONSHADBEENESTABLISHEDFORAMOULDINGRUN,THECYCLEWASFINALLYOPTIMISEDBYTHEUSEOFCAVITYPRESSUREMONITORINGTOSETTHESTROKEPOSITIONATWHICHINJECTIONPRESSUREWASSWITCHEDTOHOLDINGPRESSURETHEINJECTION–MOULDINGMACHINEWASSETTOOPERATEINTHEFULLYAUTOMATICMODEANDWASALLOWEDTOSTABILISEBEFOREANYREADINGSWERERECORDEDONTHEDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMAFTERTHEMOULDINGCONDITIONSHADBEENSETFORAPARTICULARRESINCOMPOUND,THESAMECONDITIONSWEREUSEDFORBOTHCONVENTIONALCOOLINGANDPCTTHISMEANTTHATANYDIFFERENCEINTHECYCLETIMEBETWEENTHETWOSETSOFMOULDINGSCOULDBEDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHEMOULDCOOLINGMETHODUSEDTYPICALMOULDCAVITYPRESSUREANDTEMPERATURETRACESARESHOWNINFIG4AANDBRESPECTIVELYTHEMOULDCOOLINGTIMEISTAKENFROMTHEPOINTWHENTHECAVITYISVOLUMETRICALLYFULL,ATTHECHANGEOVERFROMINJECTIONPRESSURETOHOLDINGPRESSURETOTHEPOINTWHENTHECAVITYPRESSUREDROPPEDTOATMOSPHERICTHECYCLETIMEWASESTABLISHEDFROMTHETEMPERATURESENSORPROFILES,ASINDICATEDINFIG4BTHEMOULDINGSWEREPRODUCEDUSINGBOTHDIRECTCOOLINGANDPULSEDCOOLINGATVARIOUSSETMOULDTEMPERATURESFORTHEPULSEDCOOLINGEXPERIMENTS,THECOOLANTTEMPERATUREWASSETAT11UCTHEMOULDFORTHETRIALSWASSETUPACCORDINGTOTHEPRINCIPLESOFPULSEDCOOLING32COMPONENTDRAWINGSHOWINGRUNNER,GATESANDLOCATIONSOFFOURCAVITYPRESSURE–TEMPERATURETRANSDUCERSMCCALLAETALEVALUATIONOFHEATMANAGEMENTININJECTIONMOULDTOOLS28PLASTICS,RUBBERANDCOMPOSITES2007VOL36NO1

簡(jiǎn)介：2009屆土木工程（隧道及軌道）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯1釜山釜山巨濟(jì)的交通系統(tǒng)沉管隧道開創(chuàng)新局面巨濟(jì)的交通系統(tǒng)沉管隧道開創(chuàng)新局面WIMJANSSEN1,PETERDEHAAS1,YOUNGHOONYOON21荷蘭隧道工程顧問大宇工程建設(shè)公司釜山巨濟(jì)交通線隧道工程技術(shù)顧問2韓國大宇工程建設(shè)公司摘要釜山巨濟(jì)交通系統(tǒng)將會(huì)為釜山和巨濟(jì)兩島上的大城市提供一條道路連接。該沉管隧道有許多特點(diǎn)長度達(dá)到32千米，處于水下35米處，海況條件嚴(yán)峻、地基土較為軟弱和線型要求較高?；谝陨现T多特點(diǎn)，隧道的設(shè)計(jì)和建造面臨著巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。可以預(yù)見的是這項(xiàng)工程將會(huì)開創(chuàng)沉管隧道施工技術(shù)的新局面。本文突出論述了這些特點(diǎn)以及闡述在土木和結(jié)構(gòu)方面的問題。11工程簡(jiǎn)介工程簡(jiǎn)介釜山是韓國的第二大城市和一座重要的海港。它位于韓國的東南部，其南面和東面朝向朝鮮海峽同時(shí)在釜山北部山勢(shì)較為陡峭。該市發(fā)展迅速，近年來的人口增長超過370萬（總計(jì)460萬人）。人口密度達(dá)到4850人/KM2，約為香港的3/4。釜山市的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展由于其所處的地理位置而受到限制。釜山巨濟(jì)交通系統(tǒng)在釜山和巨濟(jì)島之間創(chuàng)造了一條直接的聯(lián)系線，以從客觀上滿足釜山的城市擴(kuò)展，在巨濟(jì)島上發(fā)展工業(yè)區(qū)，以及為釜山市民在較短的行車距離內(nèi)增加休閑娛樂的去處。巨濟(jì)島西側(cè)目前已經(jīng)與朝鮮半島相連，在本項(xiàng)連接工程完工之后，從釜山市到巨濟(jì)島的駕車時(shí)間將由原來的2小時(shí)縮短為現(xiàn)在的45分鐘。釜山巨濟(jì)交通系統(tǒng)將在巨濟(jì)島與GADUK島之間提供一條連接，使其成為連接釜山新港地區(qū)至巨濟(jì)島的雙重高速公路體系的一部分。這一系統(tǒng)總計(jì)8204公里長，穿越海峽并將DAEJUK,JUNGJUK和JEO三個(gè)無人小島連接在一起。原則上該系統(tǒng)由一條長度為3240M的雙向四車道沉管隧道和兩座主跨475，兩邊跨230M的斜拉橋組成。22規(guī)劃規(guī)劃2009屆土木工程（隧道及軌道）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯3起，基本布局由三條航道的要求決定。位于GADUK島和DAEJUK島之間的主航道寬1800M，深18M。由于這條航道沒有官方的水深規(guī)定，因此選擇以隧道的方式穿越成為一種可行的方案。另外兩條位于JUNGJUKJEO島和JOE巨濟(jì)島的次級(jí)航道，最小寬度分別為435M和404M，各自的通航凈空要求分別為52M和36M。兩條次級(jí)航道的水深均為16M。鑒于DAEJUK島和GADUK島之間相對(duì)較為陡峭的海岸，開挖作業(yè)又是在海床以下25至30米處，這就使得工程無法滿足兩島之間的對(duì)準(zhǔn)開挖。而為了駕駛的舒適與安全又不得不延長梯度線和坡長。因此，將穿越該水域的沉管隧道設(shè)置在略低于海床平面成為一個(gè)合理的選擇。2323巖土條件巖土條件地層在隧道線路方向上呈現(xiàn)出不同但是在縱向自上而下依次為典型的海洋粘土、海砂、礫卵石和海床基巖。在沉管隧道沿線的海床主要以海洋粘土為主，除了在海岸線附近露出地表的海床、淺灘和沙礫層。沉管隧道周圍的海洋粘土厚度大多數(shù)都超過20M。因此沉管隧道的主體將會(huì)穿越該地層。海洋粘土包括正常固結(jié)和輕微超固結(jié)的軟粘土。這些粘土形成于全新世。位于海床以下的大部分粘土都是十分軟弱和塑性非常高的。這種粘土的塑性指數(shù)范圍從5685，均值為68；飽和單位重度為139154KN/M3，平均重度為146KN/M3。2424海洋情況海洋情況施工位置在太平洋上，處于朝鮮海峽上并位于日本海的南面。這將影響工地現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的海洋情況。10000年一遇的南向海浪會(huì)影響該工程的水文條件。設(shè)計(jì)最大浪高達(dá)到92M，對(duì)應(yīng)的海浪周期為15S。這種由臺(tái)風(fēng)引起的海浪是向南運(yùn)動(dòng)的。洋流主要受潮汐的影響，這是一個(gè)典型的半日潮，最大潮高達(dá)到16M，流速08M/S，流向與隧道走向一致。工程所處位置的海浪包括三個(gè)主要部分當(dāng)?shù)睾ｏL(fēng)引起的波浪，主要是冬季來自東北和西北方的風(fēng)；雨水帶來的風(fēng)，主要是夏季來自南方和東南方的風(fēng)；深水海流產(chǎn)生的波浪，主要是夏季來自南方和東南方的風(fēng)。在海上設(shè)施建設(shè)期間，應(yīng)該考慮浪高超過05M，周期為6次/S的海浪的影響。夏季的

簡(jiǎn)介：南昌大學(xué)本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）附件附件譯文C1附件譯文建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的先進(jìn)分析建筑鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的先進(jìn)分析作者陳威發(fā)（夏威夷大學(xué)土木工程系，美國夏威夷96822）摘要對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑2005LRFD規(guī)范使得在彈性和塑性范圍內(nèi)之行為與最高負(fù)荷極限狀態(tài)下認(rèn)明確的結(jié)構(gòu)抵抗成為可能。有一種提高實(shí)際次級(jí)分析的方法,來直接測(cè)定整體結(jié)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)。本文嘗試用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的、簡(jiǎn)潔的、合理的綜合理解來介紹一些理論和實(shí)踐方法，這些方法已經(jīng)在傳統(tǒng)的、現(xiàn)代的工藝設(shè)計(jì)的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)中應(yīng)用。關(guān)鍵詞先進(jìn)的分析、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑設(shè)計(jì)、介紹1導(dǎo)論結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的目的是為了產(chǎn)生一種物質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)能夠承受的環(huán)境條件。整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中,從裝載的基礎(chǔ)上到尺寸都存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用,但基本上最終的設(shè)計(jì)是結(jié)構(gòu)材料的性能和結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的幾何缺陷的一個(gè)反應(yīng),特別是在構(gòu)件生產(chǎn)和加工中誘發(fā)的其力學(xué)性能及殘余應(yīng)力,它定義了材料與構(gòu)件在環(huán)境動(dòng)力下的特征響應(yīng)。目前,在工程設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐中,有一個(gè)基本兩個(gè)階段過程的設(shè)計(jì)操作。首先,結(jié)構(gòu)的每個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件上作用的力必須要計(jì)算出來；其次，那些有力作用在上面的每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的承載力必須要確定。第一階段包括分析作用在這些結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件上的力和彎矩的分布；第二階段,包括對(duì)這些構(gòu)件的承載能力的認(rèn)識(shí)，來抵抗作用在它們上邊的力和彎矩。越全面的理解這些知識(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)就會(huì)更加精確，結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)更加可靠。因?yàn)闃?gòu)件的承載能力取決于作用在構(gòu)件上的荷載類型、幾何缺陷、性質(zhì)、材料和殘余應(yīng)力的性能，對(duì)構(gòu)件的承載能力的理解,大多數(shù)是根據(jù)以軸向受力構(gòu)件的端柱的強(qiáng)度曲線,受彎構(gòu)件簡(jiǎn)支梁彎曲強(qiáng)度曲線,構(gòu)件受到軸力和彎矩相互作用下的梁柱影響曲線的形式的滿載實(shí)驗(yàn)決定的。這些構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度曲線正式的被編成構(gòu)件強(qiáng)度曲線或者方程用于實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)。將框架結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件分成三種類型,即柱、梁和梁柱。它們各自的強(qiáng)度,通過理想節(jié)點(diǎn)或邊界條件下的滿載實(shí)驗(yàn)確定,下一階段必須徹底簡(jiǎn)化在應(yīng)力下的材料特性,以這樣的方式來很容易的協(xié)助工程師分析應(yīng)力分布,以估量框架結(jié)構(gòu)中的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件。實(shí)際上工程師主要基于材料線性彈性條件下的簡(jiǎn)單模型設(shè)計(jì)的，因?yàn)槟切┰缙诘脑O(shè)計(jì)基于容許應(yīng)力法。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)定成績(jī)五級(jí)制指導(dǎo)教師簽字南昌大學(xué)本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）附件附件譯文C3第二,也許是最嚴(yán)重的限制,可能是當(dāng)前兩階段階段設(shè)計(jì)過程的基本原理彈性分析是用于確定一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體系的每個(gè)構(gòu)件上作用的荷載的分布,而構(gòu)件的極限強(qiáng)度曲線被開用于設(shè)計(jì)是基于滿布荷載或非彈性分析且每個(gè)構(gòu)件被看成單獨(dú)的組件3，2。沒有驗(yàn)證框架一部分的獨(dú)立的構(gòu)件與構(gòu)件之間的兼容性。