簡(jiǎn)介：9781424417247/08/2500?2008IEEEICALIP2008586VIRTUALARMPLATFORMFOREMBEDDEDSYSTEMDEVELOPERSALEXHEUNHEHAN,YOUNGSIHWANG,YOUNGHOAN,SOJINLEE,KISEOKCHUNGDEPTOFELECTRONICSANDCOMPUTERCOMMUNICATIONSENGINEERING,HANYANGUNIVERSITYALEXHANHANYANGACKRABSTRACTMOREANDMOREEMBEDDEDSYSTEMDEVELOPERSANDSYSTEMONCHIPDESIGNERSREPLYONMICROPROCESSORBASEDDESIGNMETHODOLOGYTOREDUCETIMETOMARKETARMPROCESSORHASBEENAMAJORPLAYERINEMBEDDEDSYSTEMINDUSTRYOVERTHELAST10YEARSHOWEVER,THEREAREMANYRESTRICTIONSONDEVELOPINGEMBEDDEDSOFTWAREUSINGARMPROCESSORINTHEEARLYDESIGNSTAGEFORTHOSEWHOARENOTFAMILIARWITHEMBEDDEDSOFTWAREEQUIPMENT,TESTINGTHEIRSOFTWAREONAREALARMHARDWAREPLATFORMISACHALLENGINGJOBTOOVERCOMESUCHAPROBLEM,WEHAVEDESIGNEDVIRTUALARMPLATFORM,WHICHOFFERSEASIERTESTINGANDDEBUGGINGENVIRONMENTTOARMBASEDEMBEDDEDSYSTEMDEVELOPERSMAJORBENEFITSTHATCANBEACHIEVEDBYUTILIZINGAVIRTUALARMPLATFORMARE1REDUCINGDEVELOPMENTCOST,2LOWERINGTHEENTRANCEBARRIERFOREMBEDDEDSYSTEMNOVICES,AND3MAKINGITEASIERTOTESTANDDEBUGEMBEDDEDSOFTWAREDESIGNSUNLIKEMANYOTHERPURELYSOFTWAREORIENTEDARMSIMULATORSWHICHAREINDEPENDENTOFREALHARDWAREPLATFORMS,OURPROPOSEDVIRTUALARMPLATFORMISSPECIFICALLYTARGETEDONSYSLAB5000ARMHARDWAREPLATFORM,DESIGNEDBYLIBERTRON,INC,WHICHMEANSTHATVIRTUALARMPLATFORMIMITATESBEHAVIORSOFEMBEDDEDSOFTWAREASIFTHESOFTWAREISRUNNINGONTHETARGETEMBEDDEDHARDWAREASCLOSELYASPOSSIBLETHISPAPERSHOWSHOWVIRTUALARMPLATFORMISDESIGNEDANDHOWITCANBEUSEDTOREDUCEDESIGNTIMEANDCOST1INTRODUCTIONANEMBEDDEDSYSTEMISASPECIALPURPOSECOMPUTERSYSTEMDESIGNEDTOPERFORMASMALLSETOFDEDICATEDFUNCTIONS,SOMETIMESWITHREALTIMECOMPUTINGCONSTRAINTSITISUSUALLYEMBEDDEDASPARTOFACOMPLETEDEVICEWHICHINCLUDESHARDWAREANDMECHANICALPARTSEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSSPANALLASPECTSOFMODERNLIFEANDEXAMPLESOFTHEIRUSEARENUMEROUSNOTONLYCONSUMERELECTRONICSINCLUDINGPERSONALDIGITALASSISTANTSPDAS,MP3PLAYERS,MOBILEPHONESBUTALSOTELECOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS,TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMS,ANDMEDICALEQUIPMENTSEMPLOYNUMEROUSEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSSUCHASMOBILENETWORKSYSTEM,ANTILOCKBREAKINGSYSTEMABS,GPS,ELECTRONICSTETHOSCOPE1ONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTHARDWARECOMPONENTSOFANEMBEDDEDSYSTEMISMICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSORHASPLAYEDAMAINROLEINDEVELOPMENTOFITINDUSTRY,ESPECIALLYINPOPULARIZATIONOFPERSONALCOMPUTERPCANDINTERNETEACHMICROPROCESSORHASITSOWNCHARACTERISTICSASITISUSEDINVARIOUSCATEGORIES2ASERIESOFARMPROCESSORSHAVERISCTYPEARCHITECTURES,ANDTHEYHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDINANUMBEROFEMBEDDEDDESIGNSBECAUSEOFNOTONLYTHEIRHIGHPERFORMANCEANDLOWCOSTBUTALSOPOWERSAVINGFEATURES,ARMVARIANTSAREDOMINANTINALLCORNERSOFCONSUMERELECTRONICS,FROMPORTABLEDEVICESPDAS,MOBILEPHONES,MEDIAPLAYERS,HANDHELDGAMINGUNITS,ANDCALCULATORSTOCOMPUTERPERIPHERALSHARDDRIVES,DESKTOPROUTERSVIRTUALARMPLATFORM,WHICHWEAREGOINGTOPROPOSEINTHISPAPER,ISANARMSIMULATORDESIGNEDCONSIDERINGTARGETHARDWAREINCONTRASTTOOTHERVIRTUALARMMACHINESTHATHAVEBEENDESIGNEDONLYINSOFTWAREMODEL,OURVIRTUALARMPLATFORMENABLESMOSTSIMILAROPERATIONSTOTARGETEMBEDDEDSYSTEMBY“SIMILAROPERATIONS”,WEMEANTHATOURVIRTUALARMPLATFORMALLOWSEMBEDDEDSYSTEMDEVELOPERSTODEVELOPANDTESTTHEIREMBEDDEDAPPLICATIONASIFTHEYDOONAREALH/WPLATFORMTOIMPLEMENTATARGETSPECIFICVIRTUALARMPLATFORM,WEHAVECHOSENSYSLAB5000ARMHARDWAREPLATFORM,DESIGNEDBYLIBERTRON,INC,ASOURTARGETH/WPLATFORMSINCEATARGETSPECIFICVIRTUALPLATFORMALLOWSTHETARGETPLATFORMSPECIFICDETAILSTOBETESTEDWITHOUTTHEREALTARGETPLATFORM,DESIGNTIMEANDCOSTCANBEGREATLYREDUCEDESPECIALLY,FOREDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSWHEREASUFFICIENTNUMBEROFEMBEDDEDEQUIPMENTSARENOTDEPLOYED,THISTYPEOFTARGETSPECIFICVIRTUALPLATFORMWILLBEGREATLYHELPFULTOTEACHSTUDENTSHOWTODESIGNATARGETSPECIFICEMBEDDEDSYSTEMWHILEMINIMALLYREQUIRINGTHETIMETOUSETHEREALHARDWAREOURVIRTUALARMPLATFORMIMPLEMENTATIONISBASEDONARMAUTHORIZEDLICENSEDUSELIMITEDTOZHENGZHOUUNIVERSITYDOWNLOADEDONFEBRUARY25,2009AT0515FROMIEEEXPLORERESTRICTIONSAPPLY588FIGURE3EXECUTIONOFFIRMWARELEVELCODEINSIMITARMANDH/WARMPLATFORM3RELATEDWORKRECENTLY,MANYDIFFERENTAPPROACHESHAVESTUDIEDVIRTUALTOOLFORVERIFICATIONOFEMBEDDEDSOFTWAREINHOSTPCINTHISSECTION,WEBRIEFLYSUMMARIZESOMEOFTHEMASONEOFTHEMOSTWELLKNOWNSIMULATORSFORARM,ARMULATOR5CANBEUSEDTOPROVIDEVIRTUALPROTOTYPINGENVIRONMENTFOREMBEDDEDSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTBYVIRTUALLYIMPLEMENTINGHARDWAREIPANDPORTINGANOSSUCHASΜC/OSII6ONARMULATOR,ITISPOSSIBLETOCARRYOUTSIMULATIONWITHOUTH/WPLATFORMSIMITARM3ISANINSTRUCTIONSETSIMULATORTHATRUNSBOTHSYSTEMLEVELANDUSERLEVELARMPROGRAMSALSO,SIMITARMSUPPORTSTWOPOPULARSIMULATIONSTYLESINTERPRETATIONANDDYNAMICCOMPILEDSIMULATIONBUTASSHOWNINFIGURE3,SIMITARMCANNOTBUILDFIRMWARELEVELEXECUTABLEPROGRAMWITHOUTLINKINGI/OCONTROLCODESWITHCRUNTIMELIBRARYCRT,WHILEHARDWAREPLATFORMLINKSI/OCONTROLCODESWITHITSSTARTUPCODESINCEINITIALIZATIONCODESAREDIFFERENTFOREACHTARGETPLATFORM,DEVELOPERSCAN’TUSETHESAMEEXECUTABLEPROGRAMINAVIRTUALTOOLANDATARGETH/WARMPLATFORMALLTHESEAPPROACHESHAVETRIEDTOOFFERDEVELOPERSTOWRITEASOURCECODE,BUILDANEXECUTABLEPROGRAM,ANDEXECUTEITINTHEHOSTPCBUTUNFORTUNATELY,THESETOOLSCANONLYSIMULATETHEEXECUTABLEFILEFORASPECIFICTARGETMICROPROCESSORSINCEITCANNOTSIMULATETHEEXECUTIONFORTHEWHOLETARGETHARDWAREPLATFORM,THECONTROLOFPERIPHERALDEVICESISIMPOSSIBLE,WHILEIMPOSINGCONSIDERABLELIMIT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簡(jiǎn)介：CLLICOMPUTERADEDDESGN332001107310901基于特征的注塑模冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)CLLI摘要目前注塑模冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的大部分工作集中在對(duì)冷卻系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)地分析或優(yōu)化，然而，一個(gè)冷卻系統(tǒng)可以被分析或優(yōu)化,必須要形成最初設(shè)計(jì)。我們探索了一個(gè)新的設(shè)計(jì)合成的辦法去解決這個(gè)問題。具有形狀復(fù)雜的注塑件將被分解成簡(jiǎn)單的形狀特征。具備單一特征的冷卻系統(tǒng)首先被捕獲，然后經(jīng)合并并形成一個(gè)整體的冷卻系統(tǒng)。而將復(fù)雜的形狀分解成形狀特征則是特征識(shí)別的問題。因此，我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)用于冷卻系統(tǒng)特征識(shí)別的新算法，經(jīng)這一算法生成的設(shè)計(jì)模型將用CMOLD軟件去分析以驗(yàn)證這一算法的可行性。關(guān)鍵詞注塑模設(shè)計(jì)自動(dòng)化特征識(shí)別注塑模冷卻系統(tǒng)的對(duì)注塑成型的生產(chǎn)率和注塑件的質(zhì)量起著關(guān)鍵作用，冷卻階段在整個(gè)注塑生產(chǎn)周期的比重已超過三分之二，因此，有效冷卻將減少冷卻時(shí)間，提高總體生產(chǎn)率。均勻分布的冷卻可以防止不同的收縮、內(nèi)應(yīng)力及脫模問題，從而保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。在過去二十年里冷卻系統(tǒng)已被廣泛地研究14，WANG等5總結(jié)了他們應(yīng)用CAE所做的關(guān)于注射成型的工作。這些努力使冷卻分析模塊得以集成于商業(yè)CAE中如CMOLD和MOLDFLOW。這些CAE方法預(yù)測(cè)了隨冷卻時(shí)間而變化的溫度分布，從而使模具的質(zhì)量和有效性在制造前就可以進(jìn)行評(píng)估。最近的模具冷卻的研究方向是冷卻系統(tǒng)的最優(yōu)化68。只要給出冷卻系統(tǒng)布置的最初設(shè)計(jì)，客觀功能模塊就能通過計(jì)算求出溫度的均勻性和冷卻效率。客觀功能模塊由一組與冷卻系統(tǒng)布置、工藝條件相關(guān)的參數(shù)表示，結(jié)合優(yōu)化算法與冷卻分析算法，最初設(shè)計(jì)就可以很好地轉(zhuǎn)化成最優(yōu)的冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。但是，CAE和優(yōu)化算法都必須先從設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)想的初步設(shè)計(jì)開始，為實(shí)現(xiàn)冷卻系統(tǒng)的完全自動(dòng)化設(shè)計(jì)、必須解決如何生成初步設(shè)計(jì)這一問題。于是本文提出基于特征的方法去解決這個(gè)問題。11基本做法冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)通用準(zhǔn)則已被很好地確立，簡(jiǎn)單規(guī)則形狀的設(shè)計(jì)模型也可由文獻(xiàn)911而得。然而,直接應(yīng)用這些準(zhǔn)則和模型不是簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單就能做到。為處CLLICOMPUTERADEDDESGN332001107310903HUI和TAN15開發(fā)出一個(gè)啟發(fā)式搜索方法可以把位于一系列可行方向中的最佳分離方向搜索出來。CHEN等16擬議用可視圖的方法確定擁有最小邊核心部分的方向。WEINSTEIN17研究使用啟發(fā)式規(guī)則來選出最佳的分割線位置和平行方向。模具性能分析基于外部和內(nèi)部凸凹模特征在HUI18的報(bào)告中提及。其它的確定分割線和分割面的方法1921也作出了說明。最近，F(xiàn)U等22提出一種對(duì)凸凹模全面的分類和識(shí)別的方法?；谔卣鞯姆椒ㄒ脖挥脕泶_定澆注和頂出系統(tǒng)。IRANI等23,24在塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)中采用特征設(shè)計(jì)的方法。初步的注塑配置從代表特征和從基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)獲取的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則中自動(dòng)確定。WANG等25描述一個(gè)基于CAD系統(tǒng)特征優(yōu)化配置和在頂出系統(tǒng)中選擇頂出裝置。對(duì)我們所知最好的是在冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中運(yùn)用特征技術(shù)，在現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)中沒有被提及。事實(shí)上，大多數(shù)的在特征識(shí)別的研究主要集中在加工應(yīng)用上。加工特征識(shí)別技術(shù)大致可以分為三大類圖形法、容積法和推測(cè)法。圖形化方法許多研究者都進(jìn)行了研究。2630，這些方法，特征識(shí)別被視為將結(jié)構(gòu)圖分解為多個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的特征，就是把一個(gè)圖表代表整個(gè)實(shí)體特征。容積法，為WOO所提倡31，堅(jiān)硬的物體首先被分解成一組中間物體，然后經(jīng)合并并形成可識(shí)別的加工特征。推測(cè)法32，33，特別是對(duì)要被推測(cè)的特征來說，首先要出現(xiàn)‘痕跡’。然后才能進(jìn)行有效的界線檢查。推測(cè)法的關(guān)鍵主要在于是否能夠識(shí)別交叉特征。需要更加全面的了解特征識(shí)別的讀者，可參考文獻(xiàn)3436。雖然最新的加工特征識(shí)別技術(shù)可以處理部分復(fù)雜的交叉特征，但是用這個(gè)方法處理與塑料制品冷卻系統(tǒng)有關(guān)的形狀特征是不夠的。在塑料制品中，自由曲面是最常見的，因此自由曲面特征必須先被處理。此外，塑料部分形狀特征需要平滑的混合到其它特征中，因此應(yīng)該明確兩個(gè)不完全確定特征間的界線。否則在以圖解為基礎(chǔ)的技術(shù)中這兩個(gè)特征將導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的問題。相鄰界面的二面角的大小是邊緣中凸/中央凹陷分類的依據(jù)。在塑料部分二面角不需要定義（當(dāng)界線不明顯時(shí)）或者可以改變邊界時(shí)。容積法不適用于多面的模具，因此，適用于自由曲面部分。推測(cè)法依賴于痕跡，由平面、圓錐面和圓柱面組成。事實(shí)上很少有例外3839，處理一般的混合物，現(xiàn)行的方法在加工特征識(shí)別上都受到25D加工特征限制。例如，槽、孔、掛鉤、階梯等。在第4部分，將會(huì)詳細(xì)討論冷卻系統(tǒng)自由曲面特征識(shí)別的方法。2冷卻特征冷卻特征有很多種定義。PRATTANDWILSON40通過‘特征是部分表面的一個(gè)重要區(qū)域’給出了一般定義。在本文上下文中，冷卻特征定義為塑料的表面部分，冷卻元素能夠滿足冷卻需求的那一部分。冷卻元素要考慮到冷卻通道、障板

簡(jiǎn)介：RELIABILITYASSESSMENTOFHYDRAULICCYLINDERSCONSIDERINGSERVICELOADSANDFLAWDISTRIBUTIONALESSANDRAALTAMURAA,,STEFANOBERETTABATENARISDALMINE,RESEARCHIITHEFATIGUEPROPERTIESOFTHEPLAINTUBESARENOTCLEARASDISCUSSEDIN6IIITHEFLAWACCEPTANCECRITERIAARENOTEXPLICITLYCONNECTEDTOTHEFATIGUEPROPERTIESTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHE“DESIGNBYANALYSIS”CANTHENBECOMEUNSATISFACTORYWHENTHECOMPONENTISSUBJECTEDTOSEVEREFATIGUELOADSORWHENTHICKPARTSHAVETOBEADOPTEDINBOTHCASESDESIGNERSSHOULDAPPLYANASSESSMENTWITHTHESOCALLEDSTRUCTURALINTEGRITYTRIANGLEFLAWSIZE,SERVICELOADS,MATERIALPROPERTIESINTHISREGARD,ANALYTICALFLAWASSESSMENTMETHODSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDINTHELASTDECADESFORSTATICLOADSUSINGFRACTUREMECHANICSCONCEPTS,APPLIEDINTHEFORMOFFAILUREASSESSMENTDIAGRAMSFADORCRACKDRIVINGFORCEFAILURECDFFPROCEDURES7,8THESEMETHODSCANALSOBEAPPLIEDTOPROBABILISTICANALYSES9,10THEMOSTCRITICALINPUT,CONSIDERINGTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFRACTURETOUGHNESSCANBEACCURATELYOBTAINEDWITHSIMPLETESTS11,ISADESCRIPTIONOFTHEFLAWDISTRIBUTIONTHEREARESOMEINDICATIONSINTHELITERATUREFORSOMEMANUFACTURINGDEFECTSEGWELDINGDEFECTS12,WHILEINTHECASEOFDETECTEDDEFECTSTHEIRSIZEISCONSIDEREDASARANDOMVARIABLE,BYADOPTINGATYPICALDISTRIBUTIONOFSIZEFORAGIVENNDTMETHOD9,13,14UNDERFATIGUELOADS,THEPROBABILISTICANALYSESBECOMEMOREDIFFICULTBECAUSECRACKPROPAGATIONHASTOBEACCURATELYCALCULATEDANDSTATISTICALLYMODELLED15E17AWIDELYUSEDSIMPLIFICATION,EITHERINASEMIPROBABILISTICORFULLYPROBABILISTICFORMULATION,FORCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSESALEALTAMURATUMDEAALTAMURA,STEFANOBERETTAPOLIMIITSBERETTACONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPRESSUREVESSELSANDPIPINGJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/IJPVP03080161/ESEEFRONTMATTER?2012PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JIJPVP201207006INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPRESSUREVESSELSANDPIPING98201276E88VARIABLEAPPROACH,BYUSINGTHEMONTECARLOMETHODTHETHIRDPARTSHOWSTHERESULTSOFACASESTUDYBASEDONLOADSPECTRAMEASUREMENTSOFHYDRAULICCYLINDERSOFEARTHMOVINGMACHINESTHEANALYSISOFTHERESULTSYIELDSTOANEVALUATIONOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORSINFLUENCINGTHEPREDICTIONOFFATIGUELIFEFORTHESECOMPONENTS2EXPERIMENTALASSESSMENTOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFINITIALSURFACEFLAWSMANYDISCONTINUITIESAREPRESENTONTHESURFACEOFTUBESDUETOTHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSTHEIRMAXIMUMDEPTHISLIMITEDBYTHETHRESHOLDOFNONDESTRUCTIVETESTSACCORDINGTOEXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONS,THEREARETWODIFFERENTPOPULATIONSOFSURFACEDISCONTINUITIESONEHAVINGACHARACTERISTICVALUEOFONEORDEROFMAGNITUDELOWERTHANTHENDTTHRESHOLD,ASSHOWNINFIG1,ANOTHERHAVINGACHARACTERISTICVALUEOFTHESAMEORDEROFMAGNITUDEOFTHENONDESTRUCTIVETESTSTHRESHOLDINTHISWORKONLYFLAWSWITHADEPTHOFTHESAMEORDEROFMAGNITUDEOFTHENDTTHRESHOLDARECONSIDEREDTHESEFLAWSCANBEDETRIMENTALFORTHEBEHAVIOUROFTUBESSUBJECTEDTOFATIGUE,SINCETHEYAREABLETOPROPAGATE,ALTHOUGHTHEIRDEPTHISSMALLERTHANTHENDTTHRESHOLDFIG2ASHOWSAFLAWONTHESURFACEOFATUBE,FIG2BSHOWSASEMIMAGEOFALONGITUDINALSECTIONOFASURFACEFLAWOFDEPTHOFAPPROXIMATELY150MMTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHELARGESTFLAWSHASBEENDETERMINEDDURINGANEXTENSIVEEXPERIMENTALACTIVITYONCOLDDRAWNANDSTRESSRELIEVEDTUBES24PRODUCEDACCORDINGTO2,3TUBESPREVIOUSLYSUBJECTEDTOEDDYCURRENTNDTWITHATHRESHOLDSETAT5OFTHEWALLTHICKNESSHAVEBEENINSPECTEDUSINGMAGNETICPOWDERTHELENGTHOFDETECTEDFLAWSHASBEENMEASUREDUSINGAPOCKETRULE,ASSHOWNINFIG2A,WHILETHEIRDEPTHHASBEENMEASUREDWITHAMICROMETERGAUGEAFTERGRINDINGTHESURFACEOFTHETUBEANDMEASURINGTHEDEPTHOFTHEGROUNDSURFACESEVERALTUBESFROMSEVENPRODUCTIONBATCHES,WITHDIFFERENTDIAMETERANDWALLTHICKNESS,HAVEBEENINSPECTED,BEINGTHETOTALEXAMINEDSURFACE363M2TABLE1SUMMARIZESTHEGEOMETRYOFTHETUBESFROMEACHEXAMINEDBATCHASWELLASTHETOTALEXAMINEDSURFACESOMETUBESDIDNOTCONTAINANYFLAWDETECTABLEWITHMAGNETICPARTICLES,WHILESOMEOTHERSCONTAINEDMORETHANONEALLEXAMINEDSURFACEDISCONTINUITIESHAVEARATIOA/CLOWERTHAN01,WHICHMEANSTHEYARELONGANDSHALLOWLONGITUDINALFLAWSASSUGGESTEDBY13,FLAWSAREUSUALLYDESCRIBEDWITHAWEIBULLORALOGNORMALDISTRIBUTIONFIG3SHOWSTHELOGNORMAL,THEWEIBULLANDTHELEVDPROBABILITYPAPEROFLOTS1,2AND3ASWELLASTHEPROBABILITYPAPEROFTHEPOOLEDDATAEXPRESSEDASPERCENTAGEOFTHETUBESWALLTHICKNESSALEVDDISTRIBUTION,THECUMULATIVEDENSITYFUNCTIONOFWHICHISREPORTEDINEQUATION1,ISCHOSENTODESCRIBETHEDEPTHOFSURFACEFLAWS,SINCEITISTHEMOSTSUITABLETOEXPERIMENTALDATA,ACCORDINGTOTHEKOLGOMOROVESMIRNOVTEST25FDAT?EXP??EXP??A?LD??1THESIMULTANEOUSCONFIDENCEINTERVALTESTWITH95CONFIDENCELEVELANDTHELIKELIHOODRATIOTESTAREAPPLIEDINORDERTOEVALUATETHEDEPENDENCEOFTHEBESTFITTINGPARAMETERSLANDDONTHETUBEWALLTHICKNESSORDIAMETERTHEANALYSISISCARRIEDOUTFORLOTS1,2AND3NOINFERENCEABOUTADEPENDENCECANBESTATED,THEREFOREFLAWSFROMTHEDIFFERENTBATCHESCANBEDESCRIBEDWITHTHESAMEPARAMETERSLANDDOBTAINEDBYTHEMAXIMUMLIKELIHOODESTIMATIONWITHPOOLEDDATAFIG4SHOWSTHEPLOTSREFERREDTOTHESIMULTANEOUSCONFIDENCEINTERVALTEST,WHERELANDDHAVEBEENNORMALIZEDWITHRESPECTTOLANDDWHENMODELLINGTHESTATISTICALDISTRIBUTIONOFINITIALSURFACEFLAWS,THEPROBABILITYOFDETECTIONOFSTANDARDNONDESTRUCTIVETESTSMUSTBETAKENINTOACCOUNTFORTHISREASONTHEINPUTFLAWDISTRIBUTIONFORRELIABILITYEVALUATIONISOBTAINEDBYFORMULATINGAHYPOTHESISONTHEPROBABILITYOFDETECTIONOFTHEFLAWS,WHICHISMODELLEDASALOGNORMALCUMULATIVEDENSIT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簡(jiǎn)介：JOURNALOFWINDENGINEERINGANDINDUSTRIALAERODYNAMICS74761998903911ANINTRODUCTIONTOTHECHINESEWINDRESISTANTDESIGNGUIDELINEFORHIGHWAYBRIDGESHFXIANG,ARCHEN,ZXLINWINDTUNNELLABORATORY,DEPARTMENTOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,TONGJIUNIVERSITY,SHANGHAI200092,CHINAABSTRACTSOMEMAINCOMMENTSUPONTHECHINESEWINDRESISTANTDESIGNGUIDELINEFORHIGHWAYBRIDGESAREEXPLAINEDTHEDETERMINATIONOFBRIDGEDESIGNWINDSPEEDS,THECALCULATIONOFWINDLOADSINCLUDINGTHESTATICPARTANDDYNAMICPART,SOMEEMPIRICALFORMULASFORBASICFREQUENCYESTIMATIONOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESANDSUSPENSIONBRIDGES,CRITICALFLUTTERWINDSPEEDESTIMATIONATTHEPRELIMINARYDESIGNSTAGEOFBRIDGESANDTHERESPONSESPECTRUMMETHODFORESTIMATINGTHEBUFFETINGRESPONSEOFBRIDGESAFTERCOMPLETIONAREINTRODUCED?1998ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSHIGHWAYBRIDGEWINDRESISTANTDESIGNGUIDELINE1INTRODUCTIONINTHEPAST20YEARS,MORETHAN20CABLESTAYEDBRIDGESWITHAMAINSPANBEYOND400MANDSEVERALSUSPENSIONBRIDGESWITHASPANBEYOND800MHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTEDINCHINAATTHEENDOFTHISCENTURYINCHINAMORELONGSPANCABLESUPPORTEDBRIDGESACROSSTHESEASTRAITSANDTHEYANGTZERIVERWILLBECONSTRUCTED,SOMEOFTHEMARENOWATTHEDESIGNANDPLANNINGSTAGEWHILESOMEAREBEINGCONSTRUCTEDUPTONOW,SOMEWINDRESISTANTDESIGNGUIDELINESFORSPECIALBRIDGESHAVEBEENISSUEDINSEVERALCOUNTRIESSUCHASJAPAN3,DENMARK6ANDBRITAIN2FOREXAMPLE,THEWINDRESISTANTDESIGNGUIDELINEFORHONSHUSHIKOKUBRIDGEINJAPAN3ANDTHEWINDRESISTANTDESIGNGUIDELINEFORTHEGREATBELTBRIDGEINDENMARKASTHETERRAINOFCHINAISDIFFERENTFROMTHESECOUNTRIES,ITISNECESSARYFORCHINATOHAVEHEROWNWINDRESISTANTDESIGNGUIDELINEFORBRIDGESCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILWTLBEDTJUIHEPACCN01676105/98/1900?1998ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0167610598000828METEOROLOGICALSTATIONINTHEAREAWHERETHEBRIDGEWILLBECONSTRUCTEDTHETERRAINTYPEISCATALOGEDASTYPEII22BRIDGESTANDARDDESIGNWINDSPEEDTHEBRIDGESTANDARDDESIGNWINDSPEEDISTHE10MINAVERAGEWINDSPEEDATTHEHEIGHTOFTHEBRIDGEDECKSITDEPENDSONTHETERRAINTYPEOFTHEBRIDGESITEANDHEIGHTOFTHEBRIDGEDECKABOVEGROUNDORWATERINTHEGUIDELINE,4TYPESOFTERRAINARECATALOGEDANDTHEWINDSPEEDVERTICALPROFILEISASSUMEDTOBEINACCORDANCEWITHTHEEXPONENTIALLAWFORTERRAINTYPESI,II,III,IV,EXPONENTIALINDEXES?ARERESPECTIVELY012,016,022,030ANDROUGHNESSHEIGHTSZ?ARERESPECTIVELY001,005,030AND10MTHEBRIDGESTANDARDDESIGNWINDSPEEDo?CANBEOBTAINEDBYo?