簡介：DESIGNOFA4POLELINESTARTPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORFLIBERT1,JSOULARD1ANDJENGSTR?M21ROYALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALMACHINESANDPOWERELECTRONICS,10044STOCKHOLM,SWEDENEMAILFLORENCEEKCKTHSEEMAILJULIETTEEKCKTHSE2ITTFLYGTABBOX1309,17125SOLNA,SWEDENEMAILJORGENENGSTROMFLYGTCOMABSTRACTTOIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFSUBMERSIBLEPUMPS,THESOLUTIONDESCRIBEDINTHISARTICLECONSISTSINREPLACINGTHEROTOROFTHEINDUCTIONMOTORWITHAROTORPRESENTINGASQUIRRELCAGEANDBURIEDPERMANENTMAGNETSTHATCANSTARTONTHEGRIDTHEANALYTICALPROCEDURETODESIGNTHEROTORISPRESENTEDWITHMAGNETSPLACEDINUSHAPEANDAFOURPOLEMOTORTHESTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTPERFORMANCESOFTHEDIFFERENTDESIGNEDMOTORSARETHENSTUDIEDUSINGFINITEELEMENTCALCULATIONSANDANALYTICALMODELSASANEXAMPLE,THEDESIGNOFA75KWFOURPOLEMOTORISDESCRIBEDLISTOFPRINCIPALSYMBOLSLISTOFUSEDSYMBOLSBFLUXDENSITYE0INDUCEDVOLTAGEATSYNCHRONOUSSPEEDGAIRGAPLENGTHIDRROTORDCURRENTIQRROTORQCURRENTIDS,IDSTATORDCURRENTIQS,IQSTATORQCURRENTLINDUCTANCERSSTATORRESISTANCERRPUROTORBARRESISTANCEINPERUNITTSYNCHRONOUSTORQUEUVOLTAGE?SSYNCHRONOUSELECTRICALSPEEDXDS,XDSTATORREACTANCEINTHEDAXISXQS,XQSTATORREACTANCEINTHEQAXIS??FLUXLINKAGELISTOFSUBSCRIPTDRROTORDAXISDSSTATORDAXISMMAGNETMDMUTUALDAXISMQMUTUALQAXISQRROTORQDIRECTIONQSSTATORQDIRECTIONRROTORSSTATOR1INTRODUCTIONINORDERTODECREASEGASEMISSIONS,DIFFERENTCOUNTRIESLEDBYTHEUNITEDSTATESIMPOSEDCLASSESOFEFFICIENCYFORSTANDALONEINDUCTIONMOTORSTHROUGHTHEIRLEGISLATIONEVENTHOUGHITISPOSSIBLETOINCREASETHEEFFICIENCYOFTRADITIONALINDUCTIONMOTORS,THISCANNOTBEEASILYDONEWITHOUTOVERSIZINGTHEMOTOR,WHICHISDEFINITELYCONTRARYTOTHEIDEAOFANINTEGRATEDMOTORFORPRODUCTSSUCHASPUMPSINTHISCASE,THESOLUTIONCOULDBETOFINDANOTHERTYPEOFMOTORTHATREACHESHIGHEREFFICIENCYLEVELSTHELINESTARTPERMANENTMAGNETSYNCHRONOUSMOTORLSPMISONEOFTHEMBYINTRODUCINGPERMANENTMAGNETSBURIEDBENEATHTHESQUIRRELCAGE,AHYBRIDROTORISOBTAINEDWHICHCOMBINESANASYNCHRONOUSSTARTWITHASYNCHRONOUSSTEADYSTATEOPERATIONWITHREALLYLOWCOPPERLOSSESATSTEADYSTATEHARMONICSLOSSESONLY,ABETTEREFFICIENCYCANBEREACHEDTHEDESIGNPROCEDURE,WHICHWILLBEDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPER,HASBEENUSEDONA75KWFOURPOLEMOTORDIFFERENTDESIGNSWERETESTEDINORDERTOFINDAGOODCOMPROMISEBETWEENGOODSTEADYSTATEPERFORMANCESANDAGOODSTARTANDSYNCHRONIZATION2DESIGNPROCEDUREASTARTANDSYNCHRONIZATIONOFTHELSPMSTHEDESIGNOFTHISKINDOFHYBRIDROTORSISTRICKYIFTHEPERFORMANCESINSTEADYSTATEDEFINETHEREQUIREDVOLUMEOFMAGNET,ITISTHETRANSIENTSTHATIMPOSESTHESIZEOFTHESQUIRRELCAGEATSTART,ABRAKINGTORQUEFROMTHEMAGNETSISADDEDTOTHELOADTORQUE1FIGURE1SHOWSTHEDIFFERENTTORQUESASAFUNCTIONOFTHESPEEDDURINGTHETRANSIENTS2FINITEELEMENTSIMULATIONTHEFINITEELEMENTSIMULATIONSALLOWATFIRSTTOCONFIRMTHEANALYTICALRESULTSFORTHENOLOADVOLTAGETHEDIRECTANDQUADRATUREREACTANCESTHATARENEEDEDTOCOMPUTETHEPERFORMANCESCANTHENBEOBTAINEDTHEANALYTICALCALCULATIONOFTHEINDUCTANCESISNOTACCURATEENOUGHBECAUSEITISDIFFICULTTODEFINEANANALYTICALMODELOFTHESATURATIONBETWEENTHEMAGNETSANDTHEBARSDIFFERENTMETHODSCANBEUSEDTOANALYSETHESIMULATIONS,DEPENDINGONTHESIZEOFTHEFINITEELEMENTPROBLEMTIMESTEPFEMSIMULATIONSWITHFIXEDSPEEDCANNOWBECONDUCTEDINARELATIVESHORTTIMEDEPENDINGONTHESIZEOFTHEPROBLEMREDUCEDGEOMETRYTHANKSTOSYMMETRIESINTHECASEOFTHE75KW4POLELSPM,HALFTHEMOTORNEEDEDTOBESIMULATEDBECAUSEOFTHECOMPLEXDOUBLELAYERWINDINGADAPTEDMETHODSWEREUSEDTOAVOIDTIMECONSUMINGSIMULATIONSWITHASTATICSIMULATIONTHEFLUXDENSITYINTHEAIRGAPFIGURE4ANDTHENOLOADVOLTAGECANBEPLOTTEDANDCOMPAREDTOTHEEXPECTEDANALYTICALVALUESFORTHE75KWLSPM,THENOLOADVOLTAGEISRETRIEVEDFROMTHEMAGNETICVECTORPOTENTIALSOBTAINEDINTHESAMESTATICSIMULATION4FIG4FLUXDENSITYINTHEAIRGAPFORATESTGEOMETRYTOCOMPUTETHEDANDQAXISREACTANCESXDANDXQINTHECASEOFTHE75KWLSPM,ATIMESTEPSIMULATIONISRUNTHEROTORKEEPSTHESAMEPOSITIONWHILETHESTATORSLOTSAREFEDWITHSINUSOIDALCURRENTSTHECURRENTSARECHOSENSOTHATTHERATIOID/IQISCONSTANTWHENANALYSINGTHERESULTSOFTHESIMULATION,THEDANDQAXISLINKAGE?DAND?QARECOMPUTEDFROMTHEFLUXSEENBYEACHPHASEWINDINGWITHAPARKTRANSFORMATIONTHEREACTANCESARETHENFOUNDASAFUNCTIONOFIDANDIQUSINGDMDDIFX?????22QQQIFX???23WHERE?MISTHEFLUXCREATEDBYTHEMAGNETSTHISWAY,ONECANGETASWELLTHEINFLUENCEOFTHECURRENTAMPLITUDEONTHEREACTANCESFIGURE5REPRESENTSTHECURVESOFXDANDXQASAFUNCTIONOFIDANDIQFORTHETHIRDDESIGNPRESENTINPARAGRAPH3OFTHISPAPER3PERFORMANCESTHENEXTSTEPISTOCHECKWHETHERTHEDESIGNEDMOTORFULFILSTHEREQUIREDPERFORMANCESORNOTTHESTEADYSTATEPERFORMANCES,EFFICIENCY,POWERFACTOR,SYNCHRONOUSTORQUEARECOMPUTEDANALYTICALLYANDCOMPAREDTOTHEINDUCTIONMOTOR’SPERFORMANCESTHESTARTANDSYNCHRONIZATIONARETHENSIMULATEDIFTHEMOTORDOESNOTSYNCHRONIZE,THEDESIGNPROCEDUREHASTOBERUNAGAINTHEWAYTOSIMULATETHESTARTANDSYNCHRONIZATIONISDESCRIBEDINTHENEXTPARTOFTHEPAPERFIG5DANDQAXISREACTANCESCALCULATEDWITHFINITEELEMENTSIMULATIONSASAFUNCTIONOFIDANDIQ2PROBLEMSATSTARTALSPM,WHICHPRESENTSGOODSTEADYSTATEPERFORMANCES,MAYHAVESOMEPROBLEMSTOSTARTANDSYNCHRONIZETHESTARTCANFAILBECAUSEOFATOOHIGHMAGNETBRAKINGTORQUEINCOMPARISONTOTHEASYNCHRONOUSTORQUESEECASE1ONFIGURE6PROBLEMSCANALSOBEDUETOAHIGHINERTIAORATOOHIGHROTORRESISTANCECOMBININGWITHTOOTHINMAGNETS5CASE2ONFIGURE6THEFIGURE6PRESENTSTHEPLOTOFTHESPEEDASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEFORTHETHREECASESATSTARTINORDERTOSIMULATETHESTARTOFTHEMOTOR,ANANALYTICALDQMODELHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDINMATLABFINITEELEMENTTIMESTEPSIMULATIONSCANALSOBECONDUCTEDBUTAREMUCHMORETIMECONSUMING6,7FIG6POSSIBLEBEHAVIOUROFLSPMATSTARTAMACHINEMODELINTHEDQSYSTEMTHECOMPLETETRANSFORMEDMACHINEMODELCANBEEXPRESSEDAS

簡介：ARTIFINTELLREV20103361–106DOI101007/S1046200991372RECENTADVANCESINDIFFERENTIALEVOLUTIONASURVEYANDEXPERIMENTALANALYSISFERRANTENERIVILLETIRRONENPUBLISHEDONLINE27OCTOBER2009?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIABV2009ABSTRACTDIFFERENTIALEVOLUTIONDEISASIMPLEANDEFFICIENTOPTIMIZER,ESPECIALLYFORCONTINUOUSOPTIMIZATIONFORTHESEREASONSDEHASOFTENBEENEMPLOYEDFORSOLVINGVARIOUSENGINEERINGPROBLEMSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEDESTRUCTUREHASSOMELIMITATIONSINTHESEARCHLOGIC,SINCEITCONTAINSTOONARROWASETOFEXPLORATIONMOVESTHISFACTHASINSPIREDMANYCOMPUTERSCIENTISTSTOIMPROVEUPONDEBYPROPOSINGMODIFICATIONSTOTHEORIGINALALGORITHMTHISPAPERPRESENTSASURVEYONDEANDITSRECENTADVANCESACLASSIFICATION,INTOTWOMACROGROUPS,OFTHEDEMODIFICATIONSISPROPOSEDHERE1ALGORITHMSWHICHINTEGRATEADDITIONALCOMPONENTSWITHINTHEDESTRUCTURE,2ALGORITHMSWHICHEMPLOYAMODIFIEDDESTRUCTUREFOREACHMACROGROUP,FOURALGORITHMSREPRESENTATIVEOFTHESTATEOFTHEARTINDE,HAVEBEENSELECTEDFORANINDEPTHDESCRIPTIONOFTHEIRWORKINGPRINCIPLESINORDERTOCOMPARETHEIRPERFORMANCE,THESEEIGHTALGORITHMHAVEBEENTESTEDONASETOFBENCHMARKPROBLEMSEXPERIMENTSHAVEBEENREPEATEDFORARELATIVELYLOWDIMENSIONALCASEANDARELATIVELYHIGHDIMENSIONALCASETHEWORKINGPRINCIPLES,DIFFERENCESANDSIMILARITIESOFTHESERECENTLYPROPOSEDDEBASEDALGORITHMSHAVEALSOBEENHIGHLIGHTEDTHROUGHOUTTHEPAPERALTHOUGHWITHINBOTHMACROGROUPS,ITISUNCLEARWHETHERTHEREISASUPERIORITYOFONEALGORITHMWITHRESPECTTOTHEOTHERS,SOMECONCLUSIONSCANBEDRAWNATFIRST,INORDERTOIMPROVEUPONTHEDEPERFORMANCEAMODIFICATIONWHICHINCLUDESSOMEADDITIONALANDALTERNATIVESEARCHMOVESINTEGRATINGTHOSECONTAINEDINASTANDARDDEISNECESSARYTHESEEXTRAMOVESSHOULDASSISTTHEDEFRAMEWORKINDETECTINGNEWPROMISINGSEARCHDIRECTIONSTOBEUSEDBYDETHUS,ALIMITEDEMPLOYMENTOFTHESEALTERNATIVEMOVESAPPEARSTOBETHEBESTOPTIONINSUCCESSFULLYASSISTINGDETHESUCCESSFULEXTRAMOVESAREOBTAINEDINTWOWAYSANINCREASEINTHEEXPLOITATIVEPRESSUREANDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFSOMERANDOMIZATIONTHISRANDOMIZATIONSHOULDNOTBEEXCESSIVETHOUGH,SINCEITWOULDJEOPARDIZETHESEARCHAPROPERINCREASEINTHERANDOMIZATIONISCRUCIALFOROBTAININGSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSINTHEDEFUNCTIONINGFNERIBVTIRRONENDEPARTMENTOFMATHEMATICALINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFJYV?SKYL?,POBOX35,AGORA,40014JYV?SKYL?,FINLANDEMAILFERRANTENERIJYUFIVTIRRONENEMAILVILLETIRRONENJYUFI123RECENTADVANCESINDIFFERENTIALEVOLUTION63–DEWITHTRIGONOMETRICMUTATION,SEEFANANDLAMPINEN2002,2003B,HUETAL2005ANGIRAANDSANTOSHA2007,ANDANGIRAANDSANTOSH2008–DEWITHSIMPLEXCROSSOVERLOCALSEARCH,SEENOMANANDIBA2005,2008–DEWITHPOPULATIONSIZEREDUCTION,SEEBRESTANDMAUˇCEC2008ANDBRESTETAL2008–DEWITHSCALEFACTORLOCALSEARCH,SEENERIANDTIRRONEN2009,TIRRONENETAL2009,ANDNERIETAL2009SECTION5DESCRIBESTHEFOLLOWINGALGORITHMICFAMILIES–SELFADAPTIVECONTROLPARAMETERS,SEEBRESTETAL2006A,B,2007,ZAMUDAETAL2007,ANDBRESTETAL2008–OPPOSITIONBASEDDE,SEERAHNAMAYANETAL2006A,B,2007,2008A,RAHNAMAYANANDWANG2008,ANDRAHNAMAYANETAL2008B–GLOBALLOCALSEARCHDE,SEECHAKRABORTYETAL2006ANDDASETAL2009–SELFADAPTIVECOORDINATIONOFMULTIPLEMUTATIONRULES,SEEQINANDSUGANTHAN2005,YANGETAL2008B,QINETAL2009INORDERTOANALYZETHEBENEFITSANDDRAWBACKSOFEACHALGORITHMICFAMILYLISTEDABOVE,ARAPRESENTATIVEALGORITHMFROMEACHGROUPHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDANDTESTEDONABROADSETOFVARIOUSTESTPROBLEMSNUMERICALRESULTSAREREPORTEDINSECT6FINALLY,SECT7GIVESTHECONCLUSIONOFTHISWORK2STANDARDDIFFERENTIALEVOLUTIONINORDERTOCLARIFYTHENOTATIONUSEDTHROUGHOUTTHISCHAPTERWEREFERTOTHEMINIMIZATIONPROBLEMOFANOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONFX,WHEREXISAVECTOROFNDESIGNVARIABLESINADECISIONSPACEDACCORDINGTOITSORIGINALDEFINITIONGIVENINSTORNANDPRICE1995,DECONSISTSOFTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPSANINITIALSAMPLINGOFSPOPINDIVIDUALSISPERFORMEDPSEUDORANDOMLYWITHAUNIFORMDISTRIBUTIONFUNCTIONWITHINTHEDECISIONSPACEDATEACHGENERATION,FOREACHINDIVIDUALXIOFTHESPOP,THREEMUTUALLYDISTINCTINDIVIDUALSXR,XSANDXTAREPSEUDORANDOMLYEXTRACTEDFROMTHEPOPULATIONACCORDINGTODELOGIC,APROVISIONALOFFSPRINGX?OFFISGENERATEDBYMUTATIONASX?OFFXTFXR?XS1WHEREF∈0,1ISASCALEFACTORWHICHCONTROLSTHELENGTHOFTHEEXPLORATIONVECTORXR?XSANDTHUSDETERMINESHOWFARFROMPOINTXITHEOFFSPRINGSHOULDBEGENERATEDWITHF∈0,1,ITISMEANTHERETHATTHESCALEFACTORSHOULDBEAPOSITIVEVALUEWHICHCANNOTBEMUCHGREATERTHAN1,SEEPRICEETAL2005WHILETHEREISNOTHEORETICALUPPERLIMITFORF,EFFECTIVEVALUESARERARELYGREATERTHAN10THEMUTATIONSCHEMESHOWNINEQ1ISALSOKNOWNASDE/RAND/1OTHERVARIANTSOFTHEMUTATIONRULEHAVEBEENSUBSEQUENTLYPROPOSEDINLITERATURE,SEEQINANDSUGANTHAN2005–DE/BEST/1X?OFFXBESTFXS?XT–DE/CURTOBEST/1X?OFFXIFXBEST?XIFXS?XT–DE/BEST/2X?OFFXBESTFXS?XTFXU?XV–DE/RAND/2X?OFFXRFXS?XTFXU?XV–DE/RANDTOBEST/2X?OFFXTFXBEST?XIFXR?XSFXU?XVWHEREXBESTISTHESOLUTIONWITHTHEBESTPERFORMANCEAMONGINDIVIDUALSOFTHEPOPULATION,XUANDXVARETWOADDITIONALPSEUDORANDOMLYSELECTEDINDIVIDUALSITISWORTHWHILETOMENTIONTHEROTATIONINVARIANTMUTATIONSHOWNINLAMPINEN1999123

簡介：?EGMENTATIONOFCOLORIMAGEBASEDONPARTIALDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSCHUNYUANDIVISIONOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYGRADUATESCHOOLATSHENZHEN,TSINGHUAUNIVERSITYSHENZHEN,CHINAYUANCSZTSINGHUAEDUCNSHANGLILIANGDIVISIONOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYGRADUATESCHOOLATSHENZHEN,TSINGHUAUNIVERSITYSHENZHEN,CHINASHANGLILIANGGMAILCOMABSTRACTIMAGESEGMENTATIONISANIMPORTANTTASKINIMAGEPROCESSINGALOTOFIMAGESEGMENTATIONMETHODSORMODELSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDBUTMOSTOFTHESEMETHODSCANNOTWORKWELLWITHCOLORIMAGES,WHICHACTUALLYCONTAINMOREUSEFULINFORMATIONABOUTTHEOBJECTSINSIDEINTHISPAPER,ASEGMENTATIONMODELFORCOLORIMAGESISPROPOSEDTHENEWMODELISBASEDONTHEGACSEGMENTATIONMODELANDEXTENDSTHECONCEPTOFGRADIENTFROMONECHANNELTOTHREECHANNELSEXPERIMENTSSHOWTHATTHENEWMODELHASBETTERPERFORMANCETHANTHEGACMODEL,ESPECIALLYINTHESEGMENTATIONOFCOLORIMAGESKEYWORDSIMAGESEGMENTATIONIMAGEPROCESSINGPDEGACIINTRODUCTIONIMAGESEGMENTATIONISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTASKSINIMAGEPROCESSINGTHEPURPOSEOFIMAGESEGMENTATIONISTOSEPARATETHEOBJECTSFROMTHEBACKGROUNDOFTHEIMAGEFORFURTHERPROCESSINGSUCHASOBJECTRECOGNITION,OBJECTTRACKINGANDSOONALOTOFSEGMENTATIONMETHODSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDINTHETRADITIONALIMAGEPROCESSINGASPECT1234ACCORDINGTOTHEINFORMATIONUSED,THESEMETHODSCANBEMAINLYCLASSIFIEDINTOTHREECATEGORIESMETHODBASEDONREGION/THRESHOLD,METHODBASEDONEDGESANDMETHODSBASEDONTEXTUREANDINTHERECENTDECADES,THETHEORYOFPARTIALDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONS–PDESHASBEENWELLDEVELOPEDANDINTRODUCEDINTOTHEIMAGEPROCESSINGASPECTMANYNEWAPPROACHESOFIMAGESEGMENTATIONBASEDONPDESHAVEBEENPROPOSEDEVERSINCEHOWEVER,MOSTOFTHESEGMENTATIONMETHODSMENTIONEDABOVEJUSTFOCUSONTHEPROCESSINGOFGRAYIMAGESANDDONOTWORKWELLWITHCOLORIMAGESSINCECOLORIMAGESCONTAINMUCHMOREINFORMATIONABOUTTHEOBJECTSTHANGRAYIMAGES,SEGMENTATIONBASEDDIRECTLYONCOLORIMAGESCANACHIEVEMOREACCURATERESULTSINTHISPAPER,ASEGMENTATIONMODELOFCOLORIMAGEBASEDONPDESISPROPOSEDIIRELATEDWORKIMAGESEGMENTATIONBASEDONPDESHASBEENWELLDEVELOPEDINTHERECENTYEARSIN1987,MKASS,AWITKINANDDTERZOPOULOSCAMEUPWITHTHEACTIVECONTOURMODELORSNAKEMODELWHICHISTHEFIRSTIMAGESEGMENTATIONMODELBASEDONPDES5THEKEYIDEAOFTHEMODELISTOTRANSLATETHEPROBLEMOFSEPARATINGTHEOBJECTSINTOMINIMIZINGANENERGYFUNCTIONOFACLOSECURVEECPTHEFIRSTTWOPARTSOFTHEFUNCTIONARETHEINNERENERGYOFTHECURVEWHICHISUSEDTOSHORTENANDSMOOTHTHECURVETHELASTPARTISTHEENERGYFROMTHEIMAGEWHICHISUSEDTOHOLDTHECURVEONTOTHEEDGESOFTHEOBJECTSBUTTHEPROBLEMOFTHESNAKEMODELISTHATTHEENERGYFUNCTIONDEPENDSONNOTONLYTHEPOSITIONANDSHAPEOFTHECURVE,BUTALSOTHEPARAMETEROFTHECURVEANDTHEVALUEOFTHEENERGYFUNCTIONCHANGESARBITRARILYACCORDINGTODIFFERENTTYPESOFTHEPARAMETERTOOVERCOMETHESHORTNESSOFSNAKEMODEL,VCASELLES,RKIMMELANDGSAPIROPROPOSEDTHEGEODESICACTIVECONTOURMODELWHICHDIDNOTCONTAINANYFREEPARAMETER6THEGACMODELISALSOANENERGYFUNCTIONOFTHECURVEWHICHCONSISTSOFTHEINTERNALPOWEROFTHECURVEANDTHEEXTERNALPOWERFROMTHEIMAGESINCEOURNEWSEGMENTATIONMODELFORCOLORIMAGEMAINLYBASEDOFTHEGACMODEL,WEWILLDISCUSSMOREABOUTTHEBEHAVIORANDOTHERDETAILSOFTHEGACMODELLATERCOHENLANDKIMMELRPROPOSEDANINTERACTIVESEGMENTATIONMODELWHICHCANGETACCURATEEVENIFTHEBACKGROUNDHASMANYNOISES7TCHANANDLVESEPROPOSEDASEGMENTATIONMODELBASEDONPDESWHICHCANWORKWELLWITHIMAGESWHICHDONOTCONTAINSTRONGEDGES8DURINGTHEEVALUATIONOFTHECURVE,THEREMAYMETOPOLOGICALCHANGESTOCOPEWITHTHISSITUATION,SOSHERANDJASETHIANPROPOSEDTHELEVELSETSEGMENTATIONMETHOD9THEBASICIDEAOFLEVELSETISTOEMBEDTHECURVEINTOA2DFUNCTION,WHICHISACTUALLYA3DMODELSINCETHECURVECORRESPONDSTOTHEZEROLEVELSETOFTHEEMBEDFUNCTION,THEEVALUATIONOFTHEEMBEDFUNCTIONACTUALLYREPRESENTSTHEEVALUATIONOFTHECURVE?FIGURE1LEVELSETIIIGEODESICACTIVECONTOURMODELINTHEGEODESICACTIVECONTOURMODEL,THEPROBLEMOFFINDINGTHEBESTCONTOUROFTHEOBJECTISTRANSLATEDINTOTHEPROBLEMOFMINIMIZINGTHEFOLLOWINGENERGYFUNCTION2011FOURTHINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONCOMPUTATIONALINTELLIGENCEANDDESIGN9780769545004/112600?2011IEEEDOI101109/ISCID201116123845WHICHMEANSTHECHANNELWITHLARGERGRADIENTWILLCONTRIBUTEMORETOTHETOTALGRADIENTOFTHECOLORIMAGEONCETHEGRADIENT?ICOLORANDTHECORRESPONDINGAREOBTAINED,THEGRADIENTDESCENTFLOW42CANBEUSEDTOINSTRUCTTHEEVALUATIONOFTHECURVEANDTHISCOLORIMAGESEGMENTATIONMODEL,ORCOLORGACMODEL,CANWORKWELLWITHCOLORIMAGESWHILETHETRADITIONALGACMODELFAILSVCONCLUSIONASANIMPORTANTPARTOFIMAGEPROCESSING,IMAGESEGMENTATIONISGETTINGMOREANDMOREATTENTIONALOTOFSEGMENTATIONMETHODSANDMODELSHAVEBEENPROPOSED,SUCHASTHETRADITIONALSEGMENTATIONMETHODBASEDONEDGESANDTHEGACSEGMENTATIONMODELBUTMOSTOFTHESEMETHODSANDMODELSONLYWORKWELLONGRAYIMAGESSINCECOLORIMAGESHAVEMOREINFORMATIONABOUTTHEOBJECTINSIDE,SEGMENTATIONBASEDONCOLORIMAGESCANACHIEVEMOREACCURATERESULTSSOINTHISPAPER,WEPROPOSEASEGMENTATIONMODELFORCOLORIMAGESTHENEWCOLORIMAGESEGMENTATIONMODELISACTUALLYANEXTENSIONOFTHEGACSEGMENTATIONMODELANDISCALLEDTHECOLORGACMODELANDFROMTHEEXPERIMENTS,WECANSEETHATTHECOLORGACMODELCANWORKWELLWITHCOLORIMAGESWHILETHETRADITIONALGACMODELFAILSTHEKEYCOMPONENTOFTHECOLORGACMODELISTHEEXPRESSIONOFTHEGRADIENTOFTHECOLORIMAGESSOITISEASYTOBEIMPROVEDOREXTENDEDBYMODIFYINGTHEEXPRESSIONOFTHEGRADIENTREFERENCE1WEIYINGMA,BSMANJUNATHEDGEFLOWATECHNIQUEFORBOUNDARYDETECTIONANDIMAGESEGMENTATIONIEEE,IP,2000,98137513882KRCASTLEMENDIGITALIMAGEPROCESSINGPRENTICEHALL,19963JKHAWKINSTEXTUREPROPERTIESFORPATTERNRECOGINTION,INPICTUREPROCESSINGANDPSYCHOPICLORICSNEWYORKACADEMICPRESS,1980,3473704MCLARK,ACBOBIK,WSGEISLERMULTICHANNELTEXTUREANALYSISUSINGLOCALIZEDSPATIALFILTERIEEE,PAMI,1990,12155735MKASS,AWITKIN,DTERZOPOULOSSNAKESACTIVECONTOURMODELSINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOMPUTERVISION,1988,14321–3316VCASELLES,JMMOREL,GSPQIROGEODESICACTIVECONTOURSINTJCOMPUTVISION,1997,2261797LCOHEN,RKIMMELGLOBALMINIMUMFORACTIVECONTOURMODELSAMINIMALPATHAPPROACHINTJCOMPUTVIS,19978TFCHAN,LVESEACTIVECONTOURSWITHOUTEDGESCAMREPORT9853UCLA19989SOSHER,JSETHIANFRONTSPROPAGATINGWITHCURVATUREDEPENDENTSPEEDALGORITHMSBASEDONHAMILTONJACOBIFORMULATIONSJOURNALOFCOMPUTATIONALPHYSICS,1988,79112–49FIGURE3EXPERIMENTBETWEENGACANDCOLORGAC240

簡介：ADVANCEDCONTROLALGORITHMSFORSTEAMTEMPERATUREREGULATIONOFTHERMALPOWERPLANTSASANCHEZLOPEZ,GARROYOFIGUEROA,AVILLAVICENCIORAMIREZINSTITUTODEINVESTIGACIONESELECTRICAS,DIVISIONDESISTEMASDECONTROL,REFORMANO113,COLONIAPALMIRA,CUERNAVACA,MORELOS62490,MEXICORECEIVED5FEBRUARY2003REVISED6APRIL2004ACCEPTED8JULY2004ABSTRACTAMODELBASEDCONTROLLERDYNAMICMATRIXCONTROLANDANINTELLIGENTCONTROLLERFUZZYLOGICCONTROLHAVEBEENDESIGNEDANDIMPLEMENTEDFORSTEAMTEMPERATUREREGULATIONOFA300MWTHERMALPOWERPLANTTHETEMPERATUREREGULATIONISCONSIDEREDTHEMOSTDEMANDEDCONTROLLOOPINTHESTEAMGENERATIONPROCESSBOTHPROPOSEDCONTROLLERSDYNAMICMATRIXCONTROLLERDMCANDFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERFLCWEREAPPLIEDTOREGULATESUPERHEATEDANDREHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATURETHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEFLCCONTROLLERHASABETTERPERFORMANCETHANADVANCEDMODELBASEDCONTROLLER,SUCHASDMCORACONVENTIONALPIDCONTROLLERTHEMAINBENEFITSARETHEREDUCTIONOFTHEOVERSHOOTANDTHETIGHTERREGULATIONOFTHESTEAMTEMPERATURESFLCCONTROLLERSCANACHIEVEGOODRESULTFORCOMPLEXNONLINEARPROCESSESWITHDYNAMICVARIATIONORWITHLONGDELAYTIMESQ2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSTHERMALPOWERPLANTSPOWERPLANTCONTROLSTEAMTEMPERATUREREGULATIONPREDICTIVECONTROLFUZZYLOGICCONTROL1INTRODUCTIONCURRENTECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTFACTORSPUTASTRINGERREQUIREMENTONTHERMALPOWERPLANTSTOBEOPERATEDATAHIGHLEVELOFEFFICIENCYANDSAFETYATMINIMUMCOSTINADDITION,THEREAREANINCREMENTOFTHEAGEOFTHERMALPLANTSTHATAFFECTEDTHERELIABILITYANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEPLANTSTHESEFACTORSHAVEINCREASEDTHECOMPLEXITYOFPOWERCONTROLSYSTEMSOPERATIONS1,2CURRENTLY,THECOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYHAVEBEENEXTENSIVELYUSEDINTHERMALPLANTPROCESSOPERATIONANDCONTROLDISTRIBUTEDCONTROLSYSTEMSDCSANDMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMSMISHAVEBEENPLAYINGANIMPORTANTROLETOSHOWTHEPLANTSTATUSTHEMAINFUNCTIONOFDCSISTOHANDLENORMALDISTURBANCESANDMAINTAINKEYPROCESSPARAMETERSINPRESPECIFIEDLOCALOPTIMALLEVELSDESPITETHEIRGREATSUCCESS,DCSHAVELITTLEFUNCTIONFORABNORMALANDNONROUTINEOPERATIONBECAUSETHECLASSICALPROPORTIONALINTEGRALDERIVATIVEPIDCONTROLISWIDELYUSEDBYTHEDCSPIDCONTROLLERSEXHIBITPOORPERFORMANCEWHENAPPLIEDTOPROCESSCONTAININGUNKNOWNNONLINEARITYANDTIMEDELAYSTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHESEPROBLEMSANDTHEDIFFICULTIESINIMPLEMENTINGCONVENTIONALCONTROLLERSTOELIMINATEVARIATIONSINPIDTUNINGMOTIVATETHEUSEOFOTHERKINDOFCONTROLLERS,SUCHASMODELBASEDCONTROLLERSANDINTELLIGENTCONTROLLERSTHISPAPERPROPOSESAMODELBASEDCONTROLLERSUCHASDYNAMICMATRIXCONTROLLERDMCANDANINTELLIGENTCONTROLLERBASEDONFUZZYLOGICASANALTERNATIVECONTROLSTRATEGYAPPLIEDTOREGULATETHESTEAMTEMPERATUREOFTHETHERMALPOWERPLANTTHETEMPERATUREREGULATIONISCONSIDEREDTHEMOSTDEMANDEDCONTROLLOOPINTHESTEAMGENERATIONPROCESSTHESTEAMTEMPERATUREDEVIATIONMUSTBEKEPTWITHINATIGHTVARIATIONRANKINORDERTOASSURESAFEOPERATION,IMPROVEEFFICIENCYANDINCREASETHELIFESPANOFTHEEQUIPMENTMOREOVER,THEREAREMANYMUTUALINTERACTIONSBETWEENSTEAMTEMPERATURECONTROLLOOPSTHATHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDOTHERIMPORTANTFACTORISTHETIMEDELAYITISWELLKNOWTHATTHETIMEDELAYMAKESTHETEMPERATURELOOPSHARDTOTUNETHECOMPLEXITYOFTHESEPROBLEMSANDDIFFICULTIESTOIMPLEMENTPIDCONVENTIONALCONTROLLERSMOTIVATETORESEARCHTHEUSEOFMODELPREDICTIVECONTROLLERS01420615/SEEFRONTMATTERQ2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JIJEPES200408003ELECTRICALPOWERANDENERGYSYSTEMS262004779–785WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/IJEPESCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELC527773623820FAXC52777328985EMAILADDRESSESJASLIIEORGMXASANCHEZLOPEZ,GARROYOIIEORGMXGARROYOFIGUEROAAVECTORTHISVECTORISBASEDONPREVIOUSCONTROLACTIONSANDCURRENTVALUESOFTHEPROCESSDCALCULATIONOFCONTROLMOVEMENTSCONTROLMOVEMENTSAREOBTAINEDUSINGTHEFUTUREVECTOROFERRORANDTHEDYNAMICMATRIXOFTHEPROCESSTHEEQUATIONDEVELOPEDTOOBTAINTHECONTROLMOVEMENTSISSHOWNBELOWDT?ATATF2I??K1ATXT2WHEREAREPRESENTSTHEDYNAMICMATRIX,ATTHETRANSPOSEMATRIXOFAXTHEVECTOROFFUTURESTATESOFTHEPROCESS,FAWEIGHTINGFACTOR,ITHEIMAGEMATRIXAND?DTHEFUTURECONTROLACTIONSFURTHERDETAILSABOUTTHISEQUATIONAREFOUNDINREF5ECONTROLMOVEMENTS’IMPLEMENTATIONINTHISSTEPTHEFIRSTELEMENTOFTHECONTROLMOVEMENTS’VECTORISAPPLIEDTOMANIPULATEDVARIABLESADMCCONTROLLERALLOWSDESIGNERSTHEUSEOFTIMEDOMAININFORMATIONTOCREATEAPROCESSMODELTHEMATHEMATICALMETHODFORPREDICTIONMATCHESTHEPREDICTEDBEHAVIORANDTHEACTUALBEHAVIOROFTHEPROCESSTOPREDICTTHENEXTSTATEOFTHEPROCESSHOWEVER,THEPROCESSMODELISNOTCONTINUOUSLYUPDATEDBECAUSETHISINVOLVESRECALCULATIONSTHATCANLEADTOANOVERLOADOFPROCESSORSANDPERFORMANCEDEGRADATIONDISCREPANCIESINTHEREALBEHAVIOROFTHEPROCESSANDTHEPREDICTEDSTATEARECONSIDEREDONLYINTHECURRENTCALCULATIONOFCONTROLMOVEMENTSTHUS,THECONTROLLERISADJUSTEDCONTINUOUSLYBASEDONDEVIATIONSOFTHEPREDICTEDANDREALBEHAVIORWHILETHEMODELREMAINSSTATIC3FUZZYLOGICCONTROLFUZZYCONTROLISUSEDWHENTHEPROCESSFOLLOWSSOMEGENERALOPERATINGCHARACTERISTICANDADETAILEDPROCESSUNDERSTANDINGISUNKNOWNORPROCESSMODELBECOMEOVERLYCOMPLEXTHECAPABILITYTOQUALITATIVELYCAPTURETHEATTRIBUTESOFACONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONOBSERVABLEPHENOMENAANDTHECAPABILITYTOMODELTHENONLINEARITIESFORTHEPROCESSARETHEMAINFEATURESOFFUZZYCONTROLTHEABILITYOFFUZZYLOGICTOCAPTURESYSTEMDYNAMICSQUALITATIVELYANDEXECUTETHISQUALITATIVESCHEMAINAREALTIMESITUATIONISANATTRACTIVEFEATUREFORTEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMS8THEESSENTIALPARTOFTHEFLCISASETOFLINGUISTICCONTROLRULESRELATEDTOTHEDUALCONCEPTSOFFUZZYIMPLICATIONANDTHECOMPOSITIONALRULEOFINFERENCE9ESSENTIALLY,THEFUZZYCONTROLLERPROVIDESANALGORITHMTHATCANCONVERTTHELINGUISTICCONTROLSTRATEGY,BASEDONEXPERTKNOWLEDGE,INTOANAUTOMATICCONTROLSTRATEGYINGENERAL,THEBASICCONFIGURATIONOFAFUZZYCONTROLLERHASFIVEMAINMODULESASITISSHOWNINFIG4INTHEFIRSTMODULE,AQUANTIZATIONMODULECONVERTSTODISCRETEVALUESANDNORMALIZESTHEUNIVERSEOFDISCOURSEOFVARIOUSMANIPULATEDVARIABLESINPUTTHEN,ANUMERICALFUZZYCONVERTERMAPSCRISPDATATOFUZZYNUMBERSCHARACTERIZEDBYAFUZZYSETANDALINGUISTICLABELFUZZIFICATIONINTHENEXTMODULE,THEINFERENCEENGINEAPPLIESTHECOMPOSITIONALRULEOFINFERENCETOTHERULEBASEINORDERTODERIVEFUZZYVALUESOFTHECONTROLSIGNALFROMTHEINPUTFACTSOFTHECONTROLLERFINALLY,ASYMBOLICNUMERICALINTERFACEKNOWNASDEFUZZIFICATIONMODULEPROVIDESANUMERICALVALUEOFTHECONTROLSIGNALORINCREMENTINTHECONTROLACTIONTHISISINTEGRATEDBYAFUZZYNUMERICALCONVERTERANDADEQUANTIZATIONMODULEOUTPUTTHUSTHENECESSARYSTEPSTOBUILDAFUZZYCONTROLSYSTEMAREREFS10,11AINPUTANDOUTPUTVARIABLESREPRESENTATIONINLINGUISTICTERMSWITHINADISCOURSEUNIVERSEBDEFINITIONOFMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSTHATWILLCONVERTTHEPROCESSINPUTVARIABLESTOFUZZYSETSCKNOWLEDGEBASECONFIGURATIONDDESIGNOFTHEINFERENCEUNITTHATWILLRELATEINPUTDATATOFUZZYRULESOFTHEKNOWLEDGEBASEANDEDESIGNOFTHEMODULETHATWILLCONVERTTHEFUZZYCONTROLACTIONSINTOPHYSICALCONTROLACTIONS4IMPLEMENTATIONTHECONTROLOFTHESTEAMTEMPERATUREISPERFORMEDBYTWOMETHODSONEOFTHEMISTOSPRAYWATERINTHESTEAMFLOW,MAINLYBEFORETHESUPERHEATERFIG5THESPRAYEDWATERMUSTBESTRICTLYREGULATEDINORDERTOAVOIDTHESTEAMTEMPERATURETOEXCEEDTHEDESIGNTEMPERATURERANGEOFG1G58CTHISGUARANTIESTHECORRECTOPERATIONOFTHEPROCESS,IMPROVEMENTOFTHEEFFICIENCYANDEXTENSIONOFTHELIFETIMEOFTHEEQUIPMENTTHEEXCESSOFSPRAYEDWATERINTHEPROCESSCANRESULTINDEGRADATIONOFTHETURBINETHEWATERINLIQUIDPHASEIMPACTSONTHETURBINE’SBLADESTHEOTHERPROCESSTOCONTROLTHESTEAMTEMPERATUREISTOCHANGETHEBURNERSLOPEINTHEFURNACE,MAINLYINTHEREHEATEDTHEMAINOBJECTIVEOFFIG4ARCHITECTUREOFAFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERASANCHEZLOPEZETAL/ELECTRICALPOWERANDENERGYSYSTEMS262004779–785781

簡介：ANALYTICALPROCEDURESINTHESTUDYOFSEISMICRESPONSEOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMESMARIAGABRIELLAMULASPOLITECNICODIMILANO,MILAN,HALYFILIPCFILIPPOUUNICERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,CA94720USARECEIVEDOCTOBER1988THEINELASTICRESPONSEOFREINFORCEDCONCRETERCPLANEFRAMESSUBJECTEDTOSTRONGGROUNDMOTIONSISSTUDIEDFROMANANALYTICALSTANDPOINTTWODIFFERENTPROBLEMSAREADDRESSED,NAMELYTHEMODELLINGOFELEMENTSANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFEFFICIENTNUMERICALTECHNIQUESINNONLINEARDYNAMICANALYSESINTHISWORKANEWGIRDERMODELBASEDONTHENONLINEARBEAMELEMENTPROPOSEDBYSOLEIMANIISPRESENTEDTHEPROBLEMOFINSERTINGSUCHAMODELINASTEPBYSTEPNONLINEARDYNAMICANALYSISALGORITHMISSOLVEDANDTHEALGORITHMEFFICIENCY,BOTHINTERMSOFCOMPUTATIONTIMEANDRESPONSEPRECISION,ISINVESTIGATEDASAFUNCTIONOFPARAMETERSSUCHASSTEPLENGTH,NUMBEROFITERATIONSANDTOLERANCEKEYWORDSSEISMICRESPONSE,REINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMES,DYNAMICANALYSISMOSTMODERNCODESCONCERNINGSEISMICRESISTANTDESIGNALLOWTHEDISSIPATIONOFENERGYINPUTINTHESTRUCTUREBYASTRONGEARTHQUAKETHROUGHINELASTICDEFORMATIONSINCRITICALREGIONSTHESTUDYOFNONLINEARSTRUCTURALBEHAVIOURBOTHFROMANANALYTICALANDANEXPERIMENTALSTANDPOINTTHENBECOMESVERYIMPORTANTEXPERIMENTALDYNAMICTESTINGRESULTS,HOWEVER,INHIGHCOSTSANDPRESENTSPRACTICALPROBLEMSASTRATEGYBASEDONEXPERIMENTSUNDERQUASISTATICCYCLICLOADS,WHICHALLOWSTHEDERIVATIONOFNONLINEARSTRUCTURALMODELS,SEEMSTOBEMOREEFFECTIVEINFACT,THENUMERICALANALYSISOFSTRUCTURALRESPONSECANPROVIDEVERYUSEFULINFORMATIONONSEISMICDESIGNFORCESANDONDESIGNCRITERIAWHICHENSURETHEOVERALLSATISFACTORYBEHAVIOUROFSTRUCTURALELEMENTSDURINGSEVEREEARTHQUAKEEXCITATIONSMUCHRESEARCHEFFORTHASBEENDEVOTEDINTHELAST30YEARSTODEVELOPINGMODELSOFHYSTERETICBEHAVIOUROFREINFORCEDCONCRETERCBEAMSBASEDONDATAFROMEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSANDONFIELDOBSERVATIONSOFSTRUCTURESDAMAGEDBYEARTHQUAKESTHEVERYFIRSTINELASTICBEAMMODELWASPROPOSEDBYCLOUGHETALT2IN1965THISMODEL,KNOWNASTHETWOCOMPONENTMODEL,ISCOMPOSEDOFTWOPARALLELELEMENTS,ONELINEARELASTICANDTHEOTHERELASTICPERFECTLYPLASTICINELASTICDEFORMATIONSARECONCENTRATEDINPLASTICHINGESATTHEENDSOFTHEELASTOPLASTICELEMENTTHE01410296/90/0100372/03001990BUTTERWORTHTHISMODELISCOMPOSEDOFTWOPARALLELDEFORMABLEELEMENTS,ONELINEARLYELASTICANDTHEOTHERNONLINEAR,TWONONLINEARSPRINGSATTHEENDSOFTHESEELEMENTS,ANDTWORIGIDLINKSOUTSIDETHESPRINGSTHETWORIGIDLINKSREPRESENTTHEBEAMCOLUMNJOINTREGION,WHILETHETWONONLINEARSPRINGSMODELTHEFIXEDENDROTATIONSDUETOSLIPPAGEOFTHEREINFORCEMENTINSIDETHEBEAMCOLUMNENGSTRUCT1990,VOL12,JANUARY37SEISMICRESPONSEOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMESMGMULASANDFCFILIPPOUJOINTCLREDUCEDEFFECTIVETIFFNESSIELASTICSTIFFNESSKEEIIIROTATIONALSPRINGSLENGTHZERORIGIDLINKIF__ELASTICZONELLI“INELASTICZONES/IRIGIDLINKFIGURE1PROPOSEDGIRDERELEMENTANDTWOINELASTICZONESATTHEENDSTHELENGTHOFTHEINELASTICZONESISCOMPUTEDONTHEBASISOFTHEMOMENTDIAGRAMADETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFSOLEIMANISMODELCANBEFOUNDELSEWHERE6FORTHESAKEOFCOMPLETENESSTHEMAINFEATURESOFTHEMODELWILLBESUMMARIZEDINTHEFOLLOWINGTOAVOIDTHEDEFINITIONOFBEAMSHAPEFUNCTIONSAFTERTHEONSETOFSTEELYIELDING,AFLEXIBILITYAPPROACHISADOPTEDINTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEBEAMSTIFFNESSMATRIXTHEBEAMFLEXIBILITYMATRIXISDERIVEDTHROUGHANAPPROXIMATEINTEGRATIONOFCURVATURESALONGTHEICNGTHOFTHEBEAMUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONERALINEARDISTRIBUTIONOFBENDINGMOMENTSTODETERMINEACCURATELYTHETANGENTFLEXIBILITYMATRIXFBITISNECESSARYTOTRACETHELOADINGHISTORYOFSEVERALSECTIONSINSIDETHEINELASTICZONETHISREQUIRES,HOWEVER,ACONSIDERABLEAMOUNTOFCOMPUTATIONTIMEANDTHESTORAGEOFALARGEAMOUNTOFDATATOAVOIDTHISTWOKEYASSUMPTIONSARCMADEINSOLEIMANISMODELEVERYSECTIONOFTHEINELASTICZONEISINTHESAMESTATEUNLOADING,STRAINHARDENINGORSTIFFNESSDEGRADINGASTHEENDSECTIONTHEBEHAVIOUROFTHEENDSECTION,THEREFORE,CONTROLSTHEBEHAVIOUROFTHEENTIREINELASTICZONETHEINELASTICZONEHASANAVERAGETANGENTSTIFFNESSTIKEFIGURE2DETERMINEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHESTIFFNESSOFTHEENDSECTIONJOINTLIICT“MYM÷I“RBL“C/,/SKEDFFIGURE3MODELFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEFLEXIBILITYMATRIXOFSOLEIMANISBEAMELEMENTFROMREF6THEFLCXURALBEHAVIOUROFEACHENDSECTIONISDESCRIBEDBYTHCNONLINEARHYSTCRCTICMPMOMENTCURVATURERELATIONPROPOSEDBYCLOUGHZ°ANDMODIFIEDBYTHEAUTHORSFIGURE3THEPRIMARYCURVEINTHISMODELISBILINCARTHEFIRSTPARTUPTOTHEYIELDMOMENTMISCLASTICWITHSLOPEKRELTHESECONDPARTHASASLOPEPKE,PBEINGTHCSTRAINHARDENINGRATIOEISYOUNGSMODULUSOFCONCRETEAND1ISTHEAVERAGEBETWCCNLPANDI,,WHERELPAND1,ARCTHEMOMENTSOFINERTIAOFTHECRACKEDSECTIONFORPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEMOMENTS,RESPECTIVELY,IFLPANDI,VARYALONGTHEBEAMLENGTH,IISTHEAVERAGEBETWEENTHEVALUESATTHEOPPOSITEENDSOFTHEBEAMBYCONTRAST,DIFFERENTYIELDMOMENTVALUESMANDMARCCONSIDEREDFORPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEMOMENTS,RESPECTIVELYUNLOADINGTAKESPLACEWITHASLOPEEQUALTOKRPARTIALUNLOADINGFOLLOWEDBYRELOADINGISREPRESENTEDBYSEGMENTHIJINFIGURE3STIFFNESSDEGRADATIONISPRESENTDURINGRELOADING,THEAMOUNTOFDEGRADATIONBEINGDETERMINEDBYTHELASTPOINTOFCOMPLETEUNLOADINGANDTHCLARGESTEXCURSIONINTOTHEINELASTICRANGEINTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTIONTHERELOADINGSLOPEISEQUALTOSKE,WITHS1SEGMENTDETHEFACTORTWHICHDESCRIBESTHEAVERAGESTIFFNESSOFTHEINELASTICZONECANBEDEFINEDFORTHEFOLLOWINGCASESIXTKTIKKEEIINELASTICINELASTICI_1“E,ASTICIFIGURE2CLOUGHSMODELUNLOADINGORFIRSTLOADINGALLSECTIONSAREELASTIC,THEREFORET,T1RELOADINGWITHSTIFFNESSDEGRADATIONSINCETHEENDSECTION,HAVINGSTIFFNESSSI“KE,WILLEXPERIENCEMAXIMUMSTIFFNESSREDUCTIONWHILETHESECTIONATTHEINTERFACEBETWEENTHEELASTICZONEANDTHEINELASTICZONEWILLBESTILLELASTIC,ANAVERAGEDEGRADINGSTIFFNESSCANBEDETERMINEDFORENDIINTHEFOLLOWINGWAYTKS,KE22ENGSTRUCT1990,VOL12,JANUARY39