個(gè)別構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度方程中規(guī)定的規(guī)格不關(guān)心系統(tǒng)的兼容。因此,尚無明確的保證，所有構(gòu)件將維持他們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)荷載作用下的幾何形態(tài)。有效長度的計(jì)算方法的另一個(gè)局限,包括用電腦計(jì)算系數(shù)K有困難,沒有好的電腦設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)并且沒有方法預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)框架構(gòu)件的實(shí)際強(qiáng)度。為了達(dá)到這一目的,人們?cè)絹碓节呄蛐枰獙?shí)際的設(shè)計(jì)/分析方法,該設(shè)計(jì)方法能夠說明體系和構(gòu)件之間的兼容性。通過迅速發(fā)展的計(jì)算能力、有效性的臺(tái)式電腦和有用的軟件,一種替代的方法來進(jìn)行直接的結(jié)構(gòu)體系的設(shè)計(jì)而不使用系數(shù)K的發(fā)展變得更有吸引力,也具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。3縮放因子下的二階彈結(jié)構(gòu)分析采用彈性結(jié)構(gòu)分析和縮放因子的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)可分為兩個(gè)階段。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中使用縮放因子的最簡(jiǎn)單的第一階段的發(fā)展是使用放大因子的一階彈性分析包括通常由規(guī)范的來的二次效應(yīng)4。這是描述在前面的章節(jié)。從邏輯上講,下一階段的進(jìn)展是一個(gè)直接的二階彈性分析而不使用有二階影響的放大系數(shù)4。這兩種方法都是基于首先形成定義為第一失敗的系統(tǒng)的塑性鉸見圖2。如前所述,有效長度系數(shù)通常會(huì)屈服好設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)于框架結(jié)構(gòu),但它確實(shí)有以下的弊端

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄附錄A科技文獻(xiàn)翻譯科技文獻(xiàn)翻譯原文原文CONSTRUCTIONANDBUILDINGMATERIALSVOLUME21,ISSUE5,MAY2007,PAGES10521060ANAPPROACHTODETERMINELONGTERMBEHAVIOROFCONCRETEMEMBERSPRESTRESSEDWITHFRPTENDONSABSTRACTTHECOMBINEDEFFECTSOFCREEPANDSHRINKAGEOFCONCRETEANDRELAXATIONOFPRESTRESSINGTENDONSCAUSEGRADUALCHANGESINTHESTRESSESINBOTHCONCRETEANDPRESTRESSINGTENDONSASIMPLEMETHODISPRESENTEDTOCALCULATETHELONGTERMPRESTRESSLOSSANDTHELONGTERMCHANGEINCONCRETESTRESSESINCONTINUOUSPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEMEMBERSWITHEITHERCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERCFRPORARAMIDFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERAFRPTENDONSTHEMETHODSATISFIESTHEREQUIREMENTSOFEQUILIBRIUMANDCOMPATIBILITYANDAVOIDSTHEUSEOFANYEMPIRICALMULTIPLIERSASIMPLEGRAPHISPROPOSEDTOEVALUATETHEREDUCEDRELAXATIONINAFRPTENDONSITISSHOWNTHATTHEPRESTRESSLOSSINFRPTENDONSISSIGNIFICANTLYLESSTHANTHATWHENUSINGPRESTRESSINGSTEEL,MAINLYBECAUSEOFTHELOWERMODULIOFELASTICITYOFFRPTENDONSTHELONGTERMCHANGESINCONCRETESTRESSESANDDEFLECTIONCANBEEITHERSMALLERORGREATERTHANTHOSEOFCOMPARABLEGIRDERSPRESTRESSEDWITHSTEELTENDONS,DEPENDINGONTHETYPEOFFRPTENDONSANDTHEINITIALSTRESSPROFILEOFTHECROSSSECTIONUNDERCONSIDERATIONKEYWORDSCREEPFRPLONGTERMPRESTRESSLOSSPRESTRESSEDCONCRETERELAXATIONSHRINKAGENOMENCLATUREAAREAOFCROSSSECTIONDVERTICALDISTANCEMEASUREDFROMTOPFIBEROFCROSSSECTION31TRANSFORMEDSECTIONATT0CCONCRETECCNETCONCRETESECTIONFFRPREINFORCEMENTORFLANGEPPRESTRESSINGFRPTENDONPSPRESTRESSINGSTEELTENDONSSTEELREINFORCEMENTARTICLEOUTLINENOMENCLATURE1INTRODUCTION2RELAXATIONOFFRPPRESTRESSINGTENDONS3PROPOSEDMETHODOFANALYSIS31INITIALSTEPS32TIMEDEPENDENTCHANGEINCONCRETESTRESS33LONGTERMDEFLECTION4APPLICATIONTOCONTINUOUSGIRDERS5DEVELOPMENTOFDESIGNAIDS6ILLUSTRATIVEEXAMPLE7SUMMARYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES1INTRODUCTIONTHEUSEOFFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPTENDONSASPRESTRESSINGREINFORCEMENTSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDINTHEPASTDECADEANDAFEWCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEALREADYBEENCONSTRUCTEDUTILIZINGFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPTENDONSCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALSTEELPRESTRESSINGTENDONS,FRPTENDONSHAVEMANYADVANTAGES,INCLUDINGTHEIRNONCORROSIVEANDNONCONDUCTIVEPROPERTIES,LIGHTWEIGHT,ANDHIGHTENSILESTRENGTHMOSTOFTHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDONCONCRETEGIRDERSPRESTRESSEDWITH

簡(jiǎn)介：THECOSTOFBUILDINGSTRUCTURE1INTRODUCTIONTHEARTOFARCHITECTURALDESIGNWASCHARACTERIZEDASONEOFDEALINGCOMPREHENSIVELYWITHACOMPLEXSETOFPHYSICALANDNONPHYSICALDESIGNDETERMINANTSSTRUCTURALCONSIDERATIONSWERECASTASIMPORTANTPHYSICALDETERMINANTSTHATSHOULDBEDEALTWITHINAHIERARCHICALFASHIONIFTHEYARETOHAVEASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONSPATIALORGANIZATIONANDENVIRONMENTALCONTROLDESIGNTHINKINGTHEECONOMICALASPECTOFBUILDINGREPRESENTSANONPHYSICALSTRUCTURALCONSIDERATIONTHAT,INFINALANALYSIS,MUSTALSOBECONSIDEREDIMPORTANTCOSTCONSIDERATIONSAREINCERTAINWAYSACONSTRAINTTOCREATIVEDESIGNBUTTHISNEEDNOTBESOIFSOMETHINGISKNOWNOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTRUCTURALANDCONSTRUCTIVEDESIGNOPTIONSANDTHEIRCOSTOFIMPLEMENTATION,ITISREASONABLETOBELIEVETHATCREATIVITYCANBEENHANCEDTHISHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYTHEAUTHORS’OBSERVATIONTHATMOSTENHANCEDTHISHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYTHEAUTHORS’OBSERVATIONTHATMOSTCREATIVEDESIGNINNOVATIONSSUCCEEDUNDERCOMPETITIVEBIDDINGANDNOTBECAUSEOFUNUSUALOWNERAFFLUENCEASTHEFEWPUBLICIZEDCASESOFEXTRAVAGANCEMIGHTLEADONETOBELIEVEONECOULDEVENSAYTHATADESIGNERWHOISTRULYCREATIVEWILLPRODUCEARCHITECTURALEXCELLENCEWITHINTHECONSTRAINTSOFECONOMYESPECIALLYTODAY,WEFINDTHATTHEREISANEEDTORECOGNIZETHATELEGANCEANDECONOMYCANBECOMESYNONYMOUSCONCEPTSTHEREFORE,INTHISCHAPTERWEWILLSETFORTHABRIEFEXPLANATIONOFTHEPARAMETERSOFCOSTANALYSISANDTHEMEANSBYWHICHDESIGNERSMAYEVALUATETHEOVERALLECONOMICIMPLICATIONSOFTHEIRSTRUCTURALANDARCHITECTURALDESIGNTHINKINGTHECOSTOFSTRUCTUREALONECANBEMEASUREDRELATIVETOTHETOTALCOSTOFBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONOR,SINCETHETOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTISBUTAPARTOFATOTALPROJECTCOST,ONECOULDINCLUDEADDITIONALCONSIDERATIONFORLAND10～20PERCENT,FINANCEANDINTEREST100～200PERCENT,TAXESANDMAINTENANCECOSTSONTHEORDEROF20PERCENTBUTADISCUSSIONOFTHESESOCALLEDARCHITECTURALCOSTSISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISBOOK,ANDWEWILLFOCUSONTHECOSTOFCONSTRUCTIONONLYONTHEAVERAGE,PURELYSTRUCTURALCOSTSACCOUNTFORABOUT25PERCENTOFTOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTS,THISISSOBECAUSEITHASBEENTRADITIONALTODISCRIMINATEBETWEENPERHAPSKEEPINMINDHOWTHEACTUALCOSTOFASTRUCTUREISFINALLYPRICEDANDMADEUPTHUS,THEPERCENTAVERAGESSTATEDABOVEAREOBVIOUSLYCRUDE,BUTTHEYCANSUFFICETOINTRODUCETHENATUREOFTHECOSTPICTURETHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONSWILLDISCUSSTHERANGEOFTHESEAVERAGESANDTHENPROCEEDTOADISCUSSIONOFSQUAREFOOTAGECOSTSANDVOLUMEBASEDESTIMATESFORUSEINROUGHAPPROXIMATIONOFTHECOSTOFBUILDINGASTRUCTURALSYSTEM2PERCENTAGEESTIMATESTHETYPEOFBUILDINGPROJECTMAYINDICATETHERANGEOFPERCENTAGESTHATCANBEALLOCATEDTOSTRUCTURALANDOTHERCOSTSASMIGHTBEEXPECTED,HIGHLYDECORATIVEORSYMBOLICBUILDINGSWOULDNORMALLYDEMANDTHELOWESTPERCENTAGEOFSTRUCTURALCOSTSASCOMPAREDTOTOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOSTINTHISCASETHESTRUCTURALCOSTSMIGHTDROPTO10～15PERCENTOFTHETOTALBUILDINGCOSTBECAUSEMOREMONEYISALLOCATEDTOTHESOCALLEDARCHITECTURALCOSTSONCEAGAINTHISIMPLIESTHATTHESYMBOLICCOMPONENTSARECONCEIVEDINDEPENDENTOFBASICSTRUCTURALREQUIREMENTSHOWEVER,WHERESTRUCTUREANDSYMBOLISMAREMOREORLESSSYNTHESIZED,ASWITHACHURCHORCATHEDRAL,THESTRUCTURALSYSTEMCOSTCANBEEXPECTEDTOBESOMEWHATHIGHER,SAY,15AND20PERCENTORMOREATTHEOTHERENDOFTHECOSTSCALEARETHEVERYSIMPLEANDNONSYMBOLICINDUSTRIALBUILDINGS,SUCHASWAREHOUSESANDGARAGESINTHESECASES,THENONSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS,SUCHASINTERIORPARTITIONWALLSANDCEILINGS,ASWILLASMECHANICALSYSTEMS,ARENORMALLYMINIMAL,ASISDECORATION,ANDTHEREFORETHESTRUCTURALCOSTSCANACCOUNTFOR60TO70PERCENT,EVEN80PERCENTOFTHETOTALCOSTOFCONSTRUCTIONBUILDINGSSUCHASMEDIUMRISEOFFICEANDAPARTMENTBUILDINGS5～10STORIESOCCUPYTHEMEDIANPOSITIONONACOSTSCALEATABOUT25PERCENTFORSTRUCTURELOWANDSHORTSPANBUILDINGSFORCOMMERCEANDHOUSING,SAY,OFTHREEORFOURSTORIESANDWITHSPANSOFSOME20OR30FTANDSIMPLEERECTIONREQUIREMENTS,WILLYIELDSTRUCTURALCOSTSOF15～20PERCENTOFTOTALBUILDINGCOSTSPECIALPERFORMANCEBUILDINGS,SUCHASLABORATORIESANDHOSPITALS,REPRESENTANOTHERCATEGORYTHEYCANREQUIRELONGSPANSANDAMORETHANAVERAGEPORTIONOFTHETOTALCOSTSWILLBEALLOCATEDTOSERVICESIE,30～50PERCENT,WITHABOUT20PERCENTGOINGFORTHEPURELYSTRUCTURALCOSTSTALLOFFICEBUILDING15STORIESORMOREAND/ORLONGSPAN

簡(jiǎn)介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多土建專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯--鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)抗震性能分析精彩內(nèi)容。

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文62586258字外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMSACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICAANDBOTSWANASUSANBOUILLONLEGALADVISORCITYCOUNCILOFPRETORIAINTRODUCTIONFRANKLINDROOSEVELTONCESAIDTHAT‘EVERYPERSONWHOINVESTSINLANDNEARAGROWINGCITY,ADOPTSTHESURESTANDSAFESTMETHODOFBECOMINGINDEPENDENT,FORLANDISTHEBASISOFWEALTH’THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTODISCUSSTHERURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMSOFSOUTHAFRICAANDBOTSWANA,ANDTOEXPLAINTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONSTOURBANSUSTAINABILITYDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINBOTSWANABOTSWANAISLOCATEDATTHECENTREOFTHESOUTHAFRICANPLATEAU,ANDISBORDEREDBYSOUTHAFRICAONTHESOUTHANDSOUTHEAST,ZIMBABWEONTHENORTHEASTANDNAMIBIAONTHEWESTANDNORTHWESTAPPROXIMATELY23OFTHEPOPULATIONISINURBANAREASAND77INRURALAREASBOTSWANAHASARICHTRIBALCULTURE,ANDTHEREFOREITISNOTSURPRISINGTHATTHEBOTSWANALEGALSYSTEMCONSISTSOFLOCALTRIBALCOURTS,WHICHADJUDICATETRADITIONALMATTERSANDTRIBALLANDBOARDS,WHICHRULEONLANDUSEMATTERSINTRIBALLANDSANDTRADITIONALVILLAGESTOWNCOUNCILSRULEONLANDUSEMATTERSINURBANAREASTHEGOVERNMENTOFBOTSWANAHASADOPTEDASYSTEMOFDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGWHICHHASCOPEDRELATIVELYWELLCOMPAREDWITHOTHERAFRICANCOUNTRIESDEVELOPMENTPLANNINGINVOLVESTHEPREPARATIONOFLANDUSEPLANSFORBOTHURBANANDRURALAREASTHEPRACTICEINBOTSWANAISTHATTHEPUBLICISMADEAWAREOFTHEIMPLICATIONSOFLANDUSEPLANSBEFORELANDISZONEDFORVARIOUSUSESPUBLICAWARENESSANDPARTICIPATIONISOFBOTSWANAISENTITLEDTOAPPLYFORTHESERIGHTSLANDBOARDSMAINTAINTHEIROWNRECORDORREGISTRATIONSYSTEMANDRIGHTSARENOTREGISTEREDINTHECENTRALDEEDSREGISTRATIONSYSTEMOFBOTSWANA,APPARENTLYTOKEEPTHEMMOREAFFORDABLETHELANDBOARDSAREENTITLEDTOISSUECERTIFICATESOFCUSTOMARYGRANTSORCERTIFICATESOFOCCUPATIONPROVISIONHASBEENMADEFORTHECONVERSIONOFTHESECERTIFICATESINTOTITLESREGISTRABLEINTHEDEEDSREGISTRYONCEDEMANDARISESTODEALWITHTHESECERTIFICATESINTHECOMMERCIALLENDINGMARKETANYCHANGEINRIGHTHOLDERMUSTBEREPORTEDTOTHELANDBOARDINORDERTOMAINTAINTHEACCURACYOFTHERECORDSYSTEMOFTHELANDBOARDSHELTERPROVISIONINRURALAREASHASBEENONINDIVIDUALSINITIATIVESTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPREREQUISITEFORHOUSINGDEVELOPMENT,WHICHISACCESSTOLAND,HASNOTREALLYBEENADISTURBINGISSUEDUETOTHEFACTTHATALLMALEANDFEMALECITIZENSAREALLOCATEDTRIBALLANDFORFREE,BUTINANEFFORTTOFACILITATESHELTERPROVISIONINRURALAREAS,THEGOVERNMENTINTENDSTOINTRODUCEARURALHOUSINGPROGRAMMELANDUSEPLANNINGISNOTANEWPHENOMENONINBOTSWANAPASTEXPERIENCESANDRECORDSINDICATETHATTHETRADITIONALCHIEFSWHOHADAUTHORITYONLANDHAVEALWAYSDONESOMEFORMOFLANDUSEPLANNINGFORMALLANDUSEPLANNINGINBOTSWANASTARTEDWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHETRIBALGRAZINGLANDPOLICYIN1975,WHENSOMEAREASWEREZONEDFORWILDLIFEUSE,OTHERSBECAMERESERVEDAREAS,WHILEOTHERAREASCONTINUEDTOBEFORCOMMUNALUSETHISPOLICYENABLEDINDIVIDUALSORGROUPSTOHAVEEXCLUSIVEUSEOFLANDINAREASZONEDFORSUCHUSETHESERIGHTSAREPERMANENT,EXCLUSIONARYANDINHERITABLETHEYMAYONLYBEREVOKEDBYTHELANDBOARDINCIRCUMSTANCESWHERETHERIGHTHOLDERFAILSTOUTILIZETHELANDONTERMSSPECIFIEDBYTHELANDBOARD,ORFAILSTODEVELOPTHELANDACCORDINGTOTHESPECIFIEDPURPOSESWITHINFIVEYEARSORWHERETHELANDWASNOTDISTRIBUTEDFAIRLYINTHESEINSTANCES,THELANDDOESNOTREVERTTOTHEGOVERNMENTBUTISREALLOCATEDBYTHELANDBOARDTOOTHERAPPLICANTSTHISPOLICYWASTHEREFOREAMAJORPROGRAMMETHROUGHWHICHRURALDEVELOPMENTWASTOBEACHIEVEDTHEDISTRICTSUPTONOWCONTINUETOPREPAREANDUPDATETHEIRRESPECTIVEINTEGRATEDLANDUSEPLANSINTHEPREPARATIONOFSUCHPLANSTHECOMMUNITIESHAVEMAJORINPUTS

簡(jiǎn)介：1424412536/07/2500?2007IEEEPROCEEDINGSOFHDP’07DESIGNOFPWMCONTROLLERINAMCS51COMPATIBLEMCUYUELIHU,WEIWANGMICROELECTRONICRESEARCHSANDERS,SR,“ARCHITECTUREANDICIMPLEMENTATIONOFADIGITALVRMCONTROLLER,”POWERELECTRONICS,IEEETRANSACTIONSONVOLUME18,ISSUE1,PART2,JAN2003PAGES356–3647SMITH,KM,JRLAI,ZSMEDLEY,KM“ANEWPWMCONTROLLERWITHONECYCLERESPONSE,”POWERELECTRONICS,IEEETRANSACTIONSONVOLUME14,ISSUE1,JAN1999PAGES142150

簡(jiǎn)介：3DCOORDINATINGRELATIONSBETWEENSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETEOFPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMBRIDGESXIONGJUNHE1LICHUFAN2HONGMINGZHU3ANDZHONGWUYE4ABSTRACTINTERACTIONBETWEENSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETEISCOMPLICATEDINPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGES,ESPECIALLYINCURVEDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTBEHAVIOROFCURVEDBEAMBRIDGESUNDERTHELOADSISTHAT,ATTHESAMETIMEOFVERTICALFLEXURE,TORSIONOCCURSONTHECROSSSECTION,WHICHCOMPLICATESTHEMECHANICALANALYSISTOCURVEDBEAMBRIDGESBASEDONCOORDINATINGRELATIONSOFSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETE?CRSC?,THEGRILLAGESTRUCTUREFINITEELEMENTMETHODWASADOPTEDTOANALYZETHESPATIALEFFECTOFCURVEDBEAMBRIDGESTHISWAY,THEEFFECTOFALLPRESTRESSINGPROCEDURESCANBESIMULATEDPROPERLY,INCLUDINGTHEPRESTRESSINGLOSSDUETOCONCRETESHRINKAGEANDCREEP,BATCHPRESTRESSINGOFTHECABLES,ETCFURTHERMORE,ITISEFFECTIVETOANALYZETHEINTEGRATEDBEHAVIOROFTHECOMBINEDSTEELCABLESSPACEOUTANDCONCRETETHEEFFICIENCYANDRELIABILITYOFTHECRSCMETHODISDEMONSTRATEDBYOURANALYSISSYSTEMWXQ20DEVELOPEDFORCURVEDSKEWBRIDGESDOI101061/?ASCE?10840702?2009?144?279?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSBRIDGES,BOXGIRDERBRIDGES,CONCRETEBEAMSPRESTRESSINGSTRUCTURALMODELSTHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISINTRODUCTIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFBRIDGESTRUCTURETECHNOLOGYANDTRAFFICTECHNOLOGY,THEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEBEENWIDELYAPPLIED,ESPECIALLYTOCURVEDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESTHESTRUCTURESHAVESERIOUSCURVATURETWISTINGCOUPLING,WHICHCOMPLICATESTHEINTERACTIONMECHANISMBETWEENSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETEINAPPLICATIONOFTHINWALLEDBOXSECTIONS,ALLKINDSOFDIFFICULTIESOFTHINWALLEDBOXSECTIONANALYSISAREENCOUNTEREDMANYSCHOLARSHAVEMADEGREATACHIEVEMENTS,SUCHASPROFOUNDTHEORETICALRESEARCHTOTORSIONANDBENDINGOFBIGCURVATURETHINWALLEDBOXBEAMS?LI1987?,SHEARLAGEFFECTOFCURVEDCONTINUOUSBEAMBRIDGES?PENGANDWANG1998?INORDERTOSTUDYSTRUCTURALBEHAVIORSOFINTERNALLYBONDEDTENDON,UNBONDEDTENDONANDEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMBRIDGES,ATENDONMODELTHATCANBEUSEDINFINITEELEMENTANALYSESOFPRESTRESSEDCONCRETESTRUCTURESWITHBONDEDTENDONSWASSTUDIEDBASEDONTHEBONDCHARACTERISTICSBETWEENATENDONANDITSSURROUNDINGCONCRETE?KWAKANDKIM2006A,B?THEULTIMATELOADOFPRESTRESSEDHIGHSTRENGTHCONCRETEBEAMWASANALYZEDWITHNONLINEARMATERIALPROPERTIESCONSIDERED?LIUANDYAN2006?AMODIFIEDBONDREDUCTIONCOEFFICIENTISSTUDIEDFOREVALUATIONOFTHEFLEXURALSTRENGTHOFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDBEAMSBASEDONSTRAINCOMPATIBILITYANDFORCEEQUILIBRIUM?CK2003CKANDKH2006A,B?HOWEVER,HOWTOTREATINTERNALOREXTERNALPRESTRESSINGFORCESANDTOCONSIDERTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETETOCONDUCTLINEARORNONLINEARANALYSISISSTILLAPROBLEMWORTHSTUDYINGSINCETHEBEGINNING,INTERNALPRESTRESSINGFORCESHAVEBEENTRADITIONALLYTREATEDASEXTERNALLOADSINANALYSIS?WU1990SUN1995?THISISANAPPROXIMATEEQUIVALENTMETHOD,WHICHHASSOMELIMITATIONSASWELLASSOMEERRORSINTHERESULTSUNDERCOMPLICATEDSITUATIONSINLONGSPANBRIDGES,ASTOTHENEEDOFSTRUCTURALFORCES,THEPRESTRESSINGCABLESWITHDIFFERENTWORKINGPROCEDURESARESPATIALCURVESWITHBIGCURVATURESINSOMEDIRECTIONS,THECALCULATIONWOULDBEVERYCOMPLICATEDINTHISCASE,THEERROROFTHERESULTSWOULDOCCUREASILYIFTHEAPPROXIMATESTIMULATIONMETHODOFTHEEXTERNALLOADSISADOPTEDINORDERTOHAVEABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESTRUCTURALBEHAVIOROFTHEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMBRIDGES?INCLUDINGINTERNALLYBONDEDTENDONS,UNBONDEDTENDON,ANDEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSED?,THISPAPERPROPOSESAFINITEELEMENTANALYSISMETHODBASEDONCOORDINATINGRELATIONSOFSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETE?CRSC?,TOIMPROVETHEACCURACYOFTHEANALYSIS,ESPECIALLYTOTHEANALYSISOFCURVEDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESTRADITIONALANALYSISMETHODOFPRESTRESSINGFORCESANDITSPROBLEMSTHEEQUIVALENTLOADMETHOD?WU1990SUN1995?ISAPPLIEDINTHETRADITIONALANALYSISOFPRESTRESSINGFORCESTHETHEORYOFTHISMETHODISTOSEPARATEPRESTRESSINGCABLESFROMTHESTRUCTURES,EQUALIZETHEIREFFECTSASEXTERNALLOADS,ANDTHENADDINGTHOSELOADSINTOTHESTRUCTURALCALCULATIONDIAGRAMASTHEEXTERNALLOADSTOEVALUATETHEPRESTRESSINGEFFECTTHROUGHTHEVECTORANALYSIS,THETHREEDIMENSIONALFORCESPRODUCEDBYPRESTRESSINGCABLESATTHEGRAVITYCENTERONTHEENDSECTIONISSHOWNASEQ?1?ANDFIG11PROFESSOR,SCHOOLOFCOMMUNICATIONS,WUHANUNIVOFTECHNOLOGY,WUHAN430063,CHINA?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOR?EMAILHXJWHUT163COM2ACADEMICIAN,PROFESSOR,DEPTOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,TONGJIUNIV,SHANGHAI200092,CHINAEMAILLEFANTONGJIEDUCN3SENIORENGINEER,ROADBRIDGELTDCOOFHUBEIPROVINCE,WUHAN430056,CHINAEMAILLEAF510163COM4SENIORENGINEER,ROADBRIDGELTDCOOFHUBEIPROVINCE,WUHAN430056,CHINAEMAILLEAF510163COMNOTETHISMANUSCRIPTWASSUBMITTEDONAUGUST28,2006APPROVEDONDECEMBER12,2008PUBLISHEDONLINEONJUNE15,2009DISCUSSIONPERIODOPENUNTILDECEMBER1,2009SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTHISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL14,NO4,JULY1,2009?ASCE,ISSN10840702/2009/4279–284/2500JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/JULY/AUGUST2009/279JBRIDGEENG200914279284DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON02/26/14COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDINNORMALTEMPERATUREISCALLEDTHEHETEROGENEOUSMATERIALCOMBINEDCOMPONENTTHECOMBINEDCOMPONENTCONCEPTPROPOSEDHEREISMAINLYCONSIDEREDFROMTHEFUNCTIONASPECTCOMBINEDFROMSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETE,THECOMPONENTPOSSESSESSOMEFUNCTIONS,SUCHASANTIPRESSUREANDANTIBENDINGTHEREARENOTONLYINDEPENDENCESBETWEENTHEMBUTALSOCOORDINATINGRELATIONSTHEMASTERSLAVERYRELATIONSARECALLEDCOORDINATINGRELATIONSBETWEENSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETEHE?2002A,B,2004?HADARESEARCHONTHETWODIMENSIONAL?2D?COORDINATINGRELATIONSBETWEENSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETE,ANDFURTHERRESEARCHONTHETHREEDIMENSIONAL?3D?COORDINATINGRELATIONSBETWEENCONCRETEANDSTEELCABLESISGIVENHERE3DCOORDINATINGRELATIONSBETWEENSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETEITISJUSTASWELLWETAKEANINTERNALLYBONDEDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMBRIDGEASANEXAMPLETODOTHEANALYSISWHERETHEANALYSISFIGUREISSHOWNINFIG3NODE2ONSTEELCABLEISDRIVENBYNODE1ONACONCRETEBEAM,THECOORDINATEOFPOINT1IS?X,Y,Z?,THECOORDINATEOFPOINT2IS?X?,Y?,Z??,THESPATIALDISTANCEBETWEENNODE1AND2ISD,ANDTHEPROJECTIONOFTHESPATIALDISTANCEDISDX,DY,DZ,THENDXX?X?DYY?Y?DZZ?Z?SUPPOSETHEPROJECTIONSOFTHEDISTANCEBETWEEN1AND2ONTHEPLANEXOY,YOZ,ANDZOXARED1,D2,D3RESPECTIVELYANDTHEANGLESBETWEENPROJECTIONOFTHEBEAMAXESINTHEPLANEXOY,YOZ,ZOX,ANDCOORDINATEAXESX,Y,ZARE?1,?2,AND?3,RESPECTIVELY?X,?Y,?ZARECORNERSCIRCLINGAROUNDCOORDINATEAXESX,Y,Z,RESPECTIVELY,ANDANTICLOCKWISEDIRECTIONISSETASAPOSITIVEDIRECTIONSO,IFWESET????U,?,?,?X,?Y,?Z?ASDISPLACEMENTOFPOINT1,?????U?,??,W???NOANGLEDISPLACEMENT?ASDISPLACEMENTOFPOINT2,ANDGETU?UDY?Z?DZ?Y???DZ?X?DX?Z???DX?Y?DY?X?4?FORMULA?4?SHOWSTHERELATIONSBETWEENDISPLACEMENT?????U?,??,W??OFPOINT2ONTHESTEELCABLEANDDISPLACEMENT????U,?,?,?X,?Y,?Z?OFPOINT1ONTHECONCRETESHAPECENTERINONESECTIONTHROUGHTHEANALYSISONCOORDINATINGRELATIONSBETWEENSTEELCABLESANDCONCRETE,ITISVERYCONVENIENTTOCONSIDERBOTHTHEEFFECTOFSTEELCABLESONSHRINKANDCREEPOFCONCRETEANDTHEEFFECTOFSHRINKANDCREEPOFCONCRETEONSTEELCABLEFORCES,ETCFURTHERMORE,ALLOFTHEMAREEASILYSOLVEDBYTHEPROCESSOFSOLUTIONOFTHEFEMEQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONSINDIVIDUALPARAMETERSTOREFLECTCIRCUMSTANCESOFINTERNALLYBONDEDTENDON,UNBONDEDTENDON,ANDEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEINORDERTOEXPLAINTHEINDIVIDUALPARAMETERSINEQ?4?,ASIMPLETWODIMENSIONALLEVELPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMISSHOWNINFIG4SUPPOSETHATDISTHEDISTANCEFROMPOINT2ONTHECABLETOPOINT1ONTHEGRAVITYCENTEROFTHEBEAM,THEDISPLACEMENTSOFPOINT1ANDPOINT2ARE?U,?,??AND?U?,???,RESPECTIVELYHENCE,EQ?4?BECOMESASEQ?5?UNDERINTERNALLYBONDEDTENDONU?UD?????5?WHILEEQ?4?BECOMESASEQ?6?UNDERINTERNALLYUNBONDEDTENDON????6?FIG5DESCRIBESABEAMOFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEEQ?5?FITSBONDEDTENDONOFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETE,ANDEQ?6?FITSANUNBONDEDTENDONOFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEITISEMPHASIZEDTHATEQ?5?OREQ?6?ISONLYAIMEDATTOTHENODESONDEVIATIONBLOCKSFROMWHATHASBEENDISCUSSEDABOVE,THEMEANINGSOFALLPARAMETERSINEQ?4?AREEASILYUNDERSTOODFURTHERMORE,ITALSODEMONSTRATESTHEAPPLICATIONSININTERNALLYBONDEDTENDONS,UNBONDEDTENDONS,ANDEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEOZYX21DZDYDXFIG3SPATIALGEOMETRYRELATIONSHIPOFMASTERSLAVERYNODES21BEAMAXISCABLEELEMENTDDFIG4SIMPLETWODIMENSIONALLEVELPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMFIG5BEAMOFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/JULY/AUGUST2009/281JBRIDGEENG200914279284DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON02/26/14COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVED

簡(jiǎn)介：????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

簡(jiǎn)介：SHORTCOMMUNICATIONTHEEFFECTSOFHEATTREATMENTONTHEMICROSTRUCTUREANDMECHANICALPROPERTYOFLASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONCTIALINTERMETALLICALLOYSHPQUA,,PLIA,SQZHANGA,ALIA,HMWANGA,BALABORATORYOFLASERMATERIALSPROCESSINGANDMANUFACTURING,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFAERONAUTICSANDASTRONAUTICS,37XUEYUANROAD,BEIJING100191,PRCHINABKEYLABORATORYOFAEROSPACEMATERIALS,MINISTRYOFEDUCATIONOFCHINA,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFAERONAUTICSANDASTRONAUTICS,37XUEYUANROAD,BEIJING100191,PRCHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED23MAY2009ACCEPTED21OCTOBER2009AVAILABLEONLINE25OCTOBER2009ABSTRACTTI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRATINTERMETALLICALLOYSWASFABRICATEDBYTHELASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONLMDMANUFACTURINGPROCESSTHEMICROSTRUCTUREWASCHARACTERIZEDBYOPTICALMICROSCOPYOM,SCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPYSEM,TRANSMISSIONELECTRONMICROSCOPYTEMANDXRAYDIFFRACTIONXRDTHEROOMTEMPERATURERTTENSILEPROPERTIESANDVICKERSHARDNESSOFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENSWEREEVALUATEDONLONGITUDINALDIRECTIONSRESULTSSHOWSTHATFULLDENSITYCOLUMNARGRAINWITHFULLYLAMELLARFLMICROSTRUCTURECONSISTEDOFCTIALANDA2TI3ALWASFORMEDINTHEASDEPOSITEDCTIALSAMPLESTHEROOMTEMPERATURETENSILESTRENGTHOFTHEASDEPOSITEDTI–47AL–25V–1CRALLOYISUPTOAPPROXIMATELY650MPAINTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONAND600MPAFORTHEASDEPOSITEDTI–40AL–2CRALLOY,WHILETHETENSILEELONGATIONISAPPROXIMATELY06ATMOSTDIFFERENTMICROSTRUCTURETYPESWEREOBTAINEDINTHETI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRALLOYAFTERHEATTREATMENTTHESTRESS–STRAINCURVEANDTHETENSILEFRACTURESUBSURFACEINDICATETHATTHEFRACTUREMANNEROFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENSWASINTERGRANULARMANNERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONCTIALINTERMETALLICALLOYSHAVEBEENCONTINUOUSLYRESEARCHEDASTHEPROMISINGHIGHTEMPERATURECANDIDATESTRUCTURALMATERIALSDUETOITSHIGHMELTINGPOINT1450?C,LOWDENSITYUPTO4G/CM3,HIGHELASTICMODULUS160–180GPAANDHIGHCREEPSTRENGTHUPTO900?C1–4ONEOFTHEMAJORLIMITATIONSTOTHEIRSTRUCTURALAPPLICATIONSISLACKOFDUCTILITYATAMBIENTTEMPERATURETHESEALLOYSAREALSODIFFICULTTOBEPROCESSEDBYCONVENTIONALMANUFACTURINGROUTESSUCHASFORGING,ROLLINGANDWELDING5THEDISADVANTAGEOFTHECONVENTIONALCASTINGTECHNOLOGIESFORTIALCOMPONENTSISITSCOARSEASCASTMICROSTRUCTURETHATLEADSTOTHEPOORROOMTEMPERATUREMECHANICALPROPERTIESONTHEOTHERHAND,METALLURGICALDEFECTSSUCHASPOROSITYANDSHRINKAGEAREINEVITABLEDURINGTHECONVENTIONALSLOWCOOLINGSOLIDIFICATIONPROCESSTHESHAPEANDTHEDIMENSIONOFTHEPRODUCTSWEREALSORESTRICTEDBYTHESERIOUSTHERMALSTRESSINDUCEDCASTINGCRACKINGDEFECTSDUETOITSLOWDUCTILITYALTHOUGHFAIRLYGOODCOMPONENTSCOULDBEFABRICATEDBYCONVENTIONALCASTINGPROCESS,ITISRELATIVELYTOOCOSTLYANDTIMECONSUMINGSOMEOTHERMANUFACTURINGANDPROCESSINGROUTESSUCHASSPARKPLASMASINTERINGSPS6,7,SEMISOLIDFORMINGFROMBLENDEDELEMENTALPOWDERS8,REACTIVEFOILMETALLURGY9ANDLASERENGINEEREDNETSHAPINGLENS10HAVELONGBEENRESEARCHEDINORDERTOFABRICATEHIGHQUALITYTIALALLOYCOMPONENTSCONVENIENTLYUNFORTUNATELY,THENITROGENANDOXYGENCONTENTSAREINEVITABLYENHANCEDDURINGTHOSEPOWDERMETALLURGICALPROCESSES,FURTHERDETERIORATINGDUCTILITYOFTHETIALALLOYSLASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONLMDISARAPIDSOLIDIFICATIONMATERIALADDITIVELAYEREDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYFORBUILDINGCOMPONENTSFROMACOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADMODEL11DURINGTHELMDPROCESS,THEMOTIONOFTHEHIGHPOWERLASERBEAMISCONTROLLEDBYCNCSYSTEM,WHICHWASDEVELOPEDFROMTHECADMODELOFADESIREDCOMPONENTTHEMETALPOWDERSWEREINJECTEDINTOTHELASERFOCALZONEANDCONTINUOUSLYMELTFROMAPOWDERSDELIVERYNOZZLESUCCESSIVELAYERSARETHENSTACKEDTOPRODUCETHENEARNETSHAPECOMPONENTSWITHFULLDENSITYANDEXTREMELYFINERAPIDLYSOLIDIFIEDMICROSTRUCTUREDUETOTHEHIGHSOLIDIFICATIONCOOLINGRATEANYCOMPLICATEDSHAPESANDTHEDIMENSIONOFTHENEARNETSHAPECOMPONENTSCOULDBECONVENIENTLYPRODUCEDBYTHELMDADDITIVELAYEREDMANUFACTURINGMANNERFROMTHECADFILESINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,TI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRATINTERMETALLICALLOYSWASSUCCESSFULLYFABRICATEDBYTHELASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONMANUFACTURINGPROCESSMICROSTRUCTUREOFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENWASINVESTIGATEDVICKERSHARDNESSANDROOMTEMPERATURETENSILEPROPERTYOFTHEASDEPOSITEDSPECIMENSONTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONWASEVALUATEDANDTHETENSILEFRACTURESURFACEANDSUBSURFACEWERECHARACTERIZED02613069/SEEFRONTMATTERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMATDES200910045CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL861082317102FAX861082338131EMAILADDRESSQUHUAPENG0926163COMHPQUMATERIALSANDDESIGN3120102201–2210CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTMATERIALSANDDESIGNJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MATDESPRESSURESHIELDEDTHEMELTPOOLFROMOXIDATIONANDTHEOXYGENCONTENTINTHECHAMBERISLESSTHAN100PPMTHELMDPROCESSINGPARAMETERSARELASERBEAMPOWER1500W,BEAMDIAMETER5MM,BEAMSCANNINGSPEED5MM/S,SINGLELAYERDEPOSITIONTHICKNESS02–03MM,POWDERDELIVERYRATE4–55G/MININTHISWORK,TI–47AL–25V–CRANDTI–40AL–2CRPOWDERSWITHANOXYGENCONTENTLESSTHAN01WTWASPRODUCEDBYVACUUMNONCONTACTINGPLASMAMELTINGARGONATOMIZATIONPROCESSTHEASCASTTI–6AL–2ZR–MO–1VANDTI–47AL–25V–CRALLOYINGOTWASMECHANICALLYPROCESSEDTOTHESHAPEOFTHINROBWITHTHEDIAMETERSOFABOUT10MMANDTHENMELTEDINAVACUUMNONCONTRACTINGPLASMAMELTINGFURNACETHROUGHASPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDNOZZLEULTIMATELY,THEMOLTENALLOYINTHENOZZLEWASRAPIDLYSOLIDIFIEDUNDERTHEHIGHSPEEDANDPURITYARFLOWTOTHEFORMOFSPHERICALPOWDERSTHEPARTICLESIZEOFTHEFINEALLOYPOWDERSRANGESFROM70TO75LMONTHEOTHERHAND,THEASCASTTI–6AL–2ZR–MO–1VINGOTWASHOTROLLEDTOTHINWALLLIKESPECIMENWITHTHETHICKNESSOF8–10MMASTHESUBSTRATEMATERIALTABLE1THESURFACEOFTHETI–6AL–2ZR–1MO–1VSUBSTRATEWASPREPOLISHEDBEFORELASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONTHEASDEPOSITEDSPECIMENSWERESEALEDINAQUARTZTUBEANDHEATTREATEDINAMUFFLEFURNACEMETALLOGRAPHICSPECIMENSPREPAREDBYSTANDARDMECHANICALPOLISHINGMETHODWEREETCHEDINAMIXEDSOLUTIONOF300MLH2O,100MLHNO3AND100MLHFANOLYMPUSBX51MOPTICALMICROSCOPE,JEM2100TEMANDAKYKY2800SEMFITTEDWITHLEAGUE2000EDXSYSTEMSWEREUSEDTOCHARACTERIZETHEMICROSTRUCTUREANDTOIDENTIFYTHECHEMICALCOMPOSITIONTHEVICKERSHARDNESSOFTHEGRADIENTZONEWASMEASUREDBYUSINGAHXZFIG3MICROSTRUCTUREANDTHELAMELLARSPACINGOFTHEASDEPOSITEDTI–47AL–25V–1CRA,BANDTI–40AL–2CRALLOYC,DTHEORIENTATIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECTIALANDA2TI3ALPHASEE,FHPQUETAL/MATERIALSANDDESIGN3120102201–22102203

簡(jiǎn)介：ANUMERICALANALYSISOFTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEPISTONOILFILMANDTHECOMPONENTDEFORMATIONINARECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSORJRCHO,SJMOONSCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,PUSANNATIONALUNIVERSITY,JANGJEONDONG,KUMJUNGKU,BUSAN609735,SOUTHKOREARECEIVED27DECEMBER2003RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM10MAY2004ACCEPTED6OCTOBER2004AVAILABLEONLINE23NOVEMBER2004ABSTRACTTHEPISTONSECONDARYMOTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINFLUENCESTHEMAJORCHARACTERISTICSOFLUBRICATIONINARECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSOR,SUCHASTHEOILLEAKAGE,THEPISTONSLAPPHENOMENONANDTHEFRICTIONALPOWERLOSSTHEREFORE,THEDESIGNPARAMETERSGOVERNINGPISTONDYNAMICSSHOULDBECAREFULLYDETERMINEDBASEDUPONARELIABLEDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICINVESTIGATIONASAPRELIMINARYRESEARCHSTEP,THISPAPERISCONCERNEDWITHTHEFINITEELEMENTANALYSISFORTHEPISTONDYNAMICRESPONSEBYCOUPLINGFDMFORTHELUBRICATINGPRESSUREFIELDWITHFEMFORTHEPISTONDYNAMICMOTION,WENUMERICALLYAPPROXIMATETHELUBRICANT–STRUCTUREINTERACTIONINARECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSORNUMERICALRESULTSILLUSTRATINGTHETHEORETICALWORKAREPRESENTEDQ2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSRINGLESSSMALLRECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSORLUBRICANT–STRUCTUREINTERACTIONPISTONSECONDARYMOTIONECCENTRICITYANDTILTFEMANDFDM1INTRODUCTIONRINGLESSSMALLRECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSORSAREWIDELYUSEDTOCOMPRESSCOOLANTGASINHOUSEHOLDREFRIGERATORSANDAIRCONDITIONERSINSUCHDEVICESTHEPISTONBECOMESAKEYCOMPONENTINFLUENCINGALLTHEMAJORPERFORMANCESOFRECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSOR,SUCHASPUMPINGEFFICIENCY,NOISE,POWERCONSUMPTION,ANTIWEAR,ANDSOONITISBECAUSEPISTONDYNAMICSCHARACTERIZESTHEOILLEAKAGE,THEPISTONSLAPPHENOMENON1ANDTHEFRICTIONALLOSS,WHICHDETERMINESUCHMAJORPERFORMANCESWHILEMOVINGUPANDDOWNALONGTHELUBRICATEDCYLINDERWALL,APISTONDISPLAYSOSCILLATORYRADIALTRANSLATIONANDROTATIONWITHINTHEOILFILMCLEARANCEOWINGTOTHEUNBALANCEINDYNAMICFORCESACTINGONITTHISSECONDARYMOTIONINPISTONDYNAMICSHASBECOMEACRUCIALRESEARCHSUBJECTINORDERTOIMPROVETHEPERFORMANCEANDSTABILITYOFRECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSOR2,3THEPISTONSECONDARYMOTIONISASSOCIATEDWITHSEVERALDESIGNPARAMETERS,SUCHASTHERADIALCLEARANCE,THELUBRICANTVISCOSITY,THEWRISTPINLOCATION,THECRANKSHAFTECCENTRICITY,ANDTHEPISTONSKIRTPROFILE4,5ASWELL,APISTONINRINGLESSRECIPROCATINGCOMPRESSORSISSUBJECTTOLUBRICATINGPRESSUREANDFRICTIONALFORCE,BESIDESTHEPRIMARYCOOLANTPRESSUREANDTHEMOTORDRIVENFORCESO,THEPISTONDYNAMICMOTIONISSTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEGEOMETRICSTRUCTUREANDTHEOILFILMPRESSURETHEREFORE,THEABOVEMENTIONEDDESIGNPARAMETERSSHOULDBECAREFULLYDETERMINED,INORDERTOMAXIMIZETHEDYNAMICPERFORMANCEANDSTABILITY,BASEDUPONAPARAMETRICDYNAMICINVESTIGATION,WHICHWOULDBEACHIEVEDBYANAPPROPRIATECOUPLEDNUMERICALANALYSIS,SUCHASONEFORGENERALFLUID–STRUCTUREINTERACTIONPROBLEMS6,7ACCORDINGTOOURBRIEFLITERATURESURVEY,LIETAL8INVESTIGATEDTHELUBRICATIONCHARACTERISTICSTHEORETICALLYANDEXPERIMENTALLY,ANDFOUNDTHEEFFECTOFTHEWRISTPINLOCATIONONTHEFRICTIONALFORCETRADITIONALLY,THELUBRICATINGPRESSUREHASBEENMODELEDBYREYNOLDSEQUATIONBYASSUMINGTHEOILLUBRICANTBEANEWTONIANISOVISCOUSFLUIDONTHEOTHERHAND,THEPISTONDYNAMICSHASBEENMOSTLYDESCRIBEDBYTHEPARTICLEDYNAMICSEQUATIONSFORTHEPISTONMASSCENTERBYREPLACINGEXTERNALSURFACETRACTIONSWITHEQUIVALENTRESULTANTFORCESANDMOMENTS9–11FURTHERMORE,BOTHPISTONANDCYLINDERWEREASSUMEDASRIGIDBODIESEVENTHOUGHTHISPARTICLEDYNAMICSAPPROACHMAKESTHEPROBLEMSIMPLERANDREDUCESTHECOMPUTATIONTIME,0301679X/SEEFRONTMATTERQ2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JTRIBOINT200410002TRIBOLOGYINTERNATIONAL382005459–468WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/TRIBOINTCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELC82515102467FAXC82515147640EMAILADDRESSJRCHOHYOWONPUSANACKRJRCHOONTHEOTHERHAND,B0INDICATESTHEINCLINEDANGLEOFTHECONNECTINGRODFORCETOTHEVERTICALAXISOWINGTOTHEPISTONECCENTRICITYINTHEXDIRECTIONWENOTETHATTHEEFFECTOFTHEPISTONTILTABOUTTHEWRISTPINISNEGLECTEDTHEN,THECONNECTINGRODFORCECOMPONENTSANDTHEINCLINEDANGLEAREDETERMINEDASFYDFTZMPAPCPR2DPGKPATCFPF4FXDFTZFPX5B0ZTANK1DFXFYT6WHEREMPDENOTESTHETOTALPISTONMASS3DISPLACEMENTANDLUBRICATINGPRESSUREFIELDSLETUXTBETHEDISPLACEMENTFIELDOFTHEPISTONANDCYLINDER,THESTRUCTURALDYNAMICRESPONSEISGOVERNEDBYSIJDUTJCFIZR€UI7WITHINITIALANDBOUNDARYCONDITIONSUIDX0TZ08UIDXTTZ0SIJNJZTI9WHERERDENOTESTHEMASSDENSITYOFTHESTRUCTURALCOMPONENTSANDTITHETRACTIONCOMPONENTSBYTHECOOLANTGASANDLUBRICATINGOILPRESSURESINORDERTODESCRIBETHELUBRICATINGPRESSUREFIELDWITHINTHERADIALCLEARANCE,WEINTRODUCEACYLINDRICALCOORDINATEATTACHEDTOTHECENTEROFTHEPISTONTOPSURFACE,ASDEPICTEDINFIG3THEYAXISDIRECTSTOTHESAMEDIRECTIONASONEINTHEPREVIOUSFIXEDCARTESIANCOORDINATESYSTEMREFERRINGTOFIG1B,THEPISTONISALLOWEDTOMOVEONLYINTHEXDIRECTIONANDTOTILTABOUTTHEWRISTPINAXISTHEPISTONAXISECCENTRICITYISDENOTEDBYEWHILETHETILTINGANGLEBYGWEASSUMETHATTHEOILFILMISALWAYS100FULLWITHINTHERADIALCLEARANCEOVERWHOLE3608ANDAXIALLENGTHOFTHEPISTONTHELUBRICATINGOILFLOWISASSUMEDTOBEINCOMPRESSIBLELAMINARBECAUSETWOCHARACTERISTICLENGTHSHANDRARESIGNIFICANTLYLARGERTHANTHEFLOWTHICKNESSAND,THEPRESSUREVARIATIONINTHERDIRECTIONISIGNOREDBECAUSETHERADIALCLEARANCEISMUCHSMALLERTHANTHEPISTONRADIUSBYNEGLECTINGTHEBODYANDINERTIAFORCESOFLUBRICATINGOIL,THELUBRICATINGPRESSUREFIELDPY,QISGOVERNEDBYREYNOLDS’SEQUATIONWHICHISBASEDUPONTHEINCOMPRESSIBLENAVIER–STOKESEQUATIONSANDTHECONTINUITYCONDITIONVVYH3VPVY??CVR2VQH3VPVQ??Z6VPMVHVY10EQUIPPEDWITHTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSGIVENBYPZPGATYZ0PZPAATYZH11VPVQZ0ATQZ0ANDP12WHEREMREFERSTOTHEOILVISCOSITYBYDENOTINGYWBETHEWRISTPINLOCATION,THEACTUALOILTHICKNESSHISEXPRESSEDBYHDYQTZCK?ECDYWKYTG?COSQ13REFERRINGTOTHESIGNCONVENTIONFORFORCESSHOWNINFIG2,TWORESULTANTFORCESFPXANDFPFARECALCULATEDSUCHTHATFPXZDH0D2P0PDYQTCOSQRDQDY14FPFZDH0D2P0MVPHCH2VPVY??RDQDY15ONTHEOTHERHAND,THEINSTANTANEOUSVOLUMETRICOILLEAKAGEQFFTHROUGHOUTTHERADIALCLEARANCEISCALCULATEDBYQFDFTZD2P0HVP2KH312MVPVY??YZHRDQ16AND,THECYCLEAVERAGEDPOWERCONSUMPTIONPISCALCULATEDACCORDINGTOPZ12PD2P0PFDFTDF17FIG3LUBRICATIONWITHINTHERADIALCLEARANCEBETWEENPISTONANDCYLINDERFIG2FREEBODYDIAGRAMOFTHEPISTONJRCHO,SJMOON/TRIBOLOGYINTERNATIONAL382005459–468461

簡(jiǎn)介：STRUCTMULTIDISCOPTIM20,76–82?SPRINGERVERLAG2000OPTIMALDESIGNOFHYDRAULICSUPPORTMOBLAK,BHARLANDBBUTINARABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESAPROCEDUREFOROPTIMALDETERMINATIONOFTWOGROUPSOFPARAMETERSOFAHYDRAULICSUPPORTEMPLOYEDINTHEMININGINDUSTRYTHEPROCEDUREISBASEDONMATHEMATICALPROGRAMMINGMETHODSINTHEFIRSTSTEP,THEOPTIMALVALUESOFSOMEPARAMETERSOFTHELEADINGFOURBARMECHANISMAREFOUNDINORDERTOENSURETHEDESIREDMOTIONOFTHESUPPORTWITHMINIMALTRANSVERSALDISPLACEMENTSINTHESECONDSTEP,MAXIMALTOLERANCESOFTHEOPTIMALVALUESOFTHELEADINGFOURBARMECHANISMARECALCULATED,SOTHERESPONSEOFHYDRAULICSUPPORTWILLBESATISFYINGKEYWORDSFOURBARMECHANISM,OPTIMALDESIGN,MATHEMATICALPROGRAMMING,APPROXIMATIONMETHOD,TOLERANCE1INTRODUCTIONTHEDESIGNERAIMSTOFINDTHEBESTDESIGNFORTHEMECHANICALSYSTEMCONSIDEREDPARTOFTHISEFFORTISTHEOPTIMALCHOICEOFSOMESELECTEDPARAMETERSOFASYSTEMMETHODSOFMATHEMATICALPROGRAMMINGCANBEUSED,IFASUITABLEMATHEMATICALMODELOFTHESYSTEMISMADEOFCOURSE,ITDEPENDSONTHETYPEOFTHESYSTEMWITHTHISFORMULATION,GOODCOMPUTERSUPPORTISASSUREDTOLOOKFOROPTIMALPARAMETERSOFTHESYSTEMTHEHYDRAULICSUPPORTFIG1DESCRIBEDBYHARL1998ISAPARTOFTHEMININGINDUSTRYEQUIPMENTINTHEMINEVELENJESLOVENIA,USEDFORPROTECTIONOFWORKINGENVIRONMENTINTHEGALLERYITCONSISTSOFTWOFOURBARRECEIVEDAPRIL13,1999MOBLAK1,BHARL2ANDBBUTINAR31FACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,SMETANOVA17,2000MARIBOR,SLOVENIAEMAILMAKSOBLAKUNIMBSI2MPPRAZVOJDOO,PTUJSKA184,2000MARIBOR,SLOVENIAEMAILBOSTJANHARLUNIMBSI3FACULTYOFCHEMISTRYANDCHEMICALENGINEERING,SMETANOVA17,2000MARIBOR,SLOVENIAEMAILBRANKOBUTINARUNIMBSIMECHANISMSFEDGANDAEDBASSHOWNINFIG2THEMECHANISMAEDBDEFINESTHEPATHOFCOUPLERPOINTCANDTHEMECHANISMFEDGISUSEDTODRIVETHESUPPORTBYAHYDRAULICACTUATORFIG1HYDRAULICSUPPORTITISREQUIREDTHATTHEMOTIONOFTHESUPPORT,MOREPRECISELY,THEMOTIONOFPOINTCINFIG2,ISVERTICALWITHMINIMALTRANSVERSALDISPLACEMENTSIFTHISISNOTTHECASE,THEHYDRAULICSUPPORTWILLNOTWORKPROPERLYBECAUSEITISSTRANDEDONREMOVALOFTHEEARTHMACHINEAPROTOTYPEOFTHEHYDRAULICSUPPORTWASTESTEDINALABORATORYGRM1992THESUPPORTEXHIBITEDLARGETRANSVERSALDISPLACEMENTS,WHICHWOULDREDUCEITSEMPLOYABILITYTHEREFORE,AREDESIGNWASNECESSARYTHEPROJECTSHOULDBEIMPROVEDWITHMINIMALCOSTIFPOS7821MATHEMATICALMODELTHEMATHEMATICALMODELOFTHESYSTEMWILLBEFORMULATEDINTHEFORMPROPOSEDBYHAUGANDARORA1979MINFU,V,9SUBJECTTOCONSTRAINTSGIU,V≤0,I1,2,,?,10ANDRESPONSEEQUATIONSHJU,V0,J1,2,,M11THEVECTORUU1UNTISCALLEDTHEVECTOROFDESIGNVARIABLES,VV1VMTISTHEVECTOROFRESPONSEVARIABLESANDFIN9ISTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONTOPERFORMTHEOPTIMALDESIGNOFTHELEADINGFOURBARMECHANISMAEDB,THEVECTOROFDESIGNVARIABLESISDEFINEDASUA1A2A4T,12ANDTHEVECTOROFRESPONSEVARIABLESASVXYT13THEDIMENSIONSA3,A5,A6OFTHECORRESPONDINGLINKSAREKEPTFIXEDTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONISDEFINEDASSOME“MEASUREOFDIFFERENCE”BETWEENTHETRAJECTORYLANDTHEDESIREDTRAJECTORYKASFU,VMAXG0Y?F0Y2,14WHEREXG0YISTHEEQUATIONOFTHECURVEKANDXF0YISTHEEQUATIONOFTHECURVELSUITABLELIMITATIONSFOROURSYSTEMWILLBECHOSENTHESYSTEMMUSTSATISFYTHEWELLKNOWNGRASSHOFFCONDITIONSA3A4?A1A2≤0,15A2A3?A1A4≤016INEQUALITIES15AND16EXPRESSTHEPROPERTYOFAFOURBARMECHANISM,WHERETHELINKSA2,A4MAYONLYOSCILLATETHECONDITIONU≤U≤U17PRESCRIBESTHELOWERANDUPPERBOUNDSOFTHEDESIGNVARIABLESTHEPROBLEM9–11ISNOTDIRECTLYSOLVABLEWITHTHEUSUALGRADIENTBASEDOPTIMIZATIONMETHODSTHISCOULDBECIRCUMVENTEDBYINTRODUCINGANARTIFICIALDESIGNVARIABLEUN1ASPROPOSEDBYHSIEHANDARORA1984THENEWFORMULATIONEXHIBITINGAMORECONVENIENTFORMMAYBEWRITTENASMINUN1,18SUBJECTTOGIU,V≤0,I1,2,,?,19FU,V?UN1≤0,20ANDRESPONSEEQUATIONSHJU,V0,J1,2,,M,21WHEREUU1UNUN1TANDVV1VMTANONLINEARPROGRAMMINGPROBLEMOFTHELEADINGFOURBARMECHANISMAEDBCANTHEREFOREBEDEFINEDASMINA7,22SUBJECTTOCONSTRAINTSA3A4?A1A2≤0,23A2A3?A1A4≤0,24A1≤A1≤A1,A2≤A2≤A2,A4≤A4≤A4,25G0Y?F0Y2?A7≤0,Y∈??Y,Y??,26ANDRESPONSEEQUATIONSX?A5COSΘ2Y?A5SINΘ2?A220,27X?A6COSΘΓ?A12Y?A6SINΘΓ2?A24028THISFORMULATIONENABLESTHEMINIMIZATIONOFTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETRANSVERSALDISPLACEMENTOFTHEPOINTCANDTHEPRESCRIBEDTRAJECTORYKTHERESULTISTHEOPTIMALVALUESOFTHEPARAMETERSA1,A2,A4

簡(jiǎn)介：RESEARCHJOURNALOFAPPLIEDSCIENCES,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY5413021308,2013ISSN20407459EISSN20407467?MAXWELLSCIENTIFICORGANIZATION,2012SUBMITTEDJULY02,2012ACCEPTEDAUGUST08,2012PUBLISHEDFEBRUARY01,2013CORRESPONDINGAUTHORSETHDANIELODURO,DEPARTMENTOFDESIGNANDTECHNOLOGYEDUCATION,UNIVERSITYOFEDUCATIONWINNEBA,KUMASICAMPUSPOBOX1277,KUMASI,GHANA1302ANEXPERIMENTALANALYSISOFBRAKEEFFICIENCYUSINGFOURFLUIDSINADISCBRAKESYSTEM1SETHDANIELODURO,2PRINCEOWUSUANSAHAND3AGYEIAGYAMANG1DEPARTMENTOFDESIGNANDTECHNOLOGYEDUCATION,UNIVERSITYOFEDUCATIONWINNEBA,KUMASICAMPUSPOBOX1277,KUMASI,GHANA2DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,KUMASIPOLYTECHNIC,POBOX854,KUMASI,GHANA3DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,KWAMENKRUMAHUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,KNUST,KUMASI,GHANAABSTRACTTHEPAPERSTUDIESDISCBRAKEFAILUREINMINIBUSESUSINGANEXPERIMENTALANALYSISTOTESTTHEMAXIMUMBRAKINGFORCEWHENDIFFERENTBRAKEFLUIDSSUCHASCLEAN,LESSDIRTY,DIRTYANDSOAPYWATERSOLUTIONWEREUSEDINTHEBRAKINGSYSTEMTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSCLEARLYSHOWEDTHATTHESOAPSOLUTIONAPPEARSTOBETHEBESTFLUIDASFARASLOWVISCOSITYANDSTABILITYOFVISCOSITYWITHINCREASEINTEMPERATUREARECONCERNEDHOWEVER,THESOAPSOLUTIONISNOTCOMPATIBLEWITHOTHERFLUIDWHICHMAKESITDIFFICULTTOBESUBSTITUTEASACLEANBRAKEFLUIDTHERESULTOFTHETHEPRAUNIVERSALBRAKETESTINGEQUIPMENTUSEDFORTHEBRAKINGEFFICIENCYTESTINDICATEDTHATAPEDALBRAKEOF117KNPRODUCEABRAKEFORCEOF096KNFORCLEANBRAKEFLUID,091KNFORTHELESSDIRTY,085KNFORDIRTYAND144KNFORSOAPSOLUTIONTHEVALUEOF144KNWHICHWASACHIEVEDWHENTHESOAPSOLUTIONWASUSEDINDICATEDAPOSITIVEBRAKINGFORCEANDTHEINDICATINGTHATSOAPSOLUTIONCOULDBEUSEDTOPRODUCEAHIGHPEDALFORCEWITHINAVERYSHORTTIMEABOUT1030MINANDCANTHEREFOREBEUSEDONLYINCASEOFEMERGENCYTHEBRAKEEFFICIENCYTESTINDICATEDTHATUNDERHOTCONDITIONSTHEBRAKINGEFFICIENCYISREDUCEDANDTHEPRESENCEOFAIRINTHESYSTEMRENDERSTHEBRAKINGINEFFECTIVEBECAUSEHIGHERPEDALFORCEWASNEEDEDTOBEABLETOPRODUCEASIGNIFICANTBRAKINGFORCEWHICHISNOTEDFORCAUSINGBRAKEFAILUREKEYWORDSBRAKEFADE,BRAKEFAILURE,DISCBRAKE,EFFICIENCY,PEDALFORCEINTRODUCTIONWHENAVEHICLEISACCELERATED,ENERGYSUPPLIEDBYTHEENGINECAUSESTHEVEHICLE’SSPEEDTOINCREASEPARTOFTHISENERGYISINSTANTLYUSEDUPINOVERCOMINGFRICTIONALANDTRACTIVERESISTANCEBUTALARGEAMOUNTOFITREMAINSSTOREDINTHEVEHICLEACCORDINGTOHEINZ1999THISENERGYOFMOTIONISCALLEDTHEKINETICENERGYANDTHEEXISTENCEOFKINETICENERGYISOBSERVEDWHENAVEHICLEISMOVINGANDNEUTRALGEARISSELECTEDTHEVEHICLEDOESNOTIMMEDIATELYCOMETORESTINSTEADITTRAVELSFORACONSIDERABLEDISTANCEBEFOREITBECOMESSTATIONARYINTHISCASETHESTOREDENERGYISUSEDTODRIVETHEVEHICLEAGAINSTTHERESISTANCESTHATOPPOSETHEVEHICLE’SMOTIONRELYINGONTHESERESISTANCESTOSLOWDOWNAVEHICLECOULDCAUSEMANYPROBLEMS,SOANADDITIONALRESISTANCECALLEDABRAKEISNEEDEDTOCONVERTTHEKINETICENERGYTOHEATENERGYATAFASTERRATEINORDERTOREDUCETHESPEEDOFTHEVEHICLEMCPHEEANDJOHNSON2007THISREDUCESTHESPEEDOFTHEVEHICLEATAFASTERRATEANDBRINGSTHEVEHICLETORESTWITHINTHESHORTESTPOSSIBLETIMEWHENTHEBRAKESAREAPPLIEDFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFJOHNSONETAL2003MOSTAUTOMOTIVESYSTEMSINUSETODAYUTILIZEFRONTDISCBRAKES,BUTFOURWHEELDISCSYSTEMSAREALSOCOMMONINDISCBRAKES,THEROTORROTATESWITHTHEWHEELANDTHEPADSMOVEOUTTORUBTHEROTORWHENTHEBRAKESAREAPPLIEDMOSTDISCBRAKESUSEFLOATINGCALIPERSTHECALIPERSLIDESINANDOUTASTHEBRAKESAREAPPLIEDANDRELEASEDTHEPISTONMOVESTHEINSIDEPADOUTANDPUSHESTHEOUTSIDEPADINTOTHEROTORBYSLIDINGTHECALIPERBACKTOWARDTHEROTORTHEUSEOFDISCBRAKESTOREDUCESPEEDORBRINGTHEVEHICLETORESTWHENINMOTIONCANNOTBEOVEREMPHASIZEDIFTHESAFETYOFTHEOCCUPANTISTOBEGUARANTEEDHEINZ1999TOBRINGAVEHICLETOASTOP,THEDISCBRAKESHAVETOABSORBALLTHEENERGYGIVENTOTHEVEHICLEBYTHEENGINEANDTHATDUETOTHEMOMENTUMOFTHEVEHICLETHISENERGYMUSTTHENBEDISSIPATEDINMOSTVEHICLEDISCBRAKES,THEENERGYISABSORBEDBYFRICTION,CONVERTEDINTOHEATANDTHEHEATDISSIPATEDTOTHESURROUNDINGAIRTHOMS,1988ASTHEENERGYISABSORBED,THEVEHICLEISSLOWEDDOWNINOTHERWORDS,ITSMOTIONISRETARDEDTHEBRAKESMUSTALSOPULLUPTHEVEHICLESMOOTHLYANDINASTRAIGHTLINETOBRINGTHEVEHICLETOASTOPPOSITIONITISTHEREFOREVERYIMPORTANTTHATTHEDISCBRAKESOFVEHICLESOPERATEWITHTHEHIGHESTEFFICIENCYTHISCOULDRESJAPPLSCIENGTECHNOL,5413021308,20131304GHANAIANDRIVERSSOMETIMESUSEDOTHERFLUIDSUCHASDIRTYBRAKEFLUID,LESSDIRTYFLUIDANDEVENSOAPYWATERSOMETIMESASASUBSTITUTEDTOTHEORIGINALBRAKEFLUIDTHISSTUDYAMONGOTHERTHINGSWILLALSOINVESTIGATEWHICHOFTHESEBRAKEFLUID,CLEAN,DIRTY,LESSDIRTYANDSOAPYWATERWILLHAVETHEBESTVISCOSITY,HIGHBOILINGPOINTANDLESSBRAKINGFORCEMATERIALSANDMETHODSTHEDESIGNUSEDFORTHISSTUDYWASEXPERIMENTWHICHEMPLOYEDTHEUSEDOFVISCOMETERANDTHEPRAUNIVERSALAUTOMOTIVEBRAKETESTINGMACHINETOCHECKTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEFOURFLUIDSINTHETRANSMISSIONOFBRAKINGFORCESLABORATORYANALYSISTHEVISCOSITYTESTSONTHEFOURDIFFERENTLIQUIDSWERECARRIEDOUTATTHEKWAMENKRUMAHUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYKNUSTTHERMODYNAMICSLABORATORYTHELIQUIDSWERECLEANBRAKEFLUID,LESSDIRTYBRAKEFLUID,DIRTYBRAKEFLUIDANDSOAPSOLUTIONITWASNECESSARYTOFINDOUTHOWTHEVISCOSITYOFDIFFERENTQUALITIESOFBRAKEFLUIDAFFECTEDBRAKINGEFFICIENCYANDTOFINDOUTWHETHERTHEREWASANYCORRELATIONBETWEENTHESEANDTHEOCCURRENCEOFBRAKEFAILUREVISCOSITYTESTONTHEVARIOUSFLUIDSUSEDTHEVISCOSITYTESTWASCARRIEDOUTONAREDWOODVISCOMETERINFIG2ONTHEFOURDIFFERENTKINDSOFFLUIDSTODETERMINETHEIRVISCOSITIESTHEAPPARATUSCONSISTSOFAVERTICALCYLINDERCONTAININGTHEFLUIDUNDERTESTWHICHWASALLOWEDTOFLOWTHROUGHACALIBRATEDORIFICESITUATEDATTHECENTREOFTHECYLINDERBASETHEORIFICEISCLOSEDBYABALLVALVEWHENITISNOTBEINGUSEDTHEOILCYLINDERISSURROUNDEDBYAWATERJACKETWHICHMAINTAINSTHELUBRICANTUNDERTESTATAREQUIREDTEMPERATUREBYMEANSOFABUNSENBURNERFLAMEAPPLIEDTOTHEHEATINGTUBETHETHERMOMETERFORTHEWATERINTHEJACKETISMOUNTEDINAPADDLETYPESTIRRERWHICHCANBEROTATEDBYHAND,USINGTHEHANDLEZAMMIT,1987PROCEDUREFORTESTINGVARIOUSVISCOSITIESOFTHEFLUIDSTOTESTTHEVISCOSITYOFAFLUID,THEWATERJACKETWASFILLEDWITHWATERWITHTHEORIFICEBALLVALVEINPOSITIONFLUIDWASPOUREDINTOTHECYLINDERTOTHELEVELOFTHEPOINTERA50MLMEASURINGFLASKWASPLACEDCENTRALLYUNDERTHEORIFICETHEWATERWASSTIRREDGENTLYUNTILTHEWATERANDFLUIDTHERMOMETERSWERETHESAMEROOMTEMPERATURE,30oCTHETEMPERATUREWASRECORDEDTHEBALLVALVEWASTHENRAISEDANDASTOPWATCHUSEDTORECORDTHETIMEINSECONDSFORA50MLOFFLUIDTOFLOWINTOTHEMEASURINGFLASKTHETESTWASREPEATEDWITHTHEFLUIDTEMPERATURESINCREASINGBY10oCEACHTIMEUPTO90oCALLTHEDATAFORTHEFOURDIFFERENTFLUIDSWERERECORDEDASSHOWNINTABLE1FIG2REDWOODVISCOMETERUSEDTODETERMINETHEVISCOSITYOFTHEFLUIDS

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3387字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目翻譯題目翻譯題目FPGABASEDEMBEDDEDSYSTEMDESIGN基于基于FPGA的嵌入式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的嵌入式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院自動(dòng)化自動(dòng)化專業(yè)電氣工程與自動(dòng)化電氣工程與自動(dòng)化姓名班級(jí)學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師統(tǒng)的成本控制和安全系統(tǒng)來說件好事。?實(shí)時(shí)業(yè)務(wù)特性。許多嵌入式系統(tǒng)必須不斷變化的反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算環(huán)境和一定的成果，必須實(shí)時(shí)，不能有延時(shí)。高性能實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)（RTOS）是嵌入式系統(tǒng)的基本的和重要的要求。B嵌入式系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件在嵌入式硬件，其核心部分是嵌入式微處理器。目前，在世界上有超過千種嵌入式處理器和超過30多個(gè)流行的架構(gòu)，其中英特爾公司的MCS8051占了絕大多數(shù)。近年來，小批量，高性能與低功耗成為了嵌入式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的考慮的主導(dǎo)因素。專業(yè)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)（IP）核心供應(yīng)商如ARM，MIPS。是提供高品質(zhì)的嵌入式核心的半導(dǎo)體制造商，其中各種不同設(shè)備上的適用于各種領(lǐng)域的芯片被廣泛生產(chǎn)。比如說，ARM7，ARM9，和ARM11這些16/32位的精簡(jiǎn)指令級(jí)處理器2ARM公司在手機(jī)和PDA以及擁有全球第三方合作伙伴的多媒體音頻/視頻設(shè)備中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。它事實(shí)上已經(jīng)成為了一種工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。MIPS公司，是另一個(gè)提供高質(zhì)量32/64位嵌入式處理器的廠商，IBM的POWERPC系列同時(shí)擁有通用處理器和嵌入式控制器，并擁有廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，從高端工作站，服務(wù)器與臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)，和來自消費(fèi)者水平的大型電子通訊設(shè)備。其他流行的微處理器包括英特爾的X86，摩托羅拉的冷火等。嵌入式系統(tǒng)的軟件主要由操作系統(tǒng)及應(yīng)用軟件組成。嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)的硬件接口和應(yīng)用程序有效地組織資源。其主要任務(wù)包括管理程序，通信和同步的程序，內(nèi)存管理和I/O處理。從上世紀(jì)80年代開始，一些國際科技組織和公司就開始著力于研發(fā)商業(yè)的和專門的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)。出自風(fēng)河3公司的VXWORKS系統(tǒng)式目前使用最廣泛的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)。其良好的可靠性和出色的實(shí)時(shí)功能可滿足通信，軍事，航空航天等領(lǐng)域，例如導(dǎo)彈和火星探索探測(cè)器。WINCE是由MICROSOFT開發(fā)的多任務(wù)，多優(yōu)先級(jí)的操作系統(tǒng)平臺(tái)。其內(nèi)核的基本規(guī)模至少有200KB。但是他的缺點(diǎn)是實(shí)時(shí)性不夠好。3COM公司的PALM操作系統(tǒng)在PDA市場(chǎng)占據(jù)著非常大的份額。它支持開放源碼的API，使開發(fā)人員可以探索新的附加應(yīng)用程序。嵌入式LINUX系統(tǒng)，如RTLINUX，ΜCLINUX，ΜC/OSII，是近年來蓬勃發(fā)展的完全開放源碼的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)，他們小巧，容易裁剪和定制，成本低，和眾多的軟件支持。3基于基于FPGA的嵌入式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的嵌入式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)FPGA技術(shù)已經(jīng)從可編程邏輯器件像包括PAL，GAL器件和可編程邏輯器件中發(fā)展起來。一個(gè)FPGA一系列相互關(guān)聯(lián)的可編程邏輯塊的可編程路由資源組成。具有可編程性和可配置性的FPGA允許它應(yīng)用于各種數(shù)字的小型有限狀態(tài)機(jī)到大型的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)。作為特定應(yīng)用集成電路（ASIC）的替代品，快速的上市時(shí)間和較低的非重復(fù)性工程費(fèi)用成本促成了它驚人的發(fā)展速度。XILINX4和ALTERA5是主要的全球