簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題ANALYSISONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINA’SCOMMERCIALBANKS’INTERMEDIARYBUSINESS外文作者JUEXIASONG文獻(xiàn)出處JUEXIASONGANALYSISONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINA’SCOMMERCIALBANKS’INTERMEDIARYBUSINESSCPROCEEDINGSOFINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONINDUSTRIALECONOMICSANDINDUSTRIALSECURITY,2014509515如覺(jué)得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2219單詞，13002字符，中文3395漢字。ANALYSISONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINA’SCOMMERCIALBANKS’INTERMEDIARYBUSINESSABSTRACTUNDERTHEBACKGROUNDOFTHEINTERESTRATESMARKETANDAMOREOPENFINANCIALMARKET,THECHINESECOMMERCIALBANKSMUSTCHANGETHELOWLEVELBUSINESSOPERATIONWHICHRELYONINTERESTINCOMEANDDEVELOPTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHEINTERMEDIATEBUSINESSTHUS,THISPAPERSUMMARIZESTHECONDITIONOFCHINESECOMMERCIALBANKS’INTERMEDIATEBUSINESSATTHEPRESENTSTAGEFURTHERMORE,ITANALYSESSEVERALPROBLEMSOFCHINESECOMMERCIALBANKS’INTERMEDIATEBUSINESSANDPUTSFORWARDSTHESUGGESTIONOFIMPROVINGTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFCOMMERCIALBANKKEYWORDSCOMMERCIALBANKINTERMEDIATEBUSINESSSUGGESTION1DEVELOPMENTOFINTERMEDIARYBUSINESSINCHINA’SCOMMERCIALBANKS11BUSINESSHASDEVELOPEDRAPIDLY12THEINCREASINGPROPORTIONOFINCOMEINTHEANNUALREPORTSFROM2007TO2012OFTHESEVENCOMMERCIALBANKSPUBLISHEDIN2012,THEPROPORTIONOFINTERMEDIARYBUSINESSREVENUETRENDSSHOWTHATINTERMEDIATEBUSINESSINCOMERATIOFLUCTUATEDFIERCELYAMONGBANKS3BUTIN2012,THEINTERMEDIARYBUSINESSREVENUELEVELSWEREALLHIGHERTHAN2007,ESPECIALLYDURING2009AND2010,THEPERCENTAGEOFINTERMEDIARYBUSINESSREVENUEGENERALLYGREWFASTERAFFECTEDBYTHEECONOMICCRISISIN2008,INTHEFACEOFADVERSITY,INADDITIONTOMINSHENGBANK’SOUTSTANDINGPERFORMANCE,THEOTHERBANKS’INTERMEDIATEBUSINESSINCOMEWASESSENTIALLYFLAT,EVENDECLINEDCOMPAREDWITHLASTYEARIN2012,RUNNINGINTOTHEECONOMICSLOWDOWN,THECHANGESOFDOMESTICCHARGESREGULATORYPOLICYANDOTHERFACTORS,THECONTRIBUTIONTOOPERATINGINCOMEOFBANKS’INTERMEDIATEBUSINESSINCOMEGENERALLYGREWSLOWLY,INWHICHCHINACONSTRUCTIONBANK,INDUSTRIALCOMMERCIALBANKOFCHINA,BANKOFCOMMUNICATIONSANDCHINAMERCHANTSBANK,THEPROPORTIONOFTHEIRINTERMEDIATEBUSINESSINCOMEDECLINED,WHICHSUGGESTSTHATINRECENTYEARS,EACHBANKPROMOTEDITSINTERMEDIARYBUSINESSACTIVELY,THEIRRELATIVEREVENUEAMONGTHEOPERATIONINCOMEHASINCREASEDCOMPAREDTHEONESIN200713DIFFERENTTRENDSAMONGTHEVARIOUSTYPESOFBUSINESSINFLUENCEDBYENVIRONMENTALFACTORSANDFLUCTUATIONSINDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALMARKETSANDOTHERMACROPOLICYCHANGES,IMPROVINGTRENDSAMONGDIFFERENTTYPESOFINTERMEDIATEBUSINESSHAVETHEIROWNCHARACTERISTICSFOREXAMPLE,THEDOWNTURNINSTOCKMARKETWILLAFFECTCOMMERCIALBANKAGENCYBUSINESS,ASWELLAS,TOMATCHUPTHEDEVELOPMENTPOLICYOFTHECOUNTRY’SSUPPORTSMALLANDMICROBUSINESSES,THEMEASURESTHATCOMMERCIALBANKSREDUCEORDECREASETHESMALLANDMICROBUSINESSESINTERMEDIATEBUSINESSCHARGESWILLAFFECTTHEGUARANTEESANDPLEDGINGINCOMEDUETOTHECOMPREHENSIVEEFFECTOFTHEECONOMICSITUATIONANDNATIONALPOLICY,GUARANTEEANDCOMMITMENTBUSINESSGENERALLYREVEALEDNEGATIVEGROWTHINTHEBACKGROUNDOFTHEGLOBALECONOMICWEAKRECOVERYWHICHISDUETOEUROPEANDEBTCRISISANDSLOWDOWNINEMERGINGECONOMIES,SETTLEMENTANDCLEARINGBUSINESSGREWTARDILY2PROBLEMSOFINTERMEDIATEBUSINESSOFCOMMERCIALBANKOFOURCOUNTRY21THERATIONALUNDERSTANDINGTOINTERMEDIATEBUSINESSBYPUBLICANDBANKSNEEDSTOBEIMPROVEDTHESCOPEOFOURCOMMERCIALBANKS’MIDDLEBUSINESSHASFAREXCEEDEDTHESETTLEMENT,

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題EVALUATINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFBRANDPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESFROMACONSUMERPERSPECTIVE外文作者CHRISTOPHFUCHS,ADAMANTIOSDIAMANTOPOULOS文獻(xiàn)出處EUROPEANJOURNALOFMARKETINGVOL44NO11/12,2018如覺(jué)得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文5979單詞，38597字符字符就是印刷符，中文8981漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）EVALUATINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFBRANDPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESFROMACONSUMERPERSPECTIVEABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHEPAPERISTOEXPLOREEMPIRICALLYTHEOVERALLRELATIVEEFFECTIVENESSOFALTERNATIVEPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESFROMACONSUMERPERSPECTIVEDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–TWOSTUDIESWITHINANDBETWEENSUBJECTSDESIGNARECONDUCTEDAIMEDATEVALUATINGTHEPOSITIONINGSUCCESSOFFOURDISTINCTPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESOFREALBRANDSINTERMSOFCONSUMERS’PERCEPTIONSOFBRANDFAVORABILITY,DIFFERENTIATION,ANDCREDIBILITY,WHILECONTROLLINGFORBRANDSPECIFIC,PRODUCTCATEGORYSPECIFIC,ANDSOCIODEMOGRAPHICINFLUENCESFINDINGS–THERESULTSSHOWTHATTHETYPEOFPOSITIONINGSTRATEGYUSEDAFFECTSTHEPOSITIONINGSUCCESSOFABRANDMORESPECIFICALLY,THESTUDYCONFIRMSNORMATIVEARGUMENTSABOUTTHEOVERALLRELATIVEEFFECTIVENESSOFMAINPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESBYREVEALINGTHATBENEFITBASEDPOSITIONINGANDSURROGATEUSERPOSITIONINGGENERALLYOUTPERFORMFEATUREBASEDPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESALONGTHETHREEEFFECTIVENESSDIMENSIONSTHEFINDINGSALSODEMONSTRATETHATNOSINGLESTRATEGYOUTPERFORMSALLTHEOTHERSONALLDIMENSIONSRESEARCHLIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS–THESTUDYISLIMITEDINTERMSOFTHENUMBEROFDESPITETHEIMPORTANCEOFBRANDPOSITIONING,HOWEVER,LIMITEDEMPIRICALATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOTHEQUESTIONWHETHERTHEUSEOFCERTAINPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESEGBENEFITBASEDPOSITIONINGRESULTSINMORESUPERIORLYPOSITIONEDBRANDSTHANTHEAPPLICATIONOFOTHERSTRATEGIESEGUSERBASEDPOSITIONINGKELLERANDLEHMANN,2006PHAMANDMUTHUKRISHNAN,2002THEPURPOSEOFTHECURRENTSTUDYISTOCLOSETHISGAPANDCOMPARETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFPROTOTYPICALPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESOFREALBRANDSFROMACONSUMERPERSPECTIVEANDTHUSPROVIDEBRANDMANAGERSANDADVERTISINGPROFESSIONALSWITHEMPIRICALLYBASEDINSIGHTSFORMAKINGSOUNDPOSITIONINGDECISIONSWECONCEPTUALIZEPOSITIONINGEFFECTIVENESSASAMULTIDIMENSIONALCONSTRUCTCAPTURINGCONSUMERS’EVALUATIONSOFABRAND’SPOSITIONINTERMSOFCREDIBLEANDFAVORABLEDIFFERENTIATIONSINRELATIONTOCOMPETINGBRANDS,THUSENABLINGANASSESSMENTOFTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEBRANDINQUESTIONOCCUPIESACREDIBLE,DISTINCT,ANDPOSITIVELYVALUEDPOSITIONINTHEMINDSOFCONSUMERSOURCOMPARISONOFPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESISTHEREFOREUNDERTAKENALONGTHREEKEYDIMENSIONSIEFAVORABILITY,DIFFERENTIATION,ANDCREDIBILITYWHICHJOINTLYDETERMINEOVERALLPOSITIONINGSUCCESSOURANALYSISALSOCONTROLSFOREXTRANEOUSINFLUENCESSUCHASCORPORATEBRANDASSOCIATIONSORADVERTISINGCREATIVITYTHATMAYPOTENTIALLYCONFOUNDTHEEFFECTOFPOSITIONINGSTRATEGYONTHEAFOREMENTIONEDDIMENSIONSINTHENEXTSECTION,WEPROVIDEABRIEFCONCEPTUALBACKGROUNDONTHENOTIONOFBRANDPOSITIONINGANDFOLLOWTHISBYACONCEPTUALIZATIONANDOPERATIONALIZATIONOFBRANDPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESANDEFFECTIVENESSNEXT,WEPRESENTTHERESULTSOFTWOSEPARATEEMPIRICALSTUDIESDESIGNEDTOOFFERCOMPLEMENTARYINSIGHTSINTOTHEPERCEIVEDEFFECTIVENESSOFDIFFERENTPOSITIONINGSTRATEGIESEMPLOYEDWITHINAGIVENPRODUCTCATEGORYCOMPACTCARSWECONCLUDETHEPAPERWITHADISCUSSIONOFTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHEFINDINGS,ITSLIMITATIONS,ANDSUGGESTIONSFORFUTURERESEARCHLITERATUREBACKGROUNDTOAVOIDCONFUSIONSABOUTTHEMEANINGOFTHEPOSITIONINGCONCEPT,ITISIMPORTANTTODISTINGUISHBETWEENBRANDPOSITIONINGANDSTRATEGICMARKETPOSITIONINGSEEDIMINGO,1988ELLSON,2004STRATEGICMARKETPOSITIONINGREFERSTOTHECOMPETITIVEMARKETSTANDINGOFAFIRMAGAINSTITSCOMPETITORSEVANSETAL,1996PORTER,1979,

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題INTELLIGENTTRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMBASEDSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTER外文作者HUZHIJIE,SHENRUIBING文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATION,BIGDATAWHENTHENORTHSOUTHINTERSECTIONTRAFFICISBIG,CANINCREASETHENORTHSOUTHINTERSECTIONOFTHEGREENLIGHTTIME,WHENTHINGSINTERSECTIONTRAFFICISBIG,CANINCREASETHEINTERSECTIONOFTHEGREENLIGHTTIME,BACKTONORMALAFTERTHEENDTHIS1REALTIMEMONITORINGROADNORTHSOUTHANDEASTWESTTRAFFIC2ACCORDINGTOTHESIZEOFREALTIMETRAFFICCONTROLNORTHSOUTHANDEASTWESTTRAFFICLIGHTSLIGHTDESTROYTIMESPECIFICREQUIREMENTASFOLLOWS1INITIALTHEGREENLIGHT,REDLIGHT,THENORTHSOUTHDIRECTION2DELAYOF45S,NORTHANDSOUTHROADGREENLIGHTGOESOUT,YELLOWLIGHTSFLASHINGTHREETIMES3AFTERTHEYELLOWLIGHTFLASHES,NORTHSOUTHINTERSECTIONREDLIGHTGREENLIGHTTHINGSCROSSINGATTHESAMETIME,THINGSBEGANTOOPENTOTRAFFIC4THETIMEDELAYOF45S,WHATDIRECTIONTHEGREENLIGHT,YELLOWLIGHTFLASHESTHREETIMES,ANDTHENSWITCHTOTHENORTHANDSOUTHDIRECTIONTOTRAFFIC,SOREPEATED5WHENTHENORTHSOUTHINTERSECTIONTRAFFICISBIG,CANINCREASETHENORTHSOUTHINTERSECTIONOFTHEGREENLIGHTTIME,WHENTHINGSINTERSECTIONTRAFFICISBIG,CANINCREASETHEINTERSECTIONOFTHEGREENLIGHTTIME,BACKTONORMALAFTERTHEENDIIIHARDWAREDESIGNAMASTERCONTROLMODULETHISDESIGNBYSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERAT89S51ASTHEMAINCONTROLMODULEAT89S51ISAMERICAATMELCOMPANYPRODUCESTHELOWPOWERCONSUMPTION,HIGHPERFORMANCECMOS8MCU,CONTAINING4KBYTESOFTHETABLETSCANBEFLASHMEMORYREADONLYAPPLICATIONS,SYSTEMPROGRAMMINGDEVICEADOPTSHIGHDENSITYOFATMELCOMPANY,NONVOLATILESTORAGETECHNOLOGYPRODUCTION,COMPATIBLEWITHTHESTANDARD8051INSTRUCTIONSYSTEMANDPINSITSETSFLASHPROGRAMMEMORYCANBEONLINEPROGRAMISPALSOUSEDTHETRADITIONALMETHODFORPROGRAMMINGANDGENERAL8BITSINASINGLECHIPMICROPROCESSOR,ATMELCOMPANYSPOWERFULFUNCTIONS,LOWPRICEAT89S51PROVIDESMANYCOSTEFFECTIVEAPPLICATIONS,CANBEAPPLIEDTOAVARIETYOFFLEXIBLECONTROLFIELDTHEMAINPERFORMANCEPARAMETERSANDPRODUCTINSTRUCTIONSYSTEMISFULLYCOMPATIBLEWITHMCS51INSYSTEMPROGRAMMABLEISP,4KBYTESFLASH,FLASHMEMORY1000

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題MODERNURBANECOLOGICALWATERSCAPEPLANNINGANDDESIGN外文作者PANFENG文獻(xiàn)出處ADVANCEDMATERIALSRESEARCHVOL6892018PP505508如覺(jué)得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2184單詞，14816字符字符就是印刷符，中文3614漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）MODERNURBANECOLOGICALWATERSCAPEPLANNINGANDDESIGNKEYWORDSMODERNURBANECOLOGICALWATERSCAPEPLANNINGANDDESIGNABSTRACTMODERNURBANECOLOGICALWATERSCAPEISESSENTIALLYABOUTPLANNINGWATERFRONTCONSTRUCTIONASWELLASECOLOGYSOLICITUDEINARAPIDLYCHANGINGENVIRONMENTINCHINESECITYTHEPRIMARYGOALOFTHISRESEARCHISATTEMPTINGTORECONNECTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENWATERSCAPEANDENVIRONMENT,WHICHHASBEENBROKENUPINTHEPASTURBANIZATIONTHEMETHODUSEDINTHISSTUDYISKNOWNASTHEECOLOGICALPLANNINGANDDESIGN,ANDTHEAUTHORSUGGESTSTHATTHEECOLOGICALWATERSCAPEPLANNINGSHOULDINCLUDETHEASPECTSOFWATERENVIRONMENTRESTORING,OLDBUILDINGSREUSING,DIFFERENTLEVELSWATERPURIFYINGSYSTEMANDTRADITIONALCULTUREEXPLORING,ETCITISCONCLUDEDTHATTHECORRECTJUDGMENTANDOPTIONALOPERATIONOFTHESEFACTORSWILLENHANCETHEFUNCTIONOFURBANWATERSCAPEASWELLASIMPROVECITYLIVINGENVIRONMENTINGENERALINTRODUCTIONRESOURCEANDBASICCARRIEROFURBANENVIRONMENT,WHICHHAVEBEENIMPACTINGONTHEPLANNINGANDDEVELOPINGOFTHEENTIRECITYWITHTHERISINGAWARENESSOFENVIRONMENTANDHEALTH,PROTECTIONANDREASONABLEUSINGWATERRESOURCES,CONCERNINGTHEINFLUENCEOFARTIFICIALPROJECTIMPACTONECOLOGY,PLANNINGURBANECOLOGICALWATERSCAPEINTHESCIENTIFICANDARTISTICWAY,THESEISSUESAREGRADUALLYBECOMINGTHEURGENTTASKSTOENSURETHESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECITYMAINPOINTOFECOLOGICALWATERSCAPEDESIGNURBANISANECOLOGICALSYMBIOSISENVIRONMENTBETWEENARTIFICIALENVIRONMENTANDNATURALENVIRONMENT2THETRADITIONALDESIGNMETHODOFCITYWATERSCAPEWASBROKEUPTHEDEPENDENCIESRELATIONSHIPBETWEENWATERSCAPEANDCITY’SENVIRONMENT,WHICHHANDLINGLANDSCAPEMERELYWITHCONSTRUCTIONSTHEREFORE,ECOLOGICALWATERSCAPEISBASEDONTHEASPECTSOFSOCIOCULTURAL,ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDECOLOGICALCYCLE,COMBININGTHETHEORYANDMETHODSOFLANDSCAPEECOLOGY,URBANECOLOGY,LANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDECOLOGICALRESTORATIONTECHNOLOGY,INTEGRATEDCONCERNINGTHERELATIONBOTHOFWATERSCAPE,ARCHITECTUREANDHUMANRESTORINGWATERENVIRONMENTTHROUGHECOLOGICALMETHODANDNATURALMATERIALMOSTARTIFICIALWATERSCAPEPROJECTS,JUSTLIKEARTIFICIALLAKE,PONDS,DIDNOTFOLLOWTHECIRCULATIONOFNATURALSYSTEM,SOTHEYAREBASICALLYCLOSEDSYSTEMSWITHOUTSELFPURIFICATIONCAPACITYWITHIRRATIONALINTERNALSTRUCTUREANDCONSTANTIMPORTINGFROMEXTERNALENVIRONMENT,THESEKINDSOFWATERWILLINEVITABLEEUTROPHICATINGATLAST,ULTIMATELYAFFECTINGTHEECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTANDCITYWATERSCAPETHEBETTERWAYISINTEGRATEDPLANNINGANDDESIGNTHATMEANSCOMBININGWATERSCAPEWITHCITYPLANNINGBLUEPRINT,ASWELLASTHEFACTORSOFACTUALWATERSAREA,VOLUMEANDSELFPURIFICATIONCAPACITYPURIFICATIONANDMAINTENANCETHEWATERSCAPETHROUGHTHENATURALCIRCULATIONSYSTEM,ITISTHEMAINMETHODTHESUPPLEMENTARYMEASUREISUSINGHIGHEFFICIENCYFILTERCIRCULATINGWATERSYSTEMINTHOSEAREASWHICHLACKINGOFNATUREWATERRESOURCEINPLANNINGANDDESIGNING,AMORECOMPREHENSIVEWATERECOSYSTEMSHOULDBEESTABLISHED,WHICHWOULDTAKEGREATADVANTAGESFROMTHEPURIFICATIONFUNCTIONOFRIVERBOTTOMSOIL,AQUATICPLANTSANDANIMALSITCOULDMAINTAINTHEENERGYANDNUTRIENT

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題THEDISCUSSIONOFWATERSAVINGTECHNOLOGYABOUTWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEINBUILDING外文作者QIJUNFENG,YANGYANYAN,HULINPENG文獻(xiàn)出處2017INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONDIGITALMANUFACTURINGPERFECTINGHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMANDREDUCINGINEFFECTUALCOLDWATERADOPTINGWATERSAVINGWATERDISPENSINGFIXTURESANDSANITARYWAREPROMOTINGTHEUTILIZATIONOFHIGHQUALITYPIPEANDVALVEANDIMPROVINGTHECURRENTCONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLASWELLASDEVELOPINGANDPROMOTINGTHETECHNOLOGYOFUTILIZATIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERKEYWORDSBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEWATERCONSERVATIONTECHNIQUESIINTRODUCTIONWATERISASTRATEGICRESOURCEWHICHISRELATEDTOHUMANSURVIVALANDDEVELOPMENTTHETHEPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREASHOULDBEACTEDACCORDINGTOCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,WHILETHEBESTUSEHYDRAULICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARESISBETWEEN010MPAAND020MPA,MOSTOFTHEMAREINOVERPRESSUREFLOWINRECENTYEARS,BRANCHPIPEDECOMPRESSIONWASWIDELYUSEDINPROJECTS,WHICHBECAMEANIMPORTANTMEASUREFORWATERSAVINGINTHELOWERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,THEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYAFTERDECOMPRESSIONSHOULDTAKELOWVALUEASPOSSIBLEONTHECONDITIONTHATITSATISFIESTHEDEMANDOFRATEDFLOWOFSANITARYWARES’WATERSUPPLYFITTINGSITISSUGGESTEDTHAT,INHIGHERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,DECOMPRESSIONMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENWHENTHELOWESTHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARES’WATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSISMORETHAN015MPABADOPTDECOMPRESSIONMEASURESPROPERLYALLOCATINGRELIEFFITTINGINWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMMEANSTHATHYDRAULICPRESSURESHOULDBELIMITEDWITHINLIMITINGVALUEANDREDUCETHETHREATOFOVERPRESSUREFLOWREDUCINGVALVECANREDUCEDYNAMICPRESSURE,STATICPRESSUREHAVEGOODRUNNINGCHARACTERISTICSANDHAVEOBVIOUSEFFECTSONTHROTTLINGANDSOUNDABSORBING,WHICHISWIDELYUSEDINTHENEWBUILDINGSHOWEVER,THEPRICEOFREDUCINGVALVEISEXPENSIVE,SOITSHOULDBEUSEDAFTERDOINGANECONOMICCOMPARISONINPOORANDBACKWARDAREASPROPORTIONALVALVEHASSIMPLESTRUCTUREANDREASONABLEPRICEWHICHISRECOMMENDEDTOUSECOMPAREDWITHREDUCINGVALVE,DECOMPRESSIONORIFICEPLATE’SSYSTEMISFAIRLYSIMPLE,ANDHASLESSINVESTMENTASWELLASCONVENIENTMANAGEMENT,BUTDECOMPRESSIONORIFICEPLATECANONLYREDUCEDYNAMICPRESSUREBUTNOTHYDROSTATICPRESSURE,ANDTHEDOWNSTREAMPRESSUREISALWAYSCHANGINGWITHTHEUPSTREAMPRESSUREANDFLOWRATESOITONLYCANBEUSEDUNDERLESSDEMANDONWATERSUPPLYPRESSUREIIIPERFECTHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMANDREDUCEINEFFECTUALCOLDWATERWITHTHEIMPROVEMENTOFPEOPLESLIVINGSTANDARDANDIMPROVEDBUILDINGFUNCTIONS,BUILDINGHOTWATERSYSTEMGRADUALLYBECOMEAINDISPENSABLEPARTOFBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMACCORDINGTOTHESURVEY,MOSTCENTRALHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMEXISTSERIOUSWASTEFULPHENOMENON,WHICHISMAINLYEMBODIEDINWECANNOTOBTAINSATISFACTORYHOTWATERINTIMEAFTEROPENINGHOTWATERAPPARATUS,BUTLETOUTSOMECOLDWATERTONORMALUSETHEPRESENTCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEPUTSFORWARDTHREEMETHODSOFHOTWATERCIRCULATION,WHICHINCLUDEBRANCHPIPECIRCULATION,STANDPIPECIRCULATIONANDMAINPIPECIRCULATIONLOOPFREEHOTWATER