簡介：ADSPBASEDPLATFORMFORRAPIDPROTOTYPINGOFREALTIMEIMAGEPROCESSINGSYSTEMSVGEMIGNANI,FFAITA,MGIANNONI,ABENASSICNR,INSTILUTEQFCLINICALPHYSIO/ORY,PISA,ITALYGEMIFCCNRITABSTRACT7HISPAPERJILESENTSANEMBEDDEDBOARDJIJL“RAPIDPROF{?VPIJIROFREULTIMEIMAGEPROCESSINGO/GORITHMSTHEP/A/IJL“L1ISHOSED{/1TLTETEXASL/1S/RUMENTSTMS320C6415,ANEWDIR,I/ALSIKLLALPROCESSORDESIGNED/INHGHPEL/I/MANEEAPPLICATIONSANYANA/OKVIDEOSOURCE,SLIEHOSACAMCORDEROR/VCRCANHEUSEDASUNILLPUTSIGNALTHEIMAGESARCCAPTURED,PROCESSEDINREA/TIMEANDTHENDISPLAYEDIN{/WINDOWO/AR/“{/PHIMLLISERINLEL/HEEBOTH{/MOUSEAND{/KEYHOARDAREAVAI/AHLE10INTERAE/WITHTHESYSLEMASOJIWAREENVIRONMENTISA/SOPROVIDEDTHUSALLOWINKTHERAPIDIMPLEMENTATION?/THEALGORI/HMSINHIGHLEVELLANRUAGETHISWORKWASPARTIALLYSLIPPORTEDBYESOATESPAFLONNCE,TALY1INTRODUCTIONTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFREALTIMEIMAGINGALGORITHMSISACHALLENGINGTASKWHENDEALINGWITHOLNINEAPPLICATIONS,STANDARDWORKSTATIONSARCCOMMONLYLLSED,WHERCPOWERFULSOHWARETOOLSARCAVAILAHLE,THANKSTOWHICHIMAGEPROCESSINGPROCEDURESCANBEEASILYDCVCLOPEDTHEALGORITHMSAREIMPLEMENTEDINHIGHLEVELLANGUAGEANDAFLEXIBLEGRAPHICALLISCRINTERL?LCEGUICANBEUSEDTOINTERACTWITHTHESYSTEMANDTODISPLILYTHERESULTSMOREOVER,SUCHSYSTEMSMAINTAINTHEIRCOMPATIBILITYWITHOLDERVELSIONS,SOTHESOJLWARCCANBEEASILYREIMPLEMENTEDASSOONASANEW,FASTERPLATFORMISAVAILABLEUNERTUNATELY,ASOLUTIONBASED011ASTANDARDWORKSTATIONISOILCNUNSUITABLEFORREALTIMCIMAGING11INREECNTYEARS,SEVERALSPECIALHARDWAREPLATFORMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTOMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFREAL-TIMEIMAGINGLLIGHLYCUSTOMIZEDSYSTEMSREQUIRETHEDESIGNOFHEARCHITECTUREATTHEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITLCLEVELL2JINGENERAL,SUCHSOLUTIONSPROVIDETHEBESTPERLLJRMANCESBUTHAVETWODRAWBACKSITHEIRILCKORILEXIHILITYASTHEICGARCDESIGNEDTOPERFORMONLYSPEEILICELABORATIONSIITHEIRELEVATEDDESIGNCOSTANDLONGTIMETOMARKETWHICHLIMITSLLCHANAPPROACHOILLYTOCRITICALAPPLICATIONSANDTOMASSPRODUCTIONMORCAFFORDABLELINDMOREILEXIBLESOLUTIONSARCBASED011PROGRAMMABLEDEVICES,MAINLYDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSORSDSPSLNDFIELDPROGRAMMABLENATEARRAYSFIGAS3,4,5THEPERLENNANCE/COSTRATIOIHRSUCHDEVICESHASRAPIDLYINCREASEDSOTHEYARCBECOMINGAVALIDALTCRNATIVE0IELEVELDESIGNMOREOVER,THEYALLOWTHEDEVELOPMENT01GENERAL-PURPOSEPROGRAMMABLEPLATFORM8,WHICHCANBEADOPTEDBYSOLLWARCDEVELOPERSTOIMPLEMENTCUSTOMALGORITHMSSULHSOLUTIONSARCWITLDYLISEDWHENRAPIDPROTOTYPINGISREQUIREDACOMMONOBJECTIONTOTHELISEOFCLISTOILLPMGRAL111L1ABLCPLATFORMSISTHATIMPLEMENTINGALGORITHMSMAYBEDIN1CULTASSPEEILIEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEHARDWAREINLISEISNECESSARYSYSTEMSBASEDONPROGRAMMABLELOGICS,SLLEHASFPGA,MLLSTBEPROGRAMMEDILLAHARDWAREDESCRIPTIONIANGLLAG?IIDLTHEAPPROACHISQUITEDIFFERENTFROMTHESOHWARESOLUTIONLISEDINWORKSTATIONSASITCOVERSASPECTS01“HARDWAREDESIGNINSYSTEMSBASED011MICROPROCESSORS,SUCHASIJSPS,THETASKISSLIGHTLYEASIERSINEEITISSTILLBASEDONASORTWAREAPPROACHFURTHERMORE,MODERNEOTNPILERSALLOWAHIGHLEVELLANGUAGETOBEUSEDTOOBTAINOPTIMIZEDCODEIMPLCMENTATIONS,CVENTHOUGH,WHENTILLHIGHESTLEVELOFOPTIMIZATIONISREQUIRED,THEALGORITHMMUSTSTILLBEWRITTENINHANDCOCKDASSEMBLERSOTHEWORKHECOMESFARILLOREDIFFICULTNONETBELESS,COMPILERSALLOWASOHWAREENGINEERTOEASILYACHIEVEAGOODOPTIMIZATIONLEVELOFTHECODEANOTHCRLIMITATION,WHICHISCOMMONTOBOTHFPGI\HASEDANDDSPHASEDEMBEDDEDSYSTEMS,ISTHELACKOFAGOODUSERINTERFACESEVERALVIDEOIMAGINGAPPLICATIONSRCQUICUSERINTERACTIONSOAAUISHOULDBEPROVIDEDTHESYSTEMPRESENTEDINTHISPAPCRWASDESIGNEDTOOVERCOMETHEABOVEMENTIONEDLIMITATIONSPROVIDINGIANEMBEDDEDDEVICETHATHASBOTHPROCESSINGPOWERANDAILEXIHLEGUIIIASOTLWAREENVIRONMENTINWHICHADEVELOPERCANEASIIYIMPLEMENTIMAGC-PROCESSINGALGORITHMSTHEAPPARATUSISASTANDALONEBOARDABLETOCAPTURE,PROCESSANDPLAYBACKVIDEOSIGNALSINREA1TIMETHEINPUTSECTIONCANCAPTUREAVIDEOSIGNALFROMANANALOGSOURCC,SUCHASACAMCORDERORAVCR,INBOTHMONOCHROMATICANDCOLORMODESTHEDATAARCTHENPROCESSEDBYAHIGHPERFORMANCEDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSOR,WHICHALLOWSTHESYSTEMTOEXECUTEINREALTIMECOMPLEXIMAGINGALGORITHMSTHEVIDEOOUTPUTISDISPLAYEDINAGUIANDBOTHAMOLLSEANDAKEYBOARDARCAVAILAHLE10INTERACTWITHTHESYSTEMASOFTWAREENVIRONMENTISALSOPROCEEDINGSOFTHE3RDINLERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONIMAGEANDSIGNALPROCESSINGLLLDI\NTLYSIS2003936WITHALARGEAMOUNTOFOFFTHESHELFDEVICES,SUCHASMICE,KEYBOARDS,HARDDRIVES,ETCFINALLY,ACONFIGURABLERS232SERIALPORTANDAJTAGCONNECTIONAREPRESENT3SOFTWAREENVIRONMENTWITHTHEAIDOFTHEINTEGRATEDDEVELOPMENTENVIRONMENTCODECOMPOSERSTUDIO7,SUPPLIEDBYTEXASINSTRUMENTS,ASOFTWAREPLATFORMWASARRANGEDFORRAPIDPROTOTYPINGOFREALTIMEVIDEOALGORITHMSTHEENVIRONMENTISBASEDONDSP/BIOS,ASCALABLEREAL?TIMEKERNELDESIGNEDSPECIFICALLYFORTHEDSPPLATFORMWEUSEDAMULTITHREADINGSTRUCTUREWITHPRE?EMPTIVESCHEDULINGWASIMPLEMENTEDBYSIMPLYADDINGASINGLETHREAD,WHICHHASALREADYBEENOPTIMIZEDASREGARDSTHEPRIORITYOFEXECUTION,THEUSERCODECANBEINTEGRATEDWITHTHEENVIRONMENT2LIBRARIESDPS/BIOSEMBEDDEDBOARDTMS320C6415FIGURE2THESOFTWAREENVIRONMENTTHREEMODULESWEREINTEGRATEDINTLIEKERNELFIGUREIINITIALIZATIONOFTHEONBOARDSDEVICESIIDRIVERSIIISCHEDULINGOFTHETHREADSTHEINITIALIZATIONMODULECONTAINSTHEROUTINESWHICHSETUPALLTHEDEVICESPRESENTONTHEBOARDITRUNSJUSTONCEATTHESYSTEMSTARTUP,INITIALIZINGTHEVIDEODECODER,THEUSBHOSTCONTROLLER,THEFPGA,THEGRAPHICSPROCESSOR,THEANALOGI/OSUBSYSTEM,ASWELLASALLTHEDSPONC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簡介：FIELDINVESTIGATIONSOFTHESTATICBEHAVIOROFANAVIGATIONLOCKCHAMBERMABURMISTROVANDYUKKOTENKOVUDC62786812087282247415THEVOTKINDOUBLELANE,SINGLELIFTNAVIGATIONLOCKISONEOFTHESTRUCTURESOFTHEHYDROELECTRICCOMPLEXONTHEKAMARIVERITISSITUATEDINTHEAREAOFTHELEFTBANKEARTHDAMANDEXTENDSINTOTHEHEADWATER,ANDATITSBASEARESILTYDENSECLAYSTHEREINFORCEDCONCRETE,LIGHTWEIGHTDOCKTYPELOCKCHAMBERSWITHACONTINUOUSBOTTOMHAVEAWIDTHOF30M,USEFULLENGTHOF290M,ANDARESEPARATEDOVERTHEIRLENGTHBYCONTRACTIONSETTLINGJOINTSINTOEIGHTSECTIONSTHE28MHIGHCHAMBERWALLSMADEOFMONOLITHICREINFORCEDCONCRETEARERIGIDLYCONNECTEDWITHTHEPRECASTMONOLITHICFLOORSLABOFTHECULVERTSFIG1FORTWOYEARSTHELOCKWASOPERATEDACCORDINGTOTHETEMPORARYSCHEMEBACKFILLOFRECESSESBYSANDTOANELEVATIONOF190M,HEAD16MIN1964THEMAINCONSTRUCTIONOPERATIONSWERECOMPLETED,ANDTHEHEADONTHECHAMBERWALLSREACHEDTHEDESIGNMAGNITUDEOF23MTHEBACKFILLWASNOTRAISEDINORDERTOREDUCETHELOADONTHECHAMBERWALLSREINFORCEDCONCRETEDISCHARGEBOXESWERECONSTRUCTEDABOVETHE190MELEVATIONTHESPACEBETWEENTHEWALLSANDTHEBOXESWASBACKFILLEDWITHASANDGRAVELMIXTURETHETOPOFTHECHAMBERWALLSWASANCHOREDINTOTHEBACKFILLINORDERTOCONDUCTFIELDINVESTIGATIONSWEINSTALLED333REMOTECONTROLLEDINSTRUMENTSINTHELOCKCHAMBERSBETWEEN1961AND1963,OFWHICH307AREPRESEMLYOPERATINGTHELAYOUTOFTHEINSTRUMEMSISSHOWNINFIGITHEINVESTIGATIONSCALLEDFORASTUDYOFTHEFOLLOWINGPROBLEMSAEARTHPRESSUREANDDEFORMATIONOFCHAMBERWALHBTEMPERATUREREGIMESOFTHEINVESTIGATEDELEMENTSCSTRESSSTATESINTHEBOTTOM,FLOORSLABSOFTHECULVERTS,ANDCHAMBERWAILSDCONDITIONOFTHEBLOCKJOINTSOFTHECHAMBERWALLSFORTHEINVESTIGATIONSWEUSEDREMOTECONTROLLEDSTRINGTYPESENSORSREINFORCEMENTANDSOILDYNAMOMETERS,PIEZODYNAMOMETERSANDRESISTANCESENSORSGAPGAUGES,SEMICONDUCTORTHERMOMETERS,ANDSOILDISPLACEMENTMEASURINGDEVICESTHEMAGNITUDEOFDEVIATIONOFTHETOPOFTHEWALLSFROMTHEAVERAGEPOSITIONBOTHWITHRESPECTTOSEASONSOFTHEYEARANDDURINGLOCKAGEWASDETERMINEDBYSURVEYINGEARTHPRESSUREOFTHEBACKFILLANDDEFORMATIONSOFTHECHAMBERWALLSTHECHARACTERISTICNORMALPRESSUREDIAGRAMSBASEDONREADINGSOFTHESOILDYNAMOMETERSAREGIVENINFIG2ANEXAMINATIONOFTHEDIAGRAMSCONSTRUCTEDFROMTHEINSTRUMENTREADINGSIN1962,WHENTHEBACKFILLCONSISTEDOFMADEGROUND,SHOWSTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPRESSUREDISTRIBUTIONOVERTHEWALLHEIGHTINTHESECTIONOFTHEWALLWITHANINCLINEDBACK,THEFORMOFTHEPRESSUREDIAGRAMISCLOSELYTRIANGULARWITHAMAXIMUMATADEPTHOFABOUT14MFROMTHEFILLSURFACEBELOWTHEMAXIMUM,ATADEPTHOF1419M,WHERETHEHACKOFTHEWALLISVERTICAL,THEEARTHPRESSUREDECREASEDUNEVENLYDURINGLOCKAGETHETOTALPRESSUREONTHEWALLINCREASEDUPONFILLINGANDDECREASEDUPONEMPTYINGTHECHAMBERBYANAVERAGEOF30THECHANGEOFPRESSUREOVERTHEWALLHEIGHTWASVARIABLETHUS,ONFILLINGTHECHAMBERTHEPRESSUREINTHEUPPERPARTOFTHEWALLINCREASEDSTRONGLY,REMAINEDUNCHANGEDINTHEMIDDLE,ANDDECREASEDSOMEWHATINTHELOWERPARTONEMPTYINGTHECHAMBER,PRESSURECHANGESOCCURREDINTHEOPPOSITEORDERATTHEENDOFTHE1962NAVIGATIONSEASONTHEUPPERPARTOFTHEMADEGROUNDINTHELEFTRECESSWASREMOVEDTOGDEPTHOF13MANDBYTHESTARTOFTHE1963NAVIGATIONSEASONWASREPLACEDBYHYDRAULICFILL,AFTERWHICHTHEPRESSUREINTHELOWERPARTOFTHEWALLINCREASEDANDINTHEUPPERPARTDECREASEDTHEPRESENCEOFINDIVIDUALUPSANDDOWNSONTHEDIAGRAMSISEXPLAINEDBYTHEINHOMOGENEITYOFTHEFILLDIRTTHECHARACTEROFCHANGEOFTHEPRESSUREDIAGRAMUPONFILLINGTHECHAMBERDURINGLOCKAGEIN1963WASRETAINEDTOEVALUATETHEMEASUREDPRESSUREVALUES,THEPRESSUREORDINATESCALCULATEDFORTHEFOLLOWINGPHYSICOMECHANICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESOIL,ADOPTEDFROMTHEDATAOFTHECONSTRUCTIONLABORATORY,AREPLOTTEDINFIG2THEAVERAGEUNITWEIGHTABOVEGROUNDWATERLEVELWAS178T/M3,BELOWGROUNDWATERLEVEL100T/MS,ANGLEOFINTERNALTENTATIVEELEVATIONSTRANSLATEDFROMGIDROTEKHNICHESKOESTROITELSTVO,NO3,PP3338,MARCH,1967248250MABURMISTROVANDYUTCKOTENKOVUPPERPOOLOLLG2G,7,SG28I63G,SG4,GTETL6OGROLGGGGROUND“2IWATERIROUNDWELEVEL,GROUNDWATERROUNDWATER,LEVELUPPERIL,IILII,JIL,,IIIIIKG/ZTOKG/CMZ2,0KG/CM22TOKG/CM2ZTOKG/CMZZT0KG/CMZG0,200,20,GCM2AL“UPPERPOOL,6_H,7I/83G2OZ/SSG,LR6,G,,8G,LF8GUPPER?92GROUNDGROUNDWATER_/WATERROUND_WATER,ZTEVELGROUNDWATER/LEVE1T,TG\“LEVETGTLLEVEL““TLOWER3POOL\\3,,,IIIIIIO2KG/CMZT2KG/CM0D0,GKG/CM0ZKG/CMZ0TZKG/CMBFIGDIAGRAMSOFNORMALEARTHPRESSUREONCHAMBERWALLSTAKINGINTOACCOUNTWATERPRESSURE,ANORMALEARTHPRESSUREONLEFTWALLOFFOURTHSECTIONBNORMALEARTHPRESSUREONRIGHTWALLOFFOURTHSECTIONIINCREASEOFPRESSUREUPONFILLINGCHAMBERFROMLOWERPOOLTOUPPERPOOLELEVATIONLEFTWALLIDINCREASEOFPRESSUREUPONFITTINGCHAMBERFROMLOWERPOOLELEVATIONTOUPPERPOOLELEVATIONRIGHTWALLIEARTHPRESSUREINCHAMBERATLOWERPOOLELEVATION2SAMEATUPPERPOOLELEVATION3DESIGNPRESSUREFORTHESTATEOFLIMITEQUILIBRIUMAFTERCOULOMB4SAMEFORTHESTATEOFRESTTHEWINTERINTHELATTERCASETHEWALLISBENTASARESULTOFACHANGEOFWATERLEVELINTHECHAMBERBASEDONTHEDATAOF73MEASUREMENTSOVERAPERIODOF15YEARS,THEMAXIMUMHORIZONTALDEVIATIONSOFTHETOPOFTHEWALLSOFTHEFOURTHSECTIONFROMTHEORIGINALPOSITION,THATOFTHEWAILSONJUNE18,1963WITHADRYCHAMBER,WERE,FORTHELEFTWALL,43MMTOWARDTHECHAMBERDURINGTHEWINTERAND17MMTOWARDTHEFILLDURINGTHESUMMER,ANDFORTHERIGHTWALL48AND17RAM,RESPECTIVELYTHETOTALRANGEOFTHEHORIZONTALDISPLACEMENTSOFTHETOPOFTHECHAMBERWALLSFROMTEMPERATUREFLUCTUATIONSDURINGTHEYEARREACHED6065RAMTHEMAXIMUMVALUESOFWALLDISPLACEMENTSDURINGLOCKAGEWERE16MMFORTHELEFTWALLAND2,8MMFORTHERIGHTANEXCESSPRESSUREDURINGTIDINGOFTHERIGHTCHAMBEROFTHELOCKWASRECORDEDONTHERIGHTWALLOFTHELEFTCHAMBERDURINGTHENAVIGATIONSEASONOF1964ATACONSTANTWATERLEVELINTHELEFTCHAMBERTHESOILDYNAMOMETSINSTALLEDONITSWALLDEFINITELYREACTEDTOFILLINGOFTHERIGHTCHAMBERTHEINCREASEOFEARTHPRESSURE,ACCORDINGTOTHEIRREADINGS,WASOFTHESAMEORDERASWHENFILLINGTHELEFTCHAMBERFIG4SOILDISPLACEMENTSALONGTHEBACKOFTHEWALL,ACCORDINGTOTHEREADINGSOFTHEREMOTECONTROLLEDDISPLACEMENTMEASURINGDEVICES,WERE9MMATANELEVATIONOF85M,62MMAT154M,AND82MMAT181MTEMPERATUREREGIMEOFCHAMBERELEMENTSTHERMOMETERSPLACEDINTHESTRUCTUREMADEITPOSSIBLETODETERMINETHEVARIATIONWITHTIMEOFTHECONCRETETEMPERATUREINTHEBOTTOM,FLOORSLABSOFTHECULVERTS,ANDWALLSOFTHELOCKCHAMBERMAXIMUMEXOTHERMICHEATINGOFTHECONCRETEWASOBSERVEDDL/RINGCONCRETINGOFTHECHAMBERWALLSANDREACHED8540THETEMPERATUREOFTHEBOTTOMCONCRETEBETWEEN1961AND1968VARIEDFROM0TO18DURINGBOAWINTERSTHEBOTTOMWASCOVEREDBYCONSTRUCTIONDEBRISORDIRTDURINGTHEWINTEROF1963/64ADROPOFTHECONCRETETEMPERATURETO8WASNOTEDINTHEUPPERPARTOFTHEBOTTOMAFTERITSCLEANING

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簡介：SENER,BANDWORMALD,P2001“THEFUTUREOFCOMPUTERUSEINPRODUCTDESIGN”PROCEEDINGSOFCADE2001COMPUTERSINARTANDDESIGNEDUCATION“DIGITALCREATIVITYCROSSINGTHEBORDER“,P358363,912APRIL2001,GLASGOW,SCOTLANDISBN0901904821?CADE2001DIGITALCREATIVITYCROSSINGTHEBORDER358THEFUTUREOFCOMPUTERUSEINPRODUCTDESIGNBAHARSENERPAULWORMALDDEPARTMENTOFDESIGNANDTECHNOLOGYLOUGHBOROUGHUNIVERSITY,ENGLANDBSENERLBOROACUKABSTRACTTHISPAPERDISCUSSESRESEARCHCARRIEDOUTASPARTOFANONGOINGPHDPROJECTINTOTHEUSEOFCADBYINDUSTRIALDESIGNERSTHEEARLYRESEARCHHASBEENBASEDONLITERATURESEARCHINGANDFACETOFACEINTERVIEWSCARRIEDOUTWITHPOSTGRADUATEDESIGNSTUDENTSANDPRACTISINGDESIGNPROFESSIONALSTHEAIMSOFTHEINTERVIEWSWERETOINVESTIGATEISSUESSURROUNDINGCREATIVITYANDCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADTOEXPLORETHECAPABILITYOFCURRENTCADSYSTEMSFORSUPPORTINGDESIGNACTIVITYANDTOIDENTIFYUSEREXPECTATIONSINTHENEARFUTUREASIGNIFICANTOUTCOMEOFTHISEARLYPARTOFTHESTUDYISTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFINDUSTRIALDESIGNERS’FUTUREEXPECTATIONSFORCADSYSTEMSTHATWOULDGIVERELEVANTTECHNOLOGICALANDPRACTICALDIRECTIONSINTHEFIELDOFCOMPUTERSUPPORTFORINDUSTRIALDESIGN1INTRODUCTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCADSYSTEMSHASUNDERGONERAPIDDEVELOPMENTINTHELASTTWENTYYEARSAMAJORTRANSFORMATIONINTHEMEDIAUSEDBYINDUSTRIALDESIGNERSTOASSISTTHEMINCARRYINGOUTTHEDESIGNPROCESSHASBEENWITNESSEDWITHTHEUSEOFCOMPUTERTHEFIRSTUSEOFCOMPUTERDRAWINGTECHNIQUES,ASASIMPLECOMPUTERAIDEDDRAWINGBOARD,WASINTHE1960S,ANDITWASONLYINTHE1980STHATTHEWORKINGPRACTICESOFDESIGNERSINMANYINDUSTRIESWASGRADUALLYTRANSFORMED1,2SINCETHEINTRODUCTIONOFCOMPUTERSINTOTHEFIELDOFDESIGN,THECADINDUSTRYHASALSOCOMEALONGWAYWITHCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTSTOTHEUSERINTERFACEWHENCOMPUTERSWEREFIRSTUSEDFORINDUSTRIALDESIGN,DESIGNERSTENDEDTOUSESOFTWAREORIGINALLYINTENDEDFORENGINEERING3,4ALTHOUGHTHEREISANOVERLAPBETWEENTHESEDISCIPLINES,THEREAREALSOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESINTHEIREXPECTATIONSFOREXAMPLE,FORTHEBALANCEOFTHEIRWORKENGINEERSAREMORELIKELYTOUSEACADSYSTEMTOHELPTHEMRAPIDLYDEVELOPANDDOCUMENTVERYPRECISEDEFINITIONOFOBJECTS5WHEREASINDUSTRIALDESIGNERSRELYONEXPERIMENTINGWITHDIFFERENTVIEWSOFTHEOBJECT,3ANDTOBUILDANDVISUALISEFREEFORMSANDORGANICSHAPESUNTILTHELATE1980SCAD,INTHEINDUSTRIALDESIGNCONTEXT,EFFECTIVELYMEANTTHECOMPUTERISATIONOFTECHNICALDRAWING6INPARALLELTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCADSYSTEMS,INORDERTOANSWERINDUSTRIALDESIGNERS’PARTICULARNEEDS,COMPUTERAIDEDINDUSTRIALDESIGNCAIDSOFTWAREWASDEVELOPEDTHECADINDUSTRYHASGROWNANDCHANGEDINTERMSOFTHECOMPUTERHARDWAREUTILISED,THESOFTWARETECHNOLOGYEMPLOYEDANDTHEIMPACTOFCADONDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGORGANISATIONSTOWARDSTHEENDOFTHE1980SCAIDPACKAGESTHATWOULDENABLETHEWHOLEDESIGNPROCESSTOBECOMPUTERISED,SUCHASALIAS,3WEREINTRODUCEDTOTHEMARKETTODAY,THEEFFECTSOFCOMPUTERBASEDTECHNOLOGICALADVANCESAREWIDESPREADANDTHATTHEYHAVEBROUGHTCOMPUTERSINTODESIGNSTUDIOSWITHANEVERINCREASINGROLEINDESIGNACTIVITIESCADISNOW1BLACK,I1990DESIGNMETHODOLOGIESINANEWGENERATIONOFCADCAD/CAM1990CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS2729MARCH1990,NECBIRMINGHAM,THESTRATHCLYDEINSTITUTEPP4024122JONES,TIM1997NEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT,OXFORDBUTTERWORTHHEINEMANN3MCCULLAGH,K19963DCOMPUTERMODELLINGININDUSTRIALDESIGNCODESIGNJOURNAL070809199628354HIRSCHTICK,J2000THEFUTUREOFCADMCADPRODUCTIVESOLUTIONSFORMECHANICALENGINEERSANDDESIGNERS200325LOOSSCHILDER,G1997APICTURETELLSATHOUSANDWORDSTHEDESIGNJOURNAL0141576CARDACI,KITTY1992CAIDATOOLFORTHEFLEXIBLEORGANISATION,DESIGNMANAGEMENTJOURNALREPRINT,32SENER,BANDWORMALD,P2001“THEFUTUREOFCOMPUTERUSEINPRODUCTDESIGN”PROCEEDINGSOFCADE2001COMPUTERSINARTANDDESIGNEDUCATION“DIGITALCREATIVITYCROSSINGTHEBORDER“,P358363,912APRIL2001,GLASGOW,SCOTLANDISBN0901904821?CADE2001DIGITALCREATIVITYCROSSINGTHEBORDER36022DATACOMPATIBILITYWITHOTHERSOFTWAREANDHARDWARETHEREISALARGENUMBEROFCADAPPLICATIONSWHICHSTOREANDUSEDATA,SUCHASPRODUCTGEOMETRY,ANDMATERIALATTRIBUTESOFTHECADMODEL,INDIFFERENTWAYSAHIGHPROPORTIONOFCOMPANIESOPERATESOMESORTOFCADSYSTEM,SUCHASAUTODESK’SAUTOCADORIBM’SCATIA,RUNNINGONDIFFERENTPLATFORMSRANGINGFROMPCANDAPPLEMACINTOSHTOSILICONGRAPHICSANDHEWLETTPACKARDUNIXWORKSTATIONS2HOWEVER,MOSTCADPACKAGESFROMDIFFERENTVENDORSDONOTCOMMUNICATEWITHEACHOTHERANDMODELDATACANNOTBESHAREDDIRECTLY3TODAY,INORDERTOSUPPORTDIFFERENTPHASESOFTHENEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTPROCESSAWIDEVARIETYOFCADSOFTWAREHASBEENDEVELOPEDANDINTRODUCEDTOTHEMARKETCONSEQUENTLY,THECURRENTDATAEXCHANGEFORMATSARENOTABLETOSERVEALLTHISVARIETYOFSOFTWAREANDTHEDATAEXCHANGEPROBLEMSTILLEXISTS23COMMUNICATIONANDTEAMWORKINGINDUSTRIALDESIGNERSINCREASINGLYWORKINMULTIDISCIPLINARYTEAMSWHICHOFTENCONSISTOFPEOPLEINSIDETHEIRWORKPLACEANDSOMETIMESPEOPLECONTRIBUTINGTOPROJECTSFROMOUTSIDEWHENTHETEAMSGOALSARETOMAXIMISEPRODUCTQUALITYANDMINIMISEDEVELOPMENTTIMEANDCOSTS,3THENEEDFORHIGHQUALITYANDEFFICIENTCOMMUNICATIONBECOMESESSENTIALWHENTHEDIFFERENTSEGMENTSOFTHEDESIGNTEAM,WHICHCANBELOCATEDINDIFFERENTPLACES,NEEDTOWORKONDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHESAMEPROJECT,EFFECTIVESOFTWAREENABLINGAPPROPRIATECOMMUNICATIONBECOMESESSENTIALALTHOUGHACCESSESTOTHEINTERNETANDVIDEOCONFERENCINGTECHNOLOGYALREADYASSISTDESIGNERSTOCOMMUNICATEDESIGNDATAINDIFFERENTCONTINENTS,IMPROVEMENTSCANALWAYSBEMADE24COSTISSUESALTHOUGHCADSYSTEMSHAVEBECOMEMUCHMORECOSTEFFECTIVETHENBEFOR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簡介：CHINPHYSLETTVOL29,NO92012094203HIGHLYSENSITIVEREFRACTIVEINDEXSENSORBASEDONACLADDINGETCHEDTHINCOREFIBERSANDWICHEDBETWEENTWOSINGLEMODEFIBERSXUBEN徐賁,LIYI李裔,DONGXINYONG董新永,JINSHANGZHONG金尚忠,ZHANGZAIXUAN張在宣COLLEGEOFOPTICALANDELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,CHINAJILIANGUNIVERSITY,HANGZHOU310018RECEIVED14FEBRUARY2012AREFRACTIVEINDEXRISENSORBASEDONACLADDINGETCHEDTHINCORESINGLEMODEFIBERTCSMFSANDWICHEDBETWEENTWOSINGLEMODEFIBERSISDEMONSTRATEDTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESENSITIVITY,WITHINTHERIRANGEOF1333–1340,ISENHANCEDATLEAST6TIMESBYETCHINGITINCREASESWITHTHESURROUNDINGRIANDREACHES8575NM/RIUATRIOF13684,ANDITCANBEEXPECTEDTOBEHIGHERWITHTHEDECREASEOFTHECLADDINGDIAMETEROFTHETCSMFPACS4281PA,0760HV,0760LYDOI101088/0256307X/29/9/094203OPTICALREFRACTOMETERSBASEDONWAVEGUIDETECHNOLOGYAREBEINGINCREASINGLYAPPLIEDINBIOMEDICAL,CHEMICALANDINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONSANDOTHERFIELDS1?4INRECENTYEARS,MANYTYPESOFOPTICALFIBERREFRACTIVEINDEXRISENSORSHAVEBEENREPORTEDBASEDONVARIOUSCONFIGURATIONSSUCHASLONGPERIODFIBERGRATINGSLPFGS,5?8FIBERBRAGGGRATINGSFBGS,11SURFACEPLASMONRESONANCESPR,12,13COREOFFSETATTENUATORS,14HETEROCOREATTENUATORS,15?19ANDSOON20?23AMONGTHEM,HETEROCOREATTENUATORS,WHICHAREFABRICATEDBYFUSIONSPLICINGDIRECTLYTWOORMOREKINDSOFFIBERSWITHDIFFERENTCOREDIAMETERS,HAVEBEENSTUDIEDDUETOTHEIRADVANTAGESOFROBUSTNESS,HIGHSENSITIVITYANDSIMPLEFABRICATIONFOREXAMPLE,WUETALPRESENTEDAKINDOFRISENSORBASEDONASINGLEMODE–THINCORESINGLEMODE–SINGLEMODEFIBERSMFTCSMFSMFSTRUCTURE15,16ITISFOUNDTHATTHESENSORSAREONLYSENSITIVETOTHEEXTERNALRIANDINSENSITIVETOTEMPERATUREINTHISLETTER,WETRYTOIMPROVETHESENSITIVITYOFTHISKINDOFRISENSORSBYATLEAST6TIMESTHROUGHDECREASINGTHECLADDINGDIAMETEROFTHETCSMFWITHACHEMICALETCHINGPROCESSFIGURE1SHOWSTHESCHEMATICOFTHEPROPOSEDRISENSORASHORTSEGMENTOFCLADDINGETCHEDTCSMFISSANDWICHEDBETWEENTWOCONVENTIONALSMFSBYUSINGAFUSIONSPLICER,SOTHATANINLINEMACH–ZEHNDERINTERFEROMETERMZIISFORMEDMANYCLADDINGMODESAREEXCITEDATTHESPLICINGPOINTBETWEENTHESMFANDTHETCSMF,BUTUSUALLYONLYONEORSEVERALOFTHEMAREDOMINANTINPOWERIFWECONSIDERONLYONECLADDINGMODE,THEINTERFERENCESIGNALREACHESITSMINIMUMWHENTHEPHASEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHECLADDINGANDCOREMODESSATISFIESTHEFOLLOWINGCONDITION22COEFF?CL,EFF,EXTD21,1WHEREEXTISTHERIOFTHESURROUNDINGMEDIUM,ISTHELENGTHOFTHETCSMF,DISTHEWAVELENGTHOFTHETRANSMISSIONDIP,ANDISANINTEGER,CL,EFF,EXTANDCOEFFARETHEEFFECTIVERISOFTHETHORDERCLADDINGMODEANDTHECOREMODE,RESPECTIVELYSINCECL,EFF,EXTISSENSITIVETOTHESURROUNDINGREFRACTIVEINDEXSRIEXTANDCOEFFISNOT,THETRANSMISSIONDIPWILLSHIFTWITHEXTTHESENSITIVITYOFTHETRANSMISSIONDIPTOTHECHANGEOFSRICANBEDEDUCEDFROMEQ1ASDEXT?221CL,EFFEXT?1?221?COEFF?CL,EFF??2INTHISSTUDY,THEMIDDLEOFTCSMFISETCHEDWITHACHEMICALPROCESSANDTHEDIAMETEROFITSCLADDINGDECREASESTHUSTHESENSITIVITYOFTHECLADDINGMODESTOSRI,THATIS,CL,EFF/EXT,ISENHANCED,ANDTHENTHESENSITIVITYOFTHESENSORTOSRIISALSOINCREASEDTHESIMILARSIMULATIONRESULTHASBEENREPORTEDINREF16INTHEEXPERIMENT,THESMFISACONVENTIONALFIBERUSEDINOPTICALCOMMUNICATIONS,ANDTHETCSMF405HP,NUFERNHASACOREDIAMETEROF30ΜM,ANDITSCUTOFFWAVELENGTHISOF370±20NMFIRSTLY,A62MMLONGTCSMFWITHOUTCOATINGISSANDWICHEDBETWEENTWOSMFSTOFORMAFIBERINLINEMZIUSINGAFUSIONSPLICERFUJIKURA,FSM60STHEMAINPARAMETERSOFTHEARCSPLICERUSEDINOUREXPERIMENTSINCLUDESARCPOWEROFSTANDARDTHEABSOLUTEARCPOWERWASNOTDISPLAYED,ARCDURATIONOF1500MS,PREFUSIONPOWEROFSTANDARDANDPREFUSIONTIMEOF180MSTHEINSERTIONLOSSOFTHETCSMFIS711DBAT1550NMTHENWEUSETHEETCHINGMETHODREPORTEDINREFS15,25TODECREASETHECLADDINGDIAMETEROFTHETCSMFTHEMZIISHELDBYCLAMPSACROSSAHYDROFLUORICACIDHFRESISTANTPOLYTHENESLICEDROPSEVERALDROPSOF49HFBYWEIGHTONTOTHESLICE,ABIGHFDROPLETWILLBEFORMEDANDSTANDOUTFROMTHESLICEBECAUSEOFTHEPOLYTHENESLICE’SHYDROPHOBICITYTHEN,THESLICEISRAISEDBYATRANSLATIONSTAGETOIMMERSETHEMIDTCSMFINTOTHEDROPLETTOINITIATETHEETCHINGDURINGTHEETCHING,HFFLOWSFROMTHEDROPLETSUPPORTEDBYZHEJIANGPROVINCIALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINAUNDERGRANTNOSY5090150ANDY6100244,ANDTHENATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINAUNDERGRANTNO61007051CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILXUBENFILES163COM?2012CHINESEPHYSICALSOCIETYANDIOPPUBLISHINGLTD0942031CHINPHYSLETTVOL29,NO92012094203693NM/RIUITISALSONOTEDTHATTHESENSITIVITYISRELATEDTOTHETRANSMISSIONDIPBEINGSELECTEDFOREXAMPLE,FORTHEDIPAROUND1474NM,FLAGGEDASDIPAINFIG2,THESENSITIVITYIS4939NM/RIU,ASSHOWNINFIG3ANOTHERSETOFSALTSOLUTIONSWITHABROADERRANGEOFCONCENTRATIONSOF0,198,395,606,762,942,1117,1288,1456,1619,1790,AND1936BYWEIGHTAREALSOUSEDINTHEMEASUREMENTSTHECORRESPONDINGRISARE13330,13366,13401,13441,13469,13502,13534,13566,13596,13626,13658,AND13684,RESPECTIVELYTHEINTERFERENCESPECTRASHOWANOBVIOUSREDSHIFTWITHTHEINCREASINGOFSRIWITHTRACKINGTHEDIPBINTHEFRINGES,THERESPONSEISOBTAINED,ASSHOWNINFIG4FORA00354SRICHANGE,A2322NMSHIFTISOBSERVEDAPOLYNOMIALFITTINGGIVESTHEVARYINGSENSITIVITYDEPENDINGONTHESRI,ASSHOWNINTHEINSERTINFIG4OBVIOUSLY,THESENSITIVITYINCREASESWITHTHESRI,WHICHINCLUDESTHESIMULATIONRESULTINREF16ITREACHES85753NM/RIUATTHESRIOF13684ASSUMINGTHATTHERESOLUTIONOF1PMISACHIEVEDINAREFINEDOPTICALSPECTRUMANALYZEROSA,ADETECTIONLIMITOF11710?6RIUISATTAINABLE1330133513401345135013551360136513700510152025133134135136137400500600700800900DIPWAVELENGTHSHIFTNMPOLYNOMIALFITOFDATAREFRACTIVEINDEXDIPBREFRACTIVEINDEXSENSITIVITYNM/RIUFIG4WAVELENGTHSHIFTSOFTHERISENSORAFTERETCHINGFORHIGHERSRISINSETSENSITIVITYVSSRIINADDITION,ACCORDINGTOTHETRENDOFSENSITIVITYASSHOWNINFIG4,ITCANBEHIGHERFORALARGERSRIBUTNOMORETHANTHERIOFTHEFIBERCLADDINGONTHEOTHERHAND,WITHFURTHERDECREASEOFTHEFIBERWAIST,THESENSITIVITYWILLKEEPINCREASINGTHATISALSOSUPPORTEDBYTHEANALYSISREPORTEDINREFS16,24WECOMPAREOURRESULTWITHTHOSEOFPREVIOUSLYREPORTEDWAVELENGTHMODULATEDOPTICALFIBERRISENSORSTABLE1LISTSTHEIRSTRUCTURESANDSENSITIVITIESITISFOUNDTHATTHESENSITIVITYOFOURPROPOSEDSENSORIS～8TIMESHIGHERTHANTHATOFSENSORSBASEDONTWOCASCADEDLPFGSWITHROTARYRIMODULATION,8～17TIMESHIGHERTHANTHATOFMZIFORMEDBYTHREECASCADEDSINGLEMODEFIBERTAPERS,22ANDCOMPARABLETOTHATOFNONADIABATICTAPEREDFIBERSENSORFABRICATEDBYCO2LASER23OURSENSORHASTHEADVANTAGESOFEASYFABRICATIONFINALLY,THEMECHANICALSTRENGTHOFTHESENSORAFTERETCHINGISMEASUREDINASIMPLESTATICEXPERIMENTBYAPPLYINGANAXIALTENSIONFORCETOTHESENSORANDTHEFORCEISINCREASEDGRADUALLYUNTILFRACTUREOCCURSANULTIMATESTRENGTH,DEFINEDAS/WITHBEINGTHECROSSSECTIONAREAOFTHEWAIST,IS52GPA,WHICHISCOMPARABLETOTHATOFABARESMFWITHOUTETCHING28INSUMMARY,AHIGHSENSITIVEREFRACTIVEINDEXSENSORHASBEENPROPOSEDANDDEMONSTRATEDITISCOMPOSEDOFASHORTSEGMENTOFCLADDINGETCHEDTCSMFSANDWICHEDBETWEENTWOCONVENTIONALSMFSTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESENSITIVITYISABOUT6TIMESHIGHERTHANTHATOFTHESENSORBEFOREETCHINGFURTHERMORE,THESENSITIVITYINCREASESWITHTHESRIANDREACHES8575NM/RIUATTHERIOF13684THISHIGHLYSENSITIVERISENSORWILLFINDWIDEPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONSINBIOMEDICAL,CHEMICALANDOTHERINDUSTRIALAREASTHEAUTHORSTHANKDRDONGTKFORHELPFULDISCUSSIONSANDSUNMANDZHAOXWFORTHEIRASSISTANCEINEXPERIMENTSREFERENCES1ZIBAIIMI,KAZEMIA,LATIFIH,AZARMK,HOSSEINISMANDGHEZELAIAGHMH2010JPHOTOCHEMPHOTOBIOL1013132GUBB,YINMJ,ZHANGAP,QIANJWANDHESL2009OPTEXPRESS17222963WUQ,SEMENOVAYLY,MATHEWJ,WANGPFANDFARRELLG2011OPTLETT3617524LIUHY,LIANGDK,ZENGJ,CAOZBANDZENGJM2010SPECTROSCSPECTANAL302456INCHINESE5DINGJF,ZHANGAP,SHAOLY,YANJHANDHES2005IEEEPHOTONTECHNOLLETT1712476ZHUYN,HEZHANDDUH2008SENSORACTUATB1312657KANGJ,DONGXY,ZHAOCL,ZHANGZXANDJINSZ2011SPECTROSCSPECTANAL31902INCHINESE8FANYE,ZHUT,SHILLANDRAOYJ2011APPLOPT5046049FANGX,LIAOCRANDWANGDN2010OPTLETT35100710LUOBB,ZHOUXJ,ZHAOMF,ZHONGNBANDWANGSF2010SPIEREV101800211YANGYF,CAOY,TONGZRANDYANGXF2012APPLMECHMAT130134406112GENTLEMANDJANDBOOKSHKS2006TALANTA6850413ZAMARREOCR,HERNAEZM,VILLARID,MATIASIRANDARREGUIFJ2010IEEESENSJ1036514TIANZB,YAMSSHANDLOOCKHP2008IEEEPHOTONTECHNOLLETT20138715XIATH,ZHANGAP,GUBBANDZHUJJ2010OPTCOMMUN283213616WUQ,SEMENOVAYLY,WANGPFANDFARRELLG2011JOPT1312540117WANGPF,BRAMBILLAG,DINGM,SEMENOVAYLY,WUQANDFARRELLG2011JOPTSOCAMB28118018WUQ,SEMENOVAYLY,YANBB,MAYQ,WANGPF,YUCXANDFARRELLG2011OPTLETT36219719ZHOUA,LIGP,ZHANGYH,WANGYZ,GUANCY,YANGJANDYUANLB2011JLIGHTWAVETECHNOL29298520GUOXANDTONGLM2008OPTEXPRESS161442921YANGJ,JIANGL,WANGS,LIBANDWANGM2011APPLOPT50550322WUD,ZHUT,DENGM,DUANDW,SHILL,YAOJANDRAOYJ2011APPLOPT50154823ZIBAIIMI,LATIFIH,KARAMIM,GHOLAMIM,HOSSEINISMANDGHEZELAYAGHMH2010MEASSCITECHNOL2110580124CHIANGKSETAL2000ELECTRONLETT3696625ZHANGEJ,SACHERWDANDPOONJKS2010OPTEXPRESS182259326LUPETAL2009APPLPHYSLETT9413111027PANGFFETAL2011IEEESENSJ11239528BRAMBILLAGANDPAYNEDN2009NANOLETT98310942033VIEWPUBLICATIONSTATSVIEWPUBLICATIONSTATS

簡介：JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY2052008425–431JOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JMATPROTECBLANKDESIGNANDFORMABILITYPREDICTIONOFCOMPLICATEDPROGRESSIVEDIESTAMPINGPARTUSINGAMULTISTEPUNFOLDINGMETHODZHANGZHIBING?,LIUYUQI,DUTING,LIZHIGANGSTATEKEYLABOFMATERIALPROCESSINGANDDIEFAX862787554405EMAILADDRESSALLENFASTAMPCOMZZHIBINGRIENCEANDSIMPLETHEORETICALFORMULASECONDLY,THESHAPEATEACHSTEPISDESIGNEDWITHTHEPROCESSSEQUENCEANDALLSHAPESAREASSEMBLEDINTOASTRIPAFTERFINISHINGTHEDIESTRUCTUREDESIGNWITHSTRIPLAYOUT,ITISVERYIMPORTANTTOVALIDATETHEDESIGNOFSTRIPLAYOUTANDTHEDIESTRUCTUREINAREALPRODUCTIONCONDITIONTOFINDOUTPOTENTIALDEFECTSITISNECESSARYTOMODIFYTHEDESIGNOFSTRIPLAYOUTANDTHEDIESTRUCTUREUNTILTHEDEFECTSISREMOVEDSOITISARATHERDIFFICULTTASKTOOBTAINANOPTIMUMSTRIPLAYOUTIFTHEOPTIMALBLANKSHAPEANDSIZEATEACHSTEPANDTHEFORMABILITYAREPREDICTEDATTHEDESIGNSTAGE,WHICHWILLGREATLYREDUCETHETRIALANDERRORTIMEOFTHEWHOLEPROGRESSIVEDIEDESIGNHOWEVER,ATTHEDESIGNSTAGEOFSTRIPLAYOUT,INTERMEDIATESHAPEANDBOUNDARYCONDITIONSOFPROCESSAREUNKNOWNITISIMPOSSIBLETOUSEFINITEELEMENTINCREMENTALAPPROACHTOSIM09240136/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2007ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJMATPROTEC200711236JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY2052008425–43142731INTERMEDIATEREFERENCESURFACEINTHECALCULATIONMODEL,MOSTOFTHEINTERMEDIATEREFERENCESURFACECANBECALCULATEDAUTOMATICALLYACCORDINGTOSHAPEFEATURESATLOCALFORMINGAREAFOREXAMPLE,THEREFERENCESURFACECANBEGENERATEDATTHETANGENTDIRECTIONALONGTHEBORDEROFFORMINGAREAIFTHEFORMINGPROCESSISMORECOMPLICATED,THESURFACECANALSOBEGENERATEDMANUALLYWITHEXPERIENCEHOWEVER,ITISDIFFICULTTODESIGNTHEINTERMEDIATESHAPEOFEACHSTEPINTHEOPPOSITESEQUENCEOFPROCESSINGSTEPFROMFINALSHAPETOINITIALBLANKSHAPE,ESPECIALLYFORCOMPLEXSHAPEANDFORMINGPROCESSWHENDESIGNTHESHAPEATCURRENTSTEP,THEREFERENCESURFACESHOULDBEGENERATEDFROMTHESHAPEOFPREVIOUSSTEPANDTHEFORMABILITYSHOULDBEVALIDATEDTOAVOIDDEFECTSSOMETIMESNOTONLYTHESHAPEANDFORMINGPROCESSOFCURRENTSTEPBUTALSOTHESHAPESOFPREVIOUSSTEPSMUSTBEMODIFIEDATTHEDESIGNSTAGEOFPROGRESSIVEDIESTAMPINGPART,THEDESIGNENGINEERSCANGENERATERELATIVELYEASILYTHEINTERMEDIATEREFERENCESURFACEWITHTHECADSOFTWARE,SUCHASUGNXANDCATIAITISDIFFICULTTOPREDICTPRECISELYTHEINTERMEDIATESHAPEONTHEREFERENCESURFACEUPTONOW,ALTHOUGHTHEREAREMANYAUTHORSTRYTOOPTIMIZETHESHAPEOFTHEINTERMEDIATEREFERENCESURFACEWITHMANYOPTIMIZATIONALGORITHMS,THEALGORITHMSAREONLYSUITTOTHESPECIFICSHAPEPARTANDTHEOPTIMIZATIONTIMEISTOOLONG,WHICHISUNABLETOMEETTHEAPPLICATIONREQUIREMENTSCURRENTLYTHEINTERMEDIATEREFERENCESURFACEISGENERATEDBYTHEDESIGNERSANDTHEINTERMEDIATESHAPEISCALCULATEDUSINGIA32PROCESSCONDITIONSINTHEFINITEELEMENTMODEL,MANYPROCESSCONDITIONSCANBECONSIDEREDFOREXAMPLE,THEFIXEDCONSTRAINSWILLBEADDEDATTHENODESTOASSUMETHATTHERELATIVEDISPLACEMENTISVERYLITTLEATTHECONNECTIONAREAATBENDINGORFLANGINGAREA,THEINFLUENCESOFBLANKHOLDERFORCEANDFRICTIONARECONSIDEREDTOSIMULATETHEDEFORMATIONOFSHEETMETALFORLARGEDEFORMATIONATLOCALAREA,THECONDITIONSTREATMENTISDIFFERENTBETWEENDEEPDRAWINGANDBULGINGIFTHEFORMINGPROCESSISBULGING,THERESTRAINTFORCEORBLANKHOLDERFORCEATFLANGINGAREAISVERYBIG,THEMATERIALOFSHEETMETALISALMOSTSTIFF,EVENFIXEDIFTHEFORMINGPROCESSISDEEPDRAWING,THERESTRAINTFORCEORBLANKHOLDERFORCEATFLANGINGAREAISRELATIVELYSLIGHTLY,THEMATERIALCANFLOWATFLANGINGAREAINMUSM,THECONSTRAINTORBIGBLANKHOLDERFORCESHOULDBEADDEDONTHENODESATFLANGINGAREAFORBULGINGDEFORMATIONANDTHEPROPERBLANKHOLDERFORCEWILLBEADDEDTOCORRESPONDINGNODES33STRAINNEUTRALLAYEROFFSETTINGASSHOWNINFIG3,THESTRAINNEUTRALLAYERSNLYINGPINGANDJUN,2002WILLOFFSETFROMTHEGEOMETRYNEUTRALLAYERGNLTOANINNERLAYERALONGRADIALDIRECTIONNEUTRALLAYEROFFSETTINGHASAGREATINFLUENCEONTHEBLANKSHAPESIZEESPECIALLYWHENTHERATEBETWEENTHETHICKNESSANDRADIUSOFCURVATUREISBIGGERWHENCONSIDERINGTHESNLOFFSETTINGINMSUM,THESHAPESIZECALCULATEDANDTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTWILLBEMORECLOSELYFIG3–STRAINNEUTRALLAYEROFFSETTING34PROCEDUREOFMUSMASWEKNOW,MATERIALOFSHEETMETALWILLFLOWINADIFFERENTWAYFORDIFFERENTSTAMPINGPROCESS,ANDTHEFORMABILITYOFTHEFINALPARTWILLBEALSODIFFERENTTHESEQUENCEOFMUSMMUSTMEETWITHTHEREQUIREMENTOFACTUALSTAMPINGPROCESSINSTRIPLAYOUTTHEREFORE,THESTAMPINGPROCESSMUSTBEDESIGNEDFIRSTLYACCORDINGTOTHEGEOMETRYFEATUREANDPROCESSREQUIREMENTOFTHEFINALPARTSECONDLY,THEINTERMEDIATESHAPEWILLBECALCULATEDUSINGMUSMANDTHEFORMABILITYWILLBEEVALUATEDTOAVOIDTHEDEFECTSSUCHASCRACKANDWRINKLINGTHEREFERENCESURFACEANDBOUNDARYCONDITIONSSHOULDBEMODIFIEDUNTILTHEFORMABILITYISPERFECTSOMETIMESTHESURFACESHOULDBEMODIFIEDAGAINIFTHESHAPESCALCULATEDATPREVIOUSSTEPSARENOTGOODFROMTHEFULLVIEWOFTHESTRIPLAYOUTFINALLY,THEOPTIMUMSTRIPLAYOUTWILLBEOBTAINEDAFTERMODIFYTHESTAMPINGPROCESSMANYTIMES35FORMABILITYANALYSISTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFVARIOUSPHYSICALQUANTITIESANDTHEDEFORMATIONOFTHEINNERHOLESCANBECALCULATEDWITHTHERESULTSANDTHEFORMABILITYCANBEPREDICTEDTOASSISTTHEDESIGNOFTHESTAMPINGPROCESS36LIMITATIONSTHEINFLUENCEOFRESTRIKINGANDSPRINGBACKAREIGNOREDDURINGUNFOLDINGPROCESS,ANDTHEREAREERRORSOFTHESIMULATIONRESULTFORTHECHOICEOFSHELLELEMENT,WHICHCANNOTSIMULATETHEDEFORMATIONOFRESTRIKINGANDSPRINGBACKPRECISELY4EXAMPLES41EXAMPLE1AIDEDDESIGNOFSTRIPLAYOUTASSHOWNINFIG4A,THEDOMINATINGFORMINGPROCESSOFAPROGRESSIVEDIEFORMINGPARTINVOLVESBULGING,BENDING,FLANGINGANDRESTRIKINGTHESTRIPLAYOUTISASSEMBLEDWITHSIXKEYINTERMEDIATESHAPESFIG2ANDOTHERAUXILIARYSHAPESASSHOWN