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簡(jiǎn)介：RESEARCHONCARBONCONTENTINFLYASHFROMCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERSXIANBINXIAO,HAIRUIYANG,HAIZHANG,JUNFULU,ANDGUANGXIYUEDEPARTMENTOFTHERMALENGINEERING,TSINGHUAUNIVERSITY,BEIJING100084,CHINARECEIVEDDECEMBER12,2004REVISEDMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDMARCH9,2005THECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHFROMMOSTCHINESECIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDCFBBOILERSISMUCHHIGHERTHANEXPECTED,WHICHDIRECTLYINFLUENCESTHECOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYINTHEPRESENTPAPER,CARBONBURNOUTWASINVESTIGATEDINBOTHFIELDTESTSANDLABORATORYEXPERIMENTSTHEEFFECTOFCOALPROPERTY,OPERATIONCONDITION,GASSOLIDMIXING,CHARDEACTIVATION,RESIDENCETIME,ANDCYCLONEPERFORMANCEAREANALYZEDSERIATIMBASEDONALARGEAMOUNTOFEXPERIMENTALRESULTSACOALINDEXISPROPOSEDTODESCRIBETHECOALRANK,HAVINGASTRONGEFFECTONTHECHARBURNOUTBADGASSOLIDMIXINGINTHEFURNACEISANOTHERIMPORTANTREASONOFTHEHIGHERCARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHSOMECHARSINTHEFLYASHAREDEACTIVATEDDURINGCOMBUSTIONOFLARGECOALPARTICLESANDHAVEVERYLOWCARBONREACTIVITYSEVERALSUGGESTIONSAREMADEABOUTDESIGN,OPERATION,ANDMODIFICATIONTOREDUCETHECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHINTRODUCTIONWITHTHEADVANTAGESOFFUELFLEXIBILITYANDLOWPOLLUTANTEMISSION,CIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDCFBCOMBUSTIONTECHNOLOGYHASBEENDEVELOPEDRAPIDLYINPOWERGENERATIONTHECAPACITYOFCFBPOWERPLANTSHASBEENGROWINGSTEADILYEVERSINCETHECOMMERCIALIZATIONOFTHETECHNOLOGYINTHELATE1970SCURRENTLY,THEMAXIMUMCAPACITYOFASINGLECFBUTILITYBOILERISONTHEORDEROF300MWEANDMORELARGECAPACITYUNITSOF600AND800MWESUPERCRITICALPRESSURECFBBOILERSAREDEVELOPINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCFBBOILERSINCHINASTARTEDINTHE1980S,ANDTHEMAXIMUMCAPACITYFORASINGLEUNITHASBEENINCREASINGYEARAFTERYEAR,ASSHOWNINFIGURE1THEREAREOVER1000CFBBOILERSINOPERATIONUPTO2004,INCLUDINGOVER20UNITSABOVE135MWEINADDITION,80UNITSOF135MWEAND10UNITSOF300MWECFBBOILERSAREINCONSTRUCTIONORONORDERHOWEVER,ITISAFACTTHATTHECOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYOFCFBBOILERSISLOWERTHANTHATOFPULVERIZEDCOALFIREDPCBOILERS,THOUGHHIGHCOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYWASREPORTEDINTHECFBMARKETABROAD1BROWNCOALS,WITHHIGHACTIVITY,ARECOMMONLYBURNEDABROAD,WHICHISTHEMAINREASONFORLOWCARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHINCHINA,ONTHECONTRARY,MOSTCFBBOILERSBURNHARDCOALSSUCHASANTHRACITE,BITUMINOUS,ANDCOALWASTESTHECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHISMUCHHIGHERTHANEXPECTED,2ESPECIALLYFORTHELARGECAPACITYCFBBOILERSMANUFACTUREDWITHIMPORTEDTECHNOLOGYATTHESAMETIME,THEHIGHCARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHLIMITSTHEPOTENTIALUTILIZATIONASCEMENTMATERIALS3ITHASBECOMETHEBOTTLENECKREDUCINGTHECOMPETITIVEPOWEROFTHECFBBOILERCOALCOMBUSTIONPROCESSESINCFBBOILERAREVERYCOMPLEX,UNDERGOINGTHEFOLLOWINGINTERRELATEDSEQUENCES4HEATINGANDDRYING,DEVOLATILIZATIONANDVOLATILECOMBUSTION,SWELLINGANDFRAGMENTATION,ANDBURNINGOFCHARTHEUNBURNEDCARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHISBELIEVEDTOBETHEFINALRESULTSFORCHARACTERIZINGTHECOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYTOOPTIMIZETHEPROCESSTOWHOMCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDEMAILXIAOXIANBIN00MAILSTSINGHUAEDUCN1DALADIMOS,GHIRSCHFELDER,HLONGTERMEXPERIENCEWITHCOMMERCIALLYOPERATINGLARGESTEAMCFBGENERATORSINPROCEEDINGSOF4THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDS,PITTSBURGH,PA,1993AVIDAN,AA,ED1993PP1741822LI,YYUE,GLU,JETALANINVESTIGATIONOFCARBONLOSSOFBOILERSBURNINGHARDCOALSINPROCEEDINGSOFTHE16THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONFLUIDIZEDBEDCOMBUSTION,RENO,NVGEILING,DW,EDAMERICANSOCIETYFORMECHANICALENGINEERSFAIRFIELD,NJ,2001PAPERFBC0100643TYSON,SSBLACKSTOCK,THOVERVIEWOFCOALASHUSEINCONSTRUCTIONANDRELATEDAPPLICATIONFUELENERGYABSTR1995,365,3374BASU,PCOMBUSTIONOFCOALINCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERSAREVIEWCHEMENGSCI1999,54,554755575ZHENG,QLIUXJINYSTUDYOFCOMBUSTIONCHARACTERISTICSOFCHARPARTICLESINCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDCOMBUSTORJENGTHERMOPHYS1995,161,106110INCHINESEFIGURE1MAXIMUMCAPACITYFORASINGLEUNIT1520ENERGYFUELS2005,19,15201525101021/EF049678GCCC3025?2005AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETYPUBLISHEDONWEB05/03/2005LAYERRESISTANCE,SURFACETEMPERATURE,RESIDENCETIME,ANDBURNOUTTIMEAREDIFFERENT,RESULTINGINTHENONHOMOGENEOUSDISTRIBUTIONBEDTEMPERATUREGENERALLYSPEAKING,THEINCREASEOFTHEBEDTEMPERATURECANPROMOTETHECHEMICALREACTIONRATEANDTHENINCREASETHECOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTFORSIXKINDSOFCOALINTHREE75T/HCFBBOILERS,WHICHAREMANUFACTUREDBYTHESAMEBOILERMANUFACTUREANDHAVENEARLYTHESAMESTRUCTUREITCANBESEENINFIGURE5THAT,FORALLKINDSOFCOALS,THECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHHASASTRONGRELATIONSHIPWITHTHEBEDTEMPERATUREWHERETHEBEDINVENTORY,THEEXCESSAIRRATIO,ANDTHEAIRSUPPLYAREKEPTASCONSTANTASPOSSIBLE6FORTHESIXDIFFERENTCOALS,THEINCREASEOFBEDTEMPERATUREWILLCAUSETHEDECREASEOFTHECARBONCONTENTITCLEARLYPROVESTHEPROMOTIONOFTHEBEDTEMPERATURECANREDUCETHECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHANDINCREASETHECOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYHOWEVER,OTHERDISADVANTAGES,SUCHASLOWERDESULFURIZATIONEFFICIENCYANDMORENOXEMISSION,WOULDLIMITTHEINCREASINGTEMPERATURE7,8THUS,ITISNOTANADVISABLEWAYFORPERFORMANCEOPTIMIZATIONOFCFBBOILERSCOALRANKACFBBOILERCANBEDESIGNEDTOBURNALMOSTANYKINDOFSOLIDFUELS,BUT,ASNOTEDABOVE,THEPRACTICALEXPERIENCEOFCFBBOILERINCHINAPROVESTHATTHECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHISNOTASLOWASEXPECTEDFIGURE5ALSOSHOWSTHATTHECOALPROPERTYWILLINFLUENCETHECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHITISBELIEVEDTHATTHEKEYFACTORAFFECTINGTHECOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCYISTHECOALCHARACTERISTICS,INCLUDINGVOLATILECONTENT,HEATVALUE,CHARREACTIVITY,ANDCHARSTRUCTURE,ETCTHEHIGHVOLATILECOALS,SUCHASBROWNCOALANDBITUMINOUSCOAL,USUALLYHAVEHIGHERREACTIVITYANDAREEASYTOBURNOUT,WHILETHELOWVOLATILEANDHIGHASHCOALS,SUCHASANTHRACITEANDLEANCOAL,AREUSUALLYONTHECONTRARYOPERATINGCONDITIONS,CARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHES,ANDCOALPROPERTIESFROM17UNIT220T/HCFBBOILERSARESHOWNINTABLE1ITISCLEARTHATTHECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHDEPENDSONTHECOALTYPESTRONGLYACOALINDEXIWASDEFINEDASTHEVOLATILECONTENT,VDAFDRYASHFREEBASIS,MAGNITUDEON1BASISDIVIDEDBYTHELOWERHEATINGVALUE,QAR,NET,PMJ/GAND,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHANDTHECOALINDEXCANBEEASILYSEENINFIGURE6ALTHOUGHTHEFURNACETEMPERATUREINBOILERP,BURNINGANTHRACITE,ISHIGHERTHANOTHERBOILERS,THECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHISSTILLTHEHIGHESTACTUALLY,ITISALSOTHEGENERALEXPERIENCEINCHINESECFBBOILERSBURNINGANTHRACITETHATTHECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHISALWAYSEXCESSIVELYHIGHEVENFORSOMEKINDSOFBITUMINOUS,THECARBONCONTENTINTHEFLYASHISSTILLRELATIVELYHIGHONTHECONTRARY,THECFBBOILERSBURNINGBROWNCOAL,WHICHHASHIGHCOALINDEX,NORMALLYHAVELOWCARBONCONTENTTHECOALINDEX,PRESENTEDHERE,ISSUGGESTEDAUSEFULPARAMETERTOREPRESENTTHECOALREACTIVITYANDTOANALYZETHECHARBURNOUTGASSOLIDMIXINGANDAIRSUPPLYALARGEAMOUNTOFSOLIDPARTICLESAREELUTRIATEDFROMTHEDENSEBEDDURINGTHEOPERATIONOFCFBBOILERS,ANDTHEHIGHSOLIDLOADINGINTHEGASHASASTRONGIMPACTONTHEGASSOLIDMIXINGTHEOXYGENCONCENTRATIONANDSOLIDSUSPENSIONFIGURE5EFFECTOFBEDTEMPERATUREONCARBONCONTENTINFLYASHTABLE1OPERATINGCONDITIONSANDCARBONCONTENTINFLYASHFROMCFBBOILERSBOILERFURNACETEMP°CEXCESSAIRRATIOCARBONCONTENTINFLYASHVDAFQAR,NET,PMJ/KGA880905121171721492276B880905123137420552052C86089012389122511983D88091012270528882080E89291512187230521987F900915126222011252100G88590013183827792010H90091012467935541800I89090012569146651710J89092012887230521884K87588513263029931882L88090012656140581800M89091512653045581313N880900126180113002156O87589512650149591590P90093012527125982139Q86089012616319282270FIGURE6RELATIONSHIPBETWEENCARBONCONTENTINFLYASHANDCOALINDEXIVDAFQAR,NET,P11522ENERGYFUELS,VOL19,NO4,2005XIAOETAL

簡(jiǎn)介：MECHANICALSYSTEMSANDSIGNALPROCESSINGMECHANICALSYSTEMSANDSIGNALPROCESSING202006953–960ACURRENTMONITORINGSYSTEMFORDIAGNOSINGELECTRICALFAILURESININDUCTIONMOTORSGGACOSTA?,CJVERUCCHI,ERGELSODEPARTMENTOFELECTROMECHANICS,FACULTADDEINGENIERI′A–UNCPBA,AVDELVALLE,5737,B7400JWIOLAVARRIA,BUENOSAIRES,GRUPOINTELYMEC,ARGENTINARECEIVED24APRIL2004RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM19AUGUST2004ACCEPTED3OCTOBER2004AVAILABLEONLINE23NOVEMBER2004ABSTRACTINDUCTIONMOTORSARECRITICALCOMPONENTSININDUSTRIALPROCESSESAMOTORFAILUREMAYYIELDANUNEXPECTEDINTERRUPTIONATTHEINDUSTRIALPLANT,WITHCONSEQUENCESINCOSTS,PRODUCTQUALITY,ANDSAFETYMANYOFTHESEFAULTYSITUATIONSINTHREEPHASEINDUCTIONMOTORSHAVEANELECTRICALREASONAMONGDIFFERENTDETECTIONAPPROACHESPROPOSEDINTHELITERATURE,THOSEBASEDONSTATORCURRENTMONITORINGAREADVANTAGEOUSDUETOITSNONINVASIVEPROPERTIESONEOFTHESETECHNIQUESRESORTSTOSPECTRUMANALYSISOFMACHINELINECURRENTANOTHERNONINVASIVETECHNIQUEISTHEEXTENDEDPARK’SVECTORAPPROACH,WHICHALLOWSTHEDETECTIONOFINTERTURNSHORTCIRCUITSINTHESTATORWINDINGTHISARTICLEPRESENTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANONLINECURRENTMONITORINGSYSTEMTHATUSESBOTHTECHNIQUESFORFAULTDETECTIONANDDIAGNOSISINTHESTATORANDINTHEROTORBASEDONEXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONSANDONTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEELECTRICALMACHINE,AKNOWLEDGEBASEDSYSTEMWASCONSTRUCTEDINORDERTOCARRYOUTTHEDIAGNOSISTASKFROMTHESEESTIMATEDDATAR2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSFAULTDIAGNOSISINDUCTIONMOTORCURRENTMONITORINGARTICLEINPRESSWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JNLABR/YMSSP08883270/SEEFRONTMATTERR2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JYMSSP200410001?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL5422844510655FAX5422844506628EMAILADDRESSESGERARDOACOSTAIEEEORG,GGACOSTAFIOUNICENEDUARGGACOSTA,VERUCCHIFIOUNICENEDUARCJVERUCCHI,EGELSOFIOUNICENEDUARERGELSOISAPPROPRIATEFORTHESTATORWINDINGSMONITORING,ASITWILLBESHOWNTHEPROPOSEDCMSUSESANATIONALTMDATAACQUISITIONEQUIPMENTANDISPROGRAMMEDINLABVIEWTMFROMTHEACQUIREDCURRENTDATAANDTHEMOTORFEATURES,THECMSESTIMATESTHESLIPANDLOADPERCENTAGEBASEDONEXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONSANDONTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEELECTRICALMACHINE,AKNOWLEDGEBASEDSYSTEMKBSWASCONSTRUCTEDINORDERTOCARRYOUTTHEDIAGNOSISTASKFROMTHESEESTIMATEDDATATHERESULTSOFEACHDIAGNOSISAREOUTCOMESINTHECMSSCREENINTHEFORMOFFAULTMODESINDEXIFNECESSARY,AWARNINGISGIVENTOPUTTHEMOTORUNDERNEWOBSERVATIONSIETOMEASURETHEROTORSPEEDORTOCHANGETHEMOTORLOAD,OREVENTOVERIFYTHEPOWERDISTRIBUTIONNETBALANCEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREPRESENTEDFROMANINDUCTIONMOTOROF380V,75HPAND1000RPM,ESPECIALLYDESIGNEDFORRUNNINGUNDERDIFFERENTFAILURECIRCUMSTANCESTHESERESULTSWITHAHIGHDEGREEOFCORRECTDIAGNOSISSHOWARIGHTDIRECTIONTOEXPLORE2FAULTDETECTIONFROMSTATORCURRENTS21MOTORCURRENTSIGNATUREANALYSISWHENTHEREAREBROKENOREVENFISSUREDBARS,THEROTOR’SIMPEDANCEEXHIBITSANUNBALANCETHEIMMEDIATECONSEQUENCEOFSUCHANUNBALANCEISTHEEXISTENCEOFINVERSESEQUENCECURRENTSTHESECURRENTSHAVEAFREQUENCYTHATISEQUALTOTHEPRODUCTOFTHESLIPSANDTHESUPPLYFREQUENCYFTHEYGENERATEAMAGNETICFIELDTHATTURNSCOUNTERMOTORROTATIONWISETHISMAGNETICFIELDISCALLEDINVERSEMAGNETICFIELDORIMFTHESPEEDOFTHISIMFISGIVENBYTHEEXPRESSION1ORI??SOS1WHEREORIISTHESPEEDOFIMF,STHESLIPANDOSTHEANGULARSUPPLYFREQUENCYIFTRANSLATEDTOSTATIONARYCOORDINATES,SUCHASPEEDMAYBEREWRITTENASOSI??SOSTOR?D1?2STOS2WHEREORISTHEROTORSPEEDTHEAMPLITUDEOFIMFDEPENDSONTWOFEATURESTHEFIRSTISTHEUNBALANCEDEGREEINTHEROTORCIRCUITNUMBEROFBROKENBARS,ANDTHESECONDISTHEVALUEOFTHECURRENTINTHEROTORBARSTHISLASTDEPENDSONTHEMOTOR’SLOADSTATEINTHISWAY,THEIMFORIGINATEDINTHEROTOR’SIMPEDANCEUNBALANCEPRODUCEHARMONICCURRENTSOFFREQUENCYD122STFINTHESTATORWINDINGSTHESECURRENTSINTERACTWITHTHEMAINMAGNETICFIELDANDSETATORQUEOVERTHEROTOR,WHICHOSCILLATESWITHAFREQUENCYOF2SF18THISPULSATINGTORQUEPROVOKESANOSCILLATIONALSOINTHEROTORSPEEDTHEAMPLITUDEOFTHISOSCILLATIONISAFUNCTIONOFTHEMOTOR’SLOADINERTIAASAREACTIONOFSUCHSPEEDPERTURBATION,NEWCURRENTSARISEINTHESTATORATAFREQUENCY172SFTHENEWCURRENTCOMPONENTATFREQUENCY1–2SFISSUPERIMPOSEDWITHTHEORIGINAL,ANDTHENMODIFIESITSAMPLITUDEINTHISWAY,ITISCONCLUDEDTHATROTORFAULTSINANINDUCTIONMOTOR,CANBEDETERMINEDFROMTHEOBSERVATIONOFTHESIDEBANDSINTHESTATORCURRENTSPECTRUM,INTHENEIGHBOURHOODOFBOTHFREQUENCIESGIVENBYFSB?D1?2STF3ANEXAMPLEOFTHECURRENTSPECTRUMOFAMOTORWITHTHISFAULTISSHOWNINFIG1ARTICLEINPRESSGGACOSTAETAL/MECHANICALSYSTEMSANDSIGNALPROCESSING202006953–960955

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簡(jiǎn)介：TOCBASEDAPPROACHONADECISIONMAKINGMODELOFRECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSABSTRACTBASEDONTHECONCEPTOFTHETHEORYOFCONSTRAINTS,THISPAPERDISCUSSESADECISIONMAKINGMODELOFRECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSTAKINGTHEMEASUREOFTHROUGHPUTASITSDECISIONOBJECTIVE,WEFORMULATETHERECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSPROBLEMINTOALINEARPROGRAMMINGMEANWHILE,WEAPPLYTHETOCBASEDMODELTOARUBBERMANUFACTURINGENTERPRISEWHICHPROVESTHATITISMOREEFFECTIVETHANTHETRADITIONALAPPROACHINMINIMIZINGTHETOTALCOSTKEYWORDSDECISIONMAKINGMODEL；REVERSELOGISTICS；THEORYOFCONSTRAINTS；THROUGHPUTIINTRODUCTIONTHEGOALOFMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESISTOSHIPGOODSTHROUGHTHEIRPLANTS,DISTRIBUTIONCENTERSTOTHEIRCUSTOMERSTHISMOVEMENTOFGOODSMOSTOFTENMEANSAPROFIT1TOALLINVOLVEDTHESESAMECOMPANIES,HOWEVER,DONOTWANTPRODUCTSTOBERETURNEDFORANYREASONTHEYDONOTPLANFORTHEBACKWARDMOVEMENTORRETURNOFGOODS,KNOWNASREVERSELOGISTICS,ASTHESERETURNSREPRESENTASUBSTANTIALCOSTRATHERTHANAPROFITTRADITIONALLY,SOMEMANAGERSEVENPERCEIVERETURNEDGOODSASAFAILUREOFTHEIRDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM1HOWEVER,WITHTHEQUICKCONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCES,SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTISEMERGINGASADOMINANTPARADIGMTHATISLIKELYTOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEDESIGNOFANYSOCIETALANDECONOMICALPOLICIESACCORDINGTOPETEKETAL2,THEREARETHREEMAINREQUIREMENTSFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTRESOURCECONSERVATION,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,ANDSOCIALASWELLASECONOMICDEVELOPMENTREVERSELOGISTICSCONCEPTOFASUPPLYCHAINPROVIDESTHEBESTSTRATEGYTOREDUCEANDREUTILIZEWASTEANDPROTECTENVIRONMENT3REVERSELOGISTICSISACTUALLYVERYINVOLVEDINMODERNINDUSTRYINTHEDISTRIBUTIONACTIVITIESSUCHASPRODUCTRETURNS,SOURCEREDUCTION/CONSERVATION,RECYCLING,SUBSTITUTION,REUSE,DISPOSAL,REFURBISHMENT,REPAIRANDREMANUFACTURING4OVERTHELASTDECADE,REVERSELOGISTICSHASHADASIGNIFICANTECONOMICIMPACTONINDUSTRYASWELLASSOCIETYTHISIMPACTCANBESEENEITHERASDETRIMENTALTOACOMPANY,ANDTHUSAVOIDED,ORASACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEWITHPOTENTIALFORCAPTURINGMARKETSHARECOMPANIESTHATRECEIVEITEMSBACKFROMTHECUSTOMERWHOTRYTOHIDEFROMTHESIGNIFICANCEOFREVERSELOGISTICSMISSPROFITMAKINGOPPORTUNITIESONTHEOTHERHAND,COMPANIESTHATUSEREVERSELOGISTICSASANINORDERTOMEETENVIRONMENTALCONCERNS/REGULATIONS,MANUFACTURERSOFTENATTEMPTTORECOVERTHERESIDUALVALUEOFTHEIRUSEDPRODUCTSTHROUGHREMANUFACTURINGPRODUCTREMANUFACTURINGSUCHASTRANSFORMINGUSEDITEMSINTOMARKETABLEPRODUCTSTHROUGHREFURBISHMENT,REPAIRANDUPGRADINGCANALSOYIELDSUBSTANTIALCOSTBENEFITS6TYPICALLY,ARECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEMINVOLVESTHECOLLECTIONOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSATDESIGNATEDREGIONALDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSOFRETAILOUTLETS,THETRANSFERANDCONSOLIDATIONOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSATCENTRALIZEDRETURNCENTERS,THEASSETRECOVERYOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSTHROUGHREPAIRS,REFURBISHING,ANDREMANUFACTURING,ANDTHEDISPOSALOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSWITHNOCOMMERCIALVALUEGENERALLY,THERECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSMANAGEMENTCONCERNSTHEFOLLOWINGISSUES?THECONSIDERATIONOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFDETACHINGANDREPROCESSING,ANDTHERELIABILITYOFREPAIRINGOFTHERECYCLEDPRODUCTS?SUFFICIENTQUANTITYANDREQUIREDQUALITYOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTS?AMARKETFORTHERECYCLEDPRODUCTS?ACORRESPONDINGRECYCLEDPOLICYONRECYCLEDPRODUCTS?NECESSARYINFORMATIONFORTHEDECISIONMAKINGONTHEOPERATIONOFPRODUCTRECYCLINGHOWEVER,THEPROBLEMFORTHEMANUFACTURERISHOWTOCOLLECTTHERECYCLINGPRODUCTSFROMCUSTOMERSWITHINLIMITEDCENTRALIZEDRETURNCENTERS,TRANSFERTHEMTOTHERECYCLINGLOGISTICSSYSTEM,ANDTAKETHEREPAIRINGSTRATEGIESSUCHASDETACHING,REUSING,RECYCLING,DISPOSAL,ANDSOON,TOMAKETHEMAXIMIZATIONOFTHEIRECONOMICBENEFITSTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTWOFOLDFIRSTTOPROVIDEANINDEPTHANALYSISOFTHERECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEMANDITSOPERATIONMANAGEMENTWHICHISCORRESPONDINGLYFORMULATEDASALINEARPROGRAMMINGBASEDONANEXAMPLEANDSECONDTODEMONSTRATEHOWSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSANDSUCCESSFULIMPLEMENTATIONOFATOCTHEORYOFCONSTRAINTSAPPROACHTOMEASURETHEREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEMCOMPAREDWITHTHETRADITIONALCOSTMEASUREITISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSTHECONCEPTSOFTOCISINTRODUCEDINSECTION2THERECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEMANDITSMODELISILLUSTRATEDINSECTION11709781424420131/08/2500?2008IEEEDRLEONGAILLARD1,MRANDREASSCHROETER21HEADOFRESEARCH,LAOINSTITUTEFORRENEWABLEENERGYLIRE,SOKPALUANGROAD,SOKPALUANGVILLAGE,VIENTIANE,LAOPDR,POBOX80102DIRECTOR,SUNLABOBRENEWABLEENERGYLTD,LAOTHAIROAD,WATNAKVILLAGE,VIENTIANE,LAOPDR,POBOX9077EMAILOFCORRESPONDINGAUTHORANDYSCHROETERSUNLABOBCOMOPPORTUNITYFORENHANCEDBUSINESSWILLPROSPERBYMAINTAININGCUSTOMERSUPPORT,THEULTIMATEISSUEFORPROFITABILITY52ALLRECYCLEDPRODUCTSWITHSUFFICIENTQUANTITIESANDREQUIREDQUALITYFORTHESUSTAINABLESUPPLYAFTERREPROCESSING3ALLDETACHEDPARTSORREPRODUCEDPRODUCTSFROMTHERECYCLEDPRODUCTSHAVEANADEQUATEMARKETFORSALEANDREUSE4DECISIONMAKINGONLYFORTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSOFTHEWHOLEREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEM,NOTCONSIDERINGTHEDETAILEDOPERATIONSATTHETESTINGCENTERBPARAMETERSANDMATHEMATICALFORMULATIONI–INDEXOFREPRODUCEDPRODUCTSAFTERREPROCESSINGATTESTINGCENTERJ–INDEXOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSM–INDEXOFTHEMARKETFORREUSEPRODUCTSU–INDEXOFRECYCLEDSITEST–INDEXOFTESTINGSITESPIM–ACCEPTABLEPRICEOFREPRODUCEDPRODUCTIFORSECONDARYMARKETMPJ–UNITPRICEFORTHERECYCLEDPRODUCTJCJUT–UNITSHIPMENTCOSTFROMRECYCLEDSITEUTOTESTINGCENTERTFORRECYCLEDPRODUCTJCITM–UNITSHIPMENTCOSTFROMTESTINGCENTERTTOMARKETMFORREPRODUCEDPRODUCTIΘJU–MAXIMUMSUPPLYOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTJATRECYCLEDSITEUΗIJ–UNITQUANTITYTRANSFORMEDFROMRECYCLEDPRODUCTJINTOREPRODUCEDPRODUCTIΜT–CAPABILITYOFTESTINGATTESTINGSITETDIM–DEMANDFORREPRODUCEDPRODUCTIATMARKETMXITM–DECISIONVARIABLEONDISTRIBUTIONFORREPRODUCEDPRODUCTIFROMTESTINGCENTERTTOMARKETMXJUT–DECISIONVARIABLEONDISTRIBUTIONFORRECYCLEDPRODUCTJFROMTAKEBACKSITEUTOTESTINGCENTERTBASEDONTHEABOVEASSUMPTIONANDILLUSTRATIONOFALLPARAMETERSANDVARIABLES,WEMAYFORMULATETHEDISCUSSEDRECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSPROBLEMASFOLLOWSMAXT111111ITMJUTIMITMJUTJJUTITMJUTPXCPX?∑∑∑∑∑∑1ST11JTJUTJUJTXΘ≤∑∑2111IMUIJITMJUTIMUXXΗ≤∑∑∑311MINMAXIMTITMTIMXΜΜ≤≤∑∑41TITMIMTXD≤∑5ITMX,JUTX0≥6THEOBJECTIVEFUNCTION1MAXIMIZESTHEEFFECTIVEOUTPUTOFTHERECYCLINGLOGISTICSSYSTEMOFANENTERPRISETAKINGTHETHROUGHPUTASTHECRITERIONTOMEASUREITSCAPABILITYONMAKINGPROFIT,INSTEADOFTHETRADITIONALWAYTOMINIMIZETHECOSTOFTHERECYCLINGLOGISTICSSYSTEMOFANENTERPRISECONSTRAINT2ENSURESTHEMAXIMUMSUPPLYOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSCONSTRAINT3ENSURESTHECONSTRAINTSONTHEREUSEOFTHEREPRODUCEDPRODUCTSFROMRECYCLEDPRODUCTSCONSTRAINT4ENSURESTHETESTINGCAPABILITYATTESTINGSITESCONSTRAINT5ENSURESTHEDEMANDFORREPRODUCEDPRODUCTATMARKETIVNUMERICALCASESTUDYAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRYISONEOFLARGERINDUSTRIESINTHEWORLDHOWEVER,THEUSEDTIRESHAVEBECOMEASERIOUSPROBLEMWHENTHEYAREDISCHARGEDANDACCUMULATEDINMOUNTAINSINSUBURB,WHICHDRAMATICALLYAFFECTTHEENVIRONMENTTHEREFORE,HOWTOREUSETHERUBBERPRODUCTSLIKEDISCHARGEDTIRESISANIMPORTANTPROBLEMTODEALWITHTODAYTHESIMPLEANDBESTWAYISTORECYCLETHOSERUBBERPRODUCTSVIATHEPROCESSOFTAKINGBACK,TESTINGDETACHINGANDCLEARING,RECOVERINGGRINDINGTOPRODUCEINTOREUSABLERUBBERPOWDERINTHECASEWEARESTUDYING,THEREARETWOTAKEBACKSITES,ONETESTINGSITEAMONGAREGIONOFCUSTOMERSFORANRUBBERMANUFACTURINGENTERPRISEANDTHEREAREFOURDISCHARGEDPRODUCTSWHICHCOULDBEPRODUCEDINTOTWONEWPRODUCTSRUBBERPOWDERANDTRANSFERREDTOTHREESECONDARYMARKETSAFTERTESTING,CLASSIFYING,DETACHING,RECOVERING,REPROCESSING,ANDSOONTHECORRESPONDINGDATAARELISTEDINTABLEIVIIITABLEIMAXIMUMSUPPLYOFIGUREFRECYCLEDPRODUCTATTAKEBACKSITETAKEBACKSITESDISCHARGEDTIRESKILOGRAM123412101251110513121514TABLEIIUNITAMOUNTTRANSFORMEDFROMRECYCLEDPRODUCTSINTOREPRODUCTSRUBBERPOWDERSRECYCLEDPRODUCTSKILOGRAM12341221115211511172

簡(jiǎn)介：ABSTRACTTHISPAPERSHOWSTHEPOTENTIALSYSTEMBENEFITSOFSIMPLETRACKINGSOLARSYSTEMUSINGASTEPPERMOTORANDLIGHTSENSORTHISMETHODISINCREASINGPOWERCOLLECTIONEFFICIENCYBYDEVELOPINGADEVICETHATTRACKSTHESUNTOKEEPTHEPANELATARIGHTANGLETOITSRAYSASOLARTRACKINGSYSTEMISDESIGNED,IMPLEMENTEDANDEXPERIMENTALLYTESTEDTHEDESIGNDETAILSANDTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSARESHOWNKEYWORDSRENEWABLEENERGY,POWEROPTIMIZATIONIINTRODUCTIONXTRACTINGUSEABLEELECTRICITYFROMTHESUNWASMADEPOSSIBLEBYTHEDISCOVERYOFTHEPHOTOELECTRICMECHANISMANDSUBSEQUENTDEVELOPMENTOFTHESOLARCELL–ASEMICONDUCTIVEMATERIALTHATCONVERTSVISIBLELIGHTINTOADIRECTCURRENTBYUSINGSOLARARRAYS,ASERIESOFSOLARCELLSELECTRICALLYCONNECTED,ADCVOLTAGEISGENERATEDWHICHCANBEPHYSICALLYUSEDONALOADSOLARARRAYSORPANELSAREBEINGUSEDINCREASINGLYASEFFICIENCIESREACHHIGHERLEVELS,ANDAREESPECIALLYPOPULARINREMOTEAREASWHEREPLACEMENTOFELECTRICITYLINESISNOTECONOMICALLYVIABLETHISALTERNATIVEPOWERSOURCEISCONTINUOUSLYACHIEVINGGREATERPOPULARITYESPECIALLYSINCETHEREALISATIONOFFOSSILFUEL’SSHORTCOMINGSRENEWABLEENERGYINTHEFORMOFELECTRICITYHASBEENINUSETOSOMEDEGREEASLONGAS75OR100YEARSAGOSOURCESSUCHASSOLAR,WIND,HYDROANDGEOTHERMALHAVEALLBEENUTILISEDWITHVARYINGLEVELSOFSUCCESSTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDAREHYDROANDWINDPOWER,WITHSOLARPOWERBEINGMODERATELYUSEDWORLDWIDETHISCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHERELATIVELYHIGHCOSTOFSOLARCELLSANDTHEIRLOWCONVERSIONEFFICIENCYSOLARPOWERISBEINGHEAVILYRESEARCHED,ANDSOLARENERGYCOSTSHAVENOWREACHEDWITHINAFEWCENTSPERKW/HOFOTHERFORMSOFELECTRICITYGENERATION,ANDWILLDROPFURTHERWITHNEWTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASTITANIUMOXIDECELLSWITHAPEAKLABORATORYEFFICIENCYOF32ANDAVERAGEEFFICIENCYOF152014,ITISNECESSARYTORECOVERASMUCHENERGYASPOSSIBLEFROMASOLARPOWERSYSTEMTHISINCLUDESREDUCINGINVERTERLOSSES,STORAGELOSSES,ANDLIGHTGATHERINGLOSSESLIGHTGATHERINGISDEPENDENTONTHEANGLEOFINCIDENCEOFTHELIGHTSOURCEPROVIDINGPOWERIETHESUNTOTHESOLARCELL’SSURFACE,ANDTHECLOSERTOPERPENDICULAR,THEGREATERTHEPOWER17IFAFLATSOLARPANELISMOUNTEDONJRIZKISWITHUNIVERSITYOFWESTERNSYDNEY,LOCKEDBAG1797,PENRITHSOUTHDC,NSW1797,AUSTRALIAEMAILJRIZKUWSEDUAUYCHAIKOISWITHRIGATECHNICALUNIVERSITY,1,KALKUSTREET,LV1658,RIGA,LATVIAEMAILKRIVCHAINBOXLVLEVELGROUND,ITISOBVIOUSTHATOVERTHECOURSEOFTHEDAYTHESUNLIGHTWILLHAVEANANGLEOFINCIDENCECLOSETO90°INTHEMORNINGANDTHEEVENINGATSUCHANANGLE,THELIGHTGATHERINGABILITYOFTHECELLISESSENTIALLYZERO,RESULTINGINNOOUTPUTASTHEDAYPROGRESSESTOMIDDAY,THEANGLEOFINCIDENCEAPPROACHES0°,CAUSINGANSTEADYINCREASEINPOWERUNTILATTHEPOINTWHERETHELIGHTINCIDENTONTHEPANELISCOMPLETELYPERPENDICULAR,ANDMAXIMUMPOWERISACHIEVEDASTHEDAYCONTINUESTOWARDDUSK,THEREVERSEHAPPENS,ANDTHEINCREASINGANGLECAUSESTHEPOWERTODECREASEAGAINTOWARDMINIMUMAGAINFROMTHISBACKGROUND,WESEETHENEEDTOMAINTAINTHEMAXIMUMPOWEROUTPUTFROMTHEPANELBYMAINTAININGANANGLEOFINCIDENCEASCLOSETO0°ASPOSSIBLEBYTILTINGTHESOLARPANELTOCONTINUOUSLYFACETHESUN,THISCANBEACHIEVEDTHISPROCESSOFSENSINGANDFOLLOWINGTHEPOSITIONOFTHESUNISKNOWNASSOLARTRACKINGITWASRESOLVEDTHATREALTIMETRACKINGWOULDBENECESSARYTOFOLLOWTHESUNEFFECTIVELY,SOTHATNOEXTERNALDATAWOULDBEREQUIREDINOPERATIONIITHESENSINGELEMENTANDSIGNALPROCESSINGMANYDIFFERENTMETHODSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDUSEDTOTRACKTHEPOSITIONOFTHESUNTHESIMPLESTOFALLUSESANLDR–ALIGHTDEPENDENTRESISTORTODETECTLIGHTINTENSITYCHANGESONTHESURFACEOFTHERESISTOROTHERMETHODS,SUCHASTHATPUBLISHEDBYJEFFDAMMIN‘HOMEPOWER’8,USETWOPHOTOTRANSISTORSCOVEREDWITHASMALLPLATETOACTASASHIELDTOSUNLIGHT,ASSHOWNINFIG1FIG1ALTERNATIVESOLARTRACKINGMETHODWHENMORNINGARRIVES,THETRACKERISINSTATEAFROMTHEPREVIOUSDAYTHELEFTPHOTOTRANSISTORISTURNEDON,CAUSINGASIGNALTOTURNTHEMOTORCONTINUOUSLYUNTILTHESHADOWFROMTHEPLATERETURNSTHETRACKERTOSTATEBASTHEDAYSLOWLYPROGRESSES,STATECISREACHEDSHORTLY,TURNINGONTHERIGHTPHOTOTRANSISTORTHEMOTORTURNSUNTILSTATEBISREACHEDAGAIN,ANDTHECYCLECONTINUESUNTILTHEENDOFTHEDAY,ORUNTILTHEMINIMUMDETECTABLELIGHTLEVELISREACHEDSOLARTRACKINGSYSTEMMOREEFFICIENTUSEOFSOLARPANELSJRIZK,ANDYCHAIKOEWORLDACADEMYOFSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY412008313ITISPOSSIBLETOCALCULATEAPERCENTAGEINCREASEANDANAVERAGEINCREASEBYWRITINGTHEAPPROPRIATECALCULATIONSINEXCELITWASFOUNDTHATINTHISCASE,THEFIXEDPANELPROVIDEDANAVERAGEOF39OFITS9W,OR351W,CALCULATEDOVERA12HOURPERIODBYCONTRAST,THETRACKEDSOLARPANELACHIEVEDANOVERALL71OUTPUT,OR63WOVERTHESAMETIMEFRAMEATTHEEARLIERANDLATERHOURS,THEPOWERINCREASEOVERTHEFIXEDPANELREACHEDUPTO400THISAMOUNTSTOANAVERAGE30INCREASEINPOWERSIMPLYBYMAINTAININGTHESOLARPANELASPERPENDICULARASPOSSIBLETOTHESUNTOENSURETHATPOWERWASNOTBEINGWASTED,THEDEVICEITSELFWASALSOMONITOREDFORCURRENTDRAWNTOPOWERITSELFWHENTHEDEVICEWASATREST,ANAMMETERWASPLACEDINSERIESWITHTHEBATTERYTHETOTALCURRENTAT12VWASMEASUREDASONLY4MA,WHICHCORRESPONDEDTOAPOWERDISSIPATIONOF48MWUNDERNOLOADIVDISCUSSIONASOLARTRACKERWASPROPOSED,DESIGNEDANDCONSTRUCTEDTHEFINALDESIGNWASSUCCESSFUL,INTHATITACHIEVEDANOVERALLPOWERCOLLECTIONEFFICIENCYINCREASEFROMONLY39FORAFIXEDPANELTOOVER70FORTHESAMEPANELONTHETRACKINGDEVICEINTERMSOFREALVALUE,THISMEANSTHATTHEOVERALLCOSTOFASYSTEMCANBEREDUCEDSIGNIFICANTLY,CONSIDERINGTHATMUCHMOREPOWERCANBESUPPLIEDBYTHESOLARARRAYCOUPLEDTOASOLARTRACKINGDEVICEBYEXTRACTINGMOREPOWERFROMTHESAMESOLARPANEL,THECOSTPERWATTISDECREASED,THEREBYRENDERINGSOLARPOWERMUCHMORECOSTEFFECTIVETHANPREVIOUSLYACHIEVEDUSINGFIXEDSOLARPANELSTHEHIGHOUTLAYINASOLARTRACKINGSYSTEMHASBEENAFACTORTHATDISCOURAGEDTRACKINGASAMEANSOFINCREASINGOVERALLSOLAREFFICIENCYMANYCOMMERCIALUNITSCOSTINEXCESSOFUS2000FORAUNITTHATCANTRACKTHESUNWHILEBEARINGAPANELOFCONSIDERABLEWEIGHTTHEDEVICEPRESENTEDINTHISTHESISISCAPABLEOFSUPPORTINGALOADOFATLEAST8KG,THEAVERAGEWEIGHTOFA75WSOLARPANEL,OWINGTOITSSIMPLECONSTRUCTIONANDTHEHIGHTORQUECAPABILITIESOFTHEMOTORTHEPARTSUSEDFORTHISDEVICEWEREALSOEXTREMELYLOWCOST,WITHTHETOTALVALUEUSINGPARTSFOUNDFROM‘SCRAP’SOURCESBEINGATOTALOFABOUTA30,INCLUDINGALLELECTRONICCOMPONENTSANDSOLARREFERENCECELLSTHEGEAREDSUPPORTWASREMOVEDFROMANOLDSECURITYCAMERA,THESTEPPINGMOTORFROMANOLDPRINTER,ANDALLOTHERPARTS,EXCLUDINGTHE9WSOLARPANEL,WERESOURCEDFROMVARIOUSSCRAPITEMSHOWEVER,IFALLTHESEPARTSWOULDHAVETOBEPURCHASED,THECOSTWOULDBEPROJECTEDATNOMORETHANA100ASINGLEAXISTRACKERSUCHASTHEONEMADEOFFERSAGREATPOWERINCREASEOVERAFIXEDSOLARPANEL,BUTATWOAXISTRACKERWOULDPROVIDEMOREPOWERSTILLTHISCOULDBEASUBJECTFORFURTHERDEVELOPMENTSOLARTRACKINGISBYFARTHEEASIESTMETHODTOINCREASEOVERALLEFFICIENCYOFASOLARPOWERSYSTEMFORUSEBYDOMESTICORCOMMERCIALUSERSBYUTILISINGTHISSIMPLEDESIGN,ITISPOSSIBLEFORANINDIVIDUALTOCONSTRUCTTHEDEVICETHEMSELVESVCONCLUSIONASOLARTRACKERISDESIGNEDEMPLOYINGTHENEWPRINCIPLEOFUSINGSMALLSOLARCELLSTOFUNCTIONASSELFADJUSTINGLIGHTSENSORS,PROVIDINGAVARIABLEINDICATIONOFTHEIRRELATIVEANGLETOTHESUNBYDETECTINGTHEIRVOLTAGEOUTPUTBYUSINGTHISMETHOD,THESOLARTRACKERWASSUCCESSFULINMAINTAININGASOLARARRAYATASUFFICIENTLYPERPENDICULARANGLETOTHESUNTHEPOWERINCREASEGAINEDOVERAFIXEDHORIZONTALARRAYWASINEXCESSOF30REFERENCES1FAHRENBURCH,AANDBUBE,R1983,FUNDAMENTALSOFSOLARCELLS,ACADEMICPRESS,NEWYORK2PARTAIN,LD1995,SOLLARCELLSANDTHEIRAPPLICATIONS,JOHNWILEYSONSNEWYORK3EWEISE,RKLOCKNER,RKNIEL,MASHENGHONG,QINJIANPING,“REMOTEPOWERSUPPLYUSINGWINDANDSOLARENERGY–ASINOGERMANTECHNICALCOOPERATIONPROJECT”,BEIJINGINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONWINDENERGY,BEIJING,19954WICHERTB,LAWRANCEW,FRIESET,FIRSTEXPERIENCESWITHANOVELPREDICTIVECONTROLSTRATEGYFORPVDIESELHYBRIDENERGYSYSTEMS,SOLAR’995DURYEAS,SYEDI,LAWRENCEW,ANAUTOMATEDBATTERYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMFORPHOTOVOLTAICSYSTEMS,INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFRENEWABLEENERGYENGINEERING,VOL1,NO2,AUG19996TWIDELLJ,WEIRJ,RENEWABLEENERGYSYSTEMS,CHAPMANANDHALL,19947CENTREFORRESOURCESANDENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES,ANU,SUSTAINABLEENERGYSYSTEMS–PATHWAYSFORAUSTRALIANENERGYREFORMS,CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS,19948DAMM,JISSUE17,JUNE/JULY1990ANACTIVESOLARTRACKINGSYSTEM,HOMEBREWMAGAZINEFIG4SOLARREFERENCECELLSATASIGNIFICANTANGLETOTHESUNWORLDACADEMYOFSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY412008315

簡(jiǎn)介：30/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING/FEBRUARY1999ULTIMATEBEHAVIOROFLONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESBYWEIXINREN1ABSTRACTTHESTUDYDESCRIBEDHEREINVESTIGATESTHENONLINEARSTATICANDULTIMATEBEHAVIOROFALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEUPTOFAILUREANDEVALUATESTHEOVERALLSAFETYOFTHEBRIDGEBOTHGEOMETRICANDMATERIALNONLINEARITIESAREINVOLVEDINTHEANALYSISTHEGEOMETRICNONLINEARITIESCOMEFROMTHECABLESAGEFFECT,AXIALFORCEBENDINGINTERACTIONEFFECT,ANDLARGEDISPLACEMENTEFFECTMATERIALNONLINEARITIESARISEWHENONEORMOREBRIDGEELEMENTSEXCEEDTHEIRINDIVIDUALELASTICLIMITSTHEEXAMPLEBRIDGEISALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEOFA605MCENTRALSPANLENGTHWITHSTEELBOXGIRDERANDREINFORCEDCONCRETETOWERSUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINCHINABASEDONTHELIMITPOINTINSTABILITYCONCEPT,THEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYANALYSISISDONESTARTINGFROMTHEDEFORMEDEQUILIBRIUMCONFIGURATIONDUETOBRIDGEDEADLOADSTHEEFFECTSOFTHESTEELGIRDERHARDENINGANDTHEGIRDERSUPPORTCONDITIONSONTHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFTHEBRIDGEHAVEBEENSTUDIEDTHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEGEOMETRICNONLINEARITYHASAMUCHSMALLEREFFECTONTHEBRIDGEBEHAVIORTHANMATERIALNONLINEARITYTHEOVERALLSAFETYOFALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEDEPENDSPRIMARILYONTHEMATERIALNONLINEARBEHAVIOROFINDIVIDUALBRIDGEELEMENTSTHECRITICALLOADANALYSISBASEDONTHEBIFURCATIONPOINTINSTABILITYCONCEPTGREATLYOVERESTIMATEDTHESAFETYFACTOROFTHEBRIDGETHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYANALYSISANDOVERALLSAFETYEVALUATIONOFALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESHOULDBEBASEDONTHELIMITPOINTINSTABILITYCONCEPTANDMUSTTRACETHELOADDEFORMATIONPATHOFTHEBRIDGEFROMAPPLIEDLOADSTOFAILUREINTRODUCTIONMODERNCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESHAVEBEENEXPERIENCINGAREVIVALSINCETHEMID1950S,ALTHOUGHTHECONCEPTOFSUPPORTINGABRIDGEGIRDERBYINCLINEDTENSIONSTAYSCANBETRACEDBACKTOTHESEVENTHCENTURYPODOLNYANDFLEMING1972THEINCREASINGPOPULARITYOFCONTEMPORARYCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESAMONGBRIDGEENGINEERSCANBEATTRIBUTEDTO1THEAPPEALINGAESTHETICS2THEFULLANDEFFICIENTUTILIZATIONOFSTRUCTURALMATERIALS3THEINCREASEDSTIFFNESSOVERSUSPENSIONBRIDGES4THEEFFICIENTANDFASTMODEOFCONSTRUCTIONAND5THERELATIVELYSMALLSIZEOFTHEBRIDGEELEMENTSOVERTHEPAST40YEARS,RAPIDDEVELOPMENTSHAVEBEENMADEONLONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESARENOWENTERINGANEWERA,REACHINGCENTRALSPANLENGTHSOFFROM400TO1,000MANDEVENLONGERWITHTHEINCREASINGCENTRALSPANLENGTHOFMODERNCABLESTAYEDBRIDGES,THETRENDOFTHEBRIDGEISTOUSEMORESHALLOWANDSLENDERSTIFFENINGGIRDERSTOMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFAERODYNAMICSINTHISCASE,BRIDGESAFETYSTRENGTH,STIFFNESS,ANDSTABILITYUNDERSERVICELOADINGSANDENVIRONMENTALDYNAMICLOADINGSSUCHASIMPACTS,WINDS,ANDEARTHQUAKESPRESENTSINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTCONCERNSINBOTHDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEEXHIBITSNONLINEARCHARACTERISTICSUNDERLOADINGSITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHESELONGSPANCABLESUPPORTEDSTRUCTURESARECOMPOSEDOFCOMPLEXSTRUCTURALCOMPONENTSWITHHIGHGEOMETRICNONLINEARITIESTHENONLINEARAXIALFORCEELONGATIONBEHAVIORFORTHEINCLINEDCABLESTAYSUNDERDIFFERENTTENSIONLOADLEVELSDUETOTHESAGINITIATEDBYTHEIROWNWEIGHTSAGEFFECTTHECOMBINEDAXIALLOADANDBENDINGMOMENTINTERACTIONFORTHEGIRDERANDTOWERSLARGEDISPLACEMENT,WHICHISPRODUCEDBYTHEGEOMETRYCHANGESOFTHESTRUCTUREINADDITION,NONLINEARSTRESSSTRAINBEHAVIOROFEACHBRIDGE1PROFANDHEAD,DIVOFBRIDGEANDSTRUCTENGRG,DEPTOFCIVENGRG,CHANGSHARAILWAYUNIV,CHANGSHA,410075,PEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINANOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILJULY1,1999TOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGEROFJOURNALSTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONJUNE19,1997THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL4,NO1,FEBRUARY,1999?ASCE,ISSN10840702/99/00010030–0037/800?50PERPAGEPAPERNO16039ELEMENTINCLUDINGYIELDINGSHOULDBEINCLUDEDINTHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYANALYSISANDOVERALLSAFETYEVALUATIONMANYINVESTIGATORSHAVEPRESENTEDDIFFERENTANALYSISMETHODSTODEALWITHTHISHIGHLYNONLINEARSTRUCTUREEG,BARONANDVENKATESAN1971TANG1976COMO1985SOMERESEARCHERSDISREGARDEDALLSOURCESOFNONLINEARITIESEG,KRISHNAETAL1985WHEREASOTHERSINCLUDEDONEORMOREOFTHESESOURCESMOSTNONLINEARANALYSESOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESHAVEFOCUSEDONPLANEFLEMING1979ORSPACENAZMYANDABDELGHAFFAR1990AKANOKNUKULCHAIANDGUAN1993BOONYAPINYOETAL1994GEOMETRICNONLINEARBEHAVIORBUTSOMEANALYSISNAKAIETAL1985SEIFANDDILGER1990INVOLVEDBOTHGEOMETRICANDMATERIALNONLINEARITIESANDREVEALEDTHATTHEMATERIALNONLINEARITYWASDOMINANTINTHENONLINEARSTATICBEHAVIOROFLONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESITISPARTICULARLYTRUEFORLONGSPANSEGMENTALCONCRETECABLESTAYEDBRIDGESINDEED,THEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESISGENERALLYDEPENDENTONTHESTABILITYCONDITIONSINVOLVEDINBOTHELASTICPLASTICITYANDLARGEDEFORMATIONSWITHTHEEVERINCREASINGAPPLICATIONOFTHELIMITSTATEDESIGNMETHODINTHESTRUCTURALDESIGNINSTEADOFTHEALLOWABLESTRESSMETHOD,UNDERSTANDINGANDSTUDYINGONTHEOVERALLULTIMATEBEHAVIOROFLONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESBECOMESESSENTIALBASEDONTHELIMITPOINTINSTABILITYCONCEPT,THEPRESENTSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHENONLINEARSTATICANDULTIMATEBEHAVIOROFALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEUNDERTHECOMPLETEDBRIDGESTATEBOTHGEOMETRICANDMATERIALNONLINEARITIESAREINCLUDEDINTHEANALYSISPARAMETERSSUCHASTHESTEELGIRDERMATERIALHARDENINGANDTHEGIRDERSUPPORTCONDITIONSARESTUDIEDINTHISPAPERALLANALYSESSTARTFROMTHEDEFORMEDEQUILIBRIUMCONFIGURATIONDUETOBRIDGEDEADLOADSTHEMAINOBJECTIVEISTOACHIEVEASYNTHETICUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESTATICULTIMATEBEHAVIORANDTOEVALUATETHEOVERALLSAFETYOFALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGENONLINEARCONSIDERATIONSANDSAFETYEVALUATIONNONLINEARCONSIDERATIONSINANALYSISACABLESTAYEDBRIDGEISANONLINEARSTRUCTURALSYSTEMINWHICHTHEGIRDERISSUPPORTEDELASTICALLYATPOINTSALONGITSLENGTHBYINCLINEDCABLESTAYSALTHOUGHTHEBEHAVIOROFTHEMATERIALISLINEARLYELASTIC,THEOVERALLLOADDISPLACEMENTRESPONSEMAYBENONLINEARUNDERNORMALDESIGNLOADSEG,FLEMING1979NAZMYANDABDELGHAFFAR1990AGEOMETRICNONLINEARITIESARISEFROMTHEGEOMETRYCHANGESTHATTAKEPLACE32/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING/FEBRUARY1999FIG1ELEVATIONOFEXAMPLEBRIDGEPCRITICALV3PEXISTINGTHELOWESTSAFETYFACTOROFHISEXAMPLECABLESTAYEDBRIDGESWAS997BOONYAPINYOETAL1994STUDIEDTHEGEOMETRICNONLINEARINSTABILITYOFLONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESALSOBASEDONTHEBIFURCATIONPOINTINSTABILITYCONCEPTINTHEIRANALYSIS,ALLGEOMETRICNONLINEARSOURCESASMENTIONEDABOVEWERECONSIDERED,BUTTHEMATERIALNONLINEARITYWASNOTINCLUDEDTHEIREXAMPLEBRIDGEWASALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEWITHTHECENTERSPANLENGTHOF1,000MTHEBUCKLINGFACTORSOFTHEBRIDGEWEREGIVENTHEREFORE,ACABLESTAYEDBRIDGEISNOLONGERAPERFECTSTRUCTURALSYSTEMBECAUSEITSELEMENTSSUCHASTHEGIRDERANDTOWERSARETHEMEMBERSSUBJECTEDTOBOTHAXIALFORCESANDBENDINGMOMENTSBEFORETHELIVELOADSAREAPPLIED,THEBRIDGEHASSUSTAINEDHEAVYDEADLOADSANDBUILTINCONSTRUCTIONLOADSSOTHATINITIALDEFORMATIONSANDSTRESSESEXISTINEVERYMEMBEROBVIOUSLY,THECONCEPTOFBIFURCATIONPOINTINSTABILITYBASEDONTHEEIGENVALUEANALYSISWILLBEINVALIDFORCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESTHECRITICALLOADANALYSISOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESSHOULDBETHELIMITPOINTINSTABILITYPROBLEMANOTHERIMPORTANTFEATUREISTHEMATERIALNONLINEARITYACTUALLY,BEFORETHEAPPLIEDLOADISFARLESSTHANTHECRITICALLOADBASEDONTHEBIFURCATIONPOINTINSTABILITYCONCEPT,THESTRESSESINSOMEMEMBERSMIGHTHAVEEXCEEDEDTHEMATERIALYIELDINGLIMITANDTHEBRIDGEHASALREADYFAILEDNAKAIETAL1985STUDIEDTHEULTIMATELOADOFACABLESTAYEDBRIDGEWITHA355MCENTRALSPANLENGTHBASEDONELASTICPLASTICANDFINITEDISPLACEMENTANALYSISTHEYSHOWEDTHATTHERATIOOFULTIMATELOADTODESIGNLOADWASABOUT30SEIFANDDILGER1990STUDIEDTHEULTIMATELOADSOFAPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEP/CCABLESTAYEDBRIDGETHEIRRESULTSFORANEXAMPLEBRIDGESHOWEDTHATTHEMAXIMUMRATIOOFLIVELOADTODEADLOADWASABOUT28ALLOFTHESEVALUESAREMUCHLOWERTHANTHOSEUSINGTANG’SFORMULASBASEDONTHEBIFURCATIONPOINTINSTABILITYANALYSISHENCE,THEBIFURCATIONPOINTINSTABILITYCRITICALLOADOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESGREATLYOVERESTIMATESTHELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFTHEBRIDGE,WHICHISNOTCONSERVATIVEFORTHESAFETYEVALUATIONOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESTHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFLONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESBASEDONTHELIMITPOINTINSTABILITYCONCEPTSHOULDBESTUDIEDSUFFICIENTLYTOEVALUATETHEOVERALLSAFETYUNDERBOTHDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONHOWEVER,THEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFACABLESTAYEDBRIDGEATTHELIMITPOINTISNOTEASILYOBTAINEDTHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYANALYSISSHOULDINVOLVEBOTHGEOMETRICANDMATERIALNONLINEARITYTHEREISNOCLOSEDFORMSOLUTIONANDANUMERICALMETHODBECOMESNECESSARYTHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFACABLESTAYEDBRIDGECANONLYBEOBTAINEDTHROUGHOUTTHELOADDISPLACEMENTCURVESFROMAPPLIEDLOADSTOFAILUREPRESENTLY,THEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFSTRUCTURESHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYATTRACTIVEBECAUSEOFTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHELIMITSTATEDESIGNMETHODITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHESTRUCTURESHOULDBEDESIGNEDFORSUFFICIENTULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYTHEREFORE,DETERMININGTHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFTHESTRUCTUREISOFUTMOSTIMPORTANCEIFTHEULTIMATELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFALONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEHASBEENDETERMINED,THEOVERALLSAFETYFACTORNOFTHEBRIDGECANBEWRITTENBYQUN4Q0WHEREQ0ISTHEDESIGNLOADOFTHEBRIDGEANDQUISTHEULTIMATELOADBOTHINCLUDEDEADLOADSANDLIVELOADSDESCRIPTIONOFEXAMPLELONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGETHEEXAMPLEBRIDGESTUDIEDHEREISTHEMINGRIVERLONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGE,WITHA605MCENTRALSPANLENGTH,WHICHISNOWONEOFTHELONGESTCENTRALSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINCHINATHEBRIDGESPANARRANGEMENTSARE90?200?605?200?90MTHEREAREFOURTRAFFICLANESTHEELEVATIONVIEWOFTHEBRIDGEISSHOWNINFIG1THEDECKCROSSSECTIONISANAERODYNAMICALLYSHAPEDCLOSEDBOXSTEELGIRDER251MWIDEAND28MHIGHASDEPICTEDINFIG2THEBRIDGETOWERSAREASHAPEDSTEELREINFORCEDCONCRETETOWERS1755MHIGHASSHOWNINFIG3THEEIGHTGROUPSOFCABLESARECOMPOSEDOFHIGHSTRENGTHSTEELWIRES7MMINDIAMETERWITHFROM73TO199WIRESPERCABLETHECABLEDATAARELISTEDINTABLE1THESTAYCABLESAREDOUBLEARRANGEMENTSTHETHREEMAINBRIDGEELEMENTSOFTHEEXAMPLEBRIDGE,NAMELY,STEELGIRDER,CABLES,ANDREINFORCEDCONCRETETOWERSARECOMPOSEDOFTHREEDIFFERENTMATERIALSTHEWEIGHTPERUNITVOLUMEOFEACHCABLEDEPENDSONTHENUMBEROFWIRESININDIVIDUALCABLESASSHOWNINTABLE1THEMATERIALDATAFORTHEANALYSESARELISTEDINTABLE2TABLE3GIVESTHEELASTICPLASTICHARDENINGSTRESSSTRAINDATAOFTHESTEELGIRDERUSEDINTHEANALYSISFORFEMMODELING,THEGIRDERISDIVIDEDINTO76PLANEBEAMELEMENTSANDEACHTOWERISDIVIDEDINTO32PLANEBEAMELEMENTSEACHCABLEISTREATEDASAPLANETRUSSELEMENTBECAUSEOFTHECOMPLEXCROSSSECTIONSHAPEOFTHEBRIDGE,FORSIMPLICITY,THEEQUIVALENTTHINWALLEDBOXSECTIONOFTHEGIRDERANDTOWERSAREUSEDREN1997THEEQUIVALENTSECTIONSAREOBTAINEDBYEQUALIZINGTHECROSSSECTIONAREASANDSECTIONINERTIAMOMENTSOFTHEGIRDERANDTOWERSTHESECTIONAREASANDINERTIAMOMENTSOFTHEGIRDERANDTOWERSAREGIVENINFIG

簡(jiǎn)介：1出版社，2005

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）I單片機(jī)控制的單片機(jī)控制的PWM直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)摘要直流電機(jī)是人類(lèi)最早發(fā)明和應(yīng)用的一種電機(jī)。隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，數(shù)字電子技術(shù)已經(jīng)普及到我們生活、工作、科研各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。并且在各類(lèi)機(jī)電系統(tǒng)中，由于直流電機(jī)具有良好的啟動(dòng)、制動(dòng)和調(diào)速性能，直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)已廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)、航天領(lǐng)域的各個(gè)方面，最常用的直流技術(shù)是脈寬調(diào)制（PWM）直流調(diào)速技術(shù)，具有調(diào)速精度高，響應(yīng)速度快，調(diào)速范圍寬和損耗低的特點(diǎn)。而利用計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字控制也成了直流調(diào)速的一種手段，數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)硬件電路的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度高，控制軟件能夠進(jìn)行復(fù)雜運(yùn)算，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同于一般線性調(diào)節(jié)的最優(yōu)化、自適應(yīng)、非線性、智能化等控制規(guī)律。本設(shè)計(jì)主要介紹了使用微控制器AT89S51的直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)。論文主要介紹了直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的意義、基于單片機(jī)控制的PWM直流電機(jī)調(diào)速方法和PWM基本工作原理以及實(shí)現(xiàn)方法，通過(guò)對(duì)占空比的計(jì)算達(dá)到精確調(diào)速的目的。主電路主要采用四個(gè)小鍵盤(pán)控制AT89S51單片機(jī)，將數(shù)據(jù)傳輸給單片機(jī)并產(chǎn)生脈寬調(diào)制信號(hào)，然后通過(guò)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)芯片L298對(duì)小型直流電機(jī)進(jìn)行控制。本設(shè)計(jì)還附加了由霍爾開(kāi)關(guān)CS3020、AT89S51單片機(jī)、74LS47七段數(shù)碼管譯碼芯片和四位LED構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)速檢測(cè)顯示電路。通過(guò)按鍵的調(diào)試可以實(shí)現(xiàn)控制直流電機(jī)啟動(dòng)、停止、方向和速度。設(shè)計(jì)的整個(gè)系統(tǒng)，采用了大量的集成電路模塊，大大簡(jiǎn)化了硬件電路，提高了系統(tǒng)的可靠性和穩(wěn)定性。最后在軟件方面，介紹了主程序、鍵盤(pán)掃描子程序、PWM信號(hào)發(fā)生程序、測(cè)速子程序和顯示子程序的編寫(xiě)思路以及具體的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞單片機(jī)AT89S51；直流電機(jī)；脈寬調(diào)制；轉(zhuǎn)速檢測(cè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）IIIOFTHEWHOLESYSTEMHASBEENUSEDTHEMASSIVEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITMODULE,WHICHCANBEUSEDTOSIMPLIFYTHEHARDWAREELECTRICCIRCUITGREATLY,IMPROVETHESYSTEMRELIABILITY,STABILITYFINALLYINTHESOFTWARE,THEMAINROUTINE,KEYBOARDSCANSUBROUTINE,PWMSIGNALPRODUCINGSUBROUTINE,VELOCITYMEASUREMENTSUBROUTINEANDTHEDEMONSTRATIONSUBROUTINECOMPILATIONASWELLASTHESPECIFICPROGRAMAREINTRODUCEDKEYWORDSSCMAT89S51DCMOTORPWMMEASUREMENTOFROTATINGSPEED

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文6600字出處出處BARBIERIA,BURSIF,POLITIL,ETALECHOCARDIOGRAPHICDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONANDMAGNETICRESONANCEINFARCTSIZEINHEALEDMYOCARDIALINFARCTIONTREATEDWITHPRIMARYANGIOPLASTYJECHOCARDIOGRAPHY,2008,256575583心肌梗死初級(jí)血管成形術(shù)治療術(shù)后的超聲心動(dòng)圖下舒張功能障心肌梗死初級(jí)血管成形術(shù)治療術(shù)后的超聲心動(dòng)圖下舒張功能障礙與磁共振心肌梗死面積的關(guān)系礙與磁共振心肌梗死面積的關(guān)系BARBIERIA,BURSIF,POLITIL,ETAL背景背景急性心肌梗死后，超聲心動(dòng)圖顯示的舒張功能障礙代表一個(gè)獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素。然而，舒張功能障礙預(yù)示心梗后危險(xiǎn)因素增加的機(jī)制尚不完全清楚。我們已經(jīng)研究過(guò)超聲心動(dòng)圖舒張功能障礙嚴(yán)重程度與造影劑增強(qiáng)磁共振下測(cè)量的梗死面積數(shù)值的關(guān)系。方法方法橫斷面前瞻性研究。我們通過(guò)測(cè)量磁共振延遲增強(qiáng)百分比來(lái)量化陳舊性梗死的面積，同時(shí)在多普勒超聲下測(cè)量左室重量和舒張功能。這兩種測(cè)量預(yù)計(jì)至少在成功運(yùn)用血管成形術(shù)與支架植入術(shù)治療初始第一次急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死后的一個(gè)月后才能實(shí)施。為了提高特異性，個(gè)體超聲心動(dòng)圖參數(shù)被納入全球舒張功能等級(jí)，共分為4級(jí)舒張功能正常，舒張功能受損，但灌注壓正?；蚪咏?；舒張功能受損，灌注壓中度升高；舒張功能受損，灌注壓明顯升高，“限制性充盈”。結(jié)果結(jié)果我們預(yù)先登記了52名患者（平均年齡62±13歲，77為男性）。在心梗后48±15天后檢查增強(qiáng)磁共振和超聲心動(dòng)圖。在舒張功能能分級(jí)與梗死面積之間有具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的中度相關(guān)性（R0423，P0002），這種關(guān)聯(lián)性與整體和局部的收縮功能無(wú)關(guān)，在進(jìn)一步調(diào)整過(guò)年齡、性別、體表面積、左室重量、終末舒張容積和球形舒張指數(shù)后，結(jié)果相同（所有的P005）。在超聲心動(dòng)圖單獨(dú)變量中，梗死面積與組織多普勒速度EM（R0307，P003），AM（R039，P0005），血流傳播速度（R034，P0015）相關(guān)性最好結(jié)論結(jié)論在經(jīng)初始血管成形術(shù)和支架植入術(shù)成功治療的陳舊性ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者中，盡管與心肌梗死的面積有弱相關(guān)性，但是舒張功能分級(jí)是獨(dú)立的。因此，心肌梗死面積不能充分的解釋舒張功能障礙增加的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞舒張功能梗死面積磁共振初次血管成形術(shù)由多普勒超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)估舒張功能障礙是急性心肌梗死（MI）后不良后果的一種預(yù)測(cè)1,2。然而，舒張功能障礙可以預(yù)示心梗后危險(xiǎn)因素增加的機(jī)制尚不完全清楚3。舒張功能障礙可能只是表明嚴(yán)重收縮功能障礙4,5和心肌數(shù)目減少的大面積梗死6,7。另一方面，大量的研究表明，急性心肌梗死后心臟舒張功能障礙是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)因子，它是一個(gè)增量，如同傳統(tǒng)的梗死面積指標(biāo)，例如KILLIP分級(jí)，酶學(xué)，射血分?jǐn)?shù)（EF），室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)積分指數(shù)（WMSI）和終末收縮容積810，此外，少數(shù)的探討舒張功能障礙和梗死面積的研究只是使用了間接指標(biāo)代替量化的梗死面積4,5。對(duì)比增強(qiáng)磁共振（CE磁共振）城像是一種準(zhǔn)確的重復(fù)性好的量化梗死面積的方法，目前被認(rèn)為是監(jiān)測(cè)不可逆心肌損傷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)11。我們假設(shè)，心肌梗死后，用超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)的舒張功能障礙與心肌梗死面積相關(guān)。因此，我們?cè)噲D評(píng)價(jià)多普勒超聲下的舒張功能障礙和CE磁共振量化的梗死面積之間的關(guān)系。在急性心梗后至少一個(gè)月、組織水腫和細(xì)胞炎癥不再明顯時(shí)，我們用評(píng)估“治愈”梗死面積與舒張功能障礙，分別通過(guò)測(cè)量過(guò)度增強(qiáng)的數(shù)量和多普勒超聲心動(dòng)圖指標(biāo)12。由兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的調(diào)查員在同一天做超聲心動(dòng)圖和CE磁共振并進(jìn)行解釋。為了排除正存在的缺血，使生理?xiàng)l件可比，只有被初始血管成形術(shù)救治的成功第一次急性ST段抬高型增強(qiáng)磁共振成像確定梗死面積增強(qiáng)磁共振成像確定梗死面積MRI試驗(yàn)試驗(yàn)MRI在一個(gè)15噸的全身的掃描儀中進(jìn)行（INTERACV,PHILIPSMEDICALSYSTEMS）。心臟MRI是用五元心協(xié)同線圈。心臟同步化用心電向量法獲得。研究方案包括檢查休息時(shí)MRI來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)局部與整體左室功能和體積，在用增強(qiáng)MRI來(lái)判定組織梗死的存在與程度。十到十二，在大約15秒的時(shí)間中，根據(jù)心臟大小的不同，從心尖到心底，動(dòng)態(tài)短軸視圖可由平衡快速場(chǎng)回聲序列編碼（BFFE）敏感性的方法成像。以下參數(shù)可用回聲時(shí)間，17MSEC；重復(fù)時(shí)間，40MSEC，片厚度，8MM，沒(méi)有間距，視角場(chǎng)，320MM；數(shù)據(jù)矩陣大小，256224MM；場(chǎng)相，075；觸發(fā)延遲，最小；每段85個(gè)視圖，心率814，翻轉(zhuǎn)角，45°。每個(gè)切片可獲得至少30個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)框架?；€掃描處相同的幾何設(shè)定要重復(fù)進(jìn)行，以獲得可比的切片。在注射造影劑15分鐘后，從左室短軸切面中可獲得舒張末期造影延遲圖像，用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)心肌超增強(qiáng)的分布。一個(gè)基于預(yù)脈沖序列的三維回聲被應(yīng)用，參數(shù)如下回聲時(shí)間，42MSEC，翻轉(zhuǎn)角，20°；矩陣，256160；NEX，200；FOV，36CM；片厚度，8MM。反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間從260MSEC到340MSEC。直到心肌死亡時(shí)，我們使用允許反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間有相互作用的改變的真實(shí)時(shí)間選項(xiàng)來(lái)調(diào)整這個(gè)參數(shù)。用一個(gè)從基地部到心尖處的數(shù)目可變的短軸片來(lái)覆蓋整個(gè)左心室。評(píng)估心尖還從縱行和水平的長(zhǎng)軸。定義與數(shù)據(jù)分析定義與數(shù)據(jù)分析在離線工作站分析圖像（VIEWFORUM32；PHILIPSMEDICALSYSTEMS）。在局部分析中，左心室被分為17個(gè)心肌節(jié)段14。使用一個(gè)半自動(dòng)的以前被證明有效地軟件來(lái)測(cè)量延遲增強(qiáng)的面積，以評(píng)估梗死面積22。分析所有的短軸圖像和兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)軸圖像以分析心尖部位。在每個(gè)圖像中，增強(qiáng)區(qū)域的邊界被自動(dòng)的確定，最后進(jìn)行糾正。梗死的分部程度由兩名調(diào)查者（FF和GL公司）達(dá)成共識(shí)后得出，這兩名調(diào)查者對(duì)臨床數(shù)據(jù)不知情。如果平均信號(hào)強(qiáng)度至少高于梗死心肌的兩倍，這些區(qū)域會(huì)被認(rèn)為是感興趣區(qū)，會(huì)被過(guò)度增強(qiáng)。心內(nèi)膜下的環(huán)繞高增強(qiáng)區(qū)的低增強(qiáng)區(qū)被包含在梗死區(qū)內(nèi)。增強(qiáng)區(qū)可用來(lái)表示梗死區(qū)，用克和占整個(gè)心肌面積的百分比來(lái)表示。數(shù)據(jù)分析數(shù)據(jù)分析分類(lèi)變量用百分比來(lái)表示，連續(xù)變量用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差來(lái)表示。對(duì)于高度縫變量的數(shù)據(jù)以中位數(shù)（第25第75百分位）表示。連續(xù)變量之間相關(guān)性用PEARSON相關(guān)來(lái)檢測(cè)。用多元線性回歸來(lái)評(píng)估收縮功能的級(jí)別與梗死面積之間的相關(guān)性，梗死面積與局部和整體的收縮功能無(wú)關(guān)。測(cè)試三種不同的模式第一個(gè)是整體收縮功能指標(biāo)，第二個(gè)是局部舒張功能指標(biāo)，第三個(gè)是左室重構(gòu)指標(biāo)（左室重量，收縮與舒張球形指數(shù)，終末舒張容積）。用增強(qiáng)磁共振在超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)舒張指數(shù)的同一天，評(píng)價(jià)局部與整體收縮功能、左室容積。P005是有意義的。所用的分析都用SPSS130來(lái)進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果結(jié)果我們將57例患有STEMI并用初級(jí)血管成形術(shù)治療的患者納入前瞻性研究，5例因?yàn)閺那盎加行募」Ｋ辣慌懦?，剩下?2名患者最終被納入研究。平均年齡為618±129歲，77為男性。所用的患者都進(jìn)行血管成形術(shù)制都安裝過(guò)裸金屬支架，在進(jìn)行過(guò)球囊擴(kuò)張之后，平均球囊擴(kuò)張的時(shí)間為61±26分鐘。心梗后都接受過(guò)MRI，時(shí)間為48±15天。延遲增強(qiáng)的中位（第25和第75百分位）百分比為140（60199），中尉延遲增強(qiáng)重量為145克（67248克）。表I顯示了受試者的基礎(chǔ)情況。平均射血分?jǐn)?shù)為605±142，33的患者舒張功能正常，其余的77有輕微的舒張功能障礙（I級(jí)）。所有的患者都

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文49704970字出處出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMINERALPROCESSING,2009,923115120外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯及原文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯及原文比較比較ALIQUAT336ALIQUAT336酸和堿性介質(zhì)下萃取釩的研究和應(yīng)用酸和堿性介質(zhì)下萃取釩的研究和應(yīng)用YAELNADI,NSAWWAD,AANAYL摘要釩中發(fā)現(xiàn)了50多種不同的礦物質(zhì)，因?yàn)樗窃诘貧ぶ械?2位最豐富的元素的平均濃度為150克/噸，和鋅相似但比銅和鎳HABASHI,2002A。盡管它分布廣泛，但釩從未以單質(zhì)形式出現(xiàn)過(guò)，它通常是化合物的形式出現(xiàn)在釩鉀鈾礦、釩云母、釩鉛礦、釩銅鉛礦和綠硫釩礦中PERRON,2001。大多數(shù)都存在于石炭紀(jì)鋁土礦和材料，如煤，油頁(yè)巖和瀝青砂MOSKALYKANDALFANTAZI,2003。天然釩也有同位素50V（024）和51V（9976），其中50V具有輕微的放射性，其半衰期超過(guò)39X1017年VANADIUM,2003BAUERETAL,2002。由于包含這種金屬的天然資源儲(chǔ)存量有限，大多數(shù)國(guó)家重視于釩的二次加工。釩的二次加工生產(chǎn)引起了國(guó)際性經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。這個(gè)在鐵和剛生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中獲得，還從鈾生產(chǎn)和回收過(guò)程中作為聯(lián)產(chǎn)品獲得。在回收過(guò)程中，將石油化工的待生催化劑和發(fā)電廠石油燃料使用中產(chǎn)生的飛灰作原料。但是，至今這種回收工作還不確定能帶來(lái)任何涼的經(jīng)濟(jì)效率。雖然，前十年做了關(guān)于處理待生催化劑的研究，但由于運(yùn)費(fèi)貴而且有用金屬含量低，所以增加了生產(chǎn)成本。這一系列因素以及被回收金屬市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的波動(dòng)和金屬的純度對(duì)從待生催化劑分離金屬過(guò)程的市場(chǎng)可行性有顯著影響。這種方案關(guān)聯(lián)于被看成危險(xiǎn)品的待生催化劑的運(yùn)輸以后變得更復(fù)雜。隨催化劑的儲(chǔ)存和處理成本的增高，用精煉廠的待生催化劑成為有效的途徑。對(duì)于這些原因，建議在許多生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中加電催化氧化，次氯酸鹽，酸或堿。除此之外，這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的理論發(fā)展情況表明，在堿性，高溫條件下煉冶過(guò)程，比如燒礦法，又在水中將待生催化劑和適當(dāng)試劑高溫加熱浸取金屬中廣泛應(yīng)用。待生催化劑的燒礦法需要巨大的能量以及產(chǎn)生污染環(huán)境的廢氣。最近由于加強(qiáng)對(duì)生產(chǎn)生成的有害，危險(xiǎn)廢氣的限制，人們開(kāi)始研究環(huán)境污染性低的煉冶方法。進(jìn)行了關(guān)于釩萃取的對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。從銨浸待生催化進(jìn)渣萃取釩和鉬用濕法冶金學(xué)方法在高溫條件下將殘?jiān)锔妓徕c一起加熱進(jìn)行。因此，本研究工作的目的是研究酸性和堿性溶液中釩的浸取，以及經(jīng)此方法試適用于不許高溫條件下從硫酸工業(yè)中的待生催化劑浸取釩。2．實(shí)驗(yàn)21實(shí)驗(yàn)材料硫酸工業(yè)中廣泛使用的待生催化劑，埃及ABOZABAL肥料公司提供。待生催化劑所含的成分用X射線熒光光譜儀測(cè)定（表一中所示）。煤油含10％正辛醇（為相改性劑），并達(dá)成圖4氫氧化鈉對(duì)釩提取（1G/L）05濃度ALIQUAT336煤油25°C和相比（O/A）1。通過(guò)萃取反應(yīng)。在ALIQUAT336變化的影響和濃度范圍005的M05M的上提取釩的研究在三個(gè)不同濃度的氫氧化鈉。如圖所示。（5）。該行為是對(duì)所有線性使用濃度和提取與趨勢(shì)序列關(guān)于氫氧化鈉濃度005MN0075MN01M的價(jià)值斜坡獲得表明，一個(gè)ALIQUAT336分子涉及提取釩物種。圖2氯濃度的影響中提取的相關(guān)信用證釩鹽酸通過(guò)ALIQUAT336AT25度虧損50萬(wàn)的煤油比率O/A1最大值在三米鹽酸，然后用酸濃度降低了進(jìn)一步增長(zhǎng)的需要。在05MALIQUAT336煤油中對(duì)氯化鈉提取釩（V）和鹽酸的混合物進(jìn)行了取3MCL中氫離子濃度的影響范圍在01至3M。增加的范圍在H濃度在考察了萃取實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下所使用的幾乎沒(méi)有影響的。另一方面，越來(lái)越多）在給定的酸度為3M的05M的ALIQUAT336煤油中氯離子濃度由3至5M在

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4900字出處出處MAYAVANS,SIMJB,CHOISMEASYSYNTHESISOFNITROGENDOPEDGRAPHENE–SILVERNANOPARTICLEHYBRIDSBYTHERMALTREATMENTOFGRAPHITEOXIDEWITHGLYCINEANDSILVERNITRATEJCARBON,2012,501451485155畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯外文題目EASYSYNTHESISOFNITROGENDOPEDGRAPHENE–SILVERNANOPARTICLEHYBRIDSBYTHERMALTREATMENTOFGRAPHITEOXIDEWITHGLYCINEANDSILVERNITRATE譯文題目通過(guò)水熱處理氧化石墨烯、甘氨酸和硝酸銀簡(jiǎn)便地合成摻氮石墨烯銀納米粒子復(fù)合物外文出處CARBON5020125148–5155學(xué)生學(xué)院石油化工學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)教師專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)校外指導(dǎo)老師專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)二○一四年二月氬氣保護(hù)下，逐漸將溫度從室溫升到500℃，500℃恒溫2H，生成AG或PD修飾的氮雜石墨烯。產(chǎn)品直接從坩堝中收集。PD納米粒子石墨烯（GPD）以同樣的方式制備，只是不需要加入氮源甘氨酸。通過(guò)ICP分析，石墨烯上負(fù)載的PD納米粒子濃度為344WT，NG上為551WT。22儀器使用高分辨率色散拉曼顯微鏡（1MWHENE激光、波長(zhǎng)633NM）記錄了合成物質(zhì)的拉曼光譜。XRD衍射圖由高分辨率XRD衍射儀獲得。XPS圖在西格瑪探針XPS上測(cè)定，ALKA射線作為輻射源。TGA分析氮?dú)夥諊耇A儀器上分析（升溫速率10℃/MIN）。NGAG的表面形態(tài)使用場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電子顯微鏡測(cè)定。同時(shí)采用PHILIPSTECNAIF20觀察NGAG的形貌（操作電壓200KV）。能量色散X射線分析（EDX）在EDAX探測(cè)器上執(zhí)行，其安裝在FESEM上。TEM試樣的制備方法是將NGAG的水分散體滴加到碳圖層銅網(wǎng)格上，然后干燥得到試樣。23電化學(xué)測(cè)試伏安曲線在傳統(tǒng)的三電極電化學(xué)工作站上進(jìn)行，鉑電極為對(duì)電極，氯化銀電極為參比電極（SCE）（02V可逆氫電極校準(zhǔn)）。工作電極由薄膜法制備。拋光玻璃碳電極（GC、5MM直徑）被作為襯底。10微升NGPD水性懸浮液滴加到襯底上，80℃干燥形成催化劑層。3結(jié)果與討論將GO、硝酸銀和甘氨酸混合，500℃熱處理2H，制備得NGAG催化劑。FESEM圖（見(jiàn)圖1A）顯示石墨烯上覆蓋有納米顆粒（白點(diǎn)）。NGAG的EDX圖像顯示雜合物上有銀的存在。NGAG的FETEM圖像表明修飾有AG納米粒子的石墨烯薄片隨機(jī)地堆放在一起，顯示出褶皺的絲綢面紗波浪形狀，與原始的石墨烯類(lèi)似14,15。納米粒子存在于少數(shù)石墨烯薄層之間的表面。采用熱重分析法測(cè)定了AGNO3–GLY–GO和AGNO3–GLY的熱分解過(guò)程（見(jiàn)圖2）。在約200℃兩個(gè)都有最大的重量損失，這種損失源于甘氨酸硝酸鹽的分解（通過(guò)自燃反應(yīng)，甘氨酸被硝鹽氧化）。AGNO3–GLY–GO更早些的重量損失與GO表面的含氧官能團(tuán)有關(guān)（像OH和COOH）16,17。在150℃到200℃之間的重量損失表明甘氨酸硝酸鹽的燃燒和GO的還原同時(shí)發(fā)生，生成了CO2和NH3氣16,17。眾所周知，甘氨酸硝酸鹽燃燒生成NH3。事實(shí)上，基于甘氨酸硝酸鹽的燃燒制備了各種金屬粉末和氧化物。最近采用甘氨酸硝酸鹽的燃燒，制備了銅鎳合金納米金屬粉末17。至于AGNO3–GLY–GO體系，氨和氮氧化物從甘氨酸硝酸鹽的分解中得到，并作為氮源，同時(shí)促進(jìn)了GO的還原，最終摻氮雜到還原石墨烯的薄層中。為了了解AG納米粒子的形成、GO的還原和石墨烯上氮物種的變換過(guò)程，AGNO3–GLY–GO在不同的溫度下退火，然后采用XRD、XPS和拉曼光譜進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。為進(jìn)行這些檢測(cè)，AGNO3–GLY–GO以2℃/MIN的速率加熱到不同的溫度（100℃、300℃和500℃），然后再氮?dú)獾姆諊潞銣?H。檢測(cè)前氬氣保護(hù)冷卻至室溫。AGNO3–GLY–GO

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