“K?o??1INWHICHK?ISAFACTORDEPENDINGONTHETERRAINTYPEOFTHEBRIDGESITEANDTHEHEIGHTOFTHEBRIDGEDECKABOVEGROUNDORWATER23GUSTYWINDSPEEDTHEGUSTYWINDSPEEDCANBEOBTAINEDFROMo?“G?o?2INWHICHG?ISTHEGUSTYWINDSPEEDFACTORBASEDONTHEMETHODDEVELOPEDBYSOLARI9,THEGUSTYWINDSPEEDFACTORWASCALCULATEDFORTHE4TERRAINTYPESDEFINEDINTHEGUIDELINEBYUSINGKAIMAL’SSPECTRUM12THEVALUESAREGIVENUNDERTHECONDITIONOFWINDSPEEDo“40M/SANDZ“40M,THEHEIGHTOFABRIDGEDECKABOVETHEGROUNDORWATERFORTERRAINTYPESIANDIIG?“138BUTFORTYPESIIIANDIV,G?“170THEGUSTYWINDSPEEDCANBEUSEDFORESTIMATINGWINDLOADSOFSHORTSPANBRIDGESORLONGSPANBRIDGESATTHEIRPRELIMINARYDESIGNSTAGE24FLUTTERCHECKINGWINDSPEEDTHECODEFORTHEALLOWABLEWINDSPEEDAGAINSTFLUTTERINSTABILITYTAKESTHESAMEFORMESTABLISHEDBYTHEHONSHUSHIKOKUBRIDGEAUTHORITYIN1976o??o??“12??o?INTHERANGEOF3°?3°3INWHICHo??ISTHECRITICALFLUTTERWINDSPEEDOFBRIDGESOBTAINEDFROMWINDTUNNELTESTSORTHEORETICALCALCULATIONSAND?ISTHEATTACKANGLEOFTHEAIRFLOWTHECOEFFICIENT12ISAPRINCIPALSAFETYFACTORCONSIDERINGRELIABILITYOFEXPERIMENTALTESTING,DESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFSTRUCTURES,SOCIALIMPORTANCEOFSTRUCTURESANDADESTRUCTIVEFEATUREOFTHEFLUTTERINSTABILITYTHECOEFFICIENT??ISACONDITIONALSAFETYFACTORCONSIDERINGSPATIALGUSTYWINDSPEEDFLUCTUATIONTOCOVERALLCATALOGEDTERRAINTYPES,THECOEFFICIENT??ISCALCULATEDFOR4TERRAINTYPESBYUSINGKAIMAL’SHORIZONTALSPECTRUMINSTEADOFHINO’SSPECTRUM12TABLE1GIVESTHECALCULATEDRESULTSUNDERTHECONDITIONOFWINDSPEEDo“40M/SANDZ“40M,THEHEIGHTOFABRIDGEDECKHFXIANG/JWINDENGINDAERODYN74–761998903–911905

簡(jiǎn)介：OPTIMISATIONANDSENSITIVITYANALYSISOFGPSRECEIVERTRACKINGLOOPSINDYNAMICENVIRONMENTSDJJWOABSTRACTFORAGPSRECEIVER,DECREASINGTHERECEIVERTRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHREDUCESTHEPROBABILITYOFLOSSOFLOCKIFTHEREARENOVEHICLEDYNAMICSHOWEVER,REDUCEDBANDWIDTHINCREASESTRACKINGERRORSDUETODYNAMICSBEYONDACERTAINLIMITITCAUSESASERIOUSDEGRADATIONINTHEDYNAMICTRACKINGPERFORMANCETHEREFORE,THEREISINVOLVEMENTOFATRADEOFFBETWEENTWOOPPOSINGCONSIDERATIONSNARROWTRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHSAREDESIREDFORFILTERINGNOISEDUETOTHERMALEFFECTS,BUTWIDETRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHSAREDESIREDTOPERMITTRACKINGOFVEHICLEDYNAMICSOPTIMALTRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHS,WHICHYIELDTHEMINIMUMERRORSINACERTAINDYNAMICSENVIRONMENT,AREFIRSTINVESTIGATEDTHELINEARKALMANFILTERISEMPLOYEDASTHEOPTIMALESTIMATORTHECOVARIANCEFORTHEARBITRARYGAINMODELISSOLVEDANDAPPLIEDTOTHESENSITIVITYANALYSISFORINVESTIGATINGERRORGROWTHDUETOINCORRECTNOISELEVELESTIMATETHEORETICALRESULTSAREVERIFIEDBYNUMERICALSIMULATION,ANDRESULTSFROMBOTHAPPROACHESAREINVERYGOODAGREEMENT1INTRODUCTIONTHETRACKINGERRORSOFARECEIVCROPERATINGONTHEGPSCODEANDCARRIERINCLUDETWOMAJORCOMPONENTSNOISEERROR,CAUSEDBYTHERMALNOISEANDTRANSIENTERROR,CAUSEDBYIMPERFECTLYTRACKINGTHEVEHICLEDYNAMICSSELECTIONOFTHEBASEBANDPROCESSORDESIGNFORAGPSRECEIVERALWAYSINVOLVESATRADEOFFBETWEENTWOOPPOSINGCONSIDERATIONSNARROWTRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHSAREDESIRCDFORFILTERINGNOISEDUETOTHERMALEFFECTSORJAMMING,HOWEVER,WIDETRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHSAREDESIREDTOPERMITTRACKINGSIGNALDOPPLERSHIFTSINDUCEDBYVEHICLE/USERDYNAMICSEITHERTHECARRIERLOOPORTHECODELOOPISUSUALLYDESIGNEDTOSELECTABANDWIDTHWHICHPRODUCESTRACKINGERRORSUNDERMAXIMUMDYNAMICSAPPROXIMATELYEQUALTOTHELOCKLIMITOFTHELOOPWHENTHEGPSSIGNALPOWERISLIMITED,THETENDENCYWOULDSEEMTOMAKETHERECEIVERTRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHNARROWERHOWEVER,THISINCREASESTHEPROBABILITYTHATTHETRACKINGLOOPWILLLOSELOCKOWINGTOVEHICLE/USERDYNAMICSTHUS,THEREISAFUNDAMENTALSYSTEMLIMITATIONOFTRACKINGLOOPTHRESHOLDWHENCONSIDERINGBOTHLOWCARRIERTONOISERATIOANDUSERDYNAMICSATTHCSAMETIMEITISTHEREFOREIMPORTANTTOANALYSETHEERRORCHARACTERISTICSFORDETERMININGTHEOPTIMALLOOPBANDWIDTHTHATMINIMISESTHETOTALTRACKINGERRORRECEIVERNOISEMODELSFORPREDICTINGTHETHERMALNOISE,JITTERSHAVEBEENPRESENTED,FOREXAMPLEL71DYNAMICSSTRESSERRORSCANALSOBEACCURATELYPREDICTED4,6,71THESUMMATIONOFTHESETWOMAJORERRORCOMPONENTSHASAMINIMUMVALUEFORCERTAINCARRIERTONOISERATIOANDUSERIEE2001IEEPMCERDINGSONLINENO20010429DUI101049/IPRSN20010429PAPERFIRSTRECEIVED23RDOCTOBER2000ANDINREVISEDFORM27THMARCH2001THEAUTHORISWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFGUIDANCEANDCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGY,NATIONALTAIWANOCEANUNIVERSITY,2PEININGRD,KEELUNG20204,TAIWAN,REPUBLICOFCHINAIEEPROCRUDU,SONARNUVIG,VOL148,NO4,AUGUST2001DYNAMICSBASEDONKNOWLEDGEOFTHEERRORS,THETHEORETICALPREDICTIONOFOPTIMALBANDWIDTHFORMINIMUMTRACKINGERRORCANBEDETERMINEDTHEENVIRONMENTCONCERNEDISTHECASEOFLIMITEDGPSSIGNALPOWERORJAMMINGFORTHEDYNAMICSUSERWITHOUTOTHERINFORMATIONAIDINGHOWTHEINCORRECTPARAMETERSIEDEPARTUREFROMTHEDESIGNPOINTCOULDBEINTENTIONALORUNINTENTIONALINFLUENCETHEERRORGROWTH,REFERREDTOASTHE‘SENSITIVITYANALYSIS’,ISCONSIDEREDTHESENSITIVITYANALYSISINVOLVESTHEINCORRECTESTIMATEOFRECEIVEDSIGNALCARRIERTONOISERATIOATHEORETICALAPPROACHANDNUMERICALSIMULATIONAREPERFORMEDFORVERIFICATION2GPSRECEIVERTRACKINGLOOPSTHEGPSRECEIVERCONTAINSACODETRACKINGLOOPANDACARRIERTRACKINGLOOPFORTRACKINGTHEDOPPLERSHIFTEDCARRIERTHEPSEUDORANGEOBTAINEDFROMTHECODETRACKINGLOOPPROVIDESAPOSITIONFIXTHEPSEUDORANGERATEESTIMATEOBTAINEDFROMTHECARRIERTRACKINGLOOPPROVIDESAVELOCITYFIXTHERECEIVERCARRIERTRACKINGLOOPISMORESENSITIVETODYNAMICSDUETOTHEFACTTHATITTRACKSAMUCHHIGHERFREQUENCYSIGNALTHANACODETRACKINGLOOPIFTHECARRIERTRACKINGLOOPLOSESLOCKDURINGADYNAMICMANOEUVRE,THECODETRACKINGLOOPWILLUSUALLYLOSELOCKSUBSEQUENTLYSOMEDESIGNSUSETHECARRIERLOOPTOTRACKTHEDYNAMICSANDPROVIDETHECODELOOPWITHAPRIORKNOWLEDGEOFTHEDYNAMICSSUCHTHATTHECODELOOPWILLNOTSEETHEFULLDYNAMICSTHEEXTERNALNAVIGATIONSOURCE,SUCHASINERTIALVELOCITY,CANALSOBEUTILISEDTOAIDTHETRACKINGLOOPSFORREMOVINGMOSTOFTHEDYNAMICSSTRESSERRORSUCHTHATASMALLERBANDWIDTHCOULDBEUSEDMOREINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHEINERTIALVELOCITYAIDINGCANBEFOUNDIN9,LOTHEARCHITECTUREOFTHESIMPLIFIEDGPSRECEIVERTRACKINGLOOPSISSHOWNINFIGI21AGENERALISEDBLOCKDIAGRAMOFATRACKINGLOOPTHATISAPPLICABLEFORANALYSISOFBOTHCARRIERANDCODELOOPSIS241TRANSFERFUNCTIONSOFTRACKINGLOOPSUSA,S“A,,,FLA“C,I,2A“L,TIMEPITINSCCONDS,UISTHEEARLYTOLATECORRELATORSPACINGNORMALISEDWITHRESPECTTOONECHIPUIFORTIMESHAREDTAUDITHCRCDEARLYLATECORRELATORFFORDEDICATEDEARLYANDLATECORRELATORANDCLNOISTHECARRICRTONOISERATIOVALUECLNOSNRBLRATIOHZCLLY,10LOG,OC/NODBHZTHESECONDTERMINPARENTHESESISKNOWNASTHESQUARINGLOSS,MOSTGPSRECEIVERSEMPLOYANONCOHERCNTDELAYLOCKLOOPDLLFORCODETRACKINGANDACOSTASTYPEPHASELOCKLOOPPLLFORTRACKINGTHEDOPPLERSHIFTEDCARRIERTHETHERMALNOISEJITTERFORTHECOMMONLYUSEDTAUDITHEREDEARLYLATEDLLWITHDI,ISTHEPCODEANDCIACODE,WITHTHECHIPPINGRATECHIPSPERSECOF1023AND1023MBIT/S,CORRESPONDTOACHIPWIDTHI,,OF29305AND29305M,RESPECTIVELYTHERMALNOISEFORTHEPLL,WHENIMPLEMENTEDINTHCFORMOFACOSTASTYPELOOP,ISAPPROXIMATEDBYX1C/NO2TC/NODEGREESXBTHEGPSHASA50HZNAVIGATIONDATAMESSAGEBITRATETHEPREDETECTIONINTEGRATIONTIMCISUSUALLYTHEPERIODOFANAVIGATIONDATABIT,20INSTHEWAVCLCNGTHSA,FORL,ANDL,CARRICRS,DUETOTHELINKFREQUENCIES157542AND12276MHZ,ARE0193AND02442M,RESPECTIVELYIEEPMCRUDURSONARNUVAVIGVOL148,,VO4,AZRGIST2001FORTHEDLLTHETHERMALNOISEISINDEPCNDENTOFTRACKINGLOOPORDERFORTHEPLL,THETHERMALNOISEJITTERISNOTDIRECTLYDEPENDENTONTHELOOPORDER,TOO4THEC/NOSOFTHEGPSWITHGOODSIGNALPOWERTYPICALLYRANGEFROM3555DBHZ,SOTRACKINGERRORSGENERALLYRUNONTHELOWERENDOFTHERANGEFORTHENOMINALRANGEOFC/NO35DBHZANDABOVETHESQUARINGLOSSISUSUALLYCONSIDEREDNEGLIGIBLETYPICALLY,THEUNAIDEDCODETRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHSAREINTHERANGEOF14HZANDUNAIDEDCARRIERTRACKINGLOOPBANDWIDTHSAREINTHERANGEOF515HZFIG5SHOWSONESIGMATHERMALJITTERSOFTHEEARLYMINUSLATENONCOHERENTDLLANDTHECOSTASTYPEPLL,RESPECTIVELYTHEMAXIINUMBANDWIDTHSALLOWEDFORMAINTAININGLOCKINVARIOUSGIN,ENVIRONMENTSARCSHOWNINFIG632DYNAMICSTRESSERRORSASMALLSTEADYSTATECRRORISUSUALLYDESIREDANDISCONSIDEREDASTHECRITERIONOFGOODTRACKINGPERFORMANCETHETRANSFERFUNCTIONREPRESENTINGTHETRACKINGCRRORISTHESTEADYSTATEERRORCANBEEVALUATEDBYMEANSOFTHEFINALVALUETHEOREMOFTHELAPLACETRANSFORMSLIRNETLIINSESLIMS1HS10TIXSOV0ANDTHUSTHELOOPORDERISSENSITIVETOTHESAMEORDEROFDYNAMICS,EGFIRSTORDERTOVELOCITYSTRESS,SECONDORDERTOACCELERATIONSTRESS,ANDTHIRDORDERTOJERKSTRESSTHEFIRSTORDERLOOPISSUITABLEFORAUSERPOSITIONTHATVARIESINARANDOMWALKMANNERWHITENOISEVELOCITYTHESECONDORDERLOOPISSUITABLEFORAUSERVELOCITYTHATVARIESINARANDOMWALKMANNCRWHITENOISEACCELERATIONTHETHIRDORDERLOOPISSUITABLEFORAUSERACCELERATIONTHATVARIESINARANDOMWALKMANNERWHITENOISEJERKFOREXAMPLE,THEDYNAMICCONDITIONRESULTINGINASECONDORDERLOOPTRACKINGERRORISCONSTANTACCELERATIONTHEREISNOSTEADYSTATETRANSIENT243

簡(jiǎn)介：APPLICATIONOFLIGHTWEIGHTMVCLIKESTRUCTUREINPHPGUANHUAWANGSCHOOLOFCOMPUTERSCIENCEMVCLIGHTWEIGHTOOPIINTRODUCTIONOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGOOPISAPROGRAMMINGPARADIGMTHATUSES“OBJECTS“–DATASTRUCTURESCONSISTINGOFDATAFIELDSANDMETHODSTOGETHERWITHTHEIRINTERACTIONS–TODESIGNAPPLICATIONSANDCOMPUTERPROGRAMSPROGRAMMINGTECHNIQUESMAYINCLUDEFEATURESSUCHASDATAABSTRACTION,ENCAPSULATION,MODULARITY,POLYMORPHISM,ANDINHERITANCEMANYMODERNPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESNOWSUPPORTOOPSINCETHEPROPOSEDOFTHEMETHODTHATOOPMODELSREALWORLDOBJECTSWITHSOFTWARECOUNTERPARTS,THEOUTSTANDINGADVANTAGESOFOOPINASPECTSLIKEPROGRAMMINGANDSOFTWAREENGINEERINGCAUSETHEINCREASINGNUMBERSOFORGANIZATIONSUSINGITTOIMPLEMENTTHEIRAPPLICATIONSANDAPPLYINGITINTOTHEIMPROVEMENTOFVARIOUSTYPESOFPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESHOWEVER,ASONEOFTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDWEBSCRIPTSYNTAXPRESENT,SINCETHECREATIONIN1994,PHPWENTTHROUGHTHETRANSFORMATIONFROMTHEUNCOMPLICATEDVERSIONASPERSONALHOMEPAGETOOLSTOTHERECENTUNIQUEGRAMMARTHATMIXEDC,JAVA,PERLANDPHP’SOWNINNOVATIVEGRAMMARFORTHEPURPOSEOFMEETINGTHEPROGRAMMINGMETHOD’SPROGRESS,THELATERVERSIONSINCEPHP40HADADDEDTHEFEATURESOFOOPBUTWHENCOMPAREDWITHITSOUTSTANDINGPERFORMANCEINSMALLWEBSITES,LIGHTWEIGHTAPPLICATION,THEFRONTOFLARGESITES,THEOOPFEATURESEEMEDLIKETOBEINFERIORSLIGHTLYMVC,WHICHWASDESCRIBEDIN1979,BYTRYGVEREENSKAUG,THENWORKINGONSMALLTALKATXEROXPARC,ISNOTATOTALLYNEWCONCEPTINTHEDESIGNOFWEBAPPLICATIONS,MVCISIMPLEMENTEDBYWEBTEMPLATESYSTEMSASA“VIEWFORWEB“COMPONENTMVCISOFTENSEENINWEBAPPLICATIONSWHERETHEVIEWISTHEHTMLORXHTMLGENERATEDBYTHEAPPTHECONTROLLERRECEIVESGETORPOSTINPUTANDDECIDESWHATTODOWITHIT,HANDINGOVERTODOMAINOBJECTSIETHEMODELWHICHCONTAINTHEBUSINESSRULESANDKNOWHOWTOCARRYOUTSPECIFICTASKSSUCHASPROCESSINGANEWSUBSCRIPTION,ANDWHICHHANDCONTROLTOXHTMLGENERATINGCOMPONENTSSUCHASTEMPLATINGENGINES,XMLPIPELINES,AJAXCALLBACKS,ETCINORDERTOCOMPLYTHEOOPPROGRAMMINGOFPHP,THEARCHITECTUREOFMODELVIEWCONTROLLERMVCISBROUGHTFORWARDAGAINALTHOUGHTHISIDEAIMPROVEDPHPCODES’REUSEANDPROGRAMMINGEFFICIENCY,THISARCHITECTUREHADANOBVIOUSDEFECTREDUCTIONINOPERATINGEFFICIENCYTHEOOPOFPHPURGENTLYNEEDSANEWFORMTOADDRESSTHEBALANCEOFEFFICIENCYANDREUSEIITYPICALPHPMODEANDMVCAINTRODUCTIONOFTYPICALPHPPROGRAMMINGMODEBECAUSEOFPHP’SFEATURESTHATITISASCRIPTINGLANGUAGETHATISEMBEDDEDINHTMLDOCUMENTSINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESERVER,THEFORMATOFTRADITIONALPROGRAMMINGOFPHPISCLOSELYCOMBINEDWITHHTMLDOCUMENTSTHISRESULTSINTHETYPICALPHPPROGRAMMINGMODEOFPROCESSORIENTEDEMBEDDINGTHEPHPSCRIPTACCORDINGTOTHEORDEROFHTMLDOCUMENTTHATALREADYBEDESIGNEDHASBEENTHETRADITIONALFORMATOFPHPPROGRAMMINGITMIXEDTHECODESINDATALAYERLIKETHESTATEMENTOFDATABASEQUERYANDTHECODESINPRESENTATIONLAYERLIKEHTMLATYPICALPHPPROGRAMISLIKETHIS,PHPTEST??___________________________________9781612841090/11/2600?2011IEEECINVOLVINGINCOMPLICATEDBACKSTAGEEXECUTIONWILLTOACERTAINDEGREEREDUCETHEEFFICIENCYOFPAGERUNNINGITCANBESEENFROMTHECOMPARISONTHATMVCISSUPERIORTOTRADITIONALPHPFORMATINTHEASPECTOFSOFTWAREENGINEERINGUSINGMVC,APHPAPPLICATIONCANBEARRANGEDUSINGOOPMETHOD,MAKINGITCONVENIENTFORSOFTWAREDEVELOPERSTOMANAGEITASAPROJECTHOWEVER,THISCONVENIENCEISATTHEEXPENSEOFCOSTEFFICIENCYASTOSMALLSIZEDANDEVENMEDIUMSIZEDAPPLICATIONSWHICHEMPHASIZERUNTIMEEFFICIENCY,MVCPATTERNMAYNOTBESUITABLE,FORTHEREASONTHATITWILLINCREASEADDITIONALWORKLOADANDMAKETHEAPPLICATIONMORECOMPLICATEDMORESPECIFICALLY,MVCADDSANENGINEONTHESERVERTHATPAGESWILLSENDREQUESTSTOORIGINALLY,PHPISAHIGHEFFICIENTSOLUTION,BUTBECAUSEOFTHEENGINEADDEDBYMVC,ITSSPEEDISMOREORLESSINFLUENCEDEVERYTIMEPAPERSENTREQUESTTOTHESERVER,THEEXPENSEOFLAUNCHINGENGINEISNOTSMALLIVLIGHTWEIGHTMVCLIKEFORMATINORDERTOTAKEALLOFTHOSETHINGS,READABILITY,MAINTAINABILITY,RECONFIGURABLEANDAPPLICATIONEXECUTIONEFFICIENCY,INTOACCOUNT,WEPROPOSEALIGHTWEIGHTCLASSOFMVCFORMATTHELIGHTWEIGHTMVCCANALSOBEDEFINEDASAMVCLIKESAMEASTHETRADITIONALMVC,THELIGHTWEIGHTMVCALSOEMPHASIZESTHEFUNCTIONDIVISIONOFWEBSYSTEMS,ANDITCONSISTSOFTHREEPARTSTHATARESIMILARTOTHEORIGINALMVCONTHEOTHERHAND,THELIGHTWEIGHTMVCISMUCHDIFFERENTFROMTHEORIGINALONEINTHELIGHTWEIGHTMVC,M,VANDCARECORRESPONDTOPHTML,CLASSORCLASSPHPFORTHESAKEOFSECURITYANDPHPFILESTHELIGHTWEIGHTMVCTAKESEXAMPLEBYTHETHOUGHTOFSOFTWAREENGINEERINGANDMAKESPHPCODEMUCHMOREREADABLE,MAINTAINABLEANDREUSABLEBESIDES,ITMAKESGOODUSEOFOBJECTORIENTEDDESIGN,WHICHRESULTSINEASIERCODINGINADDITION,SINCETHEREISNONEEDTOADDENGINETOSERVER,THEEXECUTIONEFFICIENCYISMUCHBETTERTHANTHEORIGINALMVCPATTERNNEVERTHELESS,BECAUSEOFTHEUSEOFCLASSANDENCAPSULATION,ITWILLGENERATEREDUNDANTCODEBECAUSEOFTHAT,THEEFFICIENCYOFLIGHTWEIGHTMVCISINSOMEDEGREELOWERTHANORIGINALPHPCODEFORTUNATELY,INCONTRASTTOTHEIMPROVEMENTOFORIGINALMVCPATTERN,THISINFLUENCEISJUSTINAPPRECIABLETOSHOWHOWTHISLIGHTWEIGHTMVCLIKEFORMATOPTIMIZESTHECOMMONUSEDMVCSTRUCTURE,HERETHEWORKINGSTRUCTUREOFMVCANDLIGHTWEIGHTMVCISCOMPAREDFIGURE2SHOWSTHESTRUCTUREOFACOMMONMVCFRAMEWORKINTHISFRAMEWORK,THECONTROLLERCLASSCALLSTHEMODELCLASSESANDFUNCTIONSTOFULFILLASPECIFICFEATURETHENTHECONTROLLERGETSTHERETURNMESSAGENEXTITWILLCALLAVIEWFILEFORRETURNTHECONTROLLERUSESTHERETURNMESSAGEFROMMODELTOFILLTHEVIEW,ANDTHENSENDSAFINALPAGETOTHECLIENTBESIDESTHIS,SO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簡(jiǎn)介：BUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERING–SAVIOURORJUSTANOTHERFADONEUKHEALTHCAREPERSPECTIVEANJALIPATWARDHANHEALTHSERVICEMANAGEMENTCENTRE,BIRMINGHAM,UK,ANDDHRUVPATWARDHANUNIVERSITYOFNEWCASTLE,NEWCASTLEUPONTYNE,UKABSTRACTPURPOSE–PRESSURETOCHANGEISPOLITICALLYDRIVENOWINGTOESCALATINGHEALTHCARECOSTSANDANEMPHASISONEFFICIENCYGAINS,VALUEFORMONEYANDIMPROVEDPERFORMANCEPROOFINTERMSOFPRODUCTIVITYANDRECENTLYTOSOMEEXTENTBYDEMANDSFROMLESSSATISFIEDPATIENTSANDSTAKEHOLDERSINABACKGROUNDOFNEWLYIMMERGINGEXPENSIVETECHNIQUESANDDRUGS,THEREISANINCREASINGCONSUMEREXPECTATION,IEQUALITYSERVICESATTHESAMETIME,HEALTHSYSTEMMANAGERSANDPRACTITIONERSAREFINDINGITDIFFICULTTOCOPEWITHDEMANDANDQUALITYEXPECTATIONSCLINICIANSAREFRUSTRATEDBECAUSETHEYARENOTRECOGNISEDFORTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONMANAGERSAREFRUSTRATEDBECAUSEMEANINGFULDIALOGUEWITHCLINICIANSISLACKING,WHICHHASINTENSIFIEDTHENEEDFORCHANGETOAMOREEFFICIENTSYSTEMTHATSATISFIESALLARGUMENTSABOUTCOSTEFFECTIVENESSANDSUSTAINABLEQUALITYSERVICESVARIOUSSTRATEGIES,ORIGINALLYDEVELOPEDBYMANAGEMENTQUALITY“GURUS”FORENGINEERINGINDUSTRIES,HAVEBEENAPPLIEDTOHEALTHINDUSTRIESWITHVARIABLESUCCESS,WHICHLARGELYDEPENDSONTHETYPEOFHEALTHCARESYSTEMTOWHICHTHEYAREAPPLIEDDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–BUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGISEXAMINEDASAQUALITYMANAGEMENTTOOLUSINGPASTANDRECENTPUBLICATIONSFINDINGS–THEPAPERFINDSTHATAPPLYINGBUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGINTHERIGHTCIRCUMSTANCESANDSELECTEDSETTINGSFORQUALITYIMPROVEMENTISCRITICALFORITSSUCCESSITISCERTAINLY“NOTFOREVERYBODY”O(jiān)RIGINALITY/VALUE–THEPAPERPROVIDESACRITICALAPPRAISALOFBUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGEXPERIENCESINUKHEALTHCARELESSONSLEARNEDREGARDINGSELECTINGORGANISATIONSANDAGREEINGREALISTICEXPECTATIONSAREADDRESSEDBUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGHASBEENEVALUATEDANDREVIEWEDSINCE1987INUSMANAGEDHEALTHCARE,WITHNOCLEARLESSONSLEARNEDPOSSIBLYBECAUSEUNITSELECTIONANDSIMULTANEOUSCOMPARISONBETWEENTWOUNITSVIRTUALLYPERFORMINGATOPPOSITEENDSHASNEVERBEENDONEBEFORETWOUKPILOTSTUDIES,HOWEVER,ADDUSEFULINSIGHTSKEYWORDSBUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERING,TOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENT,CONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENT,MEDICALMANAGEMENT,HEALTHSERVICES,UNITEDKINGDOMPAPERTYPEVIEWPOINTHISTORYOFQUALITYMANAGEMENTINHEALTHCARETOKNOWHOWHEALTHCAREORGANISATIONSBECAMEINTERESTEDININDUSTRIALQUALITYDEVELOPMENTTOOLSANDHOWBUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGBPREMERGEDASANOPTION,WEHAVETOGOBACKTO1987WHENTHEQUALITYIMPROVEMENTINHEALTHCARENATIONALDEMONSTRATIONPROJECTNDPWASLAUNCHEDASANEXPERIMENTGODFREY,NDATOTALOF21HEALTHCAREORGANISATIONSPARTICIPATEDANDPROMISEDTOSUPPORTTHISSTUDYLASTINGEIGHTMONTHSTHEAIMWASTOLOOKATTHEAPPLICABILITYOFINDUSTRIALQUALITYIMPROVEMENTMETHODSTOHEALTHCARESUPPORTINCLUDEDFREECONSULTING,THECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/09526862HTMBPR–SAVIOURORJUSTAFAD289RECEIVED29NOVEMBER2006REVISED10FEBRUARY2007ACCEPTED25MAY2007INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFHEALTHCAREQUALITYASSURANCEVOL21NO3,2008PP289296QEMERALDGROUPPUBLISHINGLIMITED09526862DOI101108/09526860810868229BPRKEYFEATURESHEALTHCARE’SBPRAPPROACHMEANSSTARTINGWITHCLEANSLATEANDRETHINKINGSERVICESUSINGAPATIENTFOCUSEDAPPROACHWITHTHEBENEFITOFHINDSIGHTBPRIDENTIFIESDELAYSCAUSEDBYUNNECESSARYSTEPSORPOTENTIALERRORSTHATAREBUILTINTOPROCESSESITISPRESUMEDTHATREDESIGNINGPROCESSESBYREMOVINGTHESEERRORSDRAMATICALLYIMPROVESCAREQUALITYTHEBPRAPPROACH,THEREFORE,RAISESEXPECTATIONSABOUTDRAMATICRESULTSCONSEQUENTLY,HIGHRETURNSONINVESTMENTAREANTICIPATEDTHEPROCESS,PLANNEDSTRATEGICALLY,ISEXPLAINEDINTAYLOR’SBPRFRAMEWORKWIKIPEDIA,2006DEFININGBPR’SPURPOSEANDGOALIDENTIFYINGREQUIREMENTSTHATMEETCLIENTS’NEEDSDEFININGPROJECTSCOPE,INCLUDINGAPPROPRIATEACTIVITIESSUCHASPROCESSMAPPINGASSESSINGTHEENVIRONMENTUSING,FOREXAMPLE,FORCEFIELDANALYSESREENGINEERINGBUSINESSPROCESSESANDACTIVITIESIMPLEMENTINGREDESIGNEDPROCESSESANDMONITORINGREDESIGNSUCCESSANDFAILUREBPRVSTQMCOMPARINGBPRWITHOTHERPOPULARQUALITYMANAGEMENTMETHODSHELPSUSTOAPPRECIATEANDHIGHLIGHTKEYFEATURESINAHEALTHCARECONTEXTHARVEYANDMILLETT,1999TQMORCONTINUOUSQUALITYIMPROVEMENTCQIREFERSTOPROGRAMMESANDINITIATIVESTHATEMPHASISEINCREMENTALIMPROVEMENTINWORKPROCESSESANDOUTPUTSOVERANOPENENDEDTIMEPERIODINCONTRAST,BPRREFERSTODISCRETEINITIATIVESINTENDEDTORADICALLYREDESIGNANDIMPROVEWORKPROCESSESWITHINATIMEFRAMESOMEPEOPLETHINKTQMISBESTSUITEDTOQUALITYINHEALTHCAREIMPROVEMENTTHOUGHITISANINCREMENTALSTEPWISE,SLOWBUTHOLISTICAPPROACHINPRACTICE,TQMANDBPRARECUSTOMERORIENTEDANDBOTHENCOURAGEMANAGERSANDPRACTITIONERSTOTAKEACUSTOMERVIEWPOINTBOTHARETEAMAPPROACHESTHATINVOLVEPROCESSCONTROLTHETQMPROTAGONISTSASSUMETHATEXISTINGHEALTHCAREPRACTICESANDSYSTEMSAREPRINCIPALLYRIGHTBUTIMPROVEMENTSARENEEDEDTHEBPRSUPPORTERS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ASSUMETHATHEALTHCARESYSTEMSANDPRACTICESAREFLAWEDANDNEEDREPLACINGTHOSEUSINGTQMEXPECTANDBELIEVEINSTEPWISEINCREMENTSINPERFORMANCEASOPPOSEDTOBPREXPERTSWHOLOOKFORDRAMATICRESULTSTQMAIMSTOIMPROVEALLLEVELSFORALLSTAKEHOLDERSANDATALLSTEPS,WHILEBPRAIMSATSPECIFIEDAREASONLYSTANDARDISATIONANDSUPPORTINGDOCUMENTATIONISATQMKEYPOINTBELIEVINGINCONSISTENTANDCOSTEFFECTIVEPERFORMANCEANDMINIMISINGPROCESSORSYSTEMDEFECTS,PREVENTSRATHERTHANCORRECTSPROBLEMSFIELDANDSWIFT,1996THOSETHATUSETHEBPRAPPROACH,ONTHE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簡(jiǎn)介：YBONUNDIETALINTJENVIRONSCITECH,84,799806,AUTUMN2011ISSN17351472?IRSEN,CEERS,IAUCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILMAMUNIIUMEDUMYTEL60361964440,FAX60361964442RECEIVED10NOVEMBER2010REVISED27MARCH2011ACCEPTED11AUGUST2011AVAILABLEONLINE1SEPTEMBER2011HEAVYMETALSREMOVALFROMSYNTHETICWASTEWATERBYANOVELNANOSIZECOMPOSITEADSORBENTYBONUNDIAAMAMUNMFALKHATIBMAALSAADIAMSULEYMANBIOENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGRESEARCHUNIT,DEPARTMENTOFBIOTECHNOLOGYENGINEERING,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,INTERNATIONALISLAMICUNIVERSITYMALAYSIA,GOMBAK,53100KUALALUMPUR,MALAYSIAABSTRACTTHEEFFECTSOFVARYINGOPERATINGCONDITIONSONMETALSREMOVALFROMAQUEOUSSOLUTIONUSINGANOVELNANOSIZECOMPOSITEADSORBENTAREREPORTEDINTHISPAPERCHARACTERIZATIONOFTHECOMPOSITEADSORBENTMATERIALSHOWEDSUCCESSFULPRODUCTIONOFCARBONNANOTUBESONGRANULARACTIVATEDCARBONUSING1NICKELASCATALYSTINTHELABORATORYADSORPTIONEXPERIMENT,INITIALMIXEDMETALSCONCENTRATIONOF20MG/LCU2,15MG/LPB2AND08MG/LNI2WERESYNTHESIZEDBASEDONMETALSCONCENTRATIONFROMSAMPLESCOLLECTEDFROMASEMICONDUCTORINDUSTRYEFFLUENTTHEEFFECTSOFOPERATIONCONDITIONSONMETALSREMOVALUSINGCOMPOSITEADSORBENTWEREINVESTIGATEDEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSRESULTINGINOPTIMALMETALSADSORPTIONWEREOBSERVEDATPH5,1G/LDOSAGEAND60MINCONTACTTIMEITWASNOTEDTHATTHEPERCENTAGEOFMETALSREMOVALATTHEEQUILIBRIUMCONDITIONVARIEDFOREACHMETAL,WITHLEADRECORDING99,COPPER61ANDNICKEL20,GIVINGMETALAFFINITYTRENDOFPB2CU2NI2ONTHEADSORBENTLANGMUIR’SADSORPTIONISOTHERMMODELGAVEAHIGHERR2VALUEOF093,089AND0986FORCOPPER,NICKELANDLEAD,RESPECTIVELY,OVERTHATOFFREUNDLICHMODELDURINGTHEADSORPTIONPROCESSOFTHETHREEMETALSINMATRIXSOLUTIONKEYWORDSADSORPTIONCARBONNANOTUBESGRANULARACTIVATEDCARBONISOTHERMINTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIALIZATION,UNCONTROLLEDUSEANDEXPLOITATIONOFNATURALRESOURCESOFTHEPASTDECADESHAVERESULTEDININCREASEDPOLLUTIONOFTHEEARTHBANSALANDGOYAL,2005POLLUTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTBYHEAVYMETALSISOFGREATCONCERNTOGOVERNMENTSANDENVIRONMENTALISTSDUETOTHEIRDETRIMENTALEFFECTONAVARIETYOFLIVINGSPECIESISSABAYEVAETAL,2007POLLUTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTINMALAYSIABYHEAVYMETALSISMAINLYBYELECTROPLATINGANDMETALTREATMENT/FABRICATIONINDUSTRIESLOCATEDINTHEWESTCOASTOFTHEPENINSULARMALAYSIADOE,1979ISSABAYEVAETAL,2007RESEARCHONFINDINGMOREEFFICIENTTECHNOLOGYFORWASTEWATERTREATMENTTOMEETPREVALENTSAFESTANDARDSISCONSTANTLYRECEIVINGTHEATTENTIONOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENTISTSAROUNDTHEWORLDPREVIOUSWASTEWATERTREATMENTEFFORTSHADLEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVARIOUSTREATMENTTECHNOLOGICALOPTIONSWHICHINVOLVEDTHEAPPLICATIONOFUNITOPERATIONSORUNITPROCESSESSUCHASCHEMICALPRECIPITATION,COAGULATION,ADSORPTION,IONEXCHANGEANDMEMBRANEFILTRATIONGEORGANDMAX,2008FURTHERMORE,AMONGAFOREMENTIONEDTREATMENTTECHNOLOGIES,ADSORPTIONHADBEENREPORTEDASTHEMOSTTECHNICALLYANDECONOMICALLYVIABLEOPTIONONUNDIETAL,2010FURTHERMORE,RESEARCHINWASTEWATERTREATMENTBYADSORPTIONHASRESULTEDINDEVELOPMENTOFDIFFERENTMATERIALSFORREMOVALOFMETALSFROMSOLUTIONS,THESEMATERIALSINCLUDENATURALPRODUCTNOURIETAL,20092011,ACTIVATEDCARBONISSABAYEVAETAL,2006ONUNDIETAL,2010,ZEOLITES,ALUMINOSILICATESAMUELANDOSMAN,1987,PEATKAOLINANDCLAYCHANTAWONGETAL,2003ANDPOLYSACCHARIDESBONGETAL,2004RECENTLY,CARBONNANOMATERIALSCNMSMAINLYINTHEFORMOFCARBONNANOTUBESCNTSANDCARBONNANOFIBERSCNFSAREBEINGUSEDASNEWADSORBENTSWITHSUPERIORPERFORMANCEDUETOTHEIRHIGHSPECIFICSURFACEAREAANDHIGHASPECTRATIOWORKONTHEEFFECTOFMORPHOLOGY,SURFACEFUNCTIONALGROUPSONADSORPTIONCAPACITYOFHEAVYMETALSBYCNMSHADBEENCARRIEDOUTNORAANDMAMADOU,2005KABBASHIETAL,2009ATAFARETAL,2010WORKOFLIETAL2003REPORTEDMULTIWALLCARBONNANOTUBESMWCNTSASHAVINGMETALIONYBONUNDIETAL801INTJENVIRONSCITECH,84,799806,AUTUMN2011INDUSTRIALWASTEWATERMETALCONCENTRATIONANDADDEDTOACALCULATEDAMOUNTOFADSORBENTIN100MLSHAKEFLASKTHEPHADJUSTMENTOFSOLUTIONWASDONEUSING10MHCLAND10MNAOHTHEADSORBENTINSOLUTIONWASAGITATEDINAMECHANICALSHAKERATASPEEDOF100RPMAT27°C±2BLANKSOLUTIONSWERETREATEDSIMILARLYWITHOUTTHEADSORBENTANDUNDERCONTROLCONDITIONASSUGGESTEDBYGOELETAL2005THESOLUTIONWASFILTEREDUSINGAWHATMAN?045ΜMFILTERPAPERTHERESULTSWEREANALYZEDFORTHERESIDUALCONCENTRATIONOFMETALSINTHEFILTRATEBYATOMICADSORPTIONSPECTROPHOTOMETERASSMODELHGA900EQUILIBRIUMCONCENTRATIONOFMETALSATDIFFERENTADSORBENTDOSAGE1,2,3AND4G/LATAMBIENTTEMPERATUREWASUSEDFORTHEISOTHERMSTUDYISOTHERMSTUDIESATEQUILIBRIUMCONSTANTCONCENTRATIONOFMETALSWASINVESTIGATEDUSINGTHETWOMOSTWIDELYUSEDMODELEQUATIONSOFFREUNDLICHFREUNDLICHANDHATFIELD,1926ANDLANGMUIRLANGMUIR,1918RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTHEMACROSIZECOMPOSITECNTGACWASEASIERTOHANDLEINTHELABORATORYTHANTHEPURECNTITWASOBSERVEDTHATTHEFILTRATEAFTERADSORPTIONEXPERIMENTWASCLEAR,HAVINGNOVISIBLECNTGACREMAININGINSOLUTIONTHISINDICATESTHATTHEMACROSIZECOMPOSITECNTGACRETAINEDTHECNTONTHEGACSURFACEAFTERADSORPTION,REDUCINGMEMBRANEFOULING,SOLVINGTHESEPARATIONPROBLEMSEARLIERRECORDEDINLITERATUREANDALSOELIMINATINGTHENEEDTOCENTRIFUGETHEFILTRATEBEFOREUSINGTHEAASMACHINEFIG1FESEMIMAGEOFGACSURFACEFIG2FESEMIMAGEOFCNTGROWNONGACSURFACENONESEI100KVX100,000100NMWD75MMNONESEI100KVX100,000100NMWD75MM522NM579NM566NM518NMPHYSICALANDCHEMICALCHARACTERIZATIONOFTHEADSORBENTTHESURFACEOFTHESUBSTRATEGACBEFORETHEGROWTHOFCNTWASLARGELYPOROUSASSHOWNINFIG1THEMORPHOLOGYOFTHECNTGACASOBS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IGUREAMAILAGENCYWITHTHEFOURFACTORSOFCOURSE,THISFUNCTIONSHOULDONLYBEUSEDBYTHEADMINOFTHEMISCONFIGMAILAGENCYPASSWORDIMYMAILAGENCYPASSWORDMYMAILSMTP,126COMMYMAILAGENCY126,COMSUBMITI?FIGURE5FONTIOFCONFIGURINGMAILAGENCYFUNCTIONWEBMAILAGENCYOACCEPTSTHEFOURFACTORSBYTHEPAGEFORMSHOWNINFIG5,ANDTHENSTORETHEMINTHESERVERINORDERTOPROTECTTHEINFORMATIONFROMBEINGSTOLEN,THEINFORMATIONISENCRYPTEDFIRSTWITHRC4ALGORITHM,ANDTHEN,ENCODEDWITHBASE64ALGORITHMTOCONVENIENTFORSTORINGWHENEVERAMESSAGEISNEEDEDTOBEMAILED,THEMAILAGENCYINFORMATIONISREADIN,ANDTHEN,ENCODEDANDDECRYPTEDINTOORIGINALSBMODIFYINGPASSWORDTHEPURPOSEOFTHEFUNCTIONISPROVIDINGAPAGEFORMFORUSERSTOMODIFYTHEPASSWORDOBVIOUSLYTHEREARETHREEINPUTFORMCONTROLARENEEDED,INWHICHONEFORORIGINALANDTHEOTHERTWOFORTHENEWPASSWORDANDTHEREPEATEDONERESPECTIVELYTHEFORMPAGEOFITISNOTADIFFICULTTASKBUTTHEPROCESSOFTHEPASSWORDISANIMPORTANTISSUESOMESYSTEMSSTORETHEPASSWORDASPLAINTEXT,ANDCOMPAREITWITHTHEINPUTDATAFROMTHEUSERALTHOUGHTHISISTHESIMPLESTWAYTOVERIFYTHEPASSWORDBUTALSOADANGERONESINCETHEPLAINTEXTOFTHEPASSWORDISSTOREDWHICHCANBESEENBYMALICIOUSADMINISTRATORSAGOODWAYTORESOLVETHEPROBLEMISTOSTORETHEPASSWORDINANENCRYPTEDFORMANDCOMPAREITWITHTHEENCRYPTEDFORMOFPASSWORDTHEREAREVARIOUSENCRYPTIONMETHODSANDONEOFCOMMONLYUSEDISBYMD5,THECORRESPONDINGSYSTEMFUNCTIONOFWHICHISCRYPTO735CCONFIGURINGMAILBOXCONFIGURINGMAILBOXISALSOACOMMONLYUSEDFUNCTION,FOREXAMPLE,WHENMODIFYINGUSERSPASSWORD,GETTINGBACKPASSWORD,ANNOUNCINGMESSAGESBYADMIN,ETCFUNCTIONWEBMAILBOXOISDESIGNEDTOACCOMPLISHCONFIGURATIONITACCEPTSTHEMAILBOXOFTHEUSERBYUSINGTHEPAGEFORMANDSTORETHEMAILBOXIFTHEPASSWORDPROVIDEDBYUSERISCORRECTDPASSWORDGETTINGBACKFUNCTIONTHEREARETWOFACTORSFORPASSWORDGETTINGBACK,USEMAMEANDTHEUSERSMAILBOXTHEFORMPAGEFORITISSIMPLYJUSTCONSISTINGOFANINPUTFORMCONTROLTOENTERTHEUSEMAMETHEMAILBOXOFTHEUSERMUSTBEPRESETBYUSERFIG6SHOWSTHEPAGEFORMGENERATEDBYTHEFUNCTIONTRYANEWCODEGETBACKPASSWORDUSERNAME11VERIFICATIONLCODERL1LOGINFIGURC6FORMOFGETTINGBACKPASSWORDITISOBVIOUSLYSIMILARTOTHEFORMOFLOGINEXCEPTTHATTHEREISNOPASSWORDREQUIREDTHEREFORE,INFACT,ITISACCOMPLISHEDBYTHESAMEFUNCTIONASFORLOGIN,WEB_USERLOGINOWITHTHEUSEMAME,THECORRESPONDINGMAILBOXOFTHEUSERCANBEOBTAINEDANDANEWPASSWORDISRANDOMLYGENERATEDTHENEWPASSWORDISSENTTOTHEUSERSMAILBOXASTHEPLAINTEXT,ANDATSAMETIME,ISENCRYPTEDANDTHENSTOREDTHEPURPOSEOFTHECAPTCHAINTHEFORMISAVOIDINGMALICIOUSUSERSTODOTHEFUNCTIONAUTOMATICALLYWHICHMAYGENERATEFLOODOFEMAILSIVUTILITYFUNCTIONSSOMEOTHERCOMMONLYUSEDUTILITYFUNCTIONSAREALSONEEDEDINTHEDESIGNINGOFWEBBASEDMIS,FOREXAMPLE,ACCESSCOUNTER,MINICALENDAR,RC4ENCRYPTION,ANDBASE64ENCODINGANDDECODING,ETCAACCESSCOUNTERTHEREARETWOTYPESOFACCESSCOUNTER,CHARACTERBASEDANDIMAGEBASEDTHELATTERISSELECTEDFORTHECOUNTERFUNCTIONINTHELIBRARYINORDERTOSIMPLIFYTHESTRUCTUREOFTHECGIFILE,THEDOTMATRIXOFTHEDIGITSISUSEDTOFORMTHECOUNTERIMAGEANDTHEDOTMATRIXINFORMATIONISCODEDDIRECTLYINTOTHESOURCECODETHEBITMAP7ISSELECTEDASTHECOUNTERIMAGEFORMATTHEREALEFFECTOFTHEACCESSCOUNTERIMPLEMENTFORTHELIBRARYISSHOWNASINTHEFIG2MENTIONEDABOVEITISWORTHYNOTEDTHATANACCESSCOUNTERSHOULDNOTBEREFRESHABLE,THATIS,ONLYWHENANEWSESSIONOCCURSCANTHECOUNTERINCREASETHISCANBEIMPLEMENTEDBYUSINGACOOKIEBMINICALENDARTHEREAREWIDEVARIETIESOFDIFFERENTFORMSOFMINICALENDARANDASIMPLEIMPLEMENTATIONISUSEDHERETHEEFFECTOFTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題CUSTOMERCOMPLAINTSANDORGANIZATIONALRESPONSESASTUDYOFHOTELGUESTSINNORTHERNCYPRUS外文作者UGURYAVAS,OSMANMKARATEPE,EMINBABAKUS,TURGAYAVCI文獻(xiàn)出處JOURNALOFHOSPITALITYSWANSONDAVIDOW,2000HENCE,THESTUDYFILLSINTHISVOIDSECOND,BESIDESCONTRIBUTINGTOTHEBODYOFKNOWLEDGE,THEFINDINGSOFTHESTUDYMAYCARRYIMPORTANTPRACTICALIMPLICATIONSFORMICROANDMACROREASONSTOURISMINDUSTRYISTHELIFEBLOODOFTHEFLEDGLINGNORTHERNCYPRUSECONOMY,ACCOUNTINGFORMORETHAN19OFTHEGROSSNATIONALPRODUCTECONOMICANDSOCIALINDICATORS,2000YET,THEREHASBEENADECLINEINTHENUMBEROFTURKISHTOURISTSWHICHACCOUNTFORANOVERWHELMINGPROPORTIONOFTOURISMREVENUESVISITINGTHEISLANDACCORDINGTOTHEOFFICIALTOURISMSTATISTICS,IN2001,THENUMBEROFTURKISHTOURISTSVISITINGNORTHERNCYPRUSWEREPUTAT277,739THISISASIGNIFICANTDROPFROMTHE1997TOTALOF326,324THEDECLINEISOFCONCERNNOTONLYTOTHEPUBLICOFFICIALSBUTALSOTOTHEOPERATORSOFLUXURYHOTELSWHICHFACESTIFFENINGCOMPETITIONFROMTHEIRCOUNTERPARTSDOTTINGTHECOASTOFTURKISHRIVIERAONTHEMAINLANDTHERESTOFTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDAROUNDFOURSECTIONSTHENEXTSECTIONPRESENTSTHECONCEPTUALMODELANDHYPOTHESESTHISISFOLLOWEDBYDISCUSSIONSOFTHEMETHODANDRESULTSOFTHEEMPIRICALSTUDYTHEPAPERCONCLUDESWITHIMPLICATIONSOFTHERESULTSCONCEPTUALMODELANDHYPOTHESESTHECONCEPTUALMODEL,WHICHGUIDESTHECURRENTSTUDY,ISPRESENTEDINFIGURE1THEPURPOSEOFTHEMODELISTOEXPLAINTHEUNDERLYINGPROCESSESTHROUGHWHICHORGANIZATIONALRESPONSESINFLUENCESATISFACTIONANDREPURCHASEINTENTIONSANDHOWSATISFACTIONIMPACTSREPURCHASEINTENTIONSASCANBESEENFROMFIGURE1,THEORGANIZATIONALRESPONSESWHICHCANPOTENTIALLYINFLUENCETHETWOOUTCOMEVARIABLESOFSATISFACTIONANDREPURCHASEINTENTIONSAREPROMPTNESS,APOLOGY,REDRESS,EXPLANATION,ANDATTENTIVENESSTHEHYPOTHESIZEDRELATIONSHIPSAMONGTHESTUDYVARIABLESAREDISCUSSEDNEXT