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題EXPLAININGEMPLOYEETURNOVERINANASIANCONTEXT外文作者NARESHTHHATRIANDCHONGTZEFERN,PAWANBUDHWAR文獻(xiàn)出處HUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTJOURNAL,2018,1115474如覺(jué)得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文6216單詞，40487字符字符就是印刷符，中文9392漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）EXPLAININGEMPLOYEETURNOVERINANASIANCONTEXTABSTRACTEMPLOYEETURNOVERISGIVINGSLEEPLESSNIGHTSTOHRMANAGERSINMANYCOUNTRIESINASIAAWIDELYHELDBELIEFINTHESECOUNTRIESISTHATEMPLOYEESHAVEDEVELOPEDBAD’ATTITUDESDUETOTHELABOURSHORTAGEEMPLOYEESAREBELIEVEDTOJOBHOPFORNOREASON,OREVENFORFUNUNFORTUNATELY,DESPITEEMPLOYEETURNOVERBEINGSUCHASERIOUSPROBLEMINASIA,THEREISADEARTHOFSTUDIESINVESTIGATINGITINPARTICULARSTUDIESUSINGACOMPREHENSIVESETOFVARIABLESARERARETHISSTUDYEXAMINESTHREESETSOFANTECEDENTSOFTURNOVERINTENTIONINCOMPANIESINSINGAPOREDEMOGRAPHIC,CONTROLLABLEANDUNCONTROLLABLESINGAPORECOMPANIESPROVIDEANAPPROPRIATESETTINGASTHEIRTURNOVERRATESAREAMONGTHEHIGHESTINASIAFINDINGSOFTHESTUDYSUGGESTTHATORGANIZATIONALCOMMITMENT,PROCEDURALJUSTICEANDAJOBHOPPINGATTITUDEWERETHREEMAINFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHTURNOVERINTENTIONINSINGAPORECOMPANIESVOLUNTARYTURNOVERISAMAJORPROBLEMFORCOMPANIESINMANYASIANCOUNTRIESSUCHASSOUTHTHOREA,MALAYSIA,SINGAPOREANDTAIWANBARNETT,1995CHANG,1996SYRETT,1994FOREXAMPLE,IN1995THELASTYEARFORWHICHCOMPARATIVEDATAWASAVAILABLETHEAVERAGEMONTHLYRESIGNATIONRATESWERENOTEDAS34PERCENT,29PERCENTAND27PERCENTINSINGAPORE,SOUTHTHOREA,ANDTAIWAN,RESPECTIVELYBARNARDANDRODGERS,1998INARECENTFORUMOFTHEHRPROFESSIONALBODIESOFHONGTHONG,MALAYSIAANDACCORDINGTOTHEREPORTOFATASKFORCEONJOBHOPPINGINSINGAPORE,MORETHANTWOTHIRDSOFTHEORGANIZATIONSINDICATEDTHATTHEYHADSUFFEREDAPRODUCTIVITYLOSSOFGREATERTHAN10PERCENTASARESULTOFTHEHIGHEMPLOYEETURNOVERNATIONALPRODUCTIVITYBOARD,SINGAPORE,1988THESURVEYALSOREPORTEDAHIGHCOSTOFRECRUITMENTANDPOORQUALITYOFPRODUCTSANDSERVICESDUETOHIGHTURNOVEREVENMOREIMPORTANT,HIGHTURNOVERWASFOUNDTOBETHEMAJORSOURCEOFPOORMORALEINMANYORGANIZATIONSSURPRISINGLY,THEREARESOFEWRESEARCHSTUDIESEXAMININGTHISIMPORTANTISSUEINASIAANDPOPULARPERCEPTIONSORINFORMALTHEORIES’ONEMPLOYEETURNOVERABOUNDINBOTHACADEMICANDPRACTITIONERCIRCLESCAMPBELLANDCAMPBELL1997IDENTIFIEDTWOMAJORPROBLEMSWITHINFORMALTHEORIES’ONEMPLOYEETURNOVERFIRST,THEYAREUNTESTEDANDASARESULTPRONETOERRORSSECONDLY,ACCORDINGTOTHEWIDELYHELDINFORMALTHEORIES’BYPRACTITIONERSINSINGAPORE,MOSTOFTHEEMPLOYEETURNOVERINTHEIRCOMPANIESISATTRIBUTABLETOTWOEXTERNALFACTORSLABOURSHORTAGEANDBADEMPLOYEEATTITUDESTHUS,TOTHEDEGREETHATMANAGERSHOLDTHESEINFORMALTHEORIES’,TURNOVERBECOMESASERIOUSBUTINTRACTABLEISSUETHEAUTHORSNOTEDTHAT,WHILEHRMANAGERSWEREACUTELYAWAREOFTHEPROBLEMANDITSASSOCIATEDRAMIFICATIONS,THEYTYPICALLYHAVEDEVELOPEDNOREALSTRATEGIESFORCOMBATINGTURNOVERTHISSTUDYHASTWOMAINOBJECTIVESFIRST,MOSTOFTHESTUDIESONTURNOVERINTENTIONWERECONDUCTEDINWESTERNORGANISATIONALCONTEXTSTHUS,FINDINGSOFTHESESTUDIESMAYNOTBEAPPLICABLETOORGANIZATIONSINASIADUETOVASTDIFFERENCESINTHEECONOMIC,SOCIALANDCULTURALENVIRONMENTSCOTTONANDTUTTLE,1986FURTHER,THE

簡(jiǎn)介：IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL51,NO3,JUNE2004625CHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERHIROFUMIMATSUO,FELLOW,IEEE,WENZHONGLIN,FUJIOKUROKAWA,SENIORMEMBER,IEEE,TETSUROSHIGEMIZU,ANDNOBUYAWATANABEABSTRACTINTHEZEROEMISSIONELECTRICPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEM,AMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERISUSEFULTOOBTAINTHEREGULATEDOUTPUTVOLTAGEFROMSEVERALINPUTPOWERSOURCESSUCHASASOLARARRAY,WINDGENERATOR,FUELCELL,ANDSOFORTHANEWMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERISPROPOSEDANDANALYZEDASARESULT,THESTATICANDDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICSARECLARIFIEDTHEORETICALLY,ANDTHERESULTSARECONFIRMEDBYEXPERIMENTINDEXTERMSBOUNDARIESOFSTABILITY,CLEANENERGY,DC–DCCONVERTER,MULTIPLEINPUT,SOLARARRAYIINTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,THEZEROEMISSIONELECTRICPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMHASBEENDEVELOPEDAGGRESSIVELYTOEXPLOITCLEANENERGYRESOURCESSUCHASTHESOLARARRAY,WINDGENERATOR,FUELCELL,ANDSOFORTHINTHISCASE,THEMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTER1,2ISUSEFULTOCOMBINESEVERALINPUTPOWERSOURCESWHOSEVOLTAGELEVELSAND/ORPOWERCAPACITYAREDIFFERENTANDTOGETREGULATEDOUTPUTVOLTAGEFORTHELOADFROMTHEM,ASSHOWNINFIG1FOREXAMPLE,INTHESOLARARRAYPOWERSUPPLYSYSTEMWITHACOMMERCIALACLINE,THEMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTOFASOLARARRAYCANBEEASILYTRACKEDWHILESIMULTANEOUSLYTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGECANBEEASILYREGULATEDBYRECEIVINGADEQUATEPOWERFROMTHECOMMERCIALACLINE,EVENIFTHELOADISCHANGEDTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOPROPOSEANEWMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERFORREALIZINGTHEZEROEMISSIONELECTRICPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMINPARTICULAR,THETWOINPUTBUCK–BOOSTTYPECONVERTERISANALYZED,ANDTHESTATICANDDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICSARECLARIFIEDTHEORETICALLYANDCONFIRMEDBYEXPERIMENTIICIRCUITCONFIGURATIONANDOPERATIONPRINCIPLEFIG2AANDBSHOWSTHEBASICCONFIGURATIONOFMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERSFIG2AISFUNDAMENTALLYCOMPOSEDOFTHEBUCK–BOOSTTYPEDC–DCCONVERTER,INWHICHMULTIPLEINPUTWINDINGSHAVEMAGNETICCOUPLINGTHROUGHTHEENERGYSTORAGEREACTORLUSINGTHEMAGNETICCOUPLINGOFTHEISOLATIONTRANSFORMERT,THEFORWARDTYPEMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERISOBTAINEDASSHOWNINFIG2BMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDMAY24,2002REVISEDJUNE11,2003ABSTRACTPUBLISHEDONTHEINTERNETJANUARY14,2004HMATSUO,WLIN,ANDFKUROKAWAAREWITHTHEGRADUATESCHOOLOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,NAGASAKIUNIVERSITY,NAGASAKI8528521,JAPANEMAILHMATSUONETNAGASAKIUACJPTSHIGEMIZUISWITHTHENAGASAKIRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTCENTER,MITSUBISHIHEAVYINDUSTRIES,LTD,NAGASAKI8510392,JAPANNWATANABEISWITHCHORYOENGINEERINGCOMPANY,LTD,NAGASAKI8510392,JAPANDIGITALOBJECTIDENTIFIER101109/TIE2004825362FIG1ZEROEMISSIONELECTRICPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMUSINGMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERINTHISPAPER,THEBUCK–BOOSTTYPETWOINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERUSINGTHECOUPLINGOFREACTORL,ASSHOWNINFIG3A,ISEXAMINEDBECAUSEAGENERALDISCUSSIONOFMULTIPLEINPUTCONVERTERISTOOCOMPLICATEDANDTHEBUCK–BOOSTTYPEDC–DCCONVERTERHASASIMPLERCIRCUITCONFIGURATIONINTHISFIGURE,THETWOINPUTSANDARETHEINPUTVOLTAGESFROMTWOPOWERSOURCES,WHILEANDARETHETURNSRATIOSOFTWOINPUTWINDINGSOFTHEREACTORTHENUMBEROFTURNSOFTHEOUTPUTWINDINGOFTHEREACTORISNORMALIZEDANDISEQUALTOUNITYANDARETHESWITCHES,,,ANDARETHEDIODES,ISTHEOUTPUTSMOOTHINGCAPACITANCE,ISTHELOAD,ANDISTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEIFTHESOLARARRAYANDTHECOMMERCIALACLINEAREUSEDASINPUTPOWERRESOURCES,THENTHECIRCUITCONFIGURATIONISASSHOWNINFIG3BTHESOLARCELL,USEDFORMONITORING,ANDTHECURRENTSENSORISEMPLOYEDTOTRACKTHEMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTOFTHESOLARARRAY3WHICHISTHEOUTPUTCURRENTVALUETOOBTAINTHEMAXIMUMOUTPUTPOWERFROMTHESOLARARRAYWHENTHELIGHTINTENSITYISVARIEDINTHISCASE,THECOMMERCIALACLINEISEMPLOYEDTOREGULATETHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEASSUMINGTHATTHESWITCHESANDDIODESHAVEIDEALCHARACTERISTICS,THENTHECIRCUITSHOWNINFIG3ACANBEDIVIDEDINTOFOURSTATESACCORDINGTOTHECOMBINATIONOFTHEONANDOFFCONDITIONOFTHESWITCHESAND,ANDTHEDIODE,ASSHOWNINTABLEITHEOPERATIONOFTHECONVERTERISDETERMINEDBYCOMBININGTHESEFOURSTATES,THEREBYBEINGDIVIDEDINTOTHREEMAJORMODESASSHOWNINTABLEIIEACHMAJORMODECONSISTSOFATWOSTATESEQUENCEWHICHISDISTINGUISHEDBETWEENTHECONTINUOUSANDDISCONTINUOUSREACTORCURRENTMODESSEEAPPENDIXIFIG4SHOWSTHEWAVEFORMSOFADRIVINGSIGNAL,WHEREISTHESWITCHINGPERIOD,ANDANDARETHEONTIMESOFTHESWITCHESAND,RESPECTIVELYASSHOWNINFIG4B,02780046/042000?2004IEEEMATSUOETALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMULTIPLEINPUTDC–DCCONVERTER627TABLEISTATESOFBEHAVIORTABLEIIOPERATIONMODESANDSTATESEQUENCESFIG4WAVEFORMSOFDRIVINGSIGNALINEACHMODE,CORRESPONDINGTOTABLESIANDIIAMODEIBMODEIICMODEIIIGIVENTHEABOVEASSUMPTIONS,EQUIVALENTCIRCUITMODELS3OFTHREESTATES,EXCEPTSTATE4INTABLEI,ARESHOWNINFIG5INTHISFIGURE,THEIDEALTRANSFORMERISUSEDTOREPRESENTTHETWOINPUTDC–DCCONVERTERBYTHEEQUIVALENTCIRCUITSWITHTHESAMECIRCUITTOPOLOGYINFIG5,THEINPUTVOLTAGESANDARENORMALIZEDBYTHENUMBEROFTURNSOFTHETWOPRIMARYWINDINGSANDOFTHEREACTORLASARESULT,THEYAREREPRESENTEDBYANDTHEONSTATEANDOFFSTATEOFTHEANDAREREPRESENTEDBYTURNSRATIOSOF11AND10INTHEIDEALTRANSFORMER,RESPECTIVELYSIMILARLY,THEONSTATEANDOFFSTATEOFAREREPRESENTEDBYTURNSRATIOSOF11AND01INTHEIDEALFIG5EQUIVALENTCIRCUITSWITHIDEALTRANSFORMER,CORRESPONDINGTOTABLEIASTATE1BSTATE2CSTATE3TRANSFORMER,RESPECTIVELYASSHOWNINTABLEI,INSTATE1,ISON,ISOFF,ANDISOFFINTHISSTATE,THECURRENTFLOWSFROMTOTHEPRIMARYWINDINGOFTHEREACTORSHOWNINFIG5AINSTATE2,ISOFF,ISON,ANDISOFF,ANDTHENFLOWSFROMTOTHEPRIMARYWINDINGOFSHOWNINFIG5BINSTATE3,ISOFF,ISOFF,ANDISON,ANDTHEREFOREFLOWSFROMTHESECONDARYWINDINGOFTOTHELOADCONNECTEDWITHTHEOUTPUTCAPACITORCINPARALLEL,,ANDAREGIVENBY123WHEREANDARETHEINTERNALRESISTANCESOFAND,THESERIESCURRENTSENSINGRESISTANCE,AND,,ANDTHEINTERNALRESISTANCEOFTHETWOINPUTWINDINGSANDANOUTPUTWINDINGOFTHEREACTOR,RESPECTIVELYUSINGTHEEQUIVALENTCIRCUITMODELSINFIG5,THECONTINUOUSEQUIVALENTCIRCUITMODELS4AVERAGEDOVERASINGLESWITCHINGPERIODAREDERIVEDASSHOWNINFIG6SEEAPPENDIXII,WHEREREPRESENTSTHEEQUIVALENTINTERNALLOSSRESISTANCEANDISGIVENBY4BSTEADYSTATECHARACTERISTICSREMOVINGTHEIDEALTRANSFORMERSINTHECONTINUOUSEQUIVALENTCIRCUITMODELINFIG6ANDCONSIDERINGITSSTEADYSTATE,THECON

簡(jiǎn)介：BASEDONSLUICEMOVEMENTTURBULENTMOTIONWATERBODYTOORGANICMATTERDEGENERATIONEXPERIMENTANDRESEARCHWANGHAIYUNCOLLEGEOFHYDRAULICANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGCHINATHREEGORGESUNIVERSITYYICHANG,CHINAWANGHAIYUNCTGUEDUCNWANGZHENHUAARCHITECTURALDESIGNTURBULENTMADETHEHYDROLOGICALFLOWFIELDMORECOMPLEX,ANDRIVERWATER’SMECHANICALPROPERTIESCHANGEDFROMLAMINARFLOWINTOTURBULENCE,REFLUX,ORMIXEDFLOW,SHOWINGTYPICALNONLINEARCHARACTERISTICSANDTHETURBULENTKINETICENERGYK’SAFFECTIONSONTHEDEGRADATIONRATEK1CONFORMSTO“FIRSTORDERREACTION“THEORY,ESTABLISHEDARELATIONEXPRESSION,USEDSPSS110STATISTICALCALCULATIONSOFTWARE’SNONLINEARFITTINGTOGETTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDEGRADATIONRATEK1ANDTURBULENTKINETICENERGYK,R209961,GOODCORRELATION,REFLECTINGTHEREALCHARACTERISTICSOFIMPACTTHATLOCKTURBULENCEHADONTHEDEGRADATIONOFORGANICMATTERKEYWORDSTURBULENCEDEGRADATIONOFORGANICMATTERGEZHOUBALOCKCERTIFICATIONIINTRODUCTONLOCKISANIMPORTANTOPERATINGSYSTEMFORTRANSMISSIONANDDISTRIBUTIONINWATERCONSERVANCYFACILITIES,THEWATERFLOWCONDITIONSANDHYDRODYNAMICCONDITIONSINLOCKCHANNELSASWELLASINCHAMBERSAREVERYCOMPLICATED,THESELFPURIFICATIONCAPACITYOFWATERENVIRONMENTISAFFECTEDBYAVARIETYOFFACTORS,ANDTHESEPLACESARESENSITIVESEGMENTSCAUSINGENVIRONMENTALSAFETYISSUESMANYDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALRESEARCHESHADBEENCONDUCTEDTOSTUDYTHEQUALITYOFWATERENVIRONMENTINLOCKAREAS,FINDINGTHATTHEWATERPOLLUTIONINLOCKAREASWASVERYSERIOUS,ANDTHEYAREPRONEANDHIGHRISKPLACESFORWATERQUALITYDECLINEANDWATERPOLLUTIONINWATERCONSERVANCYFACILITIESTHEREFORE,THELOCKTURBULENTWATERONORGANICMATTERDEGRADATIONPROBLEMHASRECEIVEDEXTENSIVEATTENTION,BUTRESEARCHISNOTENOUGH,NEITHERASTHEINFORMATIONDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHELOCK,ITSMAINROLEISTOCOMPLETEWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEINTHESHORTESTTIME,INORDERTOMAKETHEWATERLEVELUPANDDOWNCONSISTENTTHEHYDROLOGYINLOCKAREASISABSOLUTELYDIFFERENTFROMTHATINNATURALRIVERSBECAUSEOFTHEVELOCITYANDHIGHHEADOFWATERINTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMMOSTWATERPOLLUTIONPROCESSESARENOTORDERLY,STABLE,BALANCEDORCERTAINLY,BUTINADISORDERLY,NONSTABLE,NONBALANCEDANDRANDOMTURBULENTSTATE,THEREISATURBULENCEINTHENONLINEARINTERACTION1INTHISPAPER,GEZHOUBALOCK,FOREXAMPLE,THROUGHTHETURBULENTWATERSOFTHEEXPERIMENTALCONTROLDEGRADATIONOFORGANICLAW2,ANDUSINGONSITEMONITORINGTECHNOLOGY,ACCESSTOALARGENUMBEROFFIRSTHANDINFORMATIONTOVERIFYTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSIIOVERVIEWOFTHESTUDYAREAAGEZHOUBALOCKGEZHOUBAISTHEFIRSTLARGESCALEWATERCONSERVANCYPROJECTBUILTONTHEYANGTZERIVER,ACCORDINGTOITSPROJECTARRANGEMENT,THEREISACHANNELINBOTHBANKSANDTHERIVER,ONTHECONFLUENCEOFLEFTBANKCHANNELANDHUANGBAIHEWHICHISATRIBUTARYOFTHEYANGTZERIVER,THERELIESTHE2NDANDTHE3RDLOCKBWATERDELIVERYSYSTEMTHEINLETSECTIONOFTHENO2LOCKUSESINSIDEWATER,LOCATESSIX45M70MWIDTHHEIGHTOFTHEWATERHOLESUPPORTEDBYTHEBOTTOMOFTHEVERTICALANDHORIZONTALCHAMBERWATERDISTRIBUTEDDISSIPATIONCORRIDORSTYLE,SIDEWALLSWITHINTHEMAINCORRIDORWIDTHOF5M,HIGH7MCHAMBERFLOORWITHVERTICAL4HORIZONTAL6CORRIDOR,FILLINGANDEMPTYINGAMAXIMUMCAPACITYOF287,000M33SHIPLOCKTHEBOTTOMOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMUSINGDISTRIBUTEDASPECTOFENERGYDISSIPATIONBRANCHCORRIDORCOVERTYPES,TWOMAINCORRIDORSARE3MSECTION4M,SITUATEDATTHEGATEAROUNDWALLS,FLOORSUPPORTCORRIDORCHAMBERSIZE4M2MIIIEXPERIMENTALAPPARATUSANDEQUIPMENTSIMULATEDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFORGANICMATTERDEGRADATIONINTURBULENTFLOWDURINGOPERATIONOFGEZHOUBALOCKTHETURBULENCEINDUCEDEXPERIMENTALDEVICEWASATANKOFLENGTHOF8METERS,WIDTHOF05METERS,HEIGHTOF06METERSANDTHEBOTTOMSLOPEOF1,WHICHISGLASSSPECIALLYMADEANDGENERALLYCONSISTENTWITHTHEACTUALSITUATIONSTHEFLOWINTOTHETANKANDTHROUGHTHETWOSECTIONSWASDETERMINEDBYREDUCINGTHEACTUALFLOWRATIOOF100TIMES,THEINLETSECTION1WASONBEHALFOFTHEYANGTZERIVER,ANDTHEINLETSECTION2STOODFORTHEHUANGBAIHERIVER,ANDTHEEXPORTSECTIONWASTHELOCKCHAMBER,ASSHOWNINFIGURE1ALONGTHEFLOWDIRECTIONTHREEGORGESUNIVERSITY,SCIENTIFICRESEARCHFOUNDATIONFORTALENTKJ2009B0059781424450893/11/2600?2011IEEEWATERLEVELCHANGESWASSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTEDBYCONDITIONS,ANDTHEBIGGESTCHANGE,BETWEEN248CMAND367CM,APPEAREDATSECTIONA,WHICHISCLOSETOTHEWATERSECTIONFIG5SHOWEDTHAT,FROM90MINTO120MIN,UNDERTHEAFFECTIONOFCONDITIONS,THEWATERLEVELOFEACHWATERSECTIONRISENATFIRSTANDTHENGOTDOWNFIG2CONDITION2STATELEVELLUFFING1520253035404550306090120150180210CMASECTIONBSECTIONCSECTIONDSECTIONFIG3CONDITION3STATELEVELLUFFING1520253035404550306090120150180210CMA斷面BSECTIONCSECTIONDSECTIONFIG4CONDITION4STATELEVELLUFFING1520253035404550CMASECTIONBSECTIONCSECTIONDSECTIONFIG590120MINWATERLEVELLUFFINGCURVE203040503090120210ASECTIONBSECTIONCSECTIONDSECTIONCTHEHYDRODYNAMICFLOWFIELDBYMEASURINGTHEHYDRODYNAMICFLOWPATTERNANDFLOWRATEIN4CONDITIONS,GOTFIG7,8,SHOWINGTHATTHEWATERFLOWINTHECORRIDORSKEPTASPEEDFROM050M/STO060M/S,ANDTHEFLOWWOULDSLOWDOWNANDTURNINTOREFLUXORTURBULENCEWHENTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSTOPPEDⅥONSITEVERIFICATIONAMEASURINGHYDRAULICPARAMETERSUNDERTHEOPERATINGCONDITIONOFTHEGEZHOUBALOCK,THECHAMBER’SHYDRAULICPARAMETERSWEREDISPLAYEDINTABLE3,BYLOCATINGSECTIONSACCORDINGTOFIGURE8,THECHANNELHYDROLOGICALSPEEDWERESHOWNTABLE3GEZHOUBASHIPLOCKHYDRAULICWATERSYSTEMOPERATIONPARAMETERSMEASUREDRELATEDBMEASUREMENTOFWATERLEVELAMPLITUDELAID4WATERLEVELMEASURINGPOINTSASSHOWNINFIGURE8,ACCORDINGTOTHE41DAYSOFCONTINUOUSWATERLEVELMEASUREMENTS,GOTFIGURE9,ANDTHEWATERLEVELAMPLITUDERESULTSWERESHOWNONTABLE4

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簡(jiǎn)介：OBSERVATIONSONMEASURINGTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENDOMESTICACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSANDIASCHRISTOPHERWNOBESUNIVERSITYOFLONDON,ROYALHOLLOWAY,EGHAMHILL,EGHAM,SURREYTW200EX,UNITEDKINGDOMARTICLEINFOKEYWORDSINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGDIFFERENCESRULESVERSUSPRACTICESBIASESINDATAABSTRACTINANEARLIEREDITIONOFTHISJOURNAL,DINGETALUSEDATAINGAAP2001TOASSESSDETERMINANTSANDEFFECTSOFDIFFERENCESBETWEENDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALSTANDARDSTHISPAPEREXAMINESWHETHERTHOSEDATAARESUITABLEFORTHEPURPOSESOFACADEMICRESEARCHBYOUTLININGTHEBIASESANDPARTICULARFEATURESOFGAAP2001THEMAINPROBLEMWITHTHEDATAFORRESEARCHISTHATTHEDIFFERENCESFROMIASTHATITRECORDS,WHICHFOCUSONRULES,AREOFVARYINGIMPORTANCEFORACCOUNTINGPRACTICETHISRAISESQUESTIONSABOUTTHEEQUALWEIGHTINGAPPLIEDBYDINGETALTHISPAPERALSOQUESTIONSTHEIRDISTINCTIONBETWEENABSENCEOFIASREQUIREMENTSANDDIVERGENCEFROMTHOSEREQUIREMENTSSOMEDOUBTSAREALSORAISEDABOUTTHEINDEPENDENTVARIABLES?2009ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONDINGETAL2007USETHEDATAOFNOBES2001INORDERTOASSESSTHEDETERMINANTSANDEFFECTSOFDIFFERENCESBETWEENDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSIASMANYOTHERAUTHORS1REFERTOTHESAMEDATAFORVARIOUSPURPOSESASDINGETALREPORT,THEDATARELATETOTHEACCOUNTINGRULESINFORCEATTHEENDOF2001IN62COUNTRIES,OFWHICHTHEYCHOOSE30COUNTRIESTHEORIGINALDATAFOREACHCOUNTRYWEREDIVIDEDINTOFOURCATEGORIESABSENCEOFRECOGNITION/MEASUREMENTRULESCOMPAREDTOIAS,ABSENCEOFDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTS,INCONSISTENCIESINRULESCOMPAREDTOIASAFFECTINGMANYENTERPRISES,ANDINCONSISTENCIESAFFECTINGCERTAINENTERPRISESDINGETALADDTHEFIRSTTWOCATEGORIESTOGETHERAS‘‘ABSENCE”,ANDTHESECONDTWOAS‘‘DIVERGENCE”02784254/SEEFRONTMATTER?2009ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJACCPUBPOL200901003TEL441784276213FAX441784276100EMAILADDRESSCHRISNOBESRHULACUK1GOOGLESCHOLARACCESSEDON7SEPTEMBER2007SHOWS549RESULTSFOR‘‘GAAP2001NOBES”,MOSTOFWHICHAREFORTHISPUBLICATIONJACCOUNTPUBLICPOLICY282009148–153CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTJACCOUNTPUBLICPOLICYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JACCPUBPOLWHETHERDEJUREDIFFERENCESTHATARENOTDEFACTODIFFERENCESSHOULDBESETASIDEDEPENDSUPONTHEPURPOSEOFTHERESEARCHADISCUSSIONOFTHISISSUEBYFUTURERESEARCHERSWOULDBEHELPFULINTHECONTEXTOFDINGETALITWOULDBEWORTHDISCUSSINGWHETHERGOODQUALITYREPORTINGNEEDSGOODQUALITYREGULATIONORWHETHERGOODREPORTINGCANDEVELOPWITHOUTGOODREGULATIONIFASTRONGEQUITYMARKETDEMANDSITIFTHELATTERISTHECASE,THENASTUDYOFDEJUREDIFFERENCESFROMIASISLESSRELEVANT23ANIASBIASTHEGAAP2001DATAWEREBASEDONLOOKINGATACCOUNTINGRULESFROMONEDIRECTIONTHECONTENTOFIASSO,IFANATIONALSYSTEMHADMORERULESORMORERESTRICTIVERULESTHANIASHAD,THISDIDNOTSHOWUPFOREXAMPLE,USGAAPCOVEREDMANYISSUESONWHICHIASWASSILENTEGOILANDGASACCOUNTINGANDUKGAAPDIDNOTALLOWLIFOWHEREASIASDIDSINCETHESETYPESOFDIFFERENCEARENOTCOVEREDBYGAAP2001,THEYWERENOTINCLUDEDBYDINGETALASTHEYNOTEINTHEIRAPPENDIXAIFTHESEDIFFERENCESWEREINCLUDED,ITWOULDMAKETHEUSANDTHEUKLOOKMOREDIFFERENTFROMIASTHANTHE‘‘ABSENCE”AND‘‘DIVERGENCE”MEASURESSUGGEST,BUTITWOULDNOTMUCHAFFECTTHEPOSITIONOFTHENETHERLANDS,WHERETHERULESWEREGENERALLYLESSDETAILEDORLESSRESTRICTIVETHANIAS24111TOPICSBUT79SURVEYQUESTIONSDINGETALINAPPENDIXANOTICETHATSOMETOPICSINTHESURVEYDONOTCORRESPONDWITHTHEORIGINALSURVEYQUESTIONSASKEDTHISISBECAUSETHESURVEYRESULTSWEREPREPAREDAFTERANINTERACTIVEPROCESSFIRST,IPREPAREDTHEQUESTIONSBYANALYSINGTHEWHOLEOFIAS,ASSESSINGWHICHWEREITSKEYREQUIREMENTSCOUNTRYTEAMSOFSENIORTECHNICALSTAFFREPLIEDTOTHEQUESTIONSIASKEDFORCLARIFICATIONS,OFTENDISPUTINGCOUNTRYANSWERSSOMETIMES,NEWISSUESTURNEDUPCONSENSUSWASEVENTUALLYREACHED,ANDTHECOUNTRYTEAMSSIGNEDOFFONTHELISTSOFDIFFERENCESTHISALSOEXPLAINSANOTHERFEATUREOFGAAP2001UPONWHICHDINGETALCOMMENTTHATTHECOUNTRYLISTSOFDIFFERENCESARENOTINEXACTLYTHEORDEROFTHEORIGINALQUESTIONSTHEYAREBROADLYINTHEORDEROFICONSOLIDATIONISSUES,IIASSETS,ANDIIILIABILITIESHOWEVER,ANEXACTORDERISLESSIMPORTANTIFTHEREISNOINTENTIONTOCOMPARECOUNTRIESINCIDENTALLY,RESEARCHERSUSINGOTHERDATAMIGHTCONSIDERCONTACTINGTHEPREPARERSOFTHEDATAINORDERTOASKQUESTIONSSUCHASTHESE25RESPONDENTBEHAVIORANOTHERPOSSIBLEBIASINTHEDATAISBEHAVIORALSOMECOUNTRIESLIKETOBESEENTOBE‘‘INTERNATIONAL”ANDTHEREFORETOBECOMPLYINGWITHIASTHISINCLUDESMANYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESBYCONTRAST,IN2001BEFORETHEENRON/ANDERSENDEBACLE,THEUSWASEMPHASIZINGTHATITSACCOUNTINGWASDIFFERENTFROMIEBETTERTHANIASEGBLOOMER,1999THEREWASTHUSPRESSUREFROMSOMECOUNTRIESTOMINIMIZETHELISTOFDIFFERENCESANDFROMAFEWOTHERSTOMAXIMIZEITIBELIEVETHATWEDIDNOTGIVEWAYINTHEFORMERCASE,BUTREADERSOFTHEUSENTRYINGAAP2001MIGHTNOTICETHATSOMEOFTHE‘‘DIVERGENCE”FROMIASISABSTRUSE,MEANINGTHATUSDIVERGENCEISEXAGGERATED3METHODOLOGYTHISSECTIONCONTAINSSOMESPECIFICOBSERVATIONSONTHEPAPERBYDINGETAL2007,UNDERTHREEHEADINGS31ADDITIVITYDINGETALNEEDTOADDITEMSTOGETHERSOASTOCREATESCORESFORCOUNTRIESINORDERTOPERFORMNUMERICALANALYSESINGAAP2001,WERESISTEDTHETEMPTATIONTOADDITEMSTOGETHERBECAUSETHEITEMSARECLEARLYOFDIFFERINGIMPORTANCETHEABOVESECTIONS22AND25MENTIONSOMEEXAMPLESOFTHISIT150CWNOBES/JACCOUNTPUBLICPOLICY282009148–153

簡(jiǎn)介：ENERGYANDPOWERENGINEERING,2012,4,107116HTTP//DXDOIORG/104236/EPE201243015PUBLISHEDONLINEMAY2012HTTP//WWWSCIRPORG/JOURNAL/EPE107MODELINGANDCURRENTPROGRAMMEDCONTROLOFABIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGEDCDCCONVERTERSHAHABHAMOGHADDAM,AHMADAYATOLLAHI,ABDOLREZARAHMATISCHOOLOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,IRANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,TEHRAN,IRANEMAILSHAHABHMOGHADDAMGMAILCOM,{AYATOLLAHI,RAHMATI}IUSTACIRRECEIVEDFEBRUARY7,2012REVISEDFEBRUARY28,2012ACCEPTEDMARCH16,2012ABSTRACTMODELLINGOFBIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGEDCDCCONVERTERASONEOFTHEMOSTAPPLICABLECONVERTERSHASRECEIVEDSIGNIFICANTATTENTIONMATHEMATICALMODELLINGREDUCESTHESIMULATIONTIMEINCOMPARISONWITHDETAILEDCIRCUITRESPONSEMOREOVERITISCONVENIENTFORCONTROLLERDESIGNPURPOSEDUETOSIMPLEANDEFFECTIVEMETHODOLOGY,AVERAGESTATESPACEISTHEMOSTCOMMONMETHODAMONGTHEMODELLINGMETHODSINTHISPAPERABIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGECONVERTERISMODELLEDBYAVERAGESTATESPACEANDFOREACHMODEOFOPERATIONSACONTROLLERISDESIGNEDATTAINEDMATHEMATICALMODELRESULTSAREINACLOSEAGREEMENTWITHDETAILEDCIRCUITSIMULATIONKEYWORDSAVERAGESTATESPACEBIDIRECTIONALDETAILEDCIRCUITSIMULATIONFULLBRIDGEDCDCCONVERTERMATHEMATICALMODELING1INTRODUCTIONMODELINGOFDCDCCONVERTERASONEOFTHEMOSTAPPLICABLEINDUSTRIALCONVERTERSHASAROUSEDALOTOFINTERESTSINCEMODELINGGIVESUSINFORMATIONABOUTSTATICANDDYNAMICOFTHESYSTEM,ITISACRUCIALFACTORINDESIGNANDCONTROLMOREOVER,ATTAINEDMATHEMATICALMODELCANREDUCETHESIMULATIONTIMEINCOMPARISONWITHTHESIMULATIONTIMEPROVIDEDBY“CYCLEBYCYCLE”SOLVINGTHEDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSOFTHECIRCUIT,ASISTHECASEINMATLAB/SIMULINKWITHRESPECTTORENEWABLEENERGYSYSTEMSANDOPTIMUMUSEOFREGENERATEDENERGY,INTERFACECONVERTERSSHOULDBECAPABLEOFTRANSFERRINGPOWERINBOTHDIRECTIONSSOBIDIRECTIONALDCDCCONVERTERSBDCAREONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINTERFACESTHATHAVEAPPLICATIONSSUCHASHYBRIDORELECTRICALVEHICLES1,AEROSPACESYSTEMS2,TELECOMMUNICATIONS,SOLARCELLS,BATTERYCHARGERS3,DCMOTORDRIVECIRCUITS4,UNINTERRUPTABLEPOWERSUPPLIES57,ETCSOFARMANYBDCSTOPOLOGIESHAVEBEENINTRODUCEDANDSURVEYED8,9INAPPLICATIONSTHATTRANSFERREDPOWERISMORETHAN750WATTS,FULLBRIDGETOPOLOGYISAPROPERONE10BIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGEFBCONVERTERSHAVEBEENSTUDIEDINMANYPAPERSLIKE1113AGENERALMODELINGMETHODTHATDEVELOPSTHEDISCRETETIMEAVERAGEMODELISPROPOSEDIN12THEOPERATIONPERIODISDIVIDEDTO3INTERVALS,THEEQUIVALENTCIRCUITANDTHEDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSFOREACHINTERVALAREWRITTENINMATRIXFORMAFTERSOLVINGEQUATIONSANDAPPLYINGAPPROXIMATIONOFTAYLOREXPANSION,THEAVERAGINGSTATEVECTORINHALFCYCLEGIVESUSTHEFINALANSWERSINCETIMEDOMAINMETHODEMPLOYSNUMERICALINTEGRATIONTOSOLVEDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSTHEANALYSISISCOMPLICATEDANDCOMPUTATIONALLYINTENSIVEMOREOVERTHEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEDEPENDENCEOFTHECONVERTER’SOPERATINGCONDITIONSONTHECIRCUITPARAMETERSISNOTPROVIDED14REFERENCE13PROPOSESADISCRETESMALLSIGNALMODELWITHTHEAMOUNTOFCONSIDERABLECALCULATION,JUSTTOPREDICTTHEPEAKRESPONSEOFSTATEVECTORSTHEREAREALSOSOMEIDENTIFICATIONBASEDMETHODSLIKENARMAX15,16ANDHAMMERSTEIN17,18TOMODELTHEDCDCCONVERTERHAMMERSTEINMODELINVOLVESOFASTATICNONLINEARITYFOLLOWEDBYALINEARDISCRETETIMEANDTIMEINVARIANTMODEL,BUTIDENTIFICATIONBASEDMETHODSCONSIDERTHESYSTEMASABLACK/GRAYBOX,THEREFORETHEYDONOTPROVIDEANYINSIGHTINTOCIRCUITDETAILSSOMANYREFERENCESUSECIRCUITORIENTEDMETHODSTOMODELTHECONVERTERVORPERIANANDTYMERSKIETAL19,20PROVIDETHECIRCUITSWITCHMODELWITHREPLACINGTHEPWMSWITCHWITHITSEQUIVALENTCIRCUITINORDERTOMODELTHECONVERTERTHISMETHODMAYPOSESOMECOMPLEXITYESPECIALLYINNONBASICTOPOLOGIESANOTHERCIRCUITORIENTEDMETHODTHATISINTRODUCEDBYMIDDLEBROOKANDCUK2123IN1977ISTHEAVERAGESTATESPACEANADVANTAGEOFTHESTATESPACEAVERAGINGMETHODISITSEFFICIENCYCOMPAREDTOTHATOFTHESWITCHEDMODELBECAUSETHEREISNOTANYSWITCHINGFREQUENCYRIPPLEAND,CONSEQUENTLY,THESIMULATIONTIMEREQUIREDBYTHEAVERAGEDMODELISMUCHLOWERTHANREQUIREDBYTHESWITCHEDMODELAMONGALLMETHODSOFCOPYRIGHT?2012SCIRESEPESHAMOGHADDAMETAL109WITHTURNINGOFFTHESWITCHES,NEXTINTERVALSTARTSALTHOUGHTHEEXISTENCEOFLEAKAGEINDUCTANCEPREVENTSTHESWITCHESGOOFFIMMEDIATELYAFTERAPPLYINGGATETURNOFFPULSESANDCONDUCTIONOFSWITCHESWILLCONTINUETHROUGHPARASITICCAPACITORSANDDIODES,BUTITISASSUMEDTHATTHESESUBINTERVALSAREVERYSHORTANDCANBENEGLECTEDINOFFTIME,THESECONDARYSIDEISONLYFEDBYTHEINDUCTORSTOREDENERGY,SOTHEINDUCTORCURRENTDECREASESPROPORTIONALTOOUTPUTVOLTAGENEXTHALFSWITCHINGCYCLEISTHESAME,ANDONLYAPPLIEDVOLTAGEOFHVSIDEISNEGATIVETHATISRECTIFIEDINLVSIDE3SMALLSIGNALMODELINGUSINGAVERAGESTATESPACEEMPLOYINGAVERAGESTATESPACEMETHODISDIVIDEDINTOTHREEPHASES1WITHRESPECTTOSWITCHCONDITIONS,THECIRCUITISDIVIDEDINTODIFFERENTSUBINTERVALSANDSTATEEQUATIONSAREWRITTENINTHEMATRIXFORMINEACHINTERVALSTATEVECTORSAREDEFINEDASINDUCTORSCURRENTSANDCAPACITORSVOLTAGES2AVERAGEDEQUATIONSAREFORMEDBYTAKINGWEIGHTEDAVERAGEOFSTATEEQUATIONSOFEACHINTERVAL3AVERAGEDEQUATIONSAREWRITTENINDIFFERENTIALFORMTHENLINEARIZATIONISDONEBYPERTURBINGVARIABLESEMPLOYINGLAPLACETRANSFORMANDOMITTINGADDITIONALACANDDCTERMSONLYFIRSTORDERACTERMS,NEEDEDTRANSFERFUNCTIONSAREACHIEVEDFORSIMPLICITYOFMODELINGTHEFOLLOWINGASSUMPTIONSCANBEEMPLOYED?SWITCHESAREIDEAL,THEREISNOPARASITICEFFECTINSWITCHES?INDUCTORHASNORESISTANCE?TRANSFORMERISIDEALANDTHEREARENOLEAKAGEANDMAGNETIZINGINDUCTANCES?FI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簡(jiǎn)介：PRESENTEDATSPIESMARTSTRUCTURESANDMATERIALSSYMPOSIUM,INDUSTRIALANDCOMMERCIALAPPLICATIONSOFSMARTSTRUCTURESTECHNOLOGY,SANDIEGO,MARCH2003,PAPERNO5054111DESIGNANDTESTINGOFPIEZOELECTRICHYDRAULICACTUATORSJASONELINDLER,ANDERICHANDERSONCSAENGINEERINGINC,2565LEGHORNST,MOUNTAINVIEW,CA94043MARCEREGELBRUGGERHOMBUSCONSULTANTSGROUP,2565LEGHORNST,MOUNTAINVIEW,CA94043ABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESDESIGNMETHODOLOGIESFORCONSTRUCTIONOFANACTUATORTHATUSESSMARTMATERIALSTOPROVIDEHYDRAULICFLUIDPOWERINTHECLASSOFACTUATORSDESCRIBED,HYDRAULICFLUIDDECOUPLESTHEOPERATINGFREQUENCYOFTHEOUTPUTCYLINDERFROMTHEDRIVEFREQUENCYOFTHEPIEZOELECTRICOROTHERSMARTMATERIALTHISDECOUPLINGALLOWSTHEPIEZOELECTRICTOBEDRIVENATHIGHFREQUENCY,TOEXTRACTTHEMAXIMUMAMOUNTOFENERGYFROMTHEMATERIAL,ANDTHEHYDRAULICCYLINDERTOBEDRIVENATLOWFREQUENCIESTOPROVIDELONGSTROKEHOWEVER,DUETOFLUIDCOMPRESSIBILITYANDSTRUCTURALCOMPLIANCE,THEFUNDAMENTALIMPEDANCEMATCHBETWEENTHEFLUIDANDTHEPIEZOELECTRICMAKEITDIFFICULTTOCONVERTENERGYFROMTHEPIEZOELECTRICINTOPRESSURIZEDHYDRAULICFLUIDFLOWTHEBASICDESIGNTRADEOFFSANDMAJORTECHNICALISSUESAREDISCUSSEDINTHEAREASOFMATERIALS,MECHANICALDESIGN,ANDFLUIDMECHANICALINTERFACEPROTOTYPEDEVICESANDCOMPONENTMEASUREMENTSAREPRESENTEDTESTMETHODSAREDESCRIBED,ANDTESTRESULTSQUANTIFYINGPUMPPRESSUREANDFLOW,ANDACTUATORFORCEANDVELOCITYARESUMMARIZEDTHESERIESOFTESTSSHOWTHEPOTENTIALOFTHESEDEVICESFORHIGHFORCELONGSTROKEDEVICESPