簡介：中文中文4300字畢業(yè)設計（論文）譯文題目基于C語言的MIS程序庫設計學生姓名學號專業(yè)物聯網班級指導教師評閱教師完成日期2014年12月20日第2頁共10頁統、DBMS和大多數的系統軟件，都是用C語言設計的。通過C語言設計的應用軟件，有著大量的成功案例。這證明C語言對于開發(fā)像MIS這樣的應用系統，也是一種合適而且強大的程序語言。事實上，通過精心選擇常用功能，以及編程使他們形成一個庫，用C語言設計一個MIS的有效性也能得到顯著提高。本文提到的WEB編程庫是一個很好的例子，該庫的優(yōu)點如下?！窬W頁編程功能。設計一個基于MIS的網頁，網頁編程是一項基本的要求。因此這類功能將無疑使程序員設計起來更為方便。這部分是庫的主要組成部分，它包括設置頁面風格，顯示頁面標題，顯示頁頭，顯示頁尾等?！癜踩卿浌δ?。對于現今的MIS系統，登錄系統是必不可少的部分，而且系統的安全性必須得到保證。該功能組將提供一些有用的功能，例如CAPTCHA功能，登錄功能，COOKIE處理功能，郵件功能，密碼修改功能，和密碼獲取功能等，從而簡化了安全登錄系統的設計?！駥嵱霉δ?。能夠提供一些常用的工具，如計數器、迷你日歷、加密和編碼功能等。這將給程序員在開發(fā)中帶來一些幫助?！馛語言中的所有設計。通過使用C語言作為開發(fā)語言，在運行MIS的時候，只需要二進制對象代碼即可。這無疑增加了安全性、可靠性、可擴展性和運行效率。本文介紹了基于C語言的MIS程序庫，在設計和實施過程中的一些技術細節(jié)。包括網頁編程功能，安全登錄功能和實用功能，并提供了一個詳細的演示，來展現庫的使用和效果。IIII網頁創(chuàng)作功能網頁創(chuàng)作功能在WEB服務器和CGI程序之間的核心業(yè)務，是通過標準輸入和輸出對數據進行翻譯。通過CGI程序形成一個網頁，發(fā)送網頁內容到服務器的標準輸出是一個必要的工作。由于這個頁面實際上是一個HTML文檔，標準的格式化輸出功能PRINTF就可以完成這個任務。根據CGL說明5中，通過CGL形成的頁面，必須由兩部分組成，頁頭和主體，其中頁頭用于發(fā)送屬性信息，而主體則是通過服務器提供給客戶端實體。這兩個部分通過一個空行分開。

簡介：中文中文5018字出處出處APPLIEDTHERMALENGINEERING,2008,285372379【原文】ASTUDYONUNDERGROUNDTUNNELVENTILATIONFORPISTONEFFECTSINFLUENCEDBYDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTINSUBWAYSYSTEMCHIJILIN,YEWKHOYCHUAH,CHIAWEILIUABSTRACTTHISISASTUDYONUNDERGROUNDTUNNELVENTILATIONFORPISTONEFFECTSINFLUENCEDBYDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTFIELDMEASUREMENTSOFTRANSIENTAIRMOVEMENTINTHEDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTFORATYPICALTAIPEIUNDERGROUNDSUBWAYSTATIONWERETAKENUNDERWINTERANDSUMMERCONDITIONSITHASBEENFOUNDTHATTHEAIRINTHEDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTHASAMAXIMUMOF2M/S,ANDONAVERAGELIESBETWEEN07AND11M/STHISSTUDYDEFINESANINDEXΗPE,FOREVALUATINGTHEEFFICIENCYOFTUNNELVENTILATIONBYPISTONEFFECTSTHISINDEXCANBEUSEDTOANALYZETHEPISTONEFFECTSDUETODIFFERENTSHAFTLENGTHANDSECTIONALAREATHEMEASUREMENTRESULTSSHOWTHATTHETRAINPISTONEFFECTSAREEFFECTIVEONLYFORCERTAINSHAFTLENGTHANDOPERATINGCONDITIONSTHISSTUDYALSOUSEDTHEAUTHORITATIVESESCOMPUTERPROGRAMTOSIMULATETHEPISTONEFFECTSTHESIMULATIONRESULTSFORINFLOWANDOUTFLOWVELOCITYPROFILEAREALMOSTCONSISTENTWITHTHEMEASUREMENTTHESHAFTSECTIONALAREAWASALSOINVESTIGATEDANDHASBEENFOUNDTHATALARGERSECTIONALAREARESULTEDINLARGERVOLUMEFLOWRATE,BUTTHEPERCENTAGEINCREASEISLESSTHANTHEPERCENTAGEINCREASEINTHESECTIONALAREATHISWILLRESULTINSMALLERAIRVELOCITYINSHAFTANDLESSEFFECTIVEAIREXCHANGEBETWEENTHETUNNELANDTHEOUTSIDEAMBIENTITALSOHASBEENFOUNDTHATLENGTHOFTHEDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTISMORESOANIMPORTANTDESIGNPARAMETERFOREFFICIENTAIREXCHANGEBYPISTONEFFECTSFORUNDERGROUNDSUBWAYSYSTEMSITISSUGGESTEDHERETHATTHEDESIGNOFTHEDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTHASTOCONSIDERREQUIREMENTSINCLUDINGΗPE,PRESSURELOSSANDNOISEKEYWORDSDRAUGHTRELIEFSHAFTPISTONEFFECTUNDERGROUNDSUBWAYSTATIONTUNNELVENTILATIONMC?AVVV?QB1AVQCFORAIRINFLOW,AVCM?KIC?P2AC?PSFORAIROUTFLOW,AVCM?KOC?P?1?C?HI3AC?PS?C?HCWHEREATUNNELAREAM2AVRELIEFSHAFTAREAM2CMRATIOOFMASSFLOWRATETHROUGHRELIEFSHAFTTOMASSFLOWRATETHROUGHTUNNELCΔPUPSTREAMRELIEFSHAFTHEADLOSSCΔPSRELIEFSHAFTHEADLOSSCΔHCCOUPLINGLOSSESRELATEDTOCONFIGURATIONOFTHEINTERFACEBETWEENTUNNELANDRELIEFSHAFTCΔHIENTRANCELOSSATTHEBOTTOMOFRELIEFSHAFTKI,KOEMPIRICALCONSTANTSFORINFLOWANDOUTFLOWQB,QCAIRFLOWVOLUMERATETHROUGHRELIEFSHAFTANDUPSTREAMORDOWNSTREAMM3/SVAIRVELOCITYATTUNNELM/SVVAIRVELOCITYATRELIEFSHAFTM/STHESPACEGEOMETRYOFAMODERNSUBWAYSTATIONISTYPICALLYCOMPLEXTHETRAINOPERATIONISAPRIMEFACTORFORTHEPISTONEFFECTSTHETRAINMOVEMENTINTUNNELISAHIGHLYTRANSIENTAIRMOVINGPROBLEMTHEABOVEEQUATIONSAREINSUFFICIENTTOANALYZETHETRANSIENTAIRMOVEMENTINTHETUNNELANDTHEVENTILATIONSHAFTTHEENVIRONMENTALCONTROLANDTHEAIRMOVEMENTAREANALYZEDFREQUENTLYUSINGSES

簡介：JMATERSCI4120062195–2200SURFACECHEMICALANALYSISOFTENCELANDCOTTONTREATEDWITHAMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVENKISTAMAH,CMCARR?TEXTILESANDPAPER,THEUNIVERSITYOFMANCHESTER,MANCHESTER,M601QD,UKEMAILNARAINDRAKISTAMAHMANCHESTERACUKEMAILCHRISCARRMANCHESTERACUKSROSUNEEDEPARTMENTOFTEXTILETECHNOLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFMAURITIUS,REDUIT,,MAURITIUSEMAILSROSUNEEUOMACMUPUBLISHEDONLINE3MARCH2006THEINTERACTIONANDDURABILITYTOLAUNDERINGOFAREACTIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVE,APPLIEDTOTENCELFABRICANDBLEACHEDCOTTONFABRIC,WASINVESTIGATEDUSINGXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYXPSTHEN1SXPSSPECTRAOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTREATEDSUBSTRATESREVEALEDTHEPRESENCEOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHONTHEFIBRESURFACEANDTHATTHESURFACECONCENTRATIONINCREASEDWITHINCREASINGLEVELOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHTHEBLEACHEDCOTTONHADARELATIVELYGREATERLEVELOFFIXATIONOFTHECHEMICALFINISHINCOMPARISONTOTHETREATEDTENCELTHEREACTIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINFIXEDONTOTENCELANDBLEACHEDCOTTONWASDURABLETOISOCO6/C2SWASHESC?2006SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,INC1INTRODUCTIONCYCLODEXTRINSARECYCLICOLIGOSACCHARIDES,WITHTHEMAJORCYCLODEXTRINBEINGTHESEVENMEMBEREDRINGDERIVATIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINCYCLODEXTRINSAREBULKYRINGMOLECULES,CAPABLEOFFORMINGINCLUSIONCOMPLEXESWITHAGREATNUMBEROFORGANICCOMPOUNDSANDHAVEFOUNDWIDEAPPLICATIONSINMANYAREAS1–7INTEXTILES,CYCLODEXTRINSAREARELATIVELYNEWCLASSOFDYEINGANDFINISHINGAUXILIARIESCAPABLEOFINFLUENCINGBOTHTHEPROCESSINGOFTHETEXTILEMATERIALSANDTHEIRSERVICEABILITYPROPERTIES1,6–15CYCLODEXTRINSMAYBEBOUNDONTOTHEFIBRESURFACEBYTWODISTINCTINTERACTIONSAWHERENOCOVALENTBONDSEXISTSBETWEENTHECYCLODEXTRINMOLECULESANDTHETEXTILEMATERIAL,ANDPHYSICALBONDINGISTHEMAJORFORCEOFINTERACTIONBWHERETHECYCLODEXTRINMOLECULEISPERMANENTLYFIXEDTOTHETEXTILEMATERIALTHROUGHCOVALENTBONDINGDUETOTHEIRSTRUCTUREANDABILITYTOFORMINCLUSIONCOMPLEXESCYCLODEXTRINSHAVEBEENEVALUATEDWITHAVIEWTOEITHERSLOWLYRELEASINGPERFUMEORABSORBINGUNPLEASANTODOURSONTEXTILESOROTHERMATERIALS11THEYAREPOTENTIALLYUSEFULINDETERGENTSANDOTHERTEXTILECAREPRODUCTS,BUTDUETOTHEIRRELATIVELYWEAKADSORPTIONWOULDBELOST?AUTHORTOWHOMALLCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDDURINGGARMENTLAUNDERINGANDTHEREFORETHEIREFFECTSARENOTPERMANENTANALTERNATIVEAPPROACHTOIMPROVEDURABILITYHASBEENTOCOVALENTLYFIXA“REACTIVE”CYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETOTHETEXTILEFIBRESURFACEANDTHESERVICEABILITYPROPERTIESOFTHETEXTILEPRODUCTMAYBERENEWEDWITHOUTREAPPLICATIONOFTHEFINISHFORCELLULOSICS,THEMOSTPROMISINGAPPROACHHASBEENTHEUSEOFAMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVE,WHICHCANBECOVALENTLYFIXEDTONUCLEOPHILICSUBSTRATESBYASUBSTITUTIONREACTIONANDCONTAINSTWOTOTHREEREACTIVETRIAZINYLGROUPSPERCYCLODEXTRINRING1,12–15THEPERCENTAGEFIXATIONOFTHEREACTIVECYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETOTHESUBSTRATECANBEDETERMINEDBYFABRICWEIGHTGAINGRAVIMETRICMETHOD7ORTHEKJELDAHLMETHOD13ANDALTHOUGHBOTHMETHODSAREREPORTEDTOBESATISFACTORYNEITHERISSURFACESENSITIVENORSHOWSHOWTHEFIBRESURFACEMAYBEADVERSELYAFFECTEDBYTEXTILEPROCESSINGINTHISSTUDY,THEFIBRESURFACESAREEXAMINEDTOMONITORTHEDEPOSITIONANDINTERACTIONOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVESANDITSDURABILITYTOLAUNDERINGTHEXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYXPSTECHNIQUEHASBEENUSEDTOCHARACTERIZETHENATUREOFTHESURFACESPECIESOUTER10NMONBOTHTENCELANDCOTTONFIBRESTREATEDWITHMCT00222461C?2006SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,INCDOI101007/S10853006718362195NNNCLNAOCDFIGURE2CHEMICALSTRUCTUREOFTHEMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLFUNCTIONALGROUPOFMCTCYCLODEXTRINMOLECULEFROMAFLOODGUNTOENSUREREPRODUCIBILITY,THESAMPLESWEREANALYSEDINDUPLICATEORTRIPLICATEWHEREAPPROPRIATECURVEFITTEDSPECTRAAREPRESENTEDTOCLEARLYDEFINETHEPEAKFORQUALITATIVEANALYSIS3RESULTSANDDISCUSSION31XPSANALYSISOFUNTREATEDANDMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTREATEDTENCELTENCELISAREGENERATEDCELLULOSICFIBRE,WHICHISFREEOFNATURALIMPURITIESSUCHASNITROGENBASEDPROTEINS,PECTINSANDWAXESTYPICALLYASSOCIATEDWITHRAWUNSCOUREDCOTTONTHEN1SXPSSPECTRUMFORUNTREATED“CLEAN”TENCELSUBSTRATEREVEALEDTHATNITROGENSPECIESWEREABSENTFROMTHEFIBRESURFACES,FIG1SINCETHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINCONTAINSNITROGENBASEDTRIAZINYLFUNCTIONALITIES,ITSNITROGEN“LABEL”COULDBEUTILISEDASANELEMENTALTAGTOESTABLISHTHEPRESENCEOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHATTHEFIBRESURFACES,FIG2INATYPICALN1SXPSSPECTRUM,NITROGENBOUNDTOCARBONINPRIMARY,SECONDARYORTERTIARYAMINESORAMIDES,OCCURSATABEVALUEOF3990–4002EV16,17THEN1SSPECTRAOFUNWASHEDANDWASHED5TREATEDTENCELCLEARLYINDICATETHEOBVIOUSPRESENCEOFSURFACENITROGENSPECIESATAPPROXIMATELYABEVALUEOF3995EVWHICHMAYBEASSIGNEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFATRIAZINYLSYSTEMOFMCTΒCYCLODEXTRIN,FIGS3AND4NITROGENSPECIESLOCATEDINC3N3AROMATICRINGSYSTEMSWOULDTYPICALLYOCCURATBEVALUESAROUND3992AND3994EV18THEPRESENCEOFNITROGENONTHEFABRICSURFACEINDICATESSTRONGCOVALENTBONDINGBETWEENTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINANDTHECELLULOSICFIBRESURFACE,EVENAFTERFIVEWASHES32XPSANALYSISOFTENCELTREATEDWITHVARYINGLEVELSOFMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTENCELFABRICSWERETREATEDWITHINCREASINGLEVELSOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETODEMONSTRATETHEBUILDUPPROPERTIESOFTHEFINISHONTOTHESURFACEOFTHEFIBRETHETREATEDFABRICSWERETHENSUBJECTEDTOMULTIPLEISO105C06/C2SWASHCYCLESINORDERTOASSESSTHEDURABILITYOFTHESURFACEFINISHTHEATOMICNITROGENCONTENT,ASDETERMINEDBYXPS,WASUSEDASAMEASUREOFTHESURFACECONCENTRATIONOFTHEFINISHITISEVIDENTTHATTHEPERCENTAGEATOMIC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簡介：HANDLINGSTUDIESOFDRIVERVEHICLESYSTEMSMLIN,AAPOPOVANDSMCWILLIAMSCHOOLOFMECHANICAL,MATERIALS,MANUFACTURINGENGINEERINGANDMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFNOTTINGHAM,UNIVERSITYPARK,NOTTINGHAMNG72RD,UKEMAILEAXMLNOTTINGHAMACUKTHEDRIVERVEHICLESYSTEMAPPROACHPROVIDESAFIRMBASISFORANALYSINGVEHICLEANDDRIVERDYNAMICSINVEHICLEHANDLINGDESIGNTHEPAPERAIMSTOPROVIDEANANALYSISOFDRIVER’SSTEERINGANDSPEEDCONTROLDURINGDRIVERVEHICLEINTERACTIONGENERICMATHEMATICALMODELSOFVEHICLEANDDRIVERAREIMPLEMENTED,ANDTHEHANDLINGCHARACTERISTICSINTYPICALMANOEUVRESARESTUDIEDTHROUGHNUMERICALSIMULATIONSASINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDELECTRONICSYSTEMSAREWIDELYINTRODUCEDFORVEHICLECHASSISCONTROLNOWADAYS,NEWHUMANFACTORPROBLEMSHAVEBEENPOSEDINTHESIMULATIONFORVEHICLEHANDLINGSTUDIESTHEPROPOSEDMODELSHEREPROVIDETOOLSFOREXPLORINGTHEEFFECTSOFACTIVECHASSISINTERVENTIONSYSTEMSONTHEDRIVERVEHICLEKEYWORDS/DRIVERVEHICLESYSTEMS,VEHICLEDYNAMICS,DRIVERBEHAVIOUR,CHASSISENHANCEMENTSYSTEMS1INTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,ASVIRTUALPROTOTYPINGHASBEENINCREASINGLYAPPLIEDINVEHICLEDEVELOPMENT,VEHICLEHANDLINGDESIGNINAVIRTUALENVIRONMENTHASALSOBEENWIDELYUSEDINBOTHACADEMICRESEARCHANDTHEMANUFACTURINGAREAFORVEHICLEHANDLINGSIMULATIONS,VEHICLEDYNAMICSSIMULATIONMODELSVDSMSARENECESSITIESFORTHEDEVELOPERSSINCE1960’S35611,VDSMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONS,INCLUDINGDYNAMICANALYSIS,INTERACTIVEDRIVINGSIMULATION,ANDVEHICLETESTINGTHEMODELCOMPLEXITYANDSOLUTIONPROCEDURESAREDEFINEDACCORDINGTOAGIVENAPPLICATIONITCANBESEENTHATTHEVEHICLEANDDRIVERFORMACLOSELYCOUPLEDMANMACHINESYSTEMTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEDYNAMICSOFTHEVEHICLEANDTHEDRIVERBEHAVIOURPLAYSAPARAMOUNTROLETHROUGHOUTTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFTHESIMULATIONATTHESAMETIME,DUETOTHEDESIREFORPERSONALMOBILITY,AUTOMOTIVECHASSISENHANCEMENTSYSTEMSAREINTRODUCEDINTOVEHICLESTHEYARETARGETINGONPROVIDINGSAFETY,STABILITYANDCOMFORT,ANDMINIMISINGTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSHOWEVER,ITISARGUEDTHATINSOMECASESTHESECHASSISENHANCEMENTSYSTEMSCANCAUSEMOREHARMTHANGOODIN9,SHARPPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEASSESSMENTOFDRIVERVEHICLEDYNAMICSQUALITIESINTHECONTEXTOFELECTRONICENHANCEDVEHICLESCONTAINSMANYSEPARATEQUALITYISSUESANDMANYDESIGNCONFLICTSTHISINVOLVESDRIVERVEHICLESPEEDCONTROLANDITSRELATIONSHIPWITHDIRECTIONAL/STEERINGCONTROL,WHICHHASONLYRECENTLYRECEIVEDATTENTIONADETAILEDREVIEWONAUTOMOTIVECHASSISENHANCEMENTSYSTEMSINHEAVYVEHICLES,PROVIDEDBYPALKOVICSANDFRIES8,INCLUDESSYSTEMSSUCHASANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEMABS,TRACTIONCONTROLSYSTEMTCS,REARAXLESTEERINGSYSTEMANDDYNAMICSTABILITYCONTROLSYSTEMITISSUGGESTEDTHATTHEDRIVERISKEPTINTHECONTROLLOOPASDRIVER’SINTENTIONISNECESSARYTOACTIVATETHESYSTEMSBYMAKINGAVEHICLEEASIERTOCONTROL,DRIVERSMAYBEENCOURAGEDTODRIVECLOSERTOTHEVEHICLELIMITS,THEREFOREAFFECTINGTHEINTENDEDSAFETYBENEFITSINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONS,ABASIC4DOFLONGITUDINAL,LATERAL,YAW,ROLLVEHICLEMODELANDADRIVERCONTROLMODELAREPRESENTEDTHEDRIVERMODELISDIRECTIONALLYSTRUCTUREDTOCONTROLVEHICLEHEADING/YAWANGLEANDLATERALPOSITION,ANDLONGITUDINALLYPERCEIVINGTHELONGITUDINALACCELERATIONERRORINSECTION4,DRIVERVEHICLEINTERACTIONISREVIEWEDTHESIMULATIONISTHENEMPLOYEDINSECTION5TOANALYSEMANOEUVRESINVOLVINGDOUBLELANECHANGEANDBRAKINGINTURN2VEHICLEMODELTHEVEHICLEISREPRESENTEDBYAFOURDEGREESOFFREEDOMMODEL4,FORTHELONGITUDINAL,LATERAL,YAWANDROLLMOTIONASSHOWNINFIG1,ALTHOUGHTHESUSPENSIONSARENOTINCLUDEDINTHEMODELLING,THEMODELUSESASIMPLIFIEDDESCRIPTIONOFBODYROLLASSUMINGAFIXEDROLLAXISDEFINEDBYTHEHEIGHTSOFTHEROLLCENTRESOFTHEFRONTANDREARAXLESOFTHEVEHICLEVEHICLEMODELPARAMETERSAREREPORTEDINTHEAPPENDIXTHEEQUATIONSOFMOTIONUSINGAXESFIXEDTOTHEVEHICLEBODYAREGIVENBY,ΔΔSINCOSYFFXFFXRFRVUM??ΔΔSINCOSXFFYFFYRFRUVM?SINCOSSINSINCOSΔΔΦΔΔYFFXFFXRFHYRFBXFFYFFAPXZIRZI??????????SINCOSCOSSINΔΔΦΦΦΦΦΦΦXFYFYRZRZFRFRFXZXFFFHFFHPCCKKRIPI??????1MOREDIFFICULTANDIMPRECISETHANTHEPERCEPTIONFORHORIZONTALCURVATURE31DIRECTIONAL/STEERINGCONTROLFORDRIVER’SVISUALFEEDBACK,ATWOLEVELPREVIEWANDCOMPENSATORYDRIVERSTEERINGMODELBASEDONTHECONTROLSTRATEGYPROPOSEDBYDONGES3ISPRESENTEDHERETHEDRIVEREXERTSSTEERINGCONTROLTOMAINTAINLANEPOSITIONTHROUGHPREVIEWCONTROL,ANDTOMANOEUVRETHEVEHICLEDURINGCURVENEGOTIATION,LANECHANGEOROBSTACLEAVOIDANCEUNPREDICTABLEROADDISTURBANCESCANRANDOMLYMOVETHEVEHICLEWITHINTHELANE,ANDTHEDRIVERMUSTCOUNTERACTTHESEDISTURBANCESWITHCOMPENSATORYCONTROLFORPREVIEWCONTROL,WEIRANDMCRUER12SUGGESTEDTHAT,SYSTEMSSTRUCTUREDTOCONTROLVEHICLEHEADING/YAWANGLEANDLATERALPOSITIONORPATHANGLEANDLATERALPOSITIONOFFERGOODCLOSEDLOOPCHARACTERISTICSTHEREFORE,ITISASSUMEDHERETHATTHEDRIVERDEVELOPSSTEERINGCORRECTIONSBASEDONPERCEIVEDHEADING/YAWANDLANEPOSITIONERRORSBYSETTINGAPREVIEWPOINTPONTHEVEHICLEFIXEDXAXIS,ASORTOFPREDICTIVEBEHAVIOURISINCORPORATEDINTOTHESYSTEMFIG2ILLUSTRATESDRIVER’SBEHAVIOURTHROUGHPATHPREVIEWACOMPOSITEHEADINGERROROFTHEPREVIEWPOINTRELATIVETOTHEDESIREDPATHATTHEPREVIEWPOINTISGIVENBY,/PPECLYΨΨΨ?6WHEREYEISTHELANEPOSITIONERROR,LPISTHEPREVIEWDISTANCE,ΨISTHEHEADINGANGLEANDPΨISTHEHEADINGANGLEBETWEENXAXISANDAPLINEINSTEADOFSEPARATELYPERCEIVINGBOTHHEADINGANDLANEPOSITIONERRORS,THEDRIVERNEEDSONLYTOPERCEIVETHEANGULARERRORCΨTOTHEPREVIEWPOINTDOWNTHEROADTHEPREVIEWDISTANCELPHEREISTHEPRODUCTOFVEHICLEFORWARDSPEEDANDPREVIEWTIMECONSTANTT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簡介：JOURNALOFMEMBRANESCIENCE178200025–34SEPARATIONOFBUTANEANDXYLENEISOMERSWITHMFITYPEZEOLITICMEMBRANESYNTHESIZEDBYAVAPORPHASETRANSPORTMETHODTAKAAKIMATSUFUJIA,NORIKAZUNISHIYAMAA,MASAHIKOMATSUKATAB,1,KOREKAZUUEYAMAA,?ADIVISIONOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,GRADUATESCHOOLOFENGINEERINGSCIENCE,OSAKAUNIVERSITY,13MACHIKANEYAMACHO,TOYONAKASHI,OSAKA5608531,JAPANBDEPARTMENTOFAPPLIEDCHEMISTRY,WASEDAUNIVERSITY,341OKUBO,SHINNJYUKUKU,TOKYO1698555,JAPANRECEIVED25OCTOBER1999RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM2MARCH2000ACCEPTED1MAY2000ABSTRACTMFITYPEZEOLITICMEMBRANESWEREPREPAREDBYAVAPORPHASETRANSPORTVPTMETHODONPOROUS?ALUMINAFLATDISKSSINGLEANDMIXEDGASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSOFBUTANEISOMERSWEREPERFORMEDINTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF300–375KTHESEPARATIONFACTORWASALWAYSGREATERTHANTHEIDEALSELECTIVITYTHISRESULTISEXPLAINEDBYTHEPREFERENTIALADSORPTIONOFNBUTANEONMFIINTHEBINARYSYSTEMTHEPERVAPORATIONTESTSFORXYLENEISOMERSWEREPERFORMEDAT303KPXYLENEWASTHEMOSTPERMEABLECOMPONENTINTHEUNARYSYSTEMINTHEPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSOFABINARYMIXTUREOFPXYLENE/MXYLENEANDATERNARYMIXTUREOFPXYLENE/MXYLENE/OXYLENE,PXYLENEPREDOMINANTLYPERMEATEDINTHEEARLYSTAGE,ANDTHEN,THEFLUXOFPXYLENEDECREASEDGRADUALLYANDFINALLYBECAMELOWERTHANTHATOFTHEOTHERXYLENEISOMERSTHEADSORPTIONOFMXYLENEINTHEPORESOFMFISEEMEDTOBLOCKTHEPERMEATIONOFPXYLENE?2000ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSZEOLITEMEMBRANEMFIGASSEPARATIONADSORPTIONPERVAPORATION1INTRODUCTIONINRECENTYEARS,ZEOLITICMEMBRANESHAVEBEENSYNTHESIZEDBYAHYDROTHERMALMETHOD1–21ANDAVAPORPHASETRANSPORTVPTMETHOD22–28SINCETHESIZEOFZEOLITEPORESISSIMILARTOTHEMOLECULARDIMENSION,BOTHSELECTIVEADSORPTIONANDMOLECULARSIEVINGPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHESEPARATIONOFHYDROCARBONMIXTURESINTERESTINGFEATURESONTHE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL81668506255FAX81668506255EMAILADDRESSESMMATSUMNWASEDAACJPMMATSUKATA,UEYAMACHENGESOSAKAUACJPKUEYAMA1TEL81352863850FAX81352863850SEPARATIONOFHYDROCARBONSUSINGZEOLITICMEMBRANESHAVEBEENREPORTED1–28SEPARATIONUSINGMFITYPEZEOLITICMEMBRANESWEREREPORTEDMOSTOFTENWITHRESPECTTOTHESEPARATIONOFLINEARANDBRANCHEDHYDROCARBONMIXTURESSUCHASNBUTANE/IBUTANE4,5,7,8,10–12ANDNHEXANE/2,2DIMETHYLBUTANE4,10,12MFIHASAFRAMEWORKSTRUCTURECOMPOSEDOFTWOTYPESOFINTERSECTINGCHANNELSWHICHAREBOTHDEFINEDBY10MEMBEREDRINGSMRSREPORTEDSEPARATIONFACTORSFORTHENBUTANE/IBUTANEANDNHEXANE/2,2DIMETHYLBUTANEMIXTURESWEREINTHERANGEOF20–60ANDOVER600,RESPECTIVELY,ATROOMTEMPERATUREINADDITIONTOTHESEPARATIONOFLINEARANDBRANCHEDHYDROCARBONMIXTURES,THESEPARATIONOFAROMATIC03767388/00/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2000ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0376738800004622TMATSUFUJIETAL/JOURNALOFMEMBRANESCIENCE178200025–3427FIG1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHEEXPERIMENTALAPPARATUSFORPERVAPORATION23PERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSEPOXYRESINWASUSEDASASEALANTBETWEENMEMBRANEANDAPPARATUSASPRETREATMENTFORPERMEATIONTESTS,WATERADSORBEDINTHEZEOLITICMEMBRANEWASREMOVEDBYEVACUATIONAT420KFOR2HBEFOREEACHPERMEATIONEXPERIMENT,THEMEMBRANEWASCALCINEDFOR4–10HAT773KTOREMOVEADSORBEDCOMPONENTSANDEPOXYRESIN231PERVAPORATIONINORDERTOEVALUATETHECOMPACTNESSOFTHEMFIMEMBRANES,THEPERVAPORATIONOF1,3,5TRIISOPROPYLBENZENETIPBWITHAKINETICDIAMETER085NMLARGERTHANTHEPOREDIMENSIONSOFMFI053NM056NM,051NM055NMWASCARRIEDOUTFOR25HAT303KTHEZEOLITICMEMBRANEWASATTACHEDATONEENDOFAGLASSTUBEWITHACROSSSECTIONALAREAOF05010?4M2LIQUIDTIPBWEREPOUREDINTHEGLASSTUBE,ASSHOWNINFIG1THEPERMEATIONSIDEWASFIG2SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFGASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSKEPTUNDERVACUUMTHEPERMEANTWASCONTINUOUSLYCOLLECTEDFOR25HINACOLDTRAPUSINGLIQUIDNITROGENANDANALYZEDBYAGASCHROMATOGRAPHEQUIPPEDWITHAFLAMEIONIZATIONDETECTORPERVAPORATIONOFXYLENEISOMERSWEREALSOPERFORMEDAT303KSINGLE,BINARYPXYLENE/MXYLENEANDTERNARYPXYLENE/MXYLENE/OXYLENECOMPONENTSOFXYLENEISOMERSWERETESTEDTHECOMPOSITIONSOFTHEFEEDMIXTUREWEREDETERMINEDBYTHEGASCHROMATOGRAPH232GASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSGASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSWEREPERFORMEDUSINGAPRESSUREGRADIENTPGMETHODTHEPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSWEREOPERATEDINABATCHWISEMANNER,ASSHOWNINFIG2INTHEPGMETHOD,THETOTALPRESSUREOFTHEFEEDSIDEWASMONITOREDUSINGTHEPRESSURETRANSMITTERDURINGTHEPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTTHEPERMEATIONSIDEWASEVACUATEDTOLESSTHAN50PATHISCONDITIONISREFERREDTOASVACUUMSINGLEGASPERMEATIONTESTSFORHE,N2,NBUTANE,IBUTANEANDSF6WEREPERFORMEDINTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF300–375KTHEPERMEANCESOFTHESEGASESATATMOSPHERICPRESSUREWEREDETERMINEDBYUSINGTHERATEOFPRESSUREDECREASEOFTHEFEEDSIDEFROM105TO95KPAIDEALSELECTIVITYWASCALCULATEDFROMTHERATIOOFPERMEANCESMIXEDGASPERMEATIONMEASUREMENTSOFBUTANEISOMERSMIXTUREWEREPERFORMEDINTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF300–375KTHEINITIALFEEDGASANDFINALFEEDGASWEREANALYZEDWITHAGASCHROMATOGRAPHOHKURA,MODEL802WITHATCDETECTORANDAPACKED

簡介：ORIGINALARTICLEOPTIMALMACHINETOOLSPINDLEDRIVEGEARBOXDESIGNDRSALGADOFJALONSORECEIVED4AUGUST2006/ACCEPTED23MARCH2007/PUBLISHEDONLINE4MAY2007SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITED2007ABSTRACTMANYMACHINETOOLSAREEQUIPPEDWITHAMOTORGEARBOXTOEXTENDTHECONSTANTPOWERRANGEOFTHEMACHINETOOLSPINDLEDRIVEMOTORATLOWSPEEDSCURRENTLY,INTHELATESTSPINDLEDRIVEMOTORTECHNOLOGY,THEGEARBOXESAREINTEGRATEDINLINEBETWEENTHEWATERCOOLEDMOTORANDTHESPINDLEINSIDETHEMACHINETOOL’SRAMTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFASPINDLEGEARBOXDEPENDSDIRECTLYUPONITSCONSTRUCTIONALSOLUTION,ANDONTHEKINETICENERGYCORRESPONDINGTOTHISSOLUTIONINTHISWORK,SPINDLEGEARBOXESAREOPTIMIZEDTAKINGTHISDESIGNFACTORINTOACCOUNTINTHEAUTHORS’OPINION,THERESULTSCOULDBEOFGREATINTERESTFORSPINDLEDRIVEGEARBOXMANUFACTURERSKEYWORDSSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNOPTIMALDESIGNMINIMUMKINETICENERGYOPTIMIZATIONNOMENCLATUREΣHHERTZCONTACTSTRESSΣFBENDINGSTRESSΣHPALLOWABLEHERTZCONTACTSTRESSΣFPALLOWABLEBENDINGSTRESSΣHONOMINALHERTZCONTACTSTRESSΣFONOMINALBENDINGSTRESSΣHLIMMAXIMUMALLOWEDHERTZCONTACTSTRESSΣFLIMMAXIMUMALLOWEDBENDINGSTRESSΑPRESSUREANGLEFTTANGENTIALGEARFORCEBFACEWIDTHΒHELIXANGLEDPITCHDIAMETERMMODULEKAAPPLICATIONFACTORKHATRANSLOADSHARINGFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEKHBLONGLOADSHARINGFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEKFATRANSLOADSHARINGFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHKFBLONGLOADSHARINGFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYFAFORMFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYNTLIFEFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYRRELTRELATIVERUGOSITYFACTORYSASTRESSCONCENTRATIONFACTORYSTSTRESSCONCENTRATIONFACTORYXSIZEFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYDRELTNOTCHRELATIVESENSITIVITYFACTORY“CONTACTRATIOFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHYBHELIXANGLEFACTORFORBENDINGSTRENGTHZEMATERIALFACTORZHGEOMETRYFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZLVISCOSITYFACTORZNLIFEFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZRRUGOSITYFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZVVELOCITYFACTORZWHARDNESSRATIOFACTORZXSIZEFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZBHELIXANGLEFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEZ“CONTACTRATIOFACTORFORPITTINGRESISTANCEKVDYNAMICFACTORNPNUMBEROFPLANETGEARSKEKINETICENERGYOFPLANETARYSYSTEMΩIANGULARSPEEDOFGEARIINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200837851–860DOI101007/S0017000710286DRSALGADODEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSANDELECTROMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFEXTREMADURA,STATERESADEJORNET38,06800MéRIDA,SPAINEMAILDRSUNEXESFJALONSODEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSANDELECTROMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFEXTREMADURA,AVDAELVASS/N,06071BADAJOZ,SPAINRATIOSINPARTICULAR,THETWOSPINDLEGEARBOXCONFIGURATIONSUSEDBYMANUFACTURERSARESTUDIEDFORALLTHEMARKETEDRANGEOFPOWERSANDSPEEDRATIOS,ANDTHEOPTIMALDESIGNSOFTHESECONFIGURATIONSAREGIVENANDCOMPAREDFORALLTHATRANGE2CONSIDERATIONSONTHEDESIGNOFSPINDLEDRIVEGEARBOXESINTHISSECTIONWEEXPLAINSOMEIMPORTANTCONSIDERATIONSTHATMUSTBETAKENINTOACCOUNTFORSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNTHEMEMBERSOFPGTSAREOFTHREETYPES,DEPENDINGONTHEIRMOVEMENTSANDLINKSWITHOTHERMEMBERSINTHEPRESENTWORK,THEYWILLBECALLEDSUNS,ARMS,ANDPLANETSTWODIFFERENTPGTCONFIGURATIONSAREUSEDBYSPINDLEGEARBOXMANUFACTURERSTHEYARESHOWNINFIG2AANDBINTHESEFIGURES,MEMBERS1AND2ARETHESUNS,3ISTHEARM,AND4AND4′ARETHEPLANETS21ECONOMICANDOPERATINGCONSIDERATIONSTHESPINDLEGEARBOXCONFIGURATIONOFFIG2BHASTHEADVANTAGEOFBEINGMOREINTERESTINGECONOMICALLY,SINCEITDOESNOTINCLUDEARINGGEARTHEREASONISTHATSPINDLEGEARBOXGEARSMUSTBEHARDENED,TEMPERED,ANDGROUNDTOAVOIDHIGHHEATING,ANDAGROUNDRINGGEARISMOREEXPENSIVETHANANONGROUNDRINGGEARALSO,IFTHERINGGEARISNOTGROUND,HEATBUILDUPWILLOCCURMOREQUICKLY,ANDTHISHEATINGLIMITSANDREDUCESTHEINPUTSPEEDANDTORQUE22EFFICIENCYCONSIDERATIONSANOTHERINTERESTINGCONSIDERATIONINSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNISTHATITISPOSSIBLETOPROVETHATTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEREDUCERSBASEDONTHESETWOPGTCONFIGURATIONSISGREATERIFTHEYAREDESIGNEDWITHTHEINPUTBEINGTHESUNMEMBERTHISISWHYALLSPINDLEGEARBOXESAREDESIGNEDASREDUCERPGTSWITHTHESUNMEMBER1ASINPUTANDTHEARMMEMBER3ASOUTPUT,ASSHOWNINFIG2AANDB23PLANETMEMBERCONSIDERATIONSINSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGN,ITISQUITEIMPORTANTTOCHOOSEANOPTIMALNUMBEROFPLANETSFORTHEREQUIREDPOWERANDSPEEDRATIOINTHISCONTEXT,THENUMBEROFPLANETMEMBERSINAPGTNPISTHENUMBEROFTHESEMEMBERSTHATAREARRANGEDAROUNDTHEPGT’SPRINCIPALAXISFOREXAMPLE,THECOMMERCIALSPINDLEGEARBOXSHOWNINFIG2CHASTWOPLANETMEMBERS,IE,NP2THISNUMBERMUSTBEASSMALLASPOSSIBLETOREDUCETHEWEIGHTANDTHEKINETICENERGYOFTHETRANSMISSION,WHILEENSURINGAGOODDISTRIBUTIONOFTHELOADTOEACHOFTHEPLANETGEARSTHISNUMBERCANBETWO,THREE,FOUR,OREVENMORE,DEPENDINGONTHEAPPLICATIONWHICHEVERTHECASE,THEPLANETSMUSTALWAYSBEARRANGEDCONCENTRICALLYAROUNDTHEPGT’SPRINCIPALAXISTOBALANCETHEMASSDISTRIBUTION3THEFORMULATIONOFCONSTRAINTSINSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNTHISSECTIONDESCRIBESTHECONSTRAINTSINSPINDLEGEARBOXDESIGNTHEYAREGROUPEDINTOTHREESETS,ACCORDINGTOTHETYPEOFCONSTRAINTTHESEARE–CONSTRAINTSINVOLVINGGEARSIZEANDGEOMETRY–PLANETARYGEARTRAINMESHINGREQUIREMENTS–CONTACTANDBENDINGSTRESSES31CONSTRAINTSINVOLVINGGEARSIZEANDGEOMETRYTHEFIRSTCONSTRAINTISAPRACTICALLIMITATIONINTHERANGEOFACCEPTABLEFACEWIDTHSBTHISCONSTRAINTISASFOLLOWS9M?B?MD1TWHEREMISTHEMODULEINPUTMEMBEROUTPUTMEMBERINPUTMEMBEROUTPUTMEMBERABCFIG2A,B,CONSTRUCTIONALSOLUTIONSOFTHEPGTSUSEDTOEXTENDTHECONSTANTPOWERRANGECANEXAMPLEOFSPINDLEGEARBOXBASEDONTHEPGTOFFIG2BINTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200837851–860853

簡介：VOL20NO1JOURNALOFWUHANUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYMATERIEDMAR2005INFLUENCESOFANEWADMIXTUREMXONCONCRETEDURABILITYMABAOGUODONGRONGZHENZHUHONGBOZHANGLIZHONGKAIHONGHEXINGYANGLIZONGJINKEYLABORATORYOFSILICATEMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,MINISTRYOFEDUCATION,WUHANUNIVERSITYOFTEDMOTOGY,WUHAN430070,CHINAABSTRACTTHEPEOCOMMNCEOFCONCRETE,WITHANEWADMIXTUREMXWASSTUDIEDBYUSINGTHEFREEZETHAWCYCLE,PERMEABILITYANDCHEMICALATTACKTESTTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATMXINZPROVASTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEWITHINTHEOPTIMUMPROPORTIONRANGESFIOMO1TO1,THECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFCONCRETEAFTERFREEZE,THAWISINCREASEDT9“2050,ANDYOUNGSMODULUSCANBEINCREASEDBY376564TIMESTHE,STRENGTHANDWEIGHT/O,GSOFCONCRETEWITHO4MXARERESPECTIVELYDECREUSEDBY28AND60AFTERHYDROCH/OR/CAC/DATTACKTHESTRENGTHANDWEIGHTLO,GSOFCONCRETEWITHO4MXAREDECREASEDT9“520QFTERSULFURICACIDANDSODIUMSULFATEATTACKTHEPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEWHH1MXAT28DAYSCANBEDECREASEDBYMORETHAN30THEIME,STIGATIONOFTHENEGATIVETEMPERATUREPROPERTYOFMXANDANALYSISONCONCRETECOMPOSITIONANDMICROSTRUCTUREBYMIPREEALTHATTHEHEATCONDUCTUMISRESISTEDANDTHEFREEZINGPROCEDUREOFSOLUTIONINCONCRETEPOREISRETARDEDDUETOTHEADDINGOFMXMOREWER,THEPORESTRUCTUREOFCONCRETE,WITHMXISIMPROVED,THUSIMPRWINGTHEDURABILITY13AEDONTHISSTUD,ARESISTANTVNUMELOFMXTOBLOCKTHEHEATANDMATRANSFERENCEWASPROPOSED,ANDTHEMECHANISMOFDURABILITYIMPROTEMENTOFCONCRETEWITHMXUEXPLAINEDKEYWORDSMXDURABILITYADMIXTURERATIOOFSTRENGTH/OSSNEGATIVE,TEMPERATUREPROPERTY1INTRODUCTIONNOWPEOPLEPAYMOREATTENTIONTOTHESTUDYONTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEINSEVEREENVIRONMENTALOTOFNEWADMIXTURWITHDIFFERENTFUNCTIONS,MEETINGTHEREQUIREMENTFORDURABILITYINDIFFERENTENVIRONMENT,HAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSUCCESSFULLY2BUTTHESENEWADMIXTURESONLYAIMEDATSOMESPECIALDURABILITYOFCONCRETESOTHEIRAPPLICATIONSINENGINEERINGARELIMITEDITISSIGNIFICANTTODEVELOPANEWCHEMICALADMIXTUREWITHLOWERCOSTANDHIGHPERFORMANCEIMPROVINGTHECOMPREHENSIVEDURABILITYOFCONCRETE,ESPECIALLYFORWESTERNDEVELOPMENTANDQINGHAIXIZANGRAILWAYCONSTRUCTIONOFCHINA31STUDIESONTHEANCIENTBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURESSUCHASNANJINGANDHEZHOUANCIENTWALL,DALIANANCIENTBATTERY,FUJIANANCIENTREDSOILFORTIFIEDVILLAGES,SHOWTHATTUNGOIL,POLISHEDGLUTINOUSRICEFLUIDANDCARAMBOLAVINELIQUIDADDEDTOLIMESANDMORTARCANINCREASETHEDURABILITYOFANCIENTBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES41ACCORDINGTOTHESUCCESSFULEXPERIENCEINANCIENTNATURALPLANTAPPLICATIONANDPRESENTTHEORETICALKNOWLEDGEONRESINCONCRETEANDORGANICINORGANICCEMENTBASEDCOMPOSITE51,REPEATEDSHIFTINGONVARIOUSNATURALPLANTRESINWASCARRIEDOUTANDANEWKINDOFADMIXTUREMXFORCONCRETEDURABILITYWASPREPAREDBYMEANSOFALKALIRESOLUTIONMETHODANDHYDROTHERMALSYNTHESIS6MXISAKINDOFSOLUBLERESINITISASTICKYYELLOWLIQUIDITSDENSITYIS107,SURFACETENSIONIS6X104N/CITISANONAIRENTRAININGADMIXTURELLECEIVELAPR20,2004ACCEPTEDOCT23,2004MABAOGUO/4J/PROFEMAILMBGJOB163CORNFUMEDBYTHENATIONAL“973“PROJECT20OLCB6107043WITHWATERREDUCTIONWATERREDUCTION67THECHARACTERISTICSOFDURABILITYENHANCERMXWERESTUDIEDINTHISPAPERBYUSINGFREEZETHAWRESISTANCE,IMPERMEABILITY,CHEMICALATTACKRESISTANCE,XRDANDMIP2EXPERIMENTALRAWMATERI,DSFOREXPERIMENTISLISTEDASFOLLOWSCEMENTASTMTYPE1FROMHONGKONGANDFROMHUAXINCEMENTCOITSPHYSICALPROPERTIESARELISTEDASFOLLOWSRELATIVEDENSITY315,310SPECIFICSURFACE385M2/KG,350M2/KGFINEAGGREGATECRUSHEDLIMESTONEMAXPARTICLESIZELOMMCRUSHINGVALUE9RELATIVEDENSITY257WATERTAPWATERINORDERTOSHOWTHEOBVIOUSINFLUENCEOFMXONCONCRETEDURABILITY,ESSENTIALCEMENT/WATERRATIOOF06ISUSEDINORDERTOMAKESALTCRYSTALLIZATIONEASILYFORMCRYSTALLIZINGSTRESSINSIDECONCRETE,CEMENT/WATERRATIOOFO4ISUSEDFORCHEMICALATTACKEXPERIMENTTHEMIXEDRATIOOFCONCRETEISSHOWNINTABLE13RESULTS31FREEZERESISTANCETHEFREEZERESISTANCEOFCONCRETEWASSTUDIEDACCORDINGTOASTMC666FREEZETHAWCYCLESYSTEMIS4HOURSAT2025HOURSINWATERAT20CEXPERIMENTMETHODSCONCRETESPECIMENSWEREMADEANDCUREDINSATURATEDLIMEWATERFOR28DAYSTHREEOFTHEMWEREPLACEDINTOANINTELLIGENTFREEZETHAWCYCLEMACHINEFORFREEZETHAWEXPERIMENTTHEOTHERTHREEOFTHEMWEREPLACEDINAIRFORCOMPARISONEXPERIMENTTHECORNVOL20NO1MABAOGUOETALINFLUENCESOFANEWADMIXTUREMXONCONCRETEDURABILITY119TABLE3WATERPERMEABILITYOFSPECIMENSWITH/WITHOUTMXREDUCTIONRATENODEPTHOFPERMEABILITY/RAMAVERAGE/RAMIFDEPTH/D1283030291342119202030EXPERIMENTRESULTSARESHOWNINTABLE3ITCANBESEENFROMTABLE3THATTHEPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEISREDUCEDBY30ANDTHEIMPERMEABILITYISOBVIOUSLYIMPROVEDDUETOTHEADDITIONOF05MXSOMXCANIMPROVETHEIMPERMEABILITYOFCONCRETEITISHARDFORWATERSOLUTIONWITHVARIOUSATTACKIONSTOENTERTHECONCRETEWITHMXANDHARDLYFORCHEMICALATTACKTOOCCUR4DISCUSSION41NEGATIVETEMPERATUREPROPERTYTHEFREEZETHAWDAMAGETOCONCRETEISMAINLYCAUSEDBYTHESOLUTIONEXPANSIONINSIDECONCRETECAVITYANDPERMEABILITYPRESSUREOFOVERCOLDWATERTRANSFERENCEINCEMENTITIOUSGELPORETHEFREEZINGPOINTANDTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTYOFSOLUTIONINSIDECONCRETECAVITYHAVEASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONTHEFREEZINGRESISTANCEOFCONCRETEMXCANIMPROVETHEFREEZINGRESISTANCETHEFREEZTHERMOMETER“,THERMOMET25“MX5FLASK46MLCOVERJ20LII2I15SAMPLESOLUTIONICCACETONCSALR“PRMIXTURECICUPA/AOOOML/LOIFIG3SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHETESTSETUPINGPOINTOFMXSOLUTIONANDTHETEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTYOFMXSOLUTIONATLOWTEMPERATUREAREINVESTIGATEDINTHISPAPERTHEDEVICEISSHOWNINFIG3INORDERTOKEEPTHETEMPERATURECONSTANT,ICE,ACETONEANDSODITUNCHLORIDEMIXTUREAREUSEDASNEGATIVETEMPERATUREMEDIUMSOLUTIONTHEFREEZINGPOINTTEMPERATUREOFTHISSOLUTIONIS114WHENTHEICEEXISTS,THENEGATIVETEMPERATUREOF114CCANBEKEPTCONSTANTSODURINGTHEPROCEDUREOFTEST,THEICESHOULDBEKEPTENOUGHTOMAKETHETEMPERATURECONSTANTTHESAMPLESOLUTIONISSEALEDINTOTHETESTTUBEANDTHEINITIALTEMPERATUREISRECORDEDTHENTHETESTTUBEISPUTINTHENEGATIVETEMPERATUREENVIRONMENTAPRECISETHERMOMETERANDASTOPWATCHAREUSEDTOMONITORTHEVARIATIONOFTEMPERATUREWITHTIMETHEOTHERTHERMOMETERISUSEDTOMONITORWHETHERTHETEMPERATUREOFNEGATIVETEMPERATUREMEDIUMISCONSTANTORNOTTHEFREEZINGPOINTANDTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTYOF5MXSOLUTION,2MXSOLUTION,05MXSOLUTION,5NAC1SOLUTIONANDDISTILLEDWATERARETESTEDINTHEEXPERIMENT,RESPECTIVELYTHEEXPERIMENTRESULTSARESHOWNINFIG4ANDFIG55DISTILLEDWATERNAC1SOLUTION50300600900TIME/SFIG4THETWOTESTRESULTSFOREACHOFTHETHREEGROUPSOFSPECIMENSOLUTION252015LO55100MX5NOTETHEENCOMPASSINGLEEACETONEBRINE\MIXTUREISKEPTATATEMPERATUREOF114“12,DISTILLEDWATER\EPOINTFORDISTILLEDWATERNACIS01ULIO5300600900TIME/SFIG5TEMPERATUREDEPRESSIONCURVESOFTHESOLUTIONITISKNOWNFROMFIG4THATTHETEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTYCANREALLYREFLECTTHEACTUALPROPERTYOFSOLUTIONATNEGATIVETEMPERATUREITISSHOWNFROMFIG5THATTHETEMPERATUREOFMXSOLUTIONREDUCESMORESLOWLYTHANTHATOF5NAC1SOLUTIONANDDISTILLEDWATERWITHTHEINCREASEOFCONCENTRATIONOFSOLUTION,THEEFFECTOFTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONRESISTANCEISMOREEVIDENTATTHEONEHUNDREDFIFTIETHSECOND,THETEMPERATUREOF5MXSOLUTIONIS14C,ANDTHETEMPERATUREOFNAC1SOLUTIONISREDUCEDTO21ANDTHETEMPERATUREOFDISTILLEDWATERIS2INVIEWOFTHIS,MXCANRESISTHEATCONDUCTION,PROLONGTHEPROCEDUREOFTEMPERATUREREDUCTION,ANDDELAYTHEFREEZINGTIMEOFSOLUTIONITISGOODFORSOLUTIONINCONCRETECAVITYTRANSFERRINGTOTHEUNFILLEDSPACEINSIDECONCRETE,THUSLOWERINGTHEDAMAGETOCONCRETEDUETOFREEZINGOFSOLUTIONINCAVITY42COMPOSITIONANDMICROSTRUCTUREANALYSISTHEPROPERTYOFMATERIALSDEPENDSONTHEMATERIALSTRUCTUREFORCEMENTPRODUCTS,THEPOROSITYANDPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONARETHEMAINSTRUCTURECHARACTERISTICSANDINFLUENCETHEPHYSICALPROPERTYOFCONCRETEGREATLYIFTHEQUANTITYOFPORESOVER100RAMISREDUCED,THEDURABILITYOFCONCRETECANBEIMPROVEDGREATLYIT“SJINORDERTOANALYZETHEDURABILITYMECHANISMOFCONCRETEWITHMX,PORESTRUCTURESOFCONCRETEDIANDD4WERETESTEDTHERESULTSARESHOWNINFIG6ANDFIG7ITCANBESEENTHATTHEPORESTRUCTUREOFCONCRETEWITH1MXISOBVIOUSLYDIFFERENTFROMTHATOFCONCRETEWITHOUTMXFORCONCRETEWITHMX,PORESWITHPORESIZEBETWEEN0LTMAND10TMAREOBVIOUSLYREDUCED,WHILEPORESWITHPORESIZEBETWEENLO0LMAND400IMHAVENOANYCHANGEANALYTICALRESULTSINDICATETHATMXCANIMPROVEPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFCONCRETE,REDUCETHEQUANTITYOFCAVITYTHEREACTIONFIELDISREDUCEDANDTHETRANSFERENCEOFATTACKMEDIUMTOINNERCONCRETEISRESISTEDDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFMXONTHEPORESTRUCTURE,ANDTHENTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEISINCREASEDACCOITINGLY

簡介：ORIGINALARTICLEEVOLUTIONARYPROGRAMMINGOFACNCCUTTINGMACHINERECEIVED26MARCH2002/ACCEPTED17JUNE2002/PUBLISHEDONLINE19MARCH2003?SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITED2003ABSTRACTTHESCOPEOFTHEPAPERISTOCONSTRUCTANAUTONOMOUS,INTELLIGENTCAD/CAMPROGRAMMINGSYSTEMFORTHECUTTINGDEVICECONTROLLERFORINSTANCEACNCLASERCUTTINGMACHINETOOLBASEDONEVOLUTIONARYMETHODSTHECNCCUTTINGDEVICESHOULDBEABLETOOPTIMISEPATHSAUTONOMOUSLYBETWEENCUTTINGTRAJECTORIES,DETERMINEDBYTHEPRODUCT’SCADMODELANEVOLUTIONARYGAWASUSEDFORTHISPURPOSEKEYWORDSGENETICALGORITH?CNCLASERCUTTING?PATHPLANNINGRELATEDWORKONAUTOMATICPROGRAMMINGOFCNCMACHINESCONVENTIONALLYCAMSYSTEMSFORPROGRAMMINGOFCNCMACHINETOOLSAREWELLKNOWNANDCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLEINRECENTYEARSAUTOMATICCNCPROGRAMMINGSYSTEMSHAVEBEENAPPLIEDMOREANDMOREINTOOLSHOPSTHEREARESEVERALSYSTEMSREPORTEDINTHELITERATURETHELITERATURE1DESCRIBESANUMERICALCONTROLLERWHICHCONTAINSAPROGRAMMINGDEVICETOCONSTRUCTALEARNINGPROCESSINGPROGRAMWHICHISCOMBINEDWITHTHEENTEREDPROGRAMINORDERTOPRODUCETHERESULTINGCNCPROGRAMOFTHEWORKPIECETHISSYSTEMUSESANEWMETHODFORLEARNINGAPROCESSINGPROGRAMANDENABLINGTHEMACHINEOPERATORTOSELECTTHELEARNINGMODEANDCHANGETHECNCPROGRAMTHELITERATURE2DESCRIBESATOOLPATHDATAGENERATIONAPPARATUSWHICHCANSPEEDILYANDSECURELYGENERATETHETOOLPATHDATAONTHEBASISOFCADDATATHETOOLPATHDATAGENERATIONINCLUDESAFEATUREDATAEXTRACTORTOEXTRACTFEATURESINRELATIONTOACADMODELOFAWORKPIECE,THETOOLCUTTINGDATAFORSELECTINGACUTTINGMODE,THECUTTINGMETHODTOSETANOPTIMALCUTTINGMETHODANDATOOLPATHDATAGENERATORANOPERATORDOESNOTHAVETOINPUTANYDATAFORGENERATINGTOOLPATHDATATOOLPATHDATACANTHEREFOREBEGENERATEDAUTOMATICALLYANDSPEEDILYTHEDIALOGORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGSYSTEMDESCRIBEDIN3ISUSEDFORPROGRAMGENERATIONOFACNCMACHINEALLTHEACTIONSAREINITIATEDBYTHEDIALOGBETWEENOPERATORANDCNCUNIT,WHICHHASTHEABILITYTOPROCESSPROGRAMINPUTANDDOWNLOADITTOTHECNCUNITTHECONCEPTOFTHEDISTRIBUTEDNETWORKMANUFACTURINGMODEISOUTLINEDIN4THISRESEARCHISCONCENTRATEDONENHANCINGTHEINTELLIGENCEOFCONVENTIONALNCMACHINETOOLSANDTHEIRABILITYTOCOMMUNICATEWITHTHEOUTSIDEWORLDANDCOORDINATETHEWORKTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFTHEDISTRIBUTEDNETWORKMANUFACTURINGPROTOTYPESYSTEMSHOWSTHATTHESYSTEMISINTELLIGENTANDITENHANCESTHEABILITYOFACONVENTIONALNCMILLINGMACHINETOIMPROVEITSEFFICIENCYANDQUALITYANDPROTECTTHECUTTINGTOOLASYSTEMANDMETHODFORCREATINGVARYINGCHARACTERISTICPRODUCTSFROMANAUTOMATEDPRODUCTIONLINEISPRESENTEDIN5THEPRESENTSYSTEMINCLUDESANAUTOMATEDLASERCUTTINGDEVICETHEMETHODCOMPRISESPROGRAMMINGTHELASERCUTTERWITHAPARAMETRICCOMPUTERPROGRAMTORECEIVETHEDATAFILETHEMETHODMAYALSOINVOLVEANAUTOMATICPOWERSOURCEFORTHELASERCUTTERUPONRECEIPTOFTHEDATAFILEIN6ANNCFEATUREUNITISPROPOSEDINORDERTOGENERATETOOLPATHDATAINREALTIMEANDISIMPLEMENTEDIN25DPROFILE/POCKETAND3DSURFACEMILLINGOPERATIONSASPECTSALLSYSTEMSHAVEINCOMMONARETHATTHEYARENOTINTELLIGENTANDITISNOTPOSSIBLETOGENERATEACNCPROGRAMFORUNKNOWNPARTSWORKPIECESTHELEARNINGABILITYOFTHESYSTEMSISNOTPRESENTEDACONCEPTOFBIOLOGICALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSBMSTHATISBASEDONBIOLOGICALLYINSPIREDIDEASOFSELFORGANIZATION,EVOLUTIONANDLEARNINGISDISCUSSEDIN7INTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200322118–124DOI101007/S0017000214508MKOVACIC?JBALICMKOVACIC?JBALICFACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,LABORATORYFORINTELLIGENTMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMS,UNIVERSITYOFMARIBOR,SMETANOVAULICA17,2000MARIBOR,SLOVENIAEMAILJOZEBALICUNIMBSIIETHEYAREBETTERADAPTEDTOTHEENVIRONMENTASELECTIVEOPERATIONASSURESTHESURVIVALOFTHEFITTERINDIVIDUALSINTHEPOPULATIONANDTHEYADVANCEUNCHANGEDINTOTHENEXTITERATION,ALSOCALLEDTHENEXTGENERATIONTHEVARIABLEOPERATIONAFFECTSONEORMOREPARENTALORGANISMS,WHICHCREATETHEIROFFSPRINGAFTERCOMPLETIONOFSELECTIONANDVARIATIONANEWGENERATIONISOBTAINEDANDEVALUATEDTHEPROCESSISREPEATEDUNTILTHETERMINATIONCRITERIONOFTHEPROCESSISFULFILLEDTHISCANBEAPRESCRIBEDNUMBEROFGENERATIONSORASUFFICIENTQUALITYOFSOLUTIONSGENETICALGORITHMSSINCETHEIRINTRODUCTIONBYJHOLLAND10THEUSEOFGENETICALGORITHMSHASSPREADTOALMOSTALLAREASOFRESEARCH11,13APOPULATIONCONSISTSOFORGANISMSORGANISMSAREPOINTSINTHESPACEOFTHESOLUTIONSANORGANISMHASCOORDINATESTHATARECALLEDGENESFIG4ITISACHARACTERISTICOFACONVENTIONALGATHATORGANISMSREPRESENTCODEDVALUESOFVARIABLESPARAMETERSOFTHEMATHEMATICALMODELCOSTFUNCTIONTHEMOSTWIDESPREADMETHODISTOCODEVARIABLESINTOFIXEDLENGTHBINARYSTRINGSTHELENGTHOFORGANISMSISDETERMINEDWITHTHERESPECTTOTHESIZEOFTHEINTERVALWITHWHICHTHESOLUTIONISSEARCHEDFORANDWITHRESPECTTOTHEDESIREDRESOLUTIONOFTHEVARIABLESTHEBINARYREPRESENTATIONOFTHEORGANISMISCALLEDGENOTYPEANDTHEACTUALVALUEOFTHEORGANISMISCALLEDAPHENOTYPEFIG4THEEVALUATIONOFORGANISMSISTHEDRIVINGFORCEINTHEEVOLUTIONARYPROCESSTHEQUALITYOFTHEINDIVIDUALORGANISMISDETERMINEDONTHEBASISOFITSABILITYTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMAHIGHERPROBABILITYOFCOOPERATINGINBASICOPERATIONSOFTHECONVENTIONALGAEGREPRODUCTION,CROSSOVER,ANDMUTATIONISPRESCRIBEDTOORGANISMSSOLUTIONSOFHIGHERQUALITYTHUS,THEFITTERORGANISMSTRANSFERTHEIRGENETICMATERIALMOREFREQUENTLYINTOTHENEXTGENERATION,WHEREASLESSFITORGANISMSSLOWLYDIEAWAYFROMTHEPOPULATIONLETUSLOOKATTHEBASICGENETICOPERATIONSTHEREPRODUCTIONOPERATIONFIG5GIVESAHIGHERPROBABILITYOFSELECTIONTOORGANISMSOFHIGHERQUALITYTHEYARECOPIEDUNCHANGEDINTOTHENEXTGENERATIONTHECROSSOVEROPERATIONFIG6ENSURESTHEEXCHANGEOFGENETICMATERIALBETWEENORGANISMSFROMTWOPARENTALORGANISMS,TWOOFFSPRINGORGANISMSRESULTATTHELEVELOFAGENOTYPEMUTATIONFIG7ATTHELEVELOFTHEGENOTYPERANDOMLYINTRODUCESNEWGENETICMATERIALINTOORGANISMSTHEEVOLUTIONARYDEVELOPMENTOFORGANISMSUSUALLYLEADSTOBETTERANDBETTERSOLUTIONSINTHELITERATUREITISPOSSIBLETOFINDMANYVARIANTSOFTHECONVENTIONALGATHATAREADAPTEDTOTHESPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEOPTIMISATIONPROBLEMDEALTWITHTHEVARIANTSDIFFERPARTICULARLYINTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEORGANISMSANDTHEUSEOFADDITIONALORMODIFIEDGENETICOPERATIONS9,12,13EVOLUTIONISTERMINATEDWHENATERMINATIONCRITERIONISFULFILLEDTHISCANBEAPRESCRIBEDNUMBEROFGENERATIONSORASUFFICIENTQUALITYOFTHESOLUTIONSINCEEVOLUTIONISANONDETERMINISTICPROCESS,ITDOESNOTENDWITHASUCCESSFULSOLUTIONINEACHRUNINORDERTOOBTAINASUCCESSFULSOLUTION,THEPROBLEMMUSTBEPROCESSEDINSEVERALINDEPENDENTRUNSTHENUMBEROFRUNSREQUIREDFORTHESATISFACTORYSOLUTIONDEPENDSONTHEDIFFICULTYOFTHEPROBLEMEVOLUTIONARYPROGRAMMEDLASERCUTTINGPROBLEMSTATEMENTTHEEVOLUTIONARYSUPPORTEDLASERCUTTINGPROGRAMMINGPROBLEMISTOOBTAINANOPTIMALCUTTINGPATHBETWEENDETERMINEDCUTTINGTRAJECTORIESFIG3EVOLUTIONARYALGORITHMINPSEUDOCODEFIG4GENETICALGORITHMPOPULATION120

簡介：AUTOMATICDEFLECTIONANDTEMPERATUREMONITORINGOFABALANCEDCANTILEVERCONCRETEBRIDGEBYOLIVIERBURDET,PHDSWISSFEDERALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,LAUSANNE,SWITZERLANDINSTITUTEOFREINFORCEDANDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETESUMMARYTHEREISANEEDFORRELIABLEMONITORINGSYSTEMSTOFOLLOWTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEBEHAVIOROFSTRUCTURESOVERTIMEDEFLECTIONSANDROTATIONSAREVALUESTHATREFLECTTHEOVERALLSTRUCTUREBEHAVIORTHISPAPERPRESENTSANINNOVATIVEAPPROACHTOTHEMEASUREMENTOFLONGTERMDEFORMATIONSOFBRIDGESBYUSEOFINCLINOMETERSHIGHPRECISIONELECTRONICINCLINOMETERSCANBEUSEDTOFOLLOWEFFECTIVELYLONGTERMROTATIONSWITHOUTDISRUPTIONOFTHETRAFFICINADDITIONTOTHEIRACCURACY,THESEINSTRUMENTSHAVEPROVENTOBESUFFICIENTLYSTABLEOVERTIMEANDRELIABLEFORFIELDCONDITIONSTHEMENTUEBRIDGESARETWIN565MLONGBOXGIRDERPOSTTENSIONEDCONCRETEHIGHWAYBRIDGESUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINSWITZERLANDTHEBRIDGESAREBUILTBYTHEBALANCEDCANTILEVERMETHODOVERADEEPVALLEYTHEPIERSARE100MHIGHANDTHEMAINSPANIS150MACENTRALIZEDDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMWASINSTALLEDINONEBRIDGEDURINGITSCONSTRUCTIONIN1997EVERYMINUTE,THESYSTEMRECORDSTHEROTATIONANDTEMPERATUREATANUMBEROFMEASURINGPOINTSTHESIMULTANEOUSMEASUREMENTOFROTATIONSANDCONCRETETEMPERATUREATSEVERALLOCATIONSGIVESACLEARIDEAOFTHEMOVEMENTSINDUCEDBYTHERMALCONDITIONSTHESYSTEMWILLBEUSEDINCOMBINATIONWITHAHYDROSTATICLEVELINGSETUPTOFOLLOWTHELONGTERMBEHAVIOROFTHEBRIDGEPRELIMINARYRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESYSTEMPERFORMSRELIABLYANDTHATTHEACCURACYOFTHESENSORSISEXCELLENTCOMPARISONOFTHEEVOLUTIONOFROTATIONSANDTEMPERATUREINDICATETHATTHESTRUCTURERESPONDSTOCHANGESINAIRTEMPERATURERATHERQUICKLYMEASUREMENTSEARLYINTHEMORNINGANDATTHESAMEPERIODEVERYYEAR,ITTOOKARELATIVELYLONGTIMEBEFOREITWASREALIZEDTHATTHERETROFITPERFORMEDONTHELUTRIVEBRIDGESIN1988BYADDITIONALPOSTTENSIONING3,7,11HADNOTHADTHESAMEEFFECTONBOTHOFTHEM180160140120100806040JUNE79JUNE82JUNE85JUNE88JUNE91JUNE94JUNE97VERTICALDISPLACEMENTSINCEJULY1973MMLAUSANNEVEVEYHINGE1HINGE220100MM1200240012001819MAY89HINGE1NORTHHINGE1SOUTHAEVOLUTIONOFDEFLECTIONSSINCE1973BDEFLECTIONSOVER24HOURSADDITIONALPOSTTENSIONINGFIGURE1LONGTERMDEFLECTIONSOFTHELUTRIVEBRIDGES,COMPAREDTODEFLECTIONSMEASUREDINA24HOURPERIODAUTOMATICDATAACQUISITION,ALLOWINGFREQUENTMEASUREMENTSTOBEPERFORMEDATANACCEPTABLECOST,ISTHUSHIGHLYDESIRABLEASTUDYOFPOSSIBLESOLUTIONSINCLUDINGLASERBASEDLEVELING,FIBEROPTICSSENSORSANDGPSPOSITIONINGWASPERFORMED,WITHTHECONCLUSIONTHAT,PROVIDEDTHATTHEIRLONGTERMSTABILITYCANBEDEMONSTRATED,CURRENTTYPESOFELECTRONICINCLINOMETERSARESUITABLEFORAUTOMATICMEASUREMENTSOFROTATIONSINEXISTINGBRIDGES83MENTUEBRIDGESTHEMENTUEBRIDGESARETWINBOXGIRDERBRIDGESTHATWILLCARRYTHEFUTUREA1MOTORWAYFROMLAUSANNETOBERNEACHBRIDGE,SIMILARINDESIGN,HASANOVERALLLENGTHOFAPPROXIMATELY565M,ANDAWIDTHOF1346M,DESIGNEDTO4LAUSANNEBERN565019302134391489411915695153210FIGURE2ELEVATIONOFTHEMENTUEBRIDGES

簡介：畢業(yè)論文英文文獻翻譯學生姓名學生姓名姜海然姜海然系別應用化學系應用化學系專業(yè)化學化學年級20112011級專接本級專接本學號201120607111201120607111指導教師指導教師王建芬王建芬衡水學院教務處印制衡水學院教務處印制第2頁FROMACONSISTENTLYANDRAPIDLYEXPANDINGDISCIPLINELEDERMAN,1992THEREISNOCONSENSUSAMONGSCIENCEEDUCATORSCONCERNINGTHESPECIFICCONTENTTOBEINCLUDEDINCONTEMPORARYSCIENCECOURSESOREVENTHEMETHODSANDSTRATEGIESOFINSTRUCTIONTOBEUSEDHOWEVER,THEREAPPEARSTOBESTRONGAGREEMENTONATLEASTONEOFTHEOBJECTIVESOFSCIENCEINSTRUCTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAN“ADEQUATEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHENATUREOFSCIENCE”O(jiān)RANUNDERSTANDINGOF“SCIENCEASAWAYOFKNOWING”CONTINUESTOBECONVINCINGLYADVOCATEDASADESIREDOUTCOMEOFSCIENCEINSTRUCTIONAMERICANASSOCIATIONFORTHEADVANCEMENTOFSCIENCEAAAS,1989,LEDERMAN,1992ALTHOUGHTHE“NATUREOFSCIENCE”HASBEENDEFINEDINNUMEROUSWAYS,ITMOSTCOMMONLYREFERSTOTHEVALUESANDASSUMPTIONSINHERENTTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGELEDERMANZEIDLER,1987THISCHARACTERIZATIONNEVERTHELESSREMAINFAIRLYGENERAL,ANDPHILOSOPHERSOFSCIENCE,HISTORIANSOFSCIENCE,SOCIOLOGISTSOFSCIENCE,ANDSCIENCEEDUCATORSAREQUICKTODISAGREEONASPECIFICDEFINITIONFORTHENATUREOFSCIENCENOSSUCHDISAGREEMENT,HOWEVER,SHOULDNOTBESURPRISINGGIVENTHEMULTIFACETEDANDCOMPLEXNATUREOFTHEHUMANENDEAVORWECALLSCIENCEMOREOVER,SIMILARTOSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGE,CONCEPTIONSOFNOSARETENTATIVEANDDYNAMICTHESECONCEPTIONSHAVECHANGEDTHROUGHOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENCEANDSYSTEMATICTHINKINGABOUTITSNATUREANDWORKINGSDIDTOOABDELKHALICKLEDERMAN,1998HOWEVER,ATTHEEND,THEREISANAGREEMENTEVENTHROUGHNOTCOMPLETEABOUTNATUREOFSCIENCEAMONGSCIENCEEDUCATORSTHATSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGEISTENTATIVESUBJECTTOCHANGE,EMPIRICALLYBASEDBASEDONAND/ORDERIVEDFROMOBSERVATIONSOFTHENATURALWORLD,SUBJECTIVETHEORYLADEN,PARTLYTHEPRODUCTOFHUMANINFERENCE,IMAGINATION,ANDCREATIVITYINVOLVESTHEINVENTIONOFEXPLANATION,ANDSOCIALLYANDCULTURALLYEMBEDDEDALSOTWOADDITIONALIMPORTANTASPECTSARETHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENOBSERVATIONSANDINFERENCES,ANDTHEFUNCTIONSOFANDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSCIENTIFICTHEORIESANDLAWSLEDERMAN,ABDELKHALICK,AKERSON,2000

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芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆膆薅蚃螅莂蒁螞袈膅莇螁羀莀芃螀肂膃薂蝿螂羆薈螈羄芁蒄螇肆肄莀螇螆芀芆螆袈肂薄螅羈羋蒀襖肅肁莆袃螃芆節(jié)袂裊聿蟻袂肇蒞薇袁膀膇蒃袀衿莃荿蒆羂膆芅蒅肄莁薃薅螄膄葿薄袆荿蒞薃羈膂莁薂膀羅蝕薁袀芀薆薀羂肅蒂蕿肅艿莈蕿螄肂芄蚈袇芇薃蚇罿肀葿蚆肁芅蒅蚅袁肈莁蚄羃莄芇蚃肆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簡介：1中文中文13200字出處出處ENGINEERINGSTRUCTURES,2011,33721202133估計鐵路軌道特性的概率方法RHAYMAN,BRESSOLETTEP,BREULP摘要摘要由于鐵路網絡的退化和昂貴的維護費用，當今鐵路工程面臨著許多問題。再加上缺乏幾何知識和軌道的力學參數，鐵路的優(yōu)化維護管理變得很艱難。在這種背景下，本文提出一種新的方法分析鐵路軌道的特性。該方法結合了新的診斷設備，該設備能夠獲得許多重要的數據，從而得到幾何和力學參數以及基于非入侵式方法的統計量，并且該非入侵式方法能夠加上任何力學模型。對于研究參數（參數之間的相關性的分布和影響），許多結果都顯示了這種方法的可行性。在不久的將來，這種方法將會給鐵路管理人員帶來許多重要的信息，以便進行優(yōu)化維護操作。關鍵詞關鍵詞隨機有限元方法、隨機配置、拉格朗日多項式、鐵路軌道11介紹介紹在當代計算力學領域中，均認為力學和幾何參數對數值模型有重要的影響。為了滿足這一要求，這有一種可行性選擇一些特定情況下不定參數的特殊值（極值、均值）然后估計這些情況下相應的力學響應，最終就一個給定的破壞準則而言，其保留了最不利的情況。這種策略通常在試驗中使用，但是該策略非常值得商榷，因為最不利情況下的選擇是由一連串情況組合的，其中不自然地包含了所有可能的情況。最嚴謹的解決方案實際上是使用一種基于概率的策略方法（18）。在本文中，這種類型的策略，提出了對鐵路軌道特性的概率分析。鐵路工程正遭受著因鐵路網退化帶來的諸多問題，而這些鐵路網需要重要和昂貴的維修工作。由排水問題，相對沉降、層退化帶來的鐵路受損和必要的維修措施造成了路基不同地層的非線性力學和幾何特征，所以提高軌道水平變得更加艱難。由于缺乏對這些非線性的了解，以及其對軌道行為可能帶來的后果，因此制定一個優(yōu)化的維護管理變得更加困難。因此，為了以逼真的方式描述動力荷載作用下鐵路軌道的特性，有必要使用一種數值模型來分析力學和幾何參數的不確定性。在過去的幾十年，已經利用了幾個基于有限元（FE）方法來研究鐵路軌道的整體與局部的特性（9）。為了考慮這個隨機不確定性，我們很自然想到利用隨機有限元法（SFE）（1020）。本文選擇的解決方案是以分析不確定性傳播為目的，通過數值模型來描述軌道段的力學特性。通過此方案，鐵路管理者就可以對不同的解決辦法進行分析和比較。3相應側輪22平均垂直位移之間，通過對一段200米的距離進行每10厘米的測量方式得到的。在這個實驗中，使用的MAUZIN車具有8車軸并且其速度為160公里/小時。此標準偏差被認為是軌道和維護操作的一個劣化指標，并且軌道和維護的運行是根據這個指標進化編程操作的。一個使用軌道幾何測量和維護操作數據的計算機應用程序稱為TIMON，目前在法國應用。這個應用程序演示了軌道的演變,提供了一個系統的隨訪和前瞻性分析。瑞典鐵路管理器（BANVERKET）使用滾動剛度測量車輛（RSMV）。這種技術是基于軌道剛度的測量，它是用來標記沿線鐵路需要進行維護的位置。在英國，落錘彎彎沉儀（FWD）26使用從測試中獲得的偏轉數據，對軌道下部的彈性模量的值進行估計。22、互補的診斷設備互補的診斷設備對于鐵路結構每個組件的或者可變性來說，之前提出的方法不能夠評估和分離物理力學特征。在過去的十幾年里軌道診斷工具的進程已經完成幾個技術應運而生，來測量連續(xù)或定位點（26）?？紤]到變異量雖然是隨機的，但過程還是可能的。最近在工作中設備的測試及使用被提出。三種不同的設備在本研究中已被使用地面穿透雷達（GPR），光動針入度（PANDA）和地緣內鏡檢查。所述GPR是一種快速，非破壞性檢查裝置來估計鐵路軌道子結構的完整性（27）。如圖3所示,非接觸式測量裝置允許數據收集操作的速度。探地雷達提供連續(xù)TOPOFRAIL子結構層和厚度的測量（道砟，底砟，路基）。應該注意到,測量水分含量和敏感材料密度。GPR也可能能夠從干凈的道砟中區(qū)別出結垢的道砟（27）。光動力觸探（PANDA）（28、29）可以測量土的垂直方向的抗力。測試使用驅動錐2、4或10平方厘米且在最后一組棒使用錘子。對于槌的每次打擊，滲透和沖擊能量的深度被記錄來計算動態(tài)錐阻力（QD）與荷蘭式相應的深度。與獲得原位測試標準比較，以前的研究已經證明了結果的可靠性﹝30﹞。然后使用BUISMAN對土體模量進行近似估計第一錐形阻力涉及體側限壓縮彈性模量（）（31、32）而體側限壓縮彈性EOED模量是與上述彈性模量（E）有關，具體如下（1）??????112,1OEDVVEOEDQDEEV??????其中，取決于土壤性質，Ν是泊松比取等于03。為了使用這些相關性，就必須有?一個土壤表征。這可以通過使用地緣內鏡檢查來實現。地緣內鏡檢查（33）由一個小相機（86毫米直徑），用于從與滲透試驗（圖4）執(zhí)行的所述腔收集的圖像。該設備所允許的土壤聽診多達8米深。圖像處理后，就可以得到該結構的表征厚度不同的層，土壤分類和材料氫氣的狀態(tài)。這些技術的優(yōu)點包括在很短的時間內能快速設置和執(zhí)行大量的測試，而且不會干擾土體。它們允許一個收集物理和鐵路結構的不同層的機械特性和它們的變異性的評估。可以區(qū)分兩種變異第一個是被鏈接到實驗測量和

簡介：畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯題目題目ANALYSISANALYSISANDANDRESEARCHRESEARCHONONDECISIONDECISIONMAKINGMAKINGPROCESSPROCESSFORFORTHETHESELECTIONSELECTIONOFOFTECHNICALTECHNICALALLIANCEALLIANCEPARTNERSPARTNERSININCONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONENGINEERINGENGINEERING姓名學號院（系）（系）土木工程與建筑學院土木工程與建筑學院專業(yè)工程管理工程管理指導老師指導老師20122012年4月1010日目，他們不得不尋求外部合作，這樣他們才有余力花費在資源上，否則他們將會不能自己。因此對于特定的建設項目需要設立一個橫向合作關系。成功的事業(yè)是由于合理利用資源，避免浪費，并且保持彼此之間靈通，使各自的優(yōu)勢互相支持。在共同的利益和互相信任的基礎上共同進步，共同發(fā)展，齊頭并進。通常，在一個水平的合作伙伴應滿足以下4個要求第一，他們的資源有一些相對優(yōu)勢和國家級的藝術特色；其次雙方的資源相似度應該保持在最低限度；第三，在他們的行業(yè)，作為一個先行者，他們在某些方面應該有自己獨特的優(yōu)勢；第四，所有的合作企業(yè)有一個共同的目標。222垂直合作這種合作關系是建立在針對機會產品的生產和消費之間的供應與需求上的。合作的成本將會降低，市場風險會避免，市場回報能共享。通過高、低等級的聯盟成員企業(yè)，一個密集的、集中的控制就達成了。每個商業(yè)成員作為一個給與者和接受者都面臨著供給和需求之間的沖突。他是一個供應商也是一個使用者。事實上這是一個供應鏈，每個企業(yè)就是一個鏈接?？v向地，所有企業(yè)必須選擇自己的合作伙伴，這就直接影響了自己公司的順利運作。合作伙伴分為兩大類供應者和使用者。從使用者的角度來看，一個合作伙伴應該符合5個要求首先他們應該全面地能勝任這個機會，這包括經濟，技術和生產能力等；其次，質量控制體系應該做到位并有效運行，以保證產品的質量和服務的質量；第三，通過生產控制或者調整倉儲來及時提供供應；第四，他們的產品應該享有一定的市場份額和聲譽；第五，他們能夠開發(fā)新技術，并且有技術實力依托。從伙作合伴的角度來看，應滿足3個條件首先他們能夠識別機會并確定一個現成的市場；第二。正常的現金流量和有保障的基金回報；第三，被需要的產品應該有一定的產品周期。223商業(yè)活動中的合作伙伴這個共同的組織是相當獨立和松散的，實際上對于一個特殊的商業(yè)機會，它是一種戰(zhàn)略聯盟。這是一條關于市場共享和分銷的條約。這種合作的理念是為了避免不公平競爭而造成損害；損害有關各方的不合理的投標也能避免。這種成功的合作關系囊產生出業(yè)務伙伴，而不是商業(yè)對手。四個基本要求如下首先他們對一個各自都有市場份額的市場聯合同意，沒有對對方的合法權益和福利有任何損害；其次，合理的定價是在建設成本上聯合制定出的，以避免極端的價格競爭損害了雙方；第三，他們用各自的特點和優(yōu)勢一起工作以滿足各種不同的社會團體；第四，他們根據各自的資源優(yōu)勢來參與聯合研發(fā)和生產?；旌仙鲜鋈N類型的合作，在選擇合作伙伴時被采用，因為所有的企業(yè)都在考慮類似因素和運行它們的業(yè)務時面臨著類似的問題，盡管他們的相似之處存在于貿易和各自不同的優(yōu)勢上。此外，企業(yè)不可能僅僅考慮一個或幾個因素，一個或幾個優(yōu)勢，而是必須徹底，有包容性和曲面的分析，避免由于幾個原因導致合作失敗。3選擇合作伙伴的決定因素選擇合作伙伴的決定因素定性分析是選擇合作伙伴的基礎，是定量分析的前提。31合作者跨越不同行業(yè)聯合起來合作者跨越不同行業(yè)聯合起來

簡介：中文中文5300字出處出處BINDIGANAVILEV,BANTHIANSIZEEFFECTSANDTHEDYNAMICRESPONSEOFPLAINCONCRETEJJOURNALOFMATERIALSINCIVILENGINEERING,2006,184485491素混凝土的尺寸效應及動態(tài)響應素混凝土的尺寸效應及動態(tài)響應BINDIGANAVILEV,BANTHIAN摘要摘要本文研究了素混凝土試樣動力響應的尺寸效應。該報告是根據作者和其他人的實驗數據并考慮了梁的蠕變、彎曲影響下的梁和受軸向沖擊載荷作用的圓柱體的試驗結果。尺寸效應是通過使用BAZANT的規(guī)模效應法和多重標法則來監(jiān)測的，而且縮放模式能夠捕捉尺寸效應的強度。對于斷裂能，換言之，規(guī)模效應僅僅體現在影響率上。在準靜態(tài)荷載作用下，受壓素混凝土對試件尺寸更加不敏感。但是在沖擊作用下，壓縮反應相對于彎曲作用似乎更依賴尺寸。然而，考慮到應力變化率的影響，彎曲響應描繪了更加重要的尺寸效應，它類似于準靜態(tài)荷載作用下的響應。DOIDOI（數字對象唯一標識）101061/_ASCE_08991561_2006_184_485_數據庫主題詞土木工程數據庫主題詞斷裂混凝土尺寸效應動態(tài)響應。前言前言尺度問題在任何物理理論都具有重要地位。在最近的一篇BABAZANTANT所寫的文章中介紹了運用固體力學解決這一問題的歷史。在現代，自從WEIBULL提出其辦法以來該問題已經歸于統計學領域，其方法是基于“薄弱環(huán)節(jié)”理念和“薄弱環(huán)節(jié)”的發(fā)生概率隨試樣尺寸大增大而增加。早些時候，GRIFFITH的基于能量的用于解決裂紋擴展的方法假象過規(guī)模效應，不過這種方法具有物質依賴性。在過去的幾十年中，在過去的幾十年中，有許多關于準脆性材料試件尺寸效應的報告。針對這些材料，BAZANT認為源于裂紋能量吸收率和釋放率的不匹配。能量吸收率的增加的很大一部分隨著尺寸平方的增加而增加，然而釋放率的增加確實線性的。因此，通過減少標本的能源釋放率，減少名義應力被看作是補償差額的一種手段。不同于準靜態(tài)荷載，在動力學領域樣本尺寸效應的研究還沒有獲得很大的重視。這種嘗試是主要限于纖維增強聚合物。關于水泥基材料的數據極為稀缺并且近期已開始關注沖擊速率。設計規(guī)范及試驗標準方法的缺乏阻止我們賦予建筑材料抵抗沖擊和爆炸的能力。此外，沖擊試驗介紹一些不相干的影響，諸如慣性和試驗機的影響。也許最嚴重的障礙是水泥基復合材料的固有的應力變化率敏感性。MORTON說建立一個精確的速率破壞應力通過下列無窮級數來描述}1122120NBF1AAD/DT???????D為特征尺寸；B,和是實驗數據中的經驗常數。因為尺寸0DAI1,}I??1/20??，無窮級數公式（1）能化簡為兩項。因此，BAZANT的尺寸律簡化為（2）01TNBFDD???多邊標度律（多邊標度律（CARPINTERICARPINTERI和CHIAIACHIAIA19971997）CARPINTERI和他的同事通過使用自相似形態(tài)學的概念和被稱作分形的非整數尺寸來描述諸如混凝土這樣的準脆性材料的微觀結構。隨著探測程度的加深，拓撲分形性被認為將要消失。由于這一混合材料依然不受尺寸影響，因此他們假定宏觀尺寸對力學性能的影響是試樣尺寸B和特征長度相互作用的結果。在此假設基礎之上，建議如下CHL所示的多分形標定律（MFSL）（3）1/21CHUTLFB???此處為尺寸無限大前提下的名義應力的漸近值。（和BESL截然不同的是，MFSL似TFU?乎適合無凹槽的試樣，因為試樣仍然有殘余應力即使尺寸很大。圖221992年BAZANT和GETTU荷載關系試驗的尺寸數據及試驗細節(jié)材料，試樣和試驗的細節(jié)材料，試樣和試驗的細節(jié)為了準備這篇論文，，下面的研究數據已被整理BAZANT和GETTU（1992）,CHEN

簡介：EXPERIMENTALRESEARCHONSEISMICBEHAVIOROFABNORMALJOINTINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEABSTRACTBASEDONNINEPLANEABNORMALJOINTS,ONESPACEABNORMALJOINTEXPERIMENTANDAPSEUDODYNAMICTESTOFAPOWERPLANTMODEL,THEWORKMECHANISMANDTHEHYSTERETICCHARACTERISTICOFABNORMALJOINTAREPUTTOANALYSISINTHISPAPERACONCEPTIONOFMINORCOREDETERMINEDBYTHESMALLBEAMANDSMALLCOLUMN,ANDACONCLUSIONTHATTHESHEARCAPACITYOFAB2NORMALJOINTDEPENDSONMINORCOREAREPUTFORWARDINTHISPAPERTHISPAPERALSOANALYZESTHEEFFECTSOFAXIALCOMPRES2SION,HORIZONTALSTIRRUPSANDSECTIONVARIATIONOFBEAMANDCOLUMNONTHESHEARBEHAVIOROFABNORMALJOINTFINALLY,THEFORMULAOFSHEARCAPACITYFORABNORMALJOINTINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEISPROVIDEDKEYWORDSABNORMALJOINTMINORCORESEISMICBEHAVIORSHEARCAPACITYCLCNUMBERTU3754TU3171DOCUMENTCODEAARTICLEID100627930200602201682101INTRODUCTIONFORREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMESTRUCTURE,THEJOINTISAKEYCOMPONENTITISSUBJECTEDTOAXIALCOMPRESSION,BENDINGMOMENTANDSHEARFORCETHEKEYISWHETHERTHEJOINTHASENOUGHSHEARCAPACI2TYTHECHINESECODEFORSEISMICDESIGNOFBUILDINGSGB5001122001ADOPTSTHEFOLLOWINGFORMULATOCALCULATETHESHEARCAPACITYOFTHEREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEJOINTVJ11ΗJFTBJHJ005ΗJNBJBCFYVASVJHB0A′SS1WHEREVJDESIGNVALUEOFTHESEISMICSHEARCAPACITYOFTHEJOINTCORESECTIONΗJINFLUENTIALCOEFFICIENTOFTHEORTHOGONALBEAMTOTHECOLUMNFTDESIGNVALUEOFCONCRETETENSILESTRENGTHBJEFFECTIVEWIDTHOFTHEJOINTCORESECTIONHJDEPTHOFTHEJOINTCORESECTION,WHICHCANBEADOPTEDASTHEDEPTHOFTHECOLUMNSECTIONINTHEVERIFICATIONDIRECTIONNDESIGNVALUEOFAXIALCOMPRESSIONATTHEBOTTOMOFUPPERCOLUMNWITHCONSIDERINGTHECOMBI2NATIONOFTHEEARTHQUAKEACTION,WHENN015FCBCHC,LETN05FCBCHCBCWIDTHOFTHECOLUMNSECTIONFYVDESIGNVALUEOFTHESTIRRUPTENSILESTRENGTHASVJTOTALSTIRRUPAREAINASETMAKINGUPONELAYERHB0EFFECTIVEDEPTHOFTHEBEAMIFTHEDEPTHOFTWOBEAMSATTHESIDEOFTHEJOINTISUNEQUAL,HB0THEAVERAGEDEPTHOFTWOBEAMSA′SDISTANCEFROMTHECENTROIDOFTHECOMPRESSIONBEAMSTEELBARTOTHEEXTREMECONCRETEFIBERSDISTANCEOFTHESTIRRUPEQ1ISBASEDONTHEFORMULAINTHEPREVIOUSSEISMICCODE1ANDSOMEMODIFICATIONSMADEEAVLICRANDITISSUIT2ABLETOTHENORMALJOINTOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAME,BUTNOTTOTHEABNORMALONEWHICHHASLARGEDIFFERENTINTHESECTIONOFTHEUPPERCOLUMNANDLOWERONE3600MMAND1200MM,LEFTBEAMANDRIGHTBEAM1800MMAND1200MMTHESHEARCAPACITYOFABNORMALJOINTSCALCULAT2EDBYEQ1MAYCAUSESOMEUNSAFERESULTSATYPEOFAB2NORMALJOINTWHICHOFTENEXISTSINTHEPOWERPLANTSTRUC2TUREISDISCUSSEDSEEFIG1,ANDITSBEHAVIORWASSTUD2IEDBASEDONTHEEXPERIMENTINTHISPAPERBONDGRADUALLYPERMEATEDTOWARDSTHEINTERNALCORE,ENHANCINGTHEBURDENOFTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARMECHANISMANDACCELERATESTHECOMPRESSIONFAILUREOFCONCRETEFIG4SHOWSTHEPHOTOSOFTYPICALDAMAGEDJOINTSAPSEUDODYNAMICTESTOFSPACEMODELOFPOWERPLANTSTRUCTUREWASCARRIEDOUTTORESEARCHTHEWORKINGBEHAVIOROFTHEABNORMALJOINTSINRE2ALSTRUCTUREANDTHESEISMICBEHAVIOROFSTRUCTUREFIG5SHOWSTHEPHOTOOFMODELTHETESTINCLUDESTWOSTEPSTHEFIRSTISTHEPSEUDODYNAMICTESTATTHISSTEP,EL2CENTROWAVEISINPUTANDTHEPEAKACCELERATIONVARIESFROM50GALTO1200GALTHESEISMICRESPONSEISMEASUREDTHESECONDISTHEPSEUDOSTATICTESTTHELOADINGCAN’TSTOPUNTILTHEMODELFAILSFIG7MINORCORETHEEXPERIMENTSHOWSTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECRACKISINFLUENCEDBYTHERESTRICTIVEEFFECTOFTHEORTHOGONALBEAM,ANDTHECRACKOFJOINTCOREMAINLYDISTRIBUTESUNDERTHEORTHOGONALBEAMSEEFIG6,WHICHISDIFFERENTFROMTHERESULTOFTHEPLANEJOINTTEST,BUTSIMILARTOJ421033ANALYSISOFTESTRESULTS331MECHANICALANALYSISINTHEEXPERIMENT,THELOCATIONOFTHEINITIALCRACKOFTHEEXTERIORJOINTANDTHECRUSHEDPOSITIONOFCONCRETEBOTHAPPEARINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEJOINTCORE,ANDTHEPOSITIONISNEARTHECENTERLINEOFTHEUPPERCOL2UMNTHEINITIALCRACKANDCRUSHEDPOSITIONOFTHECONCRETEOFTHEINTERIORJOINTBOTHAPPEARINTHEMI2NORCORESEEFIG4,FIG7FORINTERIORABNORMALJOINTTHECRACKDOESN’TAPPEARORDEVELOPINTHEMA2JORCOREOUTSIDEOFTHEMINORCOREUNTILTHOROUGHCRACKINGTAKESPLACE,WHILETHECRACKSELDOMAPPEARSINTHESHADOWREGIONSEEFIG7ASTHEJOINTFAILSTHEREFORE,FORABNORMALJOINT,THESHEARCAPACITYOFTHEJOINTCOREDEPENDSONTHEPROPERTIESOFTHEMINORCORE,NAMELY,ONTHESTRENGTHGRADESOFCONCRETE,THESIZEANDTHEREINFORCEMENTOFTHEMINORCORE,GETTHEEFFECTOFTHEMAJORCOREDIMENSIONCAN’TBENEGLECTEDMECHANICALEFFECTSARETHESAMEWILLTHATOFTHENORMALJOINT,WHENTHEFORCESTRANSFERTOTHEMI2NORCORETHROUGHCOLUMNANDBEAMANDREINFORCEMENTBARTHEREFORE,THEWORKINGMECHANISMSOFNOR2MALJOINT,INCLUDINGTRUSSMECHANISM,DIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARMECHANISMANDRESTRICTIVEMECHANISMOFSTIRRUP,AREALSOSUITABLEFORMINORCOREOFTHEABNORMALJOINT,BUTTHEIRWORKINGCHARACTERISTICISNOTSYMMETRICALWHENTHELOADREVERSESFIG8ILLUSTRATESTHEWORKINGMECHANISMOFTHEABNORMALJOINTWHENTHELOADTRANSFERTOMINORCORE,THEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARAREAOFMINORCOREISBIGGERTHANNORMALJOINTCORE2COMPOSEDBYSMALLCOLUMNANDSMALLBEAMOFABNORMALJOINT,WHICHISDUETOTHECOMPRESSIVESTRESSDIFFUSIONOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVEREGIONOFTHEBEAMANDCOLUMN,WHILEATTHESAMETIMETHECOMPRESSIONCARRIEDBYTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARBECOMESLARGEBECAUSETHEMAINPARTOFBONDFORCEOFCOLUMNANDBEAMISADDEDTOTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARBUTCONTRASTINGWITHTHEINCREASEDAREAOFDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBAR,THEINCREASEDACTIONISSMALLTHEREGIONINTHEMAJORCOREBUTOUTOFTHEMINORCOREHASLESSSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONANDFEWERCRACKSTHEREGIONCANCONFINETHEEXPANSIONOFTHECONCRETEOFTHEMINORCOREDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARCONCRETE,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