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題THEVARIABLEFREQUENCYANDSPEEDREGULATIONCONSTANTPRESSUREWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMBASEDONPLCANDFUZZYCONTROL外文作者PENGXIAOHONG,XIAOLAISHENG，MOZHI，LIUGUODONG文獻(xiàn)出處2018INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONMEASURINGTECHNOLOGYANDMECHATRONICSAUTOMATION如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2684單詞，16878字符字符就是印刷符，中文4000漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）THEVARIABLEFREQUENCYANDSPEEDREGULATIONCONSTANTPRESSUREWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMBASEDONPLCANDFUZZYCONTROLABSTRACTFORSOLVINGTHEPROBLEMOFPOORQUALITYANDWASTEOFELECTRICENERGYCOURSEDBYWATERSUPPLYMODEOFAHIGHWATERTOWERANDADIRECTWATERPUMP,INTRODUCEACONSTANTPRESSURESUPPLYWATERSYSTEM,WHICHADOPTSEMBEDDEDFUZZYCONTROLTECHNOLOGY,USINGPLCANDFREQUENCYCONVENERASITSCOREWHENTHESYSTEMRUNS,WATERPRESSUREOFTHEPIPEISINPUTTEDINTOTHEPLCFROMTERMINALX0THROUGHPRESSURETRANSMITTERCOMPARINGTHEVALUEOFMEASUREDPRESSUREWITHITSSETVALUE,PLCCONTROLSTHEWORKFREQUENCYOFTHEFREQUENCYCONVERTERBYTHEOUTPUTSIGNALONFUZZYCALCULATIONINORDERTOCONTROLROTATIONSPEEDOFWATERPUMPANDADJUSTWATERPRESSUREOFTHEPIPETHEREALTIMECONTROLPERFORMANCETOTHEWATERPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMDESIGNEDINTHISPAPERWASPROVEDTOBEALLRIGHTACCORDINGTOTHEEXPERIMENTATIONVALIDATEDTHEHARDWAREMODULEISSTEADYGOINGANDRELIABLE,ANDTHEFUZZYCONTROLLERISPROPERANDVALIDANDCANGUARANTEETHEBETTERSTABILITYOFWATERPRESSUREKEYWORDSFUZZYCONTROLPLCVARIABLEFREQUENCYANDSPEEDREGULATIONACHIEVEFUZZYLOGICCONTROLTABLEBYFUZZYREASONINGACCORDINGTOTHERULETABLEMADEBYOPERATINGEXPERIENCEINTHECOURSEOFREALTIMECONTROL,THESYSTEMTRANSFORMSINPUTSIGNALOFPRESSUREDETECTEDINREALTIMEINTOOUTPUTBYSEEKINGFUZZYLOGICCONTROLTABLE,ANDTHENWEOBTAINAPRECISEOUTPUTBYFUZZYDECISIONMAKINGATLAST,THESYSTEMCOMPLETESTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFFUZZYLOGICCONTROLFORCONSTANTWATERPRESSUREBYCONTROLLINGTHEFREQUENCYOFMOTORACCORDINGTOTHEPRECISEOUTPUTAFTERALOTOFTEST,WEHAVEPROVEDTHATTHECONSTANTPRESSUREWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMDESIGNEDINTHISPAPERHASAGOODPERFORMANCEOFREALTIMECONTROLANDITSHARDWAREMODULESWORKSTABLYANDRELIABLYTHEADAPTIVEFUZZYCONTROLLERDESIGNEDHEREISALSOCORRECTANDEFFECTIVEFORGUARANTEEINGTHESTABILITYOFTHEWATERPRESSUREONPIPELINEANDITISREALLYABETTERCONTROLSYSTEMIISYSTEMCONTROLSCHEMEATHEPRINCIPLEOFSYSTEMCONTROLTHREEPUMPSRUNINPARALLELINTHESYSTEMPLCHASAPERIODICREALTIMEDETECTIONONAGIVENPRESSUREANDACTUALPRESSUREONPIPENETWORK,ANDTHEIRVALUESAREPUTINTOPLCFUZZYCONTROLLERCOMPUTESTHEIRDEVIATIONEANDCHANGESINTHERATEOFDEVIATIONEOUTPUTCONTROLSIGNALSFROMTHEFUZZYCONTROLALGORITHMAREGAINED,WHICHARESENTTOCONVERTERTHROUGHANALOGOUTPUTMODULETOADJUSTTHEPUMPMOTORPOWERSUPPLYVOLTAGEANDFREQUENCYWHENTHEREISTHESMALLAMOUNTOFWATER,ONEPUMPHASASTABLEOPERATIONUNDERTHECONTROLOFAFREQUENCYCONVERTERWHENTHEAMOUNTOFWATERISSOMUCHTHATWATERPUMPWHICHRUNSATFULLSPEEDCANNOTGUARANTEETHESTABLEPRESSUREONTHEPIPENETWORK,LOWERLIMITPRESSURESIGNALONPLCANDTHEHIGHSPEEDSIGNALONCONVERTERWASDETECTEDBYPLCATTHESAMETIMEPLCTRANSFORMSTHEFIRSTPUMPFROMVARIABLEFREQUENCYSTATETOWORKFREQUENCYSTATEINORDERTOKEEPPRESSURECONTINUITY,WHILEANOTHERPUMPWHICHISSTARTEDBYFREQUENCYCONVERTERBEGINSTORUNINORDERTOKEEPSTABLEPRESSUREBYINCREASINGTHEVOLUMEOFTHEWATERSUPPLYNETWORKIFTHEOPERATIONOFTHETWOPUMPSCANNOTMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPRESSURE,THEPUMPWHICHISWORKINGINVARIABLEFREQUENCYSTATEISTRANSFORMEDTOWORKFREQUENCYSTATE,ANDANOTHERPUMPWILLBESTARTEDWHENTHEWATERCONSUMPTIONREDUCES,THESIGNALWHICHSHOWSTHATTHEFREQUENCYCONVERTERWORKSATTHEMINIMUMSPEEDISEFFECTIVEATTHISTIMEIFTHEPRESSUREUPPERLIMITSIGNALISSTILLBEING,PLCWILLSTOPTHEFIRSTPUMPWHICHWORKSATWORKFREQUENCYSTATETOREDUCETHEAMOUNTOFWATERWHENTHETWOSIGNALSARESTILLBEING,PLCSTOPSTHESECONDPUMPWHICHWORKSATWORKFREQUENCYSTATE,UNTILTHELASTPUMPSUPPLIESWATERBYFREQUENCYCONVERTER

簡(jiǎn)介：THEOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,4,65716518741495/102010BENTHAMOPENOPENACCESSTHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETEMMAGESWARI1,ANDDRBVIDIVELLI21RESEARCHSCHOLAR,STRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIA2PROFESSOROFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIAABSTRACTSHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPUSEDINCONCRETEMAKINGLEADSTOGREENERENVIRONMENTINSHOPS,NEARBYCHIDAMBARAMMANYSHEETGLASSCUTTINGSGOTOWASTE,WHICHARENOTRECYCLEDATPRESENTANDUSUALLYDELIVEREDTOLANDFILLSFORDISPOSALUSINGSGPINCONCRETEISANINTERESTINGPOSSIBILITYFORECONOMYONWASTEDISPOSALSITESANDCONSERVATIONOFNATURALRESOURCESTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFUSINGSGPASAREPLACEMENTINFINEAGGREGATEFORANEWCONCRETENATURALSANDWASPARTIALLYREPLACED10,20,30,40AND50WITHSGPCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH,TENSILESTRENGTHCUBESANDCYLINDERSANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHUPTO180DAYSOFAGEWERECOMPAREDWITHTHOSEOFCONCRETEMADEWITHNATURALFINEAGGREGATESFINENESSMODULUS,SPECIFICGRAVITY,MOISTURECONTENT,WATERABSORPTION,BULKDENSITY,VOIDS,POROSITYLOOSEANDCOMPACTSTATEFORSANDSANDSDAWEREALSOSTUDIEDTHETESTRESULTSINDICATETHATITISPOSSIBLETOMANUFACTURECONCRETECONTAININGSHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPWITHCHARACTERISTICSSIMILARTOTHOSEOFNATURALSANDAGGREGATECONCRETEPROVIDEDTHATTHEPERCENTAGEOFSGPASFINEAGGREGATEISLIMITEDTO1020,RESPECTIVELYKEYWORDSSHEETGLASSPOWDER,MECHANICALPROPERTIES,FINENESSMODULUS,BULKDENSITY,MOISTURECONTENTINTRODUCTIONDURINGTHELASTDECADESITHASBEENRECOGNIZEDTHATSHEETGLASSWASTEISOFLARGEVOLUMEANDISINCREASINGYEARBYYEARINTHESHOPS,CONSTRUCTIONAREASANDFACTORIESUSINGWASTEGLASSINTHECONCRETECONSTRUCTIONSECTORISADVANTAGEOUS,ASTHEPRODUCTIONCOSTOFCONCRETEWILLGODOWN1WASTEGLASSESAREUSEDASAGGREGATESFORCONCRETE24INCHENNAITHEREISAPLACECALLEDCHIDAMBARAMWHEREMOSTOFTHECOLOREDSHEETGLASSESFROMWINDOWSAREPACKEDASAWASTEANDSENTTOLANDFILLTHEPLAINSHEETGLASSESCANBERECYCLED,BUTITISCOSTLYTOREMOVETHECOLOROFCOLOREDGLASSESANDRECYCLEAGAINESTIMATEDCOSTFORHOUSINGISMOREANDSOMECONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSLIKENATURALSANDAREALSOBECOMINGRARE5ATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADEFORALONGTIMETOUSEWASTEGLASSESASANAGGREGATEINCONCRETE,BUTITSEEMSTHATTHECONCRETEWITHWASTEGLASSESALWAYSCRACKS2,6VERYLIMITEDWORKHASBEENCONDUCTEDFORTHEUSEOFGROUNDGLASSASACONCRETEREPLACEMENT7THESEWASTESTORAGEDISPOSALSAREBECOMINGASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMESPECIALLYFORCHIDAMBARAMWHEREPLACEDISPOSALSITESARELACKINGHENCETHEREISANEEDFORRECYCLINGMOREANDMOREWASTEMATERIALSTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDFINEAGGREGATEFORTHEMAKINGOFCONCRETEISTHENATURALSANDMINEDFROMTHERIVERBEDSHOWEVER,THEAVAILABILITYOFRIVERSANDFORTHEPREPARATIONOFCONCRETEISBECOMINGSCARCEDUETOTHEEXCESSIVENONSCIENTIFICMETHODSOFMININGFROMTHERIVERBEDS,LOWERINGOFWATERTABLE,SINKINGOFTHEBRIDGEPIERS,ETCAREBECOMINGCOMMONADDRESSCORRESPONDENCETOTHISAUTHORATTHERESEARCHSCHOLAR,STRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIATEL9942365816EMAILMAG_RAJABISHEKREDIFFCOMTREATS5THEPRESENTSCENARIODEMANDSIDENTIFICATIONOFSUBSTITUTEMATERIALSFORTHERIVERSANDFORMAKINGCONCRETERECENTLY,SOMEATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADETOUSEGROUNDGLASSASAREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE810THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOPRESENTTHERESULTSOFEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSONPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMADEWITHSHEETGLASSPOWDERCONCRETENATURALFINEAGGREGATEISSUBSTITUTEDBYWEIGHTBYSHEETGLASSPOWDERATRATESVARYINGFROM10,20,30,40AND50PERCENTAGESCOMPRESSIVE,TENSION,ANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHAREEVALUATEDANDCOMPAREDUPTO180DAYSOFAGESSPECIFICPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMATERIALSANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERAREALSOSTUDIEDMATERIALSANDMETHODSTHERAWMATERIALS,USEDFORTHISSTUDYARENATURALCOARSEAGGREGATE,FINEAGGREGATE,SHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPAGGREGATEAND53GRADESPORTLANDCEMENTTHESHEETGLASSUSEDFORTHISSTUDYWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHEPOINTSINCHIDAMBARAMTALUKATCUDDALOREDISTRICTSHEETGLASSISCONVERTEDINTOFINEAGGREGATEASSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG1ANDTHEPROCEDUREFORMAKINGSHEETGLASSCRETEISSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG2SHEETGLASSCOLLECTEDFROMSHOPSISSHOWNINFIG3,SHEETGLASSCRUSHEDISSHOWNINFIG4ANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERISSHOWNINFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERUSINGSIEVESIZEFROM475MMONWARDSISSHOWNINFIG6TABLE1SHOWSTHEFINENESSMODULUSRESULTSOFS,SGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPANDS50SGPFIG3SHOWSTHEFINEAGGREGATEMATERIALOFGRADINGCURVEANDALSOSGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPS50SGPAND100SGPTHESANDUSEDFORTHESTUDYWASLOCALLYAVAILABLERIVERSANDCONFORMINGTOGRADINGZONEIIIOFIS3831970THECOARSEAGGREGATEWASATHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTTHEOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,VOLUME467FIG3SHEETGLASSFIG4CRUSHEDSHEETGLASSFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERFIG6SIEVEANALYSISOFTHEMATERIALSTABLE1FINENESSMODULUSPARAMETERSANDCOARSESGP90S10SGP80S20SGP70S30SGP60S40SGP50S50SGPSPECIFICGRAVITY26527301327327322315314WATERABSORPTION83045156958504542MOISTURECONTENT37000525724222020BULKDENSITYDRYLOOSESTATEKG/M314681450131015101530154015401520VOIDS40839575354525152POROSITY28927363435343334BULKDENSITYDRYCOMPACTSTATEKG/M315121640153016201650170017001690VOIDS353934504949474646POROSITY25925333232313131FLAKINESSINDEX10ELONGATIONINDEX961TABLE2PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFMATERIALSOXIDESIO2A2O3FE2O3CAOMGOSO3LOINA2OK2OPERCENTAGEBYMASS722011307009022011MATERIALFINENESSMODULUSSANDS221SGP21690S10SGP22580S20SGP19870S30SGP19760S40SGP18450S50SGP182

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題ANEMPIRICALSTUDYONTHESEARCHENGINEOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUEANDITSOUTCOMES外文作者FUXUEWANG,YILI,YIWENZHANG文獻(xiàn)出處20172NDINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE,MANAGEMENTSCIENCEANDELECTRONICCOMMERCEAIMSEC如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2999單詞，18542字符字符就是印刷符，中文4847漢字。ANEMPIRICALSTUDYONTHESEARCHENGINEOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUEANDITSOUTCOMESABSTRACTTECHNIQUESOFSEARCHENGINEOPTIMIZATIONSEOAREOBSERVEDFROMFOURASPECTSSTRUCTUREOPTIMIZATION,KEYWORDSOPTIMIZATION,CONTENTOPTIMIZATION,ANDLINKOPTIMIZATIONTHISPAPERSEEKSTOANALYZETHEIMPACTOFSEOTECHNIQUESONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSEO,TOFIGUREOUTWHICHTECHNIQUESTRATEGYISMOSTEFFECTIVE,ANDFURTHERMORE,TOTESTTHEPOSSIBLEINFLUENCEOFSEOTECHNIQUESONPAGEINTERESTDIFFERENTFROMPREVIOUSRELEVANTRESEARCH,THISPAPERATTEMPTSTOEVALUATETHETECHNIQUESOFSEOBYMEANSOFTHETHIRDPARTYMEASURINGTOOLBASEDONTHEDATACOLLECTEDFROM116WEBSITESKEYWORDSSEARCHENGINEOPTIMIZATIONSEOPAGEINTERESTEFFECTIVENESSOFSEOTECHNIQUESIINTRODUCTIONTOOLAPPLIEDTOINQUIRETRAFFICRANKINGOFAWEBSITE2PAGEINTERESTINPARTICULARLY,WHENITCOMESTOPAGEINTEREST,RELEVANTSTUDIESHAVEARGUEDINGENERALTHEONLYFACTORCONSIDEREDEVALUATINGPAGEINTERESTISVISITS4FURTHERMORE,LATERSCHOLARSARGUEONLYVISITSCONSIDEREDISNOTACCURATEANDPROPOSETHATACCESSTIMEISALSOANINFLUENCINGFACTORTOBECONSIDEREDONPAGEINTEREST5INOURRESEARCH,PAGEINTERESTISRELATEDWITHOTHERFACTORSSUCHASPAGEVIEWANDBOUNCERATE,WHICHCANREFLECTUSERS’ACCESSINGWAYBOUNCERATEISTHEPERCENTAGEOFWEBSURFERSWHOVISITWEBSITESANDQUICKLYQUIT,SPENDINGAVERYSHORTTIMETHERETHEREFORE,WECANDEFINETHEPAGEINTERESTASDEFINITION1USEATRIPLEIURLPV,URLTIME,URLBOUNCETOINDICATETHEINTERESTUSERSSHOWONPAGEURLPVINDICATESPAGEVIEWSONAVERAGEPERDAYTHATEACHUSERSBROWSEURLTIMEINDICATESTHETIMEUSERSSPENDONAWEBSITECOUNTEDBYMINUTESURLBOUNCEINDICATESBOUNCERATENORMALLYIFTHEREAREMOREPAGEVIEWSANDTIMESPENTONWEBSITEANDLESSBOUNCERATE,THEMOREINTERESTSOFUSERSWILLBESHOWNONPAGESTHUS,THEEQUATIONINDICATINGTHEINTERESTCANBEDERIVEDIURLPVURLTIME/URLBOUNCEBSEOTECHNIQUESASAMARKETINGSTRATEGYTOINCREASEAWEBSITESRANKING,SEOCONSIDERSHOWSEARCHALGORITHMSWORKANDFORWHATPEOPLESEARCHAFTERREFERRINGTOTHEMETHODSADOPTEDBYPREVIOUSRELEVANTSTUDIES,SEOTECHNIQUESAREOBSERVEDFROMFOURASPECTSSTRUCTUREOPTIMIZATION,KEYWORDSOPTIMIZATION,CONTENTOPTIMIZATION,ANDLINKOPTIMIZATION3FURTHERMORE,FROMASPECTSMENTIONEDABOVE,WECHOOSESIXTECHNIQUESOFSEOTOMEASURE,WHICHAREOVERALLLINKS,WEBSITETITLELENGTH,KEYWORDSDENSITY,LAYERNUMBER,PAGESIZEANDWHETHERTHEREISCUSTOMIZATIONOF404ERRORPAGESIIIRESEARCHHYPOTHESISALINKPOPULARITY

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題PERSPECTIVESONINTERNALCONTROLANDENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENT外文作者LDILKAYA文獻(xiàn)出處EURASIANBUSINESSPERSPECTIVES,PP379389,2018如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3957單詞，26612字符字符就是印刷符，中文6534漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）PERSPECTIVESONINTERNALCONTROLANDENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTABSTRACTGROUNDEDONTHELITERATUREREVIEWONENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTERMTHISPAPERAIMSTOANALYZETHEEXTENTANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLASWELLASERMANDTOEXPLORETHEIRCONNECTIONWITHTHEVALUECREATIONATHEORETICALLENSISUSEDTODISCUSSWHETHEREFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLANDERMENHANCEPERFORMANCEANDINCREASEVALUECREATIONABILITYERMISMOSTFREQUENTLYDEFINEDWITHTHEREFERENCETOTHE2004GUIDANCEDOCUMENTPUBLISHEDBYCOMMITTEEOFSPONSORINGORGANIZATIONSOFTREADWAYCOMMISSIONCOSOPROPONENTSOFCOSO’SERMINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKDESCRIBETHISFRAMEWORKAS“AWORLDLEVELTEMPLATEFORBESTPRACTICE”,ANDCLAIMTHATERMUSEDBYMANAGEMENTTOENHANCEANORGANIZATIONABILITYTOMANAGEUNCERTAINTYANDTOCONSIDERHOWMUCHRISKTOACCEPTASITSTRIVESTOINCREASESTAKEHOLDERVALUEADDITIONALLYTHEINTERNALCONTROLINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKISAVIABLEANDSUITABLEFRAMEWORKFORDESIGNING,IMPLEMENTING,CONDUCTINGANDASSESSINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLANDFORREPORTINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENVALUECREATIONANDERMISWIDELYINVESTIGATEDINACADEMICLITERATUREEMPIRICALSTUDIESONTHEVALUECREATIONABILITIESOFERMANDINTERNALCONTROLSUGGESTTHATTHEREISAPOSITIVEDESCRIBETHISFRAMEWORKAS“AWORLDLEVELTEMPLATEFORBESTPRACTICE”,ANDCLAIMTHATERMUSEDBYMANAGEMENTTOSTRENGTHENANORGANIZATIONABILITYTOMANAGEUNCERTAINTYANDTOCONSIDERHOWMUCHRISKTOACCEPTASITSTRIVESTOINCREASESTAKEHOLDERVALUEADDITIONALLYTHEINTERNALCONTROLINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKISAVIABLEANDSUITABLEFRAMEWORKFORDESIGNING,IMPLEMENTING,CONDUCTINGANDASSESSINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLANDFORREPORTINGCOSO’SPRINCIPALARGUMENTISTHATTHEESSENTIALPREREQUISITESOFFIRMS’LONGTERMSUCCESSAREGOODRISKMANAGEMENTANDINTERNALCONTROLDELOACHANDTHOMSON2014WHILEINTERNALCONTROLHASBEENALWAYSANIMPORTANTFIELDFORINTERNALANDEXTERNALAUDIT,RISKMANAGEMENTHASBEENAVITALCONCERNONTHEFIELDSOFFINANCEANDINSURANCEBUTITISRECEIVEDWIDESPREADATTENTIONFOLLOWINGACCOUNTINGANDCORPORATESCANDALSINTHEBEGINNING2000SAND2008GLOBALCRISISWUETAL2015SECTION404OFSARBANESOXLEYACTANDITSIMPACTSANDREPERCUSSIONSONGLOBALCAPITALMARKETSHAVEPUTTHESPOTLIGHTONCOSO’SINTERNALCONTROLFRAMEWORKANDTHERECENTECONOMICCRISISHASHEIGHTENEDCONSIDERABLYTHEIMPORTANCEOFERMLANDSITTELANDRITTENBERG2010GROUNDEDONTHELITERATUREREVIEWONERMTHISPAPERAIMSTOANALYZETHEEXTENTANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALCONTROLASWELLASERMANDTOEXPLORETHEIRCONNECTIONWITHTHEVALUECREATIONATHEORETICALLENSISUSEDTODISCUSSWHETHEREFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLANDERMENHANCEPERFORMANCEANDINCREASEVALUECREATIONABILITYTHEREMAINDEROFTHEPAPERISPRESENTEDINTHREESECTIONSSECTION2EXPANDSUPONTHECOSOINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKSTHISISFOLLOWEDBYTHERELATEDLITERATURETHATPROVIDESANOVERVIEWOFEMPIRICALRESEARCHFINDINGSONINTERNALCONTROLANDENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTTHEFOURTHANDFINALSECTIONPROVIDESACONCLUSIONPROVIDINGSOMEFINALCOMMENTS2COSOINTEGRATEDFRAMEWORKSWHETHERAPPLIEDINDIVIDUALLYORTOGETHER,COSOFRAMEWORKSARETHEPRINCIPALGUIDANCEUSEDBYORGANIZATIONSTOADDRESSINTERNALANDEXTERNALPRESSURESPLACEDONTHEMTOHAVEEFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLANDRISKMANAGEMENTORIGINALLYFORMEDIN1985,COSOISVOLUNTARYPRIVATESECTORINITIATIVEDEDICATEDTOIMPROVEORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEANDGOVERNANCETHROUGHEFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROL,ENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENT,ANDFRAUDDETERRENCEITSSPONSORINGORGANIZATIONSARETHEINSTITUTEOFINTERNALAUDITORS,THEAMERICANACCOUNTINGASSOCIATION,ANDTHEAMERICANINSTITUTE