簡(jiǎn)介：ECOLOGICALENGINEERING3520091043–1050CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTECOLOGICALENGINEERINGJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ECOLENGENHANCEMENTOFNITROGENREMOVALINTOWERYHYBRIDCONSTRUCTEDWETLANDTOTREATDOMESTICWASTEWATERFORSMALLRURALCOMMUNITIESFENXIAYE?,YINGLIDEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,NINGBOUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,20HOUHELANE,NINGBO315016,PRCHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED11SEPTEMBER2008RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM6JANUARY2009ACCEPTED23MARCH2009KEYWORDSCONSTRUCTEDWETLANDSNITRIFICATIONDENITRIFICATIONDOMESTICWASTEWATERNITROGENREMOVALNITRIFYINGBACTERIADENITRIFYINGBACTERIAABSTRACTEFFORTSTOPROTECTWATERCOURSES,ESPECIALLYSOURCESOFDRINKINGWATER,PARTICULARLYINRURALAREAS,ARENOWUNDERWAYINCHINANITROGENPRESENTINWASTEWATER,DUETOITSROLEINEUTROPHICATIONANDPOTENTIALTOXICITYTOAQUATICSPECIES,ISAFOCUSOFPRIMARYCONCERNCONSTRUCTEDWETLANDSCWS,ASIMPLER,LESSCOSTLYTREATMENTALTERNATIVE,HAVEBEENUSEDTOTREATDOMESTICWASTEWATERFORSMALLCOMMUNITIESALTHOUGHSHOWINGGREATPROMISEFORREMOVINGCARBONACEOUSMATERIALSFROMWASTEWATER,WETLANDSYSTEMSHAVENOTBEENSUCCESSFULINREMOVINGNITROGENMAINLYDUETOLACKOFDISSOLVEDOXYGENDOTOENHANCENITROGENREMOVAL,ANOVELCWCONFIGURATIONWITHTHREESTAGES,TOWERYHYBRIDCONSTRUCTEDWETLANDTHCW,WASDESIGNEDTHEFIRSTANDTHIRDSTAGESWERERECTANGLESUBSURFACEHORIZONTALFLOWCWS,ANDTHESECONDSTAGEWASACIRCULARTHREELAYERFREEWATERFLOWCWINCREASEDDOBYPASSIVEAERATIONOFATOWERTYPECASCADEOVERFLOWFROMTHEUPPERLAYERINTOTHELOWERLAYERINTHESECONDSTAGEOFTHEWETLANDENHANCEDNITRIFICATIONRATESDENITRIFICATIONRATESWEREALSOIMPROVEDBYADDITIONALORGANICMATTERSUPPLIEDASARESULTOFBYPASSINFLUENTDIRECTLYINTOTHESECONDSTAGEEVERGREENTREEPONDCYPRESSTAXODIUMASCENDENS,INDUSTRIALPLANTSMATRUSHSCHOENOPLECTUSTRIGUETERANDWILDRICESHOOTSZIZANIAAQUATICA,ORNAMENTALFLORIFEROUSPLANTSPYGMYWATERLILYNYMPHAEATETRAGONAANDNARROWLEAVEDCATTAILTYPHAANGUSTIFOLIAWEREPLANTEDINTHEWETLANDTHEAVERAGEPERCENTAGEOFREMOVALWAS89,85,83,83AND64FORTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLID,CHEMICALOXYGENDEMAND,AMMONIANITROGEN,TOTALNITROGENANDTOTALPHOSPHORUS,RESPECTIVELYTHEREWASNOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEP005ATLOWANDHIGHHYDRAULICLOADS16CM/DAND32CM/DFORPERFORMANCEOFTHCWNITRIFYINGANDDENITRIFYINGBACTERIAASWELLASPOTENTIALNITRIFICATIONACTIVITYANDPOTENTIALDENITRIFICATIONRATESMEASUREDHAVESHOWNTHATNITRIFICATION–DENITRIFICATIONISTHEMAINMECHANISMFORNITROGENREMOVALINTHEWETLANDTHCWALSOPROVIDEDADDITIONALAESTHETICBENEFITS?2009ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONWIDESPREADDEMANDSFORIMPROVEDRECEIVINGWATERQUALITY,ESPECIALLYDRINKINGWATERARECURRENTLYDRIVINGTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFADVANCEDWASTEWATERTREATMENTTECHNIQUESINRURALAREASOFCHINA,THEDOMESTICSEWAGEWASDISCHARGEDDIRECTLYINTOWATERCOURSES,LAKES,RIVERS,SOILORSEATHISDISCHARGEOFPOORLYTREATEDSEWAGEISRESPONSIBLEFORMANYWATERCOURSES,RESERVOIRSANDLAKESNOTMEETINGTHEIRQUALITYOBJECTIVESMANYSMALLCOMMUNITIESLOCATEDINRURALAREASOFCHINALACKADEQUATEDOMESTICWASTEWATERTREATMENTFACILITIESWASTEWATERCOLLECTIONANDTREATMENTAREPROBLEMATICINTHESEAREASDUETOMOUNTAINOUSTERRAIN,DISPERSEDPOPULATION,ANDALOWERECONOMICBASEINORDERFORRESOURCESCARCE,ECONOMICALLYDEVELOPINGRURALAREASTOADOPTWASTEWATERTREATMENT,THETREATMENTTECHNOLOGIESMUSTBECOSTEFFECTIVE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8657487081702FAX8657487080072EMAILADDRESSESYEFENXIAHOTMAILCOM,FENXIAYE126COMFYEANDEASYTOADOPT,REQUIRELESSENERGYINPUTANDMAINTENANCECOSTS,ANDBECAPABLEOFMEETINGEFFLUENTDISCHARGESTANDARDSTHECENTRALIZEDWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTSBASEDONACTIVATEDSLUDGEORBACTERIALBEDSPROCESSESWHICHAREUTILIZEDINLARGEANDSMALLCITIESARENOTECONOMICALLYADAPTABLEFORSUCHRURALAREAS,MAINLYDUETOTHECONSTRUCTIONCOSTSOFSEWAGECOLLECTORSONTHEOTHERHAND,THENITROGENCONTENTOFMANYWATERCOURSES,RESERVOIRSANDLAKESINCHINADOESNOTMEETTHESTANDARDSOFNATIONALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSITNOWSEEMSCLEARTHATINMANYLAKES,MOSTESTUARIES,ANDALMOSTALLCOASTALWATERS,NITROGENALSOPLAYSAMAJORROLEINEUTROPHICATIONTHEREFORE,NATIONALREGULATIONSHAVERECENTLYBEENISSUEDTHEPROJECTISCALLED“NEWCOUNTRYCONSTRUCTION”THEREGULATIONSSTIPULATETHATTHEDOMESTICWASTEWATERINRURALAREASMUSTBETREATEDBEFOREBEINGDISCHARGEDINTOAWATERCOURSEORSOILCONSTRUCTEDWETLANDSCWSHAVEBEENSCIENTIFICALLYTESTEDANDCONSTRUCTEDFORONSITETREATMENTINRURALAREASFORSMALLUNITSANDSMALLVILLAGESSIMPLECONSTRUCTION,LARGEBUFFERINGCAPACITY,LITTLE09258574/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2009ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JECOLENG200903009FYE,YLI/ECOLOGICALENGINEERING3520091043–10501045FIG1FLOWDIAGRAMOFTOWERYHYBRIDCONSTRUCTEDWETLAND1,FIRSTSTAGE2,SECONDTOWERYSTAGE3,THIRDSTAGEDISCHARGE4,WETLANDPLANTS5,BOTTOMCIRCULARCELL6,MIDDLECIRCULARCELL7,UPPERCIRCULARCELL8,CASCADEANDANAIRTEMPERATUREANNUALAVERAGEOF162?CEXTREMESVARYBETWEEN?42?CATTHELOWESTAND388?CATTHEHIGHESTTHECOLDPERIODREPRESENTSABOUT3MONTHSFROMDECEMBERTOFEBRUARYANDDURINGTHISPERIODTHEEFFLUENTMEANTEMPERATUREWASCLOSETO8?CWITH55?CASTHELOWESTTHEFIRSTANDTHIRDSTAGESWERE8MLONGAND6MWIDEWITHADEPTHOF10MTHEBEDSWERECONSTITUTEDOFTHREELAYERS,THELOWESTLAYEROFWASHEDGRAVEL2–6CMWITHADEPTHOF20CM,THEMIDDLELAYEROFFINEGRAVEL05–20CMWITHADEPTHOF65CM,ANDTHEUPPERLAYEROFSOIL01–02CMWITHADEPTHOF15CMTHEBOTTOMSLOPEWASABOUT1THESECONDSTAGECONSISTEDOFTHREECIRCULARCELLSWITHDIAMETERSOF7M,5MAND3M,RESPECTI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簡(jiǎn)介：ADAPTIVEROBUSTPOSTURECONTROLOFAPNEUMATICMUSCLESDRIVENPARALLELMANIPULATOR1XIAOCONGZHU?GUOLIANGTAO?JIANCAO?BINYAO?,???THESTATEKEYLABORATORYOFFLUIDPOWERTRANSMISSIONANDCONTROLZHEJIANGUNIVERSITY,CHINA??SCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERINGPURDUEUNIVERSITY,WESTLAFAYETTE,IN47907,USAABSTRACTCONSIDERINGRATHERSEVEREPARAMETRICUNCERTAINTIESANDNONLINEARUNCERTAINTIESEXISTINTHEDYNAMICMODELOFPNEUMATICMUSCLESDRIVENPARALLELMANIPULATOR,ADISCONTINUOUSPROJECTIONBASEDADAPTIVEROBUSTCONTROLSTRATEGYARCISADOPTEDTOEFFECTIVELYHANDLETHEEFFECTOFVARIOUSPARAMETERVARIATIONSOFTHESYSTEMANDHARDTOMODELNONLINEARITIESSUCHASTHEFRICTIONFORCESOFTHEPNEUMATICMUSCLESANDEXTERNALDISTURBANCESOFTHEENTIREPNEUMATICSYSTEMTOACHIEVEREMARKABLYPRECISEPOSTURETRAJECTORYCONTROLEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREOBTAINEDTOILLUSTRATETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPROPOSEDADAPTIVEROBUSTCONTROLLERKEYWORDSPNEUMATICMUSCLE,PARALLELMANIPULATOR,ADAPTIVEROBUSTCONTROL1INTRODUCTIONPNEUMATICMUSCLEISANEWKINDOFFLEXIBLEACTUATORSIMILARTOHUMANMUSCLE,WHICHISMADEUPOFRUBBERTUBEANDCROSSWEAVESHEATHMATERIALITSBASICWORKINGPRINCIPLEISASFOLLOWSWHENTHERUBBERTUBEISINFLATED,THECROSSWEAVESHEATHEXPERIENCESLATERALEXPANSION,RESULTINGINAXIALCONTRACTIVEFORCEANDTHECHANGEOFTHEENDPOINTPOSITIONOFPNEUMATICMUSCLETHUS,THEPOSITIONORFORCECONTROLOFAPNEUMATICMUSCLEALONGITSAXIALDIRECTIONCANBEREALIZEDBYREGULATINGTHEINNERPRESSURESOFITSRUBBERTUBETHEPARALLELMANIPULATORDRIVENBYPNEUMATICMUSCLESPMBYPMSTUDIEDINTHISPAPERISANEWAPPLICATIONOFPNEUMATICMUSCLES,WHICHCONSISTSOFTHREEPNEU1THISWORKISSUPPORTEDBYFESTOINCTHROUGHANINTERNATIONALCOOPERATIONTHELASTAUTHORISSUPPORTEDBYTHENATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINANSFCUNDERTHEJOINTRESEARCHFUNDGRANT50528505FOROVERSEASCHINESEYOUNGSCHOLARSMATICMUSCLESCONNECTINGTHEMOVINGARMOFTHEPARALLELMANIPULATORTOITSBASEPLATFORMASSHOWNINFIG1BYCONTROLLINGTHELENGTHSOFTHREEPNEUMATICMUSCLES,ANYTHREEDOFROTATIONMOTIONOFTHEPARALLELMANIPULATORCANBEREALIZEDSUCHAPARALLELMANIPULATORCOMBINESTHEADVANTAGESOFCOMPACTSTRUCTUREOFPARALLELMECHANISMSWITHTHEADJUSTABLESTIFFNESSANDHIGHPOWER/VOLUMERATIOOFPNEUMATICMUSCLES,WHICHWILLHAVEPROMISINGWIDEAPPLICATIONSINROBOTICS,INDUSTRIALAUTOMATION,ANDBIONICDEVICESSEVERENONLINEARITYANDTIMEVARYINGPARAMETERSEXISTINTHEPNEUMATICMUSCLEDYNAMICMODELEXAMPLESINCLUDEVARIOUSFRICTIONS,HYSTERESISANDTHECONTRACTIVEFORCEONTHETEMPERATURELILLY,2003THESEFACTORSMADETHEPRECISEPOSITIONCONTROLOFAPNEUMATICMUSCLEALONEASIGNIFICANTCHALLENGE,WHICHHASRECEIVEDGREATATTENTIONSDURINGTHEPASTSEVERALYEARSTHOUGHSIGNIFICANTRESEARCHESHAVEBEENDONEONTHECONTROLOFPNEUMATICMUSCLESLILLY,2003BOWLERETAL,1996764FROMEQ1,DEFINETHEDRIVEMOMENTOFTHEPARALLELMANIPULATORINTASKSPACEASΤJTPΘFMANDDIFFERENTIATEITTOOBTAINTHEACTUATORDYNAMICS˙ΤFΤΘ,˙Θ,PGΤΘKQPUDΤT5WHEREFΤΘ,˙Θ,P˙JTPΘ,˙ΘˉFMJTP?ˉFM?XM˙XM?JTP?ˉFM?PAFXM,˙XM,PΛA,GΤΘJTP?ˉFM?PAGXMDIAGΛB,ˉFMFM?ΔFISTHECALCULABLEPARTOFFM,DΤTREPRESENTSALLTHEUNKNOWNDISTURBANCESINDRIVINGUNITSPACEMUSCLESPACEANDKQISAMATRIXOFNONLINEARFLOWGAINFUNCTIONDEDUCEDFROMEQ3THUS,DEFINEASETOFSTATEVARIABLESASXXT1,XT2,XT3TΘT,˙ΘT,ΤTT,THEENTIRESYSTEMCANBEEXPRESSEDINSTATESPACEFORMAS???˙X1X2˙X2I?1PX1X3?BPX1?DPT˙X3FΤX1,X2,PGΤX1KQPUDΤT6ANDPFPX1,X3ISTHEINVERSEFUNCTIONOFΤ3ADAPTIVEROBUSTCONTROLLER31DESIGNISSUES,ASSUMPTIONSANDNOTATIONSGENERALLYTHESYSTEMISSUBJECTEDTOPARAMETRICUNCERTAINTIESDUETOTHEVARIATIONOFCS,IP,ΛA,ΛBANDUNKNOWNNONLINEARITIESDPANDDΤPRACTICALLY,DPANDDΤMAYBECOMPOSEDOFTWOPARTS,ANOMINALPARTDENOTEDBYDPNANDDΤNWHICHISCONSTANTORSLOWLYCHANGINGANDBEDEALTWITHBYPARAMETERADAPTATION,ANDAFASTCHANGINGPARTDENOTEDBY?DPAND?DΤ,WHICHHAVETOBEATTENUATEDBYTHEROBUSTFEEDBACKITCANBESEENTHATTHEMAJORDIFFICULTIESINCONTROLLINGAREATHESYSTEMHASSEVEREPARAMETRICUNCERTAINTIESREPRESENTEDBYTHELACKOFKNOWLEDGEOFTHECHANGINGDAMPINGCOEFFICIENTSCSANDTHEPOLYTROPICEXPONENTSΛAANDΛBHENCEONLINEPARAMETERADAPTATIONMETHODSHOULDBEADOPTEDTOREDUCEPARAMETRICUNCERTAINTIESBTHESYSTEMHASALARGEEXTENTOFLUMPEDMODELINGERRORLIKEUNKNOWNDISTURBANCESANDUNMODELEDFRICTIONFORCES,WHICHARECONTAINEDINDPANDDΤSOTHEAPPROACHWITHCERTAINROBUSTNESSSHOULDBEUSEDTOHANDLETHEUNCERTAINNONLINEARITIESFORIMPROVINGEFFECTIVELYPERFORMANCECTHEMODELUNCERTAINTIESAREMISMATCHED,IEBOTHPARAMETRICUNCERTAINTIESANDUNCERTAINNONLINEARITIESAPPEARINTHEDYNAMICEQUATIONSTHATARENOTDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHECONTROLINPUTUTHEREFORETHEBACKSTEPPINGDESIGNTECHNOLOGYSHOULDBEEMPLOYEDTOOVERCOMEDESIGNDIFFICULTIESFORACHIEVINGASYMPTOTICSTABILITYSINCETHEEXTENTSOFPARAMETRICUNCERTAINTIESANDUNCERTAINNONLINEARITIESAREKNOWN,THEPARAMETRICUNCERTAINTIESANDUNCERTAINNONLINEARITIESARESUPPOSEDTOSATISFYΒ∈?Β{ΒΒMIN≤Β≤ΒMAX},AND?DP≤DPMAX,?DΤ≤DΤMAXINWHICHΒMAXANDΒMINARETHEMAXIMUMANDMINIMUMPARAMETERVECTORSANDDPMAXANDDΤMAXAREKNOWNVECTORSLET?ΒDENOTETHEESTIMATEOFΒAND?Β?Β?ΒTHEESTIMATIONERRORADISCONTINUOUSPROJECTIONCANBEDEFINEDASEQ7INORDERTOGUARANTEETHATTHEPARAMETERSANDTHEIRDERIVATIVESAREBOUNDEDINTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFADAPTIVEROBUSTCONTROLYAOETAL,2000PROJ?ΒI???0,IF?ΒIΒIMAXANDI00,IF?ΒIΒIMINANDI0ISADIAGONALMATRIXANDΣISANADAPTATIONFUNCTIONTOBESYNTHESIZEDLATERTHEPROJECTIONMAPPINGUSEDINEQ8GUARANTEEDTHATP1?Β∈?Β{ΒΒMIN≤Β≤ΒMAX}ANDP2?ΒTΓ?1PROJ?ΒΓΣ?Σ≤032ARCCONTROLLERDESIGNTHEDESIGNPARALLELSTHERECURSIVEBACKSTE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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3800字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處KIZAKIN,YASOHARAY,HASEGAWAJ,ETALSYNTHESISOFOPTICALLYPUREETHYLS4CHLORO3HYDROXYBUTANOATEBY,ESCHERICHIACOLI,TRANSFORMANTCELLSCOEXPRESSINGTHECARBONYLREDUCTASEANDGLUCOSEDEHYDROGENASEGENESJAPPLIEDMICROBIOLOGYBIOTECHNOLOGY,2001,555590由共表達(dá)碳酰碳酰還原酶和葡萄糖脫氫酶的大腸桿菌轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞合成純光學(xué)（合成純光學(xué)（S）4氯3羥基丁酸乙酯KIZAKIN,YASOHARAY,HASEGAWAJ,ETAL1摘要摘要本本篇文獻(xiàn)研究了利用COBE不對(duì)稱合成（S）4氯3羥基丁酸乙酯（CHBE）。大腸桿菌細(xì)胞作為催化劑同時(shí)表達(dá)了來(lái)自念珠菌屬辛夷的碳酰還原酶和來(lái)自巨大芽孢桿菌的葡萄糖脫氫酶基因。在水/有機(jī)溶劑兩相體系中，SCHBE在有機(jī)相中的濃度可以達(dá)到258M（430G/L），摩爾產(chǎn)率達(dá)到85。大腸桿菌的副產(chǎn)物S1和GDH也達(dá)到了125M（208G/L），COBE在水相中不穩(wěn)定，所以SCHBE可以在水單相中不停的生成。在這種情況下，適當(dāng)?shù)膹腘ADP到CHBE的轉(zhuǎn)變達(dá)到了21,600MOL/MOL。所形成的CHBE的旋光度在這種體系中100對(duì)映體過(guò)量。在水相中用攜帶含有S1和GDH基因質(zhì)粒的ECOLIHB101作為催化劑不對(duì)稱還原是比較簡(jiǎn)單的。并且，這種體系并不額外需要商業(yè)GDH或者有機(jī)溶劑。因此，這種體系對(duì)于實(shí)際合成純光學(xué)活性的SCHBE是非常方便的。介紹具有旋光性的（S）4氯3羥基丁酸乙酯在藥物制劑的合成中是重要的手性化合物。其右旋體是L卡尼汀的前體，其左旋體是羥甲基戊二酰輔酶A還原酶抑制劑的起始材料。許多研究描述了以面包酵母為基礎(chǔ)微生物或者酶的COBE的不對(duì)稱還原。我們先前已經(jīng)知道利用來(lái)自念珠菌屬辛夷AKU4643細(xì)胞催化COBE生成光學(xué)純度96的CHBE。這種酵母至少有三種立體選擇性的還原酶，這種酵母產(chǎn)生的CHBE并非純光學(xué)的，在這三種酶之中，NADPH依賴碳酰還原酶，我們克隆并測(cè)序編碼S1的基因，并在大腸桿菌中過(guò)表達(dá)。大腸桿菌轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞在葡萄糖，NADP和商業(yè)化的葡萄糖脫氫酶作為輔酶因子的啟動(dòng)子催化COBE生成純光學(xué)的CHBE。我們構(gòu)建這三種大腸桿菌轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞共表達(dá)來(lái)自的S1和來(lái)自巨大芽孢桿菌的GDH，并插入到PSTV28質(zhì)粒的ECORIPSTI的酶切位點(diǎn)。PSTVG質(zhì)粒被導(dǎo)入到ECOLIHB101。22培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)基和培菌和培菌2YT培養(yǎng)基包含有16細(xì)菌用胰蛋白胨，10酵母提取物，05NACL，PH70攜帶有PNTS1,PNTG,PNTS1G,或PNTGS1的大腸桿菌HB101被接種到有01MG/ML氨芐青霉素的2ML的2YT培養(yǎng)基，37°C搖床15小時(shí)。將05ML菌液接種到100ML2YT培養(yǎng)基的500ML燒瓶中。在37°C搖床培養(yǎng)13小時(shí)。攜帶有PNTS1和PSTVG質(zhì)粒的大腸桿菌HB101在2YT培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)方法相似，只是培養(yǎng)基中要加入01MG/ML的氨芐青霉素和01MG/ML的氯霉素。23無(wú)細(xì)胞無(wú)細(xì)胞抽提抽提液和酶鑒定液和酶鑒定將100ML培養(yǎng)液離心收獲菌體，用50ML01MOL/LPH為65的磷酸緩沖液懸浮，然后超聲粉碎。細(xì)胞碎片通過(guò)離心可以去除，收集上層清液就是無(wú)細(xì)胞抽提物。碳酰還原酶S1的活性由分光光度計(jì)測(cè)量如下測(cè)定的混合物包括01MOL/LPH65的磷酸二氫鉀緩沖液，01MMNADPH和1MMCOBE。反應(yīng)在30°C條件下反應(yīng)，并且隨時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)其在340NM處的吸光值。測(cè)GDH混合物包括1MPH80的TRISHCL的緩沖液，100MM的葡萄糖，2MM的NADP。反應(yīng)在25°C下進(jìn)行，監(jiān)測(cè)其在340NM處的吸光值。一個(gè)單位S1或GDH被定義為每分鐘催化還原1ΜMOLNADP或氧化1ΜMOLNADPH的量。蛋白質(zhì)的測(cè)定通過(guò)含有考馬斯亮藍(lán)的蛋白質(zhì)測(cè)定試劑利用牛血清白蛋白作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行測(cè)定。24酶穩(wěn)定性的研究酶穩(wěn)定性的研究一毫升含有含有PNTS1質(zhì)粒的ECOLIHB101的無(wú)細(xì)胞抽提液的100MM磷酸氫二鉀緩沖液（PH65）與等體積的有機(jī)溶劑混合。混合物在30°C震搖48小時(shí)后，水相中殘留的酶活力即是上述的酶活力。25表達(dá)表達(dá)S1基因和基因和GDH基因的大腸桿菌細(xì)胞在兩相反應(yīng)體系中的基因的大腸桿菌細(xì)胞在兩相反應(yīng)體系中的還原反還原反應(yīng)混合物包含有帶有PNTG質(zhì)粒的大腸桿菌HB101的菌液15ML，PNTS1質(zhì)粒的大腸桿菌HB101的菌液17ML，16MGNADP，4G葡萄糖，25G的COBE，25ML的NBUTYLACETATE丁酰醋酸鹽和大約25MG的聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚TRITONX100。用5M的NAOH溶液

簡(jiǎn)介：外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯院系XXXX專業(yè)信息管理與信息系統(tǒng)班級(jí)XX學(xué)生姓名XX導(dǎo)師姓名職稱起止時(shí)間年月日至年月日CONSTRUCTIONOFNETWORKMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSUPPLYCHAINBASEDON3PLS2PRODUCTIVEFORCESTHEREFORE,ITISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTANDURGENTTOCONSTRUCTAMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSUPPLYCHAINUNDERTHECURRENTINTERNETENVIRONMENTPROBLEMSINTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHESUPPLYCHAINOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSAREANALYZED,ANDANETWORKMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSUPPLYCHAINBASEDON3PLSISCONSTRUCTEDINORDERTOOFFERREFERENCESFORTHEINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTINTHESUPPLYCHAINOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSINCHINA1NECESSITYOFCONSTRUCTINGTHENETWORKMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSUPPLYCHAINBASEDON3PLSAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSARESEASONAL,PERISHABLEANDVULNERABLEWITHTHEIMPROVEMENTOFINCOMELEVEL，CONSUMERSHAVEINCREASINGLYHIGHREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDIVERSIFICATION,PERSONALIZATION,JUSTINTIMENATURE,ANDENVIRONMENTPROTECTIONOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,WHICHREQUIRESFASTER,MOREPROFESSIONAL，ANDBETTERORGANIZEDLOGISTICSATTHESAMETIME,SUPPLYCHAINOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSHASTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESPECIALPURPOSEOFFUNDS,THEUNCERTAINTYOFMARKET,ANDTHEUNBALANCEDDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETTHUS,THESUPPORTOFSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMISNEEDEDDURINGTHECIRCULATIONOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSCONSTRUCTIONOFMARKETINTEGRATION,ASWELLASTHEINTEGRATIONOFPRODUCTION,SUPPLYANDMARKETING,URGENTLYNEEDSANEWMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,ASWELLASANACCOMPANYINGLEGALSUPPORTSYSTEM,INORDERTOREDUCETHECOSTANDTOINCREASETHEPROFITFORAGRICULTURALENTERPRISESANDTHEAPPLICATIONOF3PLSINTHESUPPLYCHAINOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSCANSOLVETHISPROBLEMTHEREFORE,WESHOULDGIVEFULLPLAYTOTHECENTRALHUBFUNCTIONOF3PLSENTERPRISESINAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSUPPLYCHAIN,INCREASETHEINPUTINTHEINFORMATIONIZATIONOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSUPPLYCHAIN,ANDPROMOTETHECONSTRUCTIONOFLOGISTICSOPERATIONSYSTEMANDMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEM11IMPROVINGTHEOVERALLCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSUPPLYCHAINBY3PLS3PLSISANEWLOGISTICSORGANIZATIONALFORMESTABLISHEDBYMODERNINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,ASWELLASAKINDOFCOMPLEMENTARYANDWINWINSTRATEGICALLIANCEBYSIGNINGCONTRACTWITHTHEPARTYBEINGSERVEDTAKING3PLSASTHEPROFESSIONALANDCOREENTERPRISEINTHEPRODUCTIONANDCIRCULATIONOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSCANHELPTOREALIZERESOURCECONSOLIDATIONOFTHECONSTRUCTIONANDORGANIZATIONOFTHEWHOLESUPPLYCHAINOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSTHESPECIALIZATIONOFRAWMATERIALSANDTHESERVICEFORPRODUCTDISTRIBUTIONHAVEGREATLYIMPROVEDTHELOGISTICSEFFICIENCYOFTRADITIONALENTERPRISEATTHESAMETIME,CONSTRUCTIONOFTHEMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSUPPLYCHAINBASEDON3PLSHASMADEUPFORTHESHORTAGEOFINFORMATIONINAGRICULTURALMARKET,HASIMPROVEDTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEFLOWOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,HASCONNECTEDALLTHELINKSINTHESUPPLYCHAININTOANORGANICWHOLEINANREASONABLEANDEFFECTIVEWAY,ANDHASENHANCEDTHEOVERALLCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEANDECONOMICBENEFITS3PLSPLATFORMHASGREATLYBROUGHTDOWNTHEPRODUCTIONANDCIRCULATIONPROCESSESOFTRADITIONALAGRICULTURALENTERPRISES,ANDHASREDUCEDTHECOSTSINRAWMATERIALPROCUREMENTANDPRODUCTDISTRIBUTION,SOASTOBETTERADAPTTOTHECHANGESINMARKETDEMAND,TOREALIZETHERATIONALDISTRIBUTIONOFRESOURCES,ANDTOIMPROVETHEOVERALLCOMPETITIVENESSOFTHESUPPLYCHAINOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS12CHANGINGTHEHOMOGENEITYMANAGEMENTTOSPECIALIZEDOPERATIONOFLOGISTICSSERVICEBY3PLSDUETOTHECHARACTERISTICSOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,MARKETREQUIREMENTFORLOGISTICSVARIESWIDELYSINCETRADITIONALENTERPRISESTRYTOOBTAINTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,THEREISFIERCEMARKETCOMPETITIONINCOMMODITYCIRCULATIONTHEREFORE,BEHAVIOROFLOGISTICSMARKETSHOWSTHECHARACTERISTICSOFHOMOGENEITYANDTHEPROFITISGETTINGLOWERANDLOWERINORDERTOSEIZETHE

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯題目PHOTOMODELERSCANNER在古建筑測(cè)繪中的應(yīng)用專業(yè)測(cè)繪工程班級(jí)0901班學(xué)生指導(dǎo)老師重慶交通大學(xué)2013年近開(kāi)發(fā)從序列傾斜圖像測(cè)定火山地形（CACHE等，2003）。在這里，我們將展示為了克服在使用傾斜角度和比較低分辨率的溫度傳感器時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)處理的一些固有問(wèn)題，近景數(shù)字?jǐn)z影測(cè)量技術(shù)是如何可以被用來(lái)聯(lián)合從任意位置熱和可見(jiàn)光相機(jī)獲取的圖像數(shù)據(jù)。自動(dòng)攝影和圖像匹配技術(shù)（PAPADAKI2002年），可獲取地形數(shù)據(jù)，以及整頓和地理參考可見(jiàn)光與紅外線圖像。觀察對(duì)象的表面和相機(jī)方位的測(cè)定允許對(duì)熱圖像的每個(gè)像素的有關(guān)大氣衰減因素計(jì)算。我們利用在埃特納火山活動(dòng)的熔巖渠道和流動(dòng)陣地地面圖像來(lái)說(shuō)明這些技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。圖1地理位置埃特納火山和山谷德?tīng)柌ǚ颉?0042005年熔巖最終流域顯示為主圖上的黑色區(qū)域以及它們?cè)?004年9月27號(hào)的流域顯示在插圖上。流動(dòng)前端周圍的星號(hào)展示了攝影測(cè)量控制的一些目標(biāo)使用的位置。數(shù)據(jù)采集數(shù)據(jù)采集埃特納火山，在意大利西西里島，擁有最近既熱情洋溢又適度爆炸活動(dòng)的歷史。經(jīng)過(guò)約一個(gè)相對(duì)平靜的一年，2004年9月7日，一小熔巖噴口開(kāi)幕?海拔2800米，在東南基地火山口。一周之內(nèi)，在巴耶德?tīng)柌ǚ蝽敳績(jī)蓚€(gè)海拔相對(duì)較低的噴口下低落（在2650和2250米，圖1）也形成，熔巖向東流入山谷。在相對(duì)溫和的流動(dòng)速率（大約3立方米每秒伯頓等2005年），提供通道流量被冷受限（GUEST等。1987年），并且（在實(shí)地調(diào)查期間）小于25公里長(zhǎng)，在MONTECENTENARI南部，谷底斜坡的裂隙有主動(dòng)流動(dòng)前端（圖2A）。同時(shí)有相當(dāng)一部分發(fā)展在陡峭的地形流場(chǎng)有落石的危險(xiǎn)，流動(dòng)前端相對(duì)可行。因此，地面的圖像可以獲取流動(dòng)前端和遠(yuǎn)端通道地區(qū)，在

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文16061606字密級(jí)分類號(hào)編號(hào)成績(jī)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文翻譯原文標(biāo)題FASTDIGITALFREQUENCYMETER譯文標(biāo)題快速數(shù)字頻率計(jì)作者所在系別電子工程系作者所在專業(yè)通信工程作者所在班級(jí)作者姓名作者學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師姓名指導(dǎo)教師職稱講師完成時(shí)間2010年12月共6頁(yè)第2頁(yè)圖一數(shù)字頻率計(jì)的框圖第二階段積分器積分用初始值積分出電壓。這個(gè)階段積分器的輸出結(jié)果應(yīng)用到V0101V???DTVRC1TTTTDAC??令TT0,V010??0TVRC1RCTV0TDACREF2???OR6??TDACREF20VTVT??圖二第一和第二階段積分器輸出的V01通過(guò)T,TT0時(shí)段的計(jì)數(shù)，經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)置后，與時(shí)鐘頻率FC一起進(jìn)行計(jì)算，計(jì)數(shù)器得出N2C02TTN?由如下公式得出的結(jié)果

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3750字文獻(xiàn)翻譯題目學(xué)生姓名專業(yè)班級(jí)信息與計(jì)算科學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)號(hào)院（系）數(shù)學(xué)與信息科學(xué)學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師職稱完成時(shí)間2016年3月15日像MVC一樣的輕量級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)在PHP中的應(yīng)用2的設(shè)計(jì)中，MVC通過(guò)WEB模板系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行來(lái)作為WEB視圖的組件，在WEB應(yīng)用程序中能經(jīng)?？吹組VC模式，它的視圖一般就是由APP生成的HTML和XHTML?？刂破鲃t接收POST或GET的輸入并且決定要做什么，然后把結(jié)果交給域?qū)ο螅茨Ｐ停?，模型包括業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則并知道如何執(zhí)行特定的任務(wù)，如處理一個(gè)新的訂閱，誰(shuí)來(lái)控制HTML生成組件，（如模板引擎、XML管道、AJAX回調(diào)等），為了讓PHP符合面向?qū)ο缶幊?，MVC模型帶來(lái)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)使之再進(jìn)一步，雖然這個(gè)想法改進(jìn)了PHP代碼的重用和編程效率，但這個(gè)架構(gòu)有一個(gè)明顯的缺陷降低了運(yùn)營(yíng)效率。面向?qū)ο蟮腜HP迫切需要一種新形式來(lái)解決平衡效率和重用的問(wèn)題。2典型的典型的PHP模型和模型和MVCA．典型PHP模式的介紹因?yàn)镻HP是一種腳本語(yǔ)言的特性，它是嵌入在服務(wù)器中的HTML文檔中實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這將導(dǎo)致典型的面向過(guò)程的PHP編程方式，將根據(jù)已經(jīng)被設(shè)計(jì)好的傳統(tǒng)的HTML格式來(lái)嵌入PHP程序，它在數(shù)據(jù)層混合的代碼像數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查詢的語(yǔ)句，表示層代碼像HTML，一個(gè)典型的PHP程序如下PHPTEST

簡(jiǎn)介：KSCEJOURNALOFCIVILENGINEERINGVOL10,NO3/MAY2006PP151163CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTVOL10,NO3/MAY2006?151?KEYATTITUDEINDICATORSKAIFORMEASURINGATTITUDEOFCONTRACTORSINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSBYNIRMALKUMARACHARYA,YOUNGDAILEE,ANDDALSIKCHOIABSTRACTTIMELYCOMPLETIONANDASATISFIEDOWNERARETHEPRIMEOBJECTIVESOFACONSTRUCTIONPROJECTTHESUCCESSTOACHIEVETHESEPROJECTOBJECTIVESISFULLYDEPENDSONTHEWORKINGAPPROACHESATTITUDEOFACONTRACTORCOMPANYATTITUDEISABSTRACT,WHICHISVERYDIFFICULTTOMEASUREDIRECTLYTHEREFOREITMUSTBEINFERREDFROMTHEASSUMEDRELATIONSHIPWITHOBSERVABLEINDICATORSCOMMONLY,BEHAVIORSHOWNBYAPERSONORORGANIZATIONREPRESENTSITSATTITUDEABOUTTHINGSORPERSONSORISSUESTHEAIMOFTHISPAPERISTODEVELOPAFRAMEWORKFORMEASURINGATTITUDEOFACONTRACTORCOMPANYINANONGOINGCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTINTHISPAPERASETOFKEYATTITUDEINDICATORSKAISMEASUREDBOTHOBJECTIVELYANDSUBJECTIVELYHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTHROUGHAFIELDSURVEYTHEVALIDITYOFTHEPROPOSEDKAISISALSOTESTEDBYFOURCASESTUDIESTHERESULTSOFTHESTUDYSHOWTHATTHEKAISSTATEDINTHEPAPERCANREASONABLYMEASURETHEATTITUDEOFCONTRACTORCOMPANYANDCANBEHELPFULFORTHEOWNERSANDPROJECTMANAGERSTOCONTROLTHEIRPROJECTSEFFECTIVELYTHISSTUDYALSOPROVIDESFEWSIGNIFICANTINSIGHTSINTODEVELOPINGAGENERALANDCOMPREHENSIVEBASEFORFURTHERSTUDYKEYWORDSCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT,ATTITUDEINDICATORS,MEASURINGATTITUDE,OWNER,CONTRACTOR1INTRODUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONISBECOMINGINCREASINGLYCOMPLEXDEVELOPMENTORIENTEDORGANIZATIONSAREINCREASINGLYCOMETODEPENDONCONTRACTORSEVERGROWINGDEMANDSFROMCLIENTS,COMPETITION,ANDREGULATORYAGENCIESCREATEADDEDBURDENSTOCONTRACTORSTHATMUSTBEMANAGEDINACOSTEFFECTIVEMANNERPRICHARD,2000INACONSTRUCTIONPROJECT,THREEGROUPSOFPARTICIPANTSTHECLIENT,THEDESIGNERANDTHECONTRACTORAREBROUGHTTOGETHERFORATEMPORARYPERIODTOBUILDPROJECTSDURINGWHICHTHEYAREEXPECTEDTOCOOPERATEANDWORKTOWARDSAMUTUALGOALCONTRACTORSARENOWFACINGIMMENSECOMPETITIONINCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY,PROFITSHAVEBEENMODESTOREVENLEASTLEVY,2000THUS,FORACONTRACTORTOBESUCCESSFULACRITICALELEMENTFORSUCCESSONANYCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTTHECONTRACTORMUSTBEABLETOPROPERLYMANAGEITSBUSINESSASABUSINESSPRICHARD,2000ACONTRACTORSHOULDHAVETECHNICALKNOWLEDGEANDABILITY,INTERPERSONALSKILLS/ABILITYTOGETTHINGSDONETHROUGHOTHERS,ANDMOTIVATIONTOPRODUCENOTONLYALOTOFWORK,BUTALOTOFGOODWORKTOOTHOUGHTHECLIENTSINVESTMONEYONTHEPROJECTBUT,AFTERHAVINGCONTRACTWITHTHECONTRACTORTHEMAJORRESPONSIBILITYTOFINISHTHEWORKGOESTOTHECONTRACTORANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEPROJECTWILLBEDEPENDENTONMAINLYWILL,MANNERANDATTITUDEOFTHECONTRACTORCONTRACTOR’SINEFFICIENCYTOCONTROLACTIVITIES,LETHARGY,PROFITMAKINGDESIREANDSIMPLENEGATIVEATTITUDEMIGHTJEOPARDIZETHEPROJECTGOALSSO,THEPROJECTIMPLEMENTERSNEEDTOBEACQUAINTEDWITHTHEATTITUDEOFCONTRACTORDURINGPROJECTIMPLEMENTATIONPERIODINFACT,ATTITUDEISABSTRACTANDISVERYDIFFICULTASWELLASCOMPLICATEDTOMEASURETHISISBECAUSEINMOSTINSTANCESTHEQUANTIFICATIONOFATTITUDEISDIFFICULTACCORDINGTODUTMER2002ATTITUDESARISEFROMEMOTIONS,SOTHEYARENOTRATIONALANDTYPICALLYASSOCIATEDWITHPSYCHOLOGICALEVENTS,WHICHMEANSTHEYAREACQUIRED,NOTINHERITEDSO,ITISASSUMEDINTHISPAPERTHATTHEATTITUDEOFTHECONTRACTORSISTHEBEHAVIORDEMONSTRATEDBYTHEMTOWARDSSUCCESSFULCOMPLETIONOFTHEASSIGNEDPROJECTDUTMER2002HASREPORTEDTHATSOMECONTRACTORSHAVEDISCOVEREDTHATDEVELOPINGAPROFITATTITUDEAMONGEMPLOYEESCANSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEANORGANIZATION’SPROFITABILITYINTHISWAY,IFTHEOWNERBEABLETOPERCEIVETHEATTITUDEOFTHECONTRACTORTIMELY,ITCANSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVETHEPROJECTSUCCESSEVENTHOUGHTHEPROJECTHASBEENWELLPLANNEDANDENOUGHRESOURCESALLOTTEDFROMTHEOWNER,UNLESSTHECONTRACTORWORKSBETTERANDKEEPSUPTHEPROGRESSMOMENTUM,ITCANNOTBESAIDTHATTHEPROJECTWILLBESUCCESSFROMLITERATURE,ITHASBEENPERCEIVEDTHATTHEREISLACKOFSTUDIESABOUTMEASURINGATTITUDEOFTHECONTRACTORCOMPANYTHISLACUNAHASCAUSEDTHEOWNERSHAVINGLIMITEDOPTIONSTOCONTROLTHEPROJECT,IFCONTRACTOR’SNEGATIVEAPPROACHRESULTEDINPROJECTASDELAYANDLOSSOFPRODUCTIVITYIFTHEOWNERCOULDBEABLETOMEASURETHEATTITUDEOFCONTRACTORINTIMEDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPHASE,THENAPOTENTIALFAILUREOFPROJECTCOULDBESAVEDBYSOMEPROACTIVEAPPROACHESTHATISWHYTHEAUTHORSHAVEATTEMPTEDTOADDRESSTHISSITUATIONTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTODEVELOPAFRAMEWORKFORMEASURINGATTITUDEOFACONTRACTORCOMPANYDURINGTHEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATIONPHASETHERATIONALEBEHINDTHISPURPOSEISTHATPHDCANDIDATE,DEPARTMENTOFCIVILANDCONSTRUCTIONENGINEERING,PUKYONGNATIONALUNIVERSITY,BUSAN,KOREACORRESPONDINGAUTHOR,EMAILNIRMAL_PKNUYAHOOCOMMEMBER,PROFESSOR,DEPARTMENTOFCIVILANDCONSTRUCTIONENGINEERING,PUKYONGNATIONALUNIVERSITY,BUSANEMAILYDLEEPKNUACKRPHDCANDIDATE,INTERDISCIPLINARYPROGRAMOFCEM,PUKYONGNATIONALUNIVERSITY,BUSANEMAILCH8010YAHOOCOKRKEYATTITUDEINDICATORSKAIFORMEASURINGATTITUDEOFCONTRACTORSINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSVOL10,NO3/MAY2006?153?CONTRACTORSTHATMIGHTAFFECTTHEPERFORMANCEOFPROJECTHASBEENCOMPOSEDDURINGINVESTIGATIONOFATTITUDEFACTORS,ITWASFOUNDTHATTHEREWASALMOSTNOSTUDYABOUTTHISTOPICHOWEVER,THISSTUDYWASABLETOIDENTIFYFEWFACTORSEXTRACTINGFROMPERFORMANCERELATEDLITERATURESLING2002,PHENG1997,BARRIEETAL??1992,GOULD2002ETCDISCUSSIONWITHCONSTRUCTIONEXPERTSANDEXPERIENCESOFAUTHORSTHEMSELVESPROBABLEATTITUDEMEASURINGFACTORSARELISTEDINTABLE2PROFESSIONALSWORKINGACTIVELYINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYWEREAPPROACHEDTOVALIDATETHETESTINGFACTORSAGAINLATER4METHODOFSTUDYMEANSCOREANDAHPANALYTICALHIERARCHICALPROCESSMETHODSWEREUSEDTOIDENTIFYPARAMETERSTOMEASUREATTITUDEOFACONTRACTORCOMPANYTHREESTEPSASDESCRIBEDBELOWWERECARRIEDOUTINTHISSTUDY41IDENTIFICATIONOFKAISFIRSTSTEPWASTOIDENTIFYKEYATTITUDEINDICATORSKAISINCENOINSTRUMENTWASAVAILABLEFORMEASURINGCONTRACTOR’SATTITUDE,QUESTIONSWEREDEVELOPEDBASEDUPONTHELITERATUREREVIEW,PERSONALINTERVIEWANDAUTHORS’OWNEXPERIENCESTHISSTUDYHASCOLLECTED22PROBABLEATTITUDEINDICATORSASSHOWNINTABLE2QUESTIONNAIREUSED22INSTRUMENTSTATEMENTSINFIVEPOINTLIKERTSCALERELATINGTOPERCEIVEDATTITUDEMEASURINGINDICATORSASILLUSTRATEDINAPPENDIXITHETARGETPOPULATIONSFORTHISSURVEYWERECONSTRUCTIONENGINEERS/MANAGERSWORKINGINOWNERS’ANDCONSULTANTS’ORGANIZATIONSRESPONDENTSWEREASKEDTOINDICATETHEIRLEVELOFAGREEMENTORDISAGREEMENTINTHERANGEOF1TO5,WHERE1ISSTRONGLYDISAGREEAND5ISSTRONGLYAGREEPERCEIVEDATTITUDEFACTORSWITHARITHMETICMEANRATINGSABOVEOREQUALTO4WEREINCLUDEDFORFURTHERANALYSIS42WEIGHTINGOFKAISSECONDSTEPWASTOCALCULATEWEIGHTINGSOFKAISATTITUDEINDICATORSWILLHAVEDIFFERENTIMPACTONTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEPROJECTTHEREFORE,ITWASNECESSARYTOASSIGNWEIGHTSTOREFLECTTHERELATIVEVALUEOFKAITOASSESSOVERALLATTITUDEOFCONTRACTORTODOTHISASOBJECTIVELYASPOSSIBLE,ANALYTICALHIERARCHYPROCESSAHPWASUSEDAHPISWELLKNOWNASDECISIONMAKINGTECHNIQUEDEVELOPEDBYTHOMASSAATY,ANAMERICANMATHEMATICIANINEARLY70’STHISMETHODALLOWSTHEDECISIONMAKERSTOSTRUCTURECOMPLEXPROBLEMSINTHEFORMOFAHIERARCHYORASETOFINTEGRATEDLEVELSINGENERAL,THEHIERARCHYHASATLEASTTHREELEVELSTHEGOAL,THECRITERIA,ANDTHEALTERNATIVESSHENETAL,1998USINGAPREDETERMINEDSCALE191AS‘EQUALIMPORTANCE’AND9AS‘ABSOLUTEIMPORTANCE’,PAIRWISECOMPARISONSOFTHEKAIWASMADETHESAMPLEQUESTIONNAIREISPROVIDEDINAPPENDIXIITHISTECHNIQUEISBASEDONCONSTRUCTINGAMATRIXWITHTHESAMEFACTORSINROWSANDCOLUMNSJEFFERIESETAL,1999ASAGENERALCONVENTION,IFTHEROWELEMENTISMOREIMPORTANTTHANCOLUMNELEMENT,THENANUMBERINBETWEEN1TO9ISASSIGNEDIFTHECOLUMNELEMENTISMOREIMPORTANTTHANROWELEMENT,THENTHENUMBERASSIGNEDWILLBETHEINVERSEOFTHEASSIGNEDINTHEFIRSTCASE43MEASUREMENTOFATTITUDETHIRDSTEPWASINVOLVEDTOMEASURETHECONTRACTORS’ATTITUDEWITHTHEHELPOFKAISATECHNICALEDUCATIONANDVOCATIONALTRAININGTEVTDEVELOPMENTPROJECTWASTAKENFORCASESTUDIESITWASONEOFSUCCESSFULLYIMPLEMENTEDPROJECTSINNEPALKAISCONTAINQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEMEASUREMENTSQUANTITATIVEMEASUREMENTSWEREEVALUATEDFROMTHEPROJECTRECORDSFORTHESUBJECTIVEMEASUREMENTOFKAIFACTORS,PROJECTOFFICIALS/REPRESENTATIVESOFOWNERWEREAPPROACHEDALTOGETHER24PARTICIPANTSWEREINVOLVEDINTHEEVALUATIONOFCONTRACTORSPARTICIPANTSINVOLVEDINTHESURVEYWEREPROJECTDIRECTOR,PROJECTMANAGER,SITEENGINEERS/ARCHITECTS,SITEOVERSEERS,PROJECTACCOUNTANTS,PROCUREMENTOFFICERS,ANDAUDITORSALLTHEKAISWEREMEASUREDACCORDINGTO9POINTSCALEFORTHEUNIFORMITYTOCALCULATETHETOTALATTITUDESCORESCORESOBTAINEDFROMTHEFIELDSURVEYWEREMULTIPLIEDBYIMPORTANCEWEIGHTINGFACTORSOFKAIS,ANDADDEDTOGETOVERALLATTITUDERESULTFOREACHCONTRACTORTHESERESULTSWERETHENPLOTTEDTOSHOWGRAPHICALLYINATTITUDESCALEFORPOSITIVEORNEGATIVESHOWSEEFIG25IDENTIFICATIONOFKEYATTITUDEINDICATORSKAI75SURVEYINSTRUMENTSWEREDISTRIBUTEDTOCONSTRUCTIONMANAGERS/ENGINEERSTHEQUESTIONNAIRESWEREDISTRIBUTEDHANDTOTABLE2LISTOFPERCEIVEDATTITUDEFACTORSSNPERCEIVEDATTITUDEFACTORS1COMMITMENTTOWARDSQUALITYCONTROLOFWORKQUALITY_WORK2COMMITMENTTOWARDSTIMELYCOMPLETIONTIME_PROGRESS3INVESTMENTINTHEPROJECTINVESTMENT4MANAGEMENTOFWORKSITEWORK_SITE5HIRINGOFTECHNICALPERSONNELTECHNICAL_STAFF6DEALINGWITHTHEOWNEROWNER_RELATION7DEALINGWITHA/ECONSULTANTCONSULTANT_RELATION8USEOFMODERNTOOLSANDEQUIPMENTTOOLS_EQUIPMENT9TAKINGHEALTH,SAFETYANDSECURITYMEASURESHEALTH_SAFETY10PAYINGTIMELYTOSUBCONTRACTORS/SUPPLIERSSUBCONTRACTOR_PAY11PREVIOUSRECORDSOFRELATIONSHIPWITHOTHERPROJECTPARTICIPANTSPREVIOUS_RECORDS12DELIVERYOFMATERIALSINADVANCEMATERIAL_STOCK13DEALINGWITHWORKERS’UNIONLABOR_UNION14LOWMARGINTENDERRATETENDER_RATE15INVOLVEMENTOFTHECONTRACTORHIMSELFINVOLVEMENT_CONTRACTOR16NUMBEROFWORKSATHANDWORKS_HAND17TYPESOFWORKORDINARYORHIGHTECHNOLOGICALTYPE_WORK18LOCATIONOFCOMPANY’SHEADOFFICEHEAD_OFFICE19WORKINGEXPERIENCESYEARS,SPECIALIZATIONETCWORK_EXPERIENCE20SIZEOFTHECOMPANYOROVERHEADCOSTSIZE_COMPANY21TIMELYPAYMENTTOTHEWORKERS/STAFFPAYMENT_STAFF22EXCESSIVECORRESPONDENCESEXCESSIVE_CORRESPONDENCE

簡(jiǎn)介：AVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONSUPPORTSYSTEM00PROGRAMMINGLUISFFBRITOPALMAANDADELINORFDASILVACONCURRENTPROGRAMMINGDEPARTAMENTODEENGENHARIAELECTROTECNICAFACULDADEDECIENCIASETECNOLOGIA,UNIVERSIDADENOVADELISBOA,PORTUGALCONTACTSTEL35112948339,FAX35112948532EMAILSLBPMAILFCTUNLPT,AFSMAILFCTUNLPT00TECHNOLOGYABSTRACTAVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONSUPPORTSYSTEMTHATPERMITSTORUNSEVERALCONCURRENTVIRTUALINSTRUMENTSHASBEENDEVELOPEDINTHISPAPER,WEPRESENTAMULTITASKINGGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTNAMEDAGMTANDTWOMAINVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONAPPLICATIONSADIGITALOSCILLOSCOPEANDADIGITALIMAGEPROCESSORTHEAGMTWASDESIGNEDTOWORKINREALTIMEANDINTERACTWITHSENSORSANDACTUATORSVIADATAACQUISITIONBOARDS,ANDOTHERINPUTOUTPUTDEVICESTHEAGMTIMPLEMENTSAPREEMPTIVEANDPRIORITYMULTITASKINGSYSTEMUNDERTHEDOSOPERATINGSYSTEMTHEAGMTALLOWSTHEUSERTODEFINE,INRUNTIME,THETASKSCHEDULINGPOLICYOFTHECONCURRENTAPPLICATIONSTHEVIRTUALENVIRONMENTMAYBEEASILYEXTENDEDTORUNOTHERTYPICALSUPERVISORYCONTROLANDDATAACQUISITIONAPPLICATIONS1INTRODUCTIONVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMSHAVERECEIVEDALOTOFATTENTIONINRECENTLITERATURETHISISMAINLYDUETOTHEGROWINGINTERESTINSUPERVISORYCONTROLANDDATAACQUISITIONSCADAAPPLICATIONS,LIKEMONITORINGSYSTEMS,CONTROLSYSTEMSANDMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSSEVERALCOMMERCIALVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMSAREAVAILABLESOMESYSTEMSRUNUNDERTHEWINDOWSOPERATINGSYSTEM,WHILEOTHERSSTILLRUNUNDERTHEDOSOPERATINGSYSTEMMOSTCOMMERCIALSYSTEMSDONOTHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOSATISFYREALTIMECONSTRAINTS1,2,SINCENEITHERWINDOWSNORDOSAREREALTIMEOPERATINGSYSTEMSBESIDES,MOSTVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMSDONOTPERMITTOCONTROLTHETASKSCHEDULINGPOLICYINTHESYSTEMWEHAVEDEVELOPED,NAMEDAGMT,TASKSARECONCEIVEDASLIGHTWEIGHTPROCESSESORTHREADSOFEXECUTIONASSOCIATEDWITHTHEVIRTUALAPPLICATIONS3THEMULTITASKINGGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTAGMT4,RESULTSFROMTHEINTEGRATIONOFTWOTOOLKITSTHEINTERWORKTMCONCURRENTPROGRAMMINGTOOLKIT5,ANDTHEZINCTMGRAPHICALUSERINTERFACEFRAMEWORK6THEINTERWORKTOOLKITEMULATESAREALTIMEKERNELBYSUPPORTINGPRIORITYSCHEDULINGANDPREEMPTIVEMULTITASKINGINTHISSENSE,ITISCONCEIVEDASAREALTIMEEXTENSIONOFTHEDOSOPERATINGSYSTEMTHEZINCGRAPHICALUSERINTERFACEFRAMEWORKHASANEVENTMANAGERANDAWINDOWMANAGERTHEEVENTMANAGERCONTROLSTHEEVENTSGENERATEDBYTHEINPUTDEVICESASWELLASOTHERINTERNALEVENTSOFTHEGRAPHICSYSTEMTHEGRAPHICALUSERINTERFACESWINDOWMANAGERCONTROLSTHEVISUALIZATIONOFTHEWINDOWOBJECTSTOBEDISPLAYEDONTHESCREENBASEDONTHESETWOTOOLKITS,THEAGMTSYSTEMEXECUTESTHEPOLLINGOFALLEVENTGENERATINGDEVICESATTACHEDTOTHEEVENTMANAGER,SUCHASTHECURSOR,THEKEYBOARD,THEMOUSE,ASWELLASOTHERSUSERDEFINEDDEVICESTHEAGMTSYSTEMWASDEVELOPEDWITHOBJECTORIENTED00TECHNOLOGY7ANDUSEDTHECOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE8,9,TOPERMITTHEINCORPORATIONOFNEWVIRTUALINSTRUMENTSINAMODULARANDEASYWAYTWOMAINVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONAPPLICATIONSADIGITALOSCILLOSCOPEANDADIGITALIMAGEPROCESSORHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTOILLUSTRATETHEPOTENTIALOFTHEAGMTSYSTEMINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONS,THEUNDERLYINGCONCEPTSOFVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMSAREINTRODUCED,FOLLOWEDBYTHEDESCRIPTIONOFTHESYSTEMDESIGNANDAPPLICATIONS2VIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONISAKNOWLEDGEAREATHATINTEGRATESSEVERALOTHERSAREAS,ASILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE1INSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMS10,1I,CONCURRENTPROGRAMMING,GRAPHICALUSERINTERFACES121,REALTIMESYSTEMS,OBJECTORIENTEDTECHNOLOGY,ANDOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMING1INSTRUMENTATIONISYSTEMSTAREALTIMEUSYSTEMSFIG1VIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONRELATEDKNOWLEDGESAREASINSTRUMENTATIONSYSTEMSDEALWITHTHESIGNALSCOMINGFROMSENSORSANDTHESIGNALSTOCONTROLACTUATORS3010780350081/98/100001998IEEEINFIGURE5,THEMULTITASKINGSUPPORTSYSTEMIMPLEMENTEDINTHEAGMTCANBEOBSERVEDTHISFIGURESHOWSTHREETASKSONEMAINTASKCONTROLSTHEGRAPHICALUSERINTERFACEOFTHEAGMT,EACHOTHERTASKCONTROLSONEINDEPENDENTVIRTUALINSTRUMENTHOWEVER,ITISPOSSIBLETOASSOCIATEMORETHANONETASKWITHASINGLEAPPLICATION,ORHAVEONETASKCONTROLMULTIPLEAPPLICATIONSCONTROLTASKOFCONTROLTASKOFCONTROLTASKOFPQOPERATINGSYSTEMFIG5MULTITASKINGSUPPORTMODELTHEGRANULARITYOFTHETASKS’ROUTINESMUSTBESMALL,TOFACILITATETHEOPERATIONOFTHEPREEMPTIVETASKSCHEDULER,ASINDICATEDINFIGURE6FIGURE7SHOWSATEMPORALDIAGRAMOFTHECPUALLOCATIONTOTHREEDIFFERENTTASKSTHEMAINTASKRESPONSIBLEFORCONTROLLINGTHEGUIOFAGMT,THEOSCILLOSCOPETASK,ANDTHECOLORDEMONSTRATIONTASKAGMTTASKOSCILLOSCOPETASK__I____FIG6PREEMPTIVETASKSCHEDULINGONAGMTTASKS4AGMTTASKOSCILLOSCOPETASKCOLORDEMOTASKTIMEFIG7TEMPORALDIAGRAMOFCPUUSAGETHEAGMTMAINWINDOWHASTHEASPECTREPRESENTEDINFIGURE8FIG8MAINWINDOWOFAGMTTHEAGMTENVIRONMENTWASDESIGNTOPERMITTHEDEFINITIONOFTHEPRIORITYANDTHETIMESLICEALLOCATEDTOEACHTASKTHESCHEDULERUSESATIMESLICEDSCHEDULINGPOLICYWITHTWOPRIORITYLEVELSACTIVETASKS,IE,TASKSINTHEREADYSTATE,SHARETHESAMEHIGHPRIORITYVALUE“1”SUSPENDEDTASKSHAVETHELOWPRIORITYVALUE“0”THISPOLICYISADEQUATEINREALTIMEAPPLICATIONSREQUIRINGHIGHRESPONSIVENESSASREGARDSTHEAGMTENVIRONMENT,THEDEFINITIONOFTHETASKSCHEDULINGPOLICYISDONEINRUNTIMEBYCLICKINGTHEBUTTON“PRIORIDADESTIMESLICES”SEEFIGURE8THEWINDOWRELATEDTOTHETASKSCHEDULINGPOLICYWILLTHENAPPEAR,ASSHOWNINFIGURE9THEAGMTGRAPHICALENVIRONMENTRUNSINTHEMAINTASK,HASAFIXEDHIGHPRIORITYVALUE,ANDCANNOTBESUSPENDEDTHETIMESLICESVALUESRANGEFROM1TO10AUNITOFTIMESLICEEQUALS55MSAVALUEIMPOSEDBYTHEINTERNALCLOCKOFTHEINTERWORKTOOLKITIAMBIENTEGR6FICOMULTI’FICHEIROAPLICACEESTAREFASUTILITLRIOSAIAMBIENTEAGMT1OSCILOSCOPIOPII1DEMOCORESRFIG9TASKSCHEDULINGPOLICYDEFINITIONWINDOWTHECPROGRAMMERCANEASILYCREATEANDADDNEWVIRTUALINSTRUMENTSTOTHEAGMTENVIRONMENTINCOMPILETIMETHEFOLLOWINGMAINSTEPSMUSTBEFOLLOWEDFIRST,CODETHEAPPLICATIONSIMULATINGTHEVIRTUALINSTRUMENTASACLASSINC,USINGTHEZINCPRIMITIVESANINSTANCEOFTHISCLASSISTHENADDEDTOTHEEVENTMANAGERANDTHEWINDOWMANAGERSECOND,ADDASUBMENUTOTHEGRAPHICALUSERINTERFACETOPERMITTHEINVOCATIONOFTHEAPPLICATIONTHIRD,INSERTCODEINTHEMAINMENUTOFORKTHETASKTHATRUNSTHEAPPLICATION4APPLICATIONSTWOMAINVIRTUALINSTRUMENTATIONAPPLICATIONSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDADIGITALOSCILLOSCOPEANDADIGITALIMAGEPROCESSORTWOOTHERSAPPLICATIONSWITHMOREEDUCATIONALPURPOSESWEREDEVELOPEDASWELLONECLOCKSIMULATORANDACOLORDEMONSTRATIONAPPLICATIONTWOSYNCRONIZEDCLOCKSCANBEOBSERVEDINFIGURE8,WHEREEACHCLOCKISANINSTANCEOFTHESAMECCLASS303

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HOWSTHEPHOTOSOFFLOCCULOUSNATIVECOLLAGENFIBERSANDTHEREGENERATEDCOLLAGENFILMSTHEREGENERATEDFILMSWITHDEIONIZEDWATERFIG3BANDETHANOLFIG3CSHOWSMOOTHANDCOMPACTSURFACESTHEFILMREGENERATEDWITHACETONEFIG3DANDMETHANOLFIG3EPRESENTSAROUGHANDPOROUSSURFACEITISSEENTHATREGENERATEDCOLLAGENWITHBETTERFILMFORMINGABILITYCANBEOBTAINEDWITHDEIONIZEDWATERANDETHANOLSEMIMAGESOFTHESURFACEMORPHOLOGYOFNATIVECOLLAGENFIBERSANDTHEREGENERATEDCOLLAGENFILMSARESHOWNINFIG4THENATIVESKINCOLLAGENFIBERSFIG4AHAVEWIDTHOFABOUT40–50?MANDLENGTHFROMHUNDREDSOFMICRONSTOMILLIMETERSWHENCOLLAGEN/BMIMCLWASIMMERSEDINPRECIPITATORS,REGENERATEDFILMSWITHDIFFERENTMORPHOLOGYCANBEGOTTHEFILMREGENERATEDINIONIZEDWATERHASSMOOTHMORPHOLOGYFIG4BTHEFILMSOAKEDINETHANOLFIG4CISROUGHERBUTSTILLCONTINUOUSHOWEVER,THEREARECERTAINHOLESINTHEFILMSPREPAREDINACETONEFIG4DANDMETHANOLFIG4EITISSEENTHATTHEMORPHOLOGYOFREGENERATEDFILMSCANBEVERYDIFFERENTBYUSINGDIFFERENTPRECIPITATORS34POSSIBLEDISSOLUTIONANDREGENERATIONMECHANISMSOFCOLLAGENFIBERSINIONICLIQUIDITISKNOWNTHATCOLLAGENHASTHEREPETITIVESEQUENCEGLYXY,WHEREXANDYREPRESENTAMINOACIDSOTHERTHANGLYCINEPROLINEISCOMMONLYFOUNDINTHEXPOSITIONAND4HYDROXYPROLINEINTHEYPOSITIONOFTHEGLYXYTRIPLETSTHETERTIARYSTRUCTUREOFCOLLAGENCONSISTSOFTHREELEFTHANDEDHELICESTWISTEDINTOARIGHTHANDEDHELIXTHESTRUCTUREOFTHETRIPLEHELICESOFCOLLAGENISSTABILIZEDBYTHEPRESENCEOFTHESTRONGINTERANDINTRAMOLECULARHYDROGENBONDS,IONICBONDS,VANDERWAALS’FORCEANDHYDROPHOBICBONDSBETWEENTHEPOLARANDNONPOLARGROUPSFIG5SHOWSTHEPROPOSEDDISSOLUTIONMECHANISMOFCOLLAGENINBMIMCLITISDEDUCEDTHATILCANDISSOLVETHECOLLAGENFIBERSBYMAINLYBREAKINGTHEHYDROGENBONDSANDTHEIONICBONDSINCOLLAGENMACROMOLECULESITISSPECULATEDTHATOXYGENANDHYDROGENATOMSOFTHECOLLAGENINTERACTWITHIONICLIQUIDSTHECL?IONSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEAMINOHYDROXYLOFCOLLAGENANDBMIMCOMPLEXESWITHTHECOLLAGENESTEROXYGENTHISINTERACTIONDISRUPTEDHYDROGENBONDINGINCOLLAGENANDFIG3PHOTOSOFANATIVESKINCOLLAGENFIBERSANDTHECOLLAGENFILMSREGENERATEDWITHBDEIONIZEDWATER,CETHANOL,DACETONEANDEMETHANOL

簡(jiǎn)介：47ICE|SCIENCEGREENMATERIALSVOLUME1ISSUEGMAT1VERSATILITIESOFGRAPHENEBASEDCATALYSTSINORGANICTRANSFORMATIONSGARGANDLINGPAGES47–61HTTP//DXDOIORG/101680/GMAT1200008REVIEWARTICLERECEIVED15/09/2012ACCEPTED15/10/2012PUBLISHEDONLINE26/10/2012KEYWORDSGRAPHENE/GRAPHENEOXIDE/GRAPHITEOXIDE/HETEROGENEOUSCATALYSIS/ORGANICSYNTHESIS/NANOMATERIALSICEPUBLISHINGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDVERSATILITIESOFGRAPHENEBASEDCATALYSTSINORGANICTRANSFORMATIONSBHASKARGARGPHDDEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRY,NATIONALTSINGHUAUNIVERSITY,HSINCHU,TAIWANYONGCHIENLINGPHDDEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRY,NATIONALTSINGHUAUNIVERSITY,HSINCHU,TAIWANTHEOUTSTANDINGANDUNIQUEPHYSICAL,CHEMICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFGRAPHENELEADTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFGRAPHENEBASEDCATALYSTSFORSELECTIVEANDEFFICIENTORGANICSYNTHESISBECOMINGANACTIVERESEARCHAREAINRECENTYEARSTHISCRITICALREVIEWSUMMARIZESTHEVERSATILEAPPLICATIONSOFGRAPHENEBASEDCATALYSTSINORGANICSYNTHESISITPROVIDESACOMPREHENSIVEOVERVIEWOFTYPICALREACTIONSINCLUDINGOXIDATION,CARBON–CARBONCROSSCOUPLING,HYDRATION,ESTERIFICATION,PECHMANNCONDENSATION,AZAMICHAELADDITION,KNOEVENAGELCONDENSATION,FRIEDELCRAFTSADDITION,RINGOPENINGPOLYMERIZATION,RINGOPENINGOFEPOXIDES,DECARBOXYLATIVECYCLOADDITION,AMIDEFORMATION,SYNTHESISOFDIPYRROMETHANE,HYDROGENATIONAND/ORREDUCTIONTHEAPPLICATIONSOFGRAPHENEBASEDCATALYSTSALLOWMILD,SELECTIVEANDHIGHLYEFFECTIVETRANSFORMATIONSANDSYNTHESISINAFACILE,REGENERABLE,RECYCLABLEANDECOFRIENDLYMANNER12CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSYCLINGMXNTHUEDUTW121INTRODUCTIONSINCEGEIMANDNOVOSELOV’SMILESTONEWORKIN2004,1THECHEMISTRYOFGRAPHENEHASBLOOMEDONLYRECENTLYANDHASNOWBECOMEANINDISPENSABLEPARTOFMATERIALCHEMISTRY2–4THISGROWINGINTERESTINGRAPHENEISMAINLYDUETOITSEXCEPTIONALPROPERTIES5–8COMBINEDWITHITSENVIRONMENTALLYBENIGNCHARACTERANDEASEOFSYNTHESISACCORDINGLY,THESCALEDUPANDUNSWERVINGFABRICATIONOFGRAPHENEDERIVATIVES,SUCHASGRAPHENEOXIDEGOANDREDUCEDGORGO,9–12OFFERSAWIDERANGEOFPOSSIBILITIESTOSYNTHESIZEGRAPHENEBASEDFUNCTIONALMATERIALSTHATCANBEUSEDEITHERASSUPPORTSFORIMMOBILIZINGACTIVESPECIESORASMETALFREECATALYSTS13,14GIVENTHECOLOSSALCONSIDERATIONMOTIVATEDBYTHEPROPERTIES,GRAPHENEBASEDMATERIALSARENOWINCREASINGLYUSEDINORGANICSYNTHESISASALTERNATIVEHETEROGENEOUSREUSABLECATALYSTSFORVARIOUSSELECTIVETRANSFORMATIONSOFSIMPLEANDCOMPLEXMOLECULESTHEPURPOSEOFTHEPRESENTREVIEWISTOSUMMARIZETHEUTILITYOFGRAPHENEBASEDCATALYSTSFIGURE1WITHEMPHASISONTHERECENTUPTODATESYNTHETICAPPLICATIONS2GENERALINFORMATIONANDSTRUCTURALFEATURESOFGRAPHENEBASEDMATERIALSGRAPHENE,ATWODIMENSIONALSINGLELAYERCARBONSHEETWITHHEXAGONALPACKEDLATTICESTRUCTURE,SERVESASAPOTENTIALBUILDINGBLOCKFORFULLERENES,NANOTUBESANDGRAPHITEHAVINGZERO,ONEANDTHREEDIMENSIONALSTRUCTURES,RESPECTIVELY15HIGHQUALITYLARGEAREAGRAPHENESHEETSCANBEOBTAINEDBYEPITAXIALGROWTHOFSINGLECRYSTALSILICONCARBIDESICVIAULTRAHIGHVACUUMANNEALING16NEVERTHELESS,THEMETHODHASCERTAINDISADVANTAGESANDFOUNDUNSUITABLEFORLARGESCALEPRODUCTIONINRECENTTIMES,THEMOSTDEVELOPEDMETHODTOGENERATESINGLELAYEREDGRAPHENEINEXCELLENTYIELDSCONSISTSOFTHEINITIALOXIDATIONOFGRAPHITETOGRAPHITEOXIDE,FOLLOWEDBYTHESUBSEQUENTEXFOLIATIONOFGRAPHITEOXIDETOGOSHEETS,ANDULTIMATELYREDUCTIONTOGRAPHENE17–19THERELATIVELYHARSHCONDITIONSUSED,EITHERBYFOLLOWINGTHEHUMMERSKMNO4ANDNANO3INCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID20,21ORTHESTAUDENMAIERMETHODNACLO3INH2SO4ANDSULFURICACID,22–24INCHEMICALOXIDATIONOFGRAPHITEINTRODUCESAVARIETYOFOXYGENCONTAININGFUNCTIONALITIESSUCHASEPOXIDES,ALCOHOLSANDCARBOXYLATESINTOTHEMATERIALINTHISCONTEXT,THEMOSTACCEPTEDMODELDEALINGWITHGOSTRUCTUREISTHEONEBYLERF,KLINOWSKIANDCOWORKERS21FIGURE2,WHEREITISPROPOSEDTHATTHEHEAVILYOXYGENATEDGOCONSISTSOFHYDROXYLANDEPOXIDEGROUPSONTHEBASALPLANES,WHILECARBOXYLATTHEEDGESASARESULT,GOISMODERATELYACIDICPH45AT01MG/ML25ANDPOWERFULOXIDANT,GREENMATERIALSVOLUME1ISSUEGMAT1VERSATILITIESOFGRAPHENEBASEDCATALYSTSINORGANICTRANSFORMATIONSGARGANDLING49LONGETAL,HOWEVER,DEVELOPEDNDOPEDGRAPHENENANOSHEETSUSINGHIGHTEMPERATURENITRIDATIONANDEXPLOREDTHEIRCATALYTICEFFICIENCIESINAEROBICOXIDATIONTHUS,AVARIETYOFALCOHOLSAPPENDEDWITHELECTRONDONATINGANDELECTRONWITHDRAWINGSUBSTITUENTSAFFORDEDCORRESPONDINGALDEHYDESSELECTIVELYIN99YIELDSSCHEME330BYUSINGAPPROPRIATETECHNIQUES,THEAUTHORSDEMONSTRATEDTHATTHEMETALFREECATALYSISTAKESPLACEONTHEGRAPHITICSP2NITROGENSITESVIATHEFORMATIONOFASP2NO2ADDUCTTRANSITIONSTATETHATHASAHIGHCHEMICALREACTIVITYTOALCOHOLSVERYRECENTLY,MIRZAAGHAYANETALHAVEINVESTIGATEDTHEOXIDATIONOFAROMATIC,HETEROCYCLICANDALIPHATICALCOHOLSTOTHEIRRESPECTIVEALDEHYDESANDKETONESUSINGGRAPHITEOXIDEUNDERULTRASONICIRRADIATION31THEOBTAINEDYIELDSWERELOWTOHIGHFORHETEROCYCLICANDALIPHATICALCOHOLS,RESPECTIVELY32OXIDATIONOFUNSATURATEDANDSATURATEDHYDROCARBONSGIVENTHEPROPENSITYOFGOTOOXIDIZEVARIOUSALCOHOLS,BIELAWSKIANDCOWORKERSEXAMINEDTHEABILITYOFGRAPHITEOXIDETOOXIDIZECISSTILBENE3TOBENZYL4,27ATRANSFORMATIONTHATISSIMILARTOWACKEROXIDATIONUNDERFINALOPTIMIZEDCONDITIONS,THE4WASISOLATEDIN68YIELDSCHEME432THEPROTOCOLWASFURTHEREXTENDEDSUCCESSFULLYTOABROADRANGEOFREACTIONSINCLUDINGTHEOXIDATIONOFOLEFINS,METHYLBENZENESANDDIARYLMETHANESTOTHEIRRESPECTIVEDIONES,ALDEHYDESANDKETONESINMOSTCASES,NOBYPRODUCTSWEREOBSERVED,ANDTHEDESIREDPRODUCTSWEREISOLATEDINGOODTOEXCELLENTYIELDSLIETALDEVELOPEDGRAPHENESHEET/POLYMERICCARBONNITRIDENANOCOMPOSITESGSCNANDUSEDASAMETALFREECATALYSTTOACTIVATEO2FORTHESELECTIVEOXIDATIONOFSATURATEDHYDROCARBONSBYFINETUNINGTHEWEIGHTRATIOOFPRECURSORCOMPONENTS,GSCNOFFEREDGOODCONVERSIONOFCYCLOHEXANE5TOCYCLOHEXANONE6WITHHIGHSELECTIVITYOVERCYCLOHEXANOL7SCHEME533BESIDESITSHIGHSTABILITY,GSCNALSOEXHIBITEDHIGHCHEMOSELECTIVITYFORSECONDARYCHBONDSINARANGEOFSATURATEDALKANES33OXIDATIONOFTHIOLSANDSULFIDESTHESELECTIVEOXIDATIONOFTHIOLSTODISULFIDESANDSULFIDESTOSULFOXIDESUSINGGRAPHITEOXIDEHASBEENREPORTEDBYBIELAWSKIANDCOWORKERSTHUS,WHENTHIOPHENOL8WASTREATEDWITHGRAPHITEOXIDEINCDCL3INASEALEDVESSEL,DIPHENYLDISULFIDE9WASFORMEDQUANTITATIVELYSCHEME634SIMILARLY,THEOXIDATIONOFDIPHENYLSULFIDE10TOTHECORRESPONDINGDIPHENYLSULFOXIDE11WASACHIEVEDINTHEPRESENCEOFGRAPHITEOXIDESCHEME734THERAPIDPROCEEDINGASSHORTAS10MININSOMECASESISANATTRACTIVEFEATUREOFTHISOXIDATIONPROTOCOL,WHICHAFFORDEDDESIREDPRODUCTSINMODERATETOEXCELLENTYIELDS51–100FROM19DIFFERENTSUBSTRATES,EXAMINEDUNDERTHEEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONS34OXIDATIONOFGLUTARALDEHYDESELECTIVEOXIDATIONOFGLUTARALDEHYDE,12TOGLUTARICACID,13USINGGRAPHITEOXIDEWITHAQUEOUSH2O2HASBEENREPORTEDBYDAIETALSCHEME835ASLIGHTINCREASEINCATALYTICACTIVITYOFGRAPHITEOXIDEWASDETECTEDAFTERPOSTTREATMENTWITH50AQUEOUSH2O2SOLUTIONNEVERTHELESS,INTHEABSENCEOFH2O2,AHIGHYIELDOF947WASALSOACHIEVABLE,COMPARABLEWITHTRADITIONALSCHEME1OXIDATIONOFBENZYLALCOHOLINTOBENZALDEHYDEHOGO200WT100°C,24H,98OH12SCHEME2OXIDATIONOFHYDROXYLDERIVATIVESINTOCARBONYLDERIVATIVESRROHOHRROHOOHOHR2R1ORROOONNTBHP/CH3CN,65°CR/R1/R2H,CH3,PHGRAPHENEIMMOBILIZEDOXOVANADIUMSCHIFFBASECATALYSTR2R1SCHEME3SELECTIVEOXIDATIONOFAROMATICALCOHOLSINTOALDEHYDESR1OHONDOPEDGRAPHENE1/2O2R1H,F,CH3,OCH3,NO2R2HR2R1R2H2OSCHEME4OXIDATIONOFCISSTILBENEINTOBENZYLOOGRAPHITEOXIDE200MGCHCL305ML,100°C24H,68350MG4SCHEME5SELECTIVEOXIDATIONOFCYCLOHEXANEINTOCYCLOHEXANONEOHOGSCN,O210BARCH3CN,150°C,4H56798SELECTIVITY

簡(jiǎn)介：密級(jí)NANCHANGUNIVERSITY外文翻譯外文翻譯THESISOFBACHELOR（20122013年）題目基于ASP的WEB應(yīng)用程序開(kāi)發(fā)學(xué)院計(jì)算機(jī)系軟件學(xué)院專業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件班級(jí)093班學(xué)號(hào)8000609130學(xué)生姓名李世明指導(dǎo)教師朱瑋CUSTOMER/SERVERTYPECOMPUTERDIVIDEINTOTWOKINDS,ONESIDEWHOOFFERSSERVICEISCALLEDASSERVER,ASKSONESIDEOFSERVICETOBECALLEDASCUSTOMERTOBEABLETOOFFERSERVICE,SERVERONESIDEMUSTHAVECERTAINHARDWAREANDCORRESPONDINGSERVERSOFTWAREALSO,CUSTOMERONESIDEMUSTALSOHAVECERTAINHARDWAREANDCORRESPONDINGCUSTOMERSOFTWARETHEREMUSTBEAAGREEMENTBETWEENSERVERANDCUSTOMER,BOTHSIDESCOMMUNICATEACCORDINGTOTHISAGREEMENTAPPLYCUSTOMER/SERVERMODELININTERNETSERVICE,THERELATIONBETWEENCUSTOMERANDSERVERISNOTIMMUTABLESOMEINTERNETNODEOFFERSSERVICEONTHEONEHAND,ALSOGETSSERVICEONTHEOTHERHANDFROMOTHERNODEITISEVENINONETIMEDIALOGUECOURSE,MUTUALROLEALSOEXCHANGESPROBABLYASINCARRYOUTFILETRANSMISSION,IFBECALLEDASONESIDEWHOOFFERSFILESERVER,ISCALLEDASONESIDEWHOGETSFILECUSTOMER,WHENUSINGGETORMGETORDERSINCEANOTHERNODETAKESFILE,CANTHINKTHATWHATSELFUSEANDITISCLIENTCOMPUTER,ISUSINGPUTORMPUTORDERTOANOTHERNODEDISPATCHFILECANAGAINTHINKTHEMACHINETHATUSEDSELFISSERVERMULTILAYERCUSTOMER/SERVERSTRUCTUREALONGWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFENTERPRISEAPPLICATION,RECENTLY,HAVEAGAINARISENAKINDOFNEWMULTILAYERARCHITECTURE,ITAPPLIESCUSTOMERENDTODIVIDEINTOTWOMINUTESCUSTOMERAPPLICATIONANDSERVERAPPLYCUSTOMERAPPLICATIONISTHEPARTOFORIGINALCUSTOMERAPPLICATION,ISANOTHERANDPARTIALTOHAVEBEENTRANSFEREDTOSERVERTOAPPLYNEWCUSTOMERAPPLICATIONTAKESTHERESPONSIBILITYFORUSERINTERFACEANDSIMPLEREGULARBUSINESSLOGICANDNEWSERVERAPPLICATIONRESIDENTCORE,CHANGEABLEBUSINESSLOGICTHEREFOREITSSTRUCTUREHASBECOMENEWCLIENTAPPLICATIONSERVERAPPLICATION/SERVERSTRUCTUREFOLLOWINGPICTURESHOWS

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文4090字印度自然與科學(xué)雜志印度自然與科學(xué)雜志,2011,4809746846關(guān)于在伊朗城市系統(tǒng)中建造新城鎮(zhèn)的必要性的調(diào)查賽義德馬吉德賽義德法特米1；納德扎里21地理和城市規(guī)劃；2伊朗雷什特，劉桂蘭大學(xué)城市規(guī)劃系城市規(guī)劃摘要在不同的國(guó)家,新城鎮(zhèn)是根據(jù)城市的自然條件和城市職能建造的?，F(xiàn)在，建造新城鎮(zhèn)不僅僅出于建造理想化住區(qū)或者烏托邦的意圖，在一定程度上主要目的是為了分散大城市。但是，伊朗的意圖與其他國(guó)家相比有所不同，在伊朗建造新城鎮(zhèn)的效用和在世界建造新城鎮(zhèn)的真正目的是不同的。本文研究了近幾十年間國(guó)家人口的變化考慮了國(guó)家的城市系統(tǒng)。還分析了近幾年新城鎮(zhèn)的活動(dòng)最終提出在伊朗建造新城鎮(zhèn)的必要性。這一非傳統(tǒng)性策略協(xié)議達(dá)成，尤其是中部城市的加強(qiáng)也一致達(dá)成。關(guān)鍵詞新城鎮(zhèn),城市體系,伊朗,人口介紹在最近幾年里，在伊朗的伊斯蘭教的改革和強(qiáng)迫戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的出現(xiàn)之后，整個(gè)國(guó)家開(kāi)始了大規(guī)模的遷移。在農(nóng)村由于土地改革和季節(jié)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)虧損帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣使得許多農(nóng)民不斷增加地進(jìn)入城市。除了農(nóng)民的遷移之外，還有大量的遷移從城鎮(zhèn)走向大城市，主要是到省會(huì)城市。國(guó)家人口結(jié)構(gòu)通過(guò)這種遷移發(fā)生改變，這導(dǎo)致了郊區(qū)城市化的快速增長(zhǎng)。根據(jù)這些條件預(yù)測(cè)這種趨勢(shì)，人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)在未來(lái)的20年里伊朗的城市人口將翻倍增長(zhǎng)（米朗,2007）。這種預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)規(guī)劃者和決策者來(lái)說(shuō)有不同的含義；首先，在未來(lái)20年里修建城鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)該能完全滿足求職人口為了定居（尤其是遷移）對(duì)現(xiàn)代城市面積、容量、空間產(chǎn)生的要求。第二，城市和農(nóng)村人口平衡的構(gòu)成有著猛烈的變化，并且在未來(lái)幾年里城市人口的比重將會(huì)超過(guò)農(nóng)村人口，因此這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要一個(gè)確切的計(jì)劃方法。第三，對(duì)大量遷到城市居民缺乏計(jì)劃和預(yù)見(jiàn)將會(huì)對(duì)大城市帶來(lái)加倍的的壓力，形成不同文化的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、社會(huì)方面的影響，產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)異?，F(xiàn)象，使得大城市的特性消失ARDESHIRI,2007。根據(jù)以上所提及的現(xiàn)象，在19821992年間，伊朗住房部提出三個(gè)重大策略來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)家城市人口問(wèn)題OSTROFSKI,2000A以引導(dǎo)人口與城市容量成比例為目改善城市內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)，避免以前撤離的結(jié)構(gòu)，B使城市郊區(qū)的住房與農(nóng)業(yè)用地和生態(tài)環(huán)境資源的維護(hù)聯(lián)系起來(lái)，C修建新城鎮(zhèn)。319771987199720073370800049445000600550007047200027391516并且，由于增長(zhǎng)的人口從1967年的379達(dá)到2007年6846，城市人口有了顯而易見(jiàn)的變化。在另一方面，除了城市人口之外，數(shù)量不斷增加的城鎮(zhèn)成為改變城市外貌和空間系統(tǒng)的另一種影響因素。因此，在城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)中國(guó)家的許多方面已經(jīng)形成一種不平衡伊朗數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)中心。就官方統(tǒng)計(jì)而論，1967年在伊朗有272個(gè)城市，這表示與1957年的199個(gè)城市相比有367的增長(zhǎng)。作為在人口流動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生的最顯著的問(wèn)題的結(jié)果，城市數(shù)量在1977年、1987年、1997年分別達(dá)到了373個(gè)、496個(gè)、612個(gè)。在最近2007年的調(diào)查中顯示，逐漸的增長(zhǎng)最終產(chǎn)生1016個(gè)城市（表2），正在通過(guò)官方的措施準(zhǔn)備實(shí)施。表21967年到2007年國(guó)家城市和人口總數(shù)量伊朗總?cè)藬?shù)中心年份總?cè)丝跀?shù)城鎮(zhèn)數(shù)城市數(shù)城市增長(zhǎng)率城市化速率196725778000979027236．737961977337080001585537337147041987494450002684849633543199760055000368176122346131200770472000482451016666846看來(lái)，這樣的城市人口增長(zhǎng)將導(dǎo)致城市人口增加超過(guò)75％，直到2022年城市的數(shù)量將超過(guò)1200個(gè)。因此，NEWTOWNSCOMPANY建立的目的是管理新城鎮(zhèn)的修建；管理控制者和新城鎮(zhèn)詳細(xì)的計(jì)劃以及他們分期的規(guī)劃；監(jiān)督準(zhǔn)備修建的建筑和城市設(shè)施，城市的開(kāi)發(fā)，與法院有合作關(guān)系的人；頒發(fā)建設(shè)許可證、強(qiáng)制規(guī)定以及建設(shè)設(shè)施標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；通過(guò)自身?yè)碛械耐恋鼐S護(hù)權(quán)力和鞏固政府的職權(quán)，監(jiān)督控制土地和建筑物，為吸引非政府申請(qǐng)人提供需要，為投資提供資源管理，并且除了以上所提及的目的之外已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了許多項(xiàng)目。伊朗新城鎮(zhèn)鎮(zhèn)的歷史綜上所述，伊朗城市人口在40年間從1967年的38增長(zhǎng)到2007年的多于686。在這段時(shí)期里盡管政府的努力和政策維持著城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)平衡，但大部分的國(guó)家人口都還是集中在許多大城市里（德黑蘭，伊斯法罕，馬什哈德，大不里士，設(shè)拉子），在不同的人口普查中，這五個(gè)城市的總?cè)丝谠?025間浮動(dòng)，這預(yù)示著伊朗人口在大城市的集中和大都市極的出現(xiàn)。在一方面，與郊區(qū)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題以及由未定型的移居地所構(gòu)成的問(wèn)題缺乏監(jiān)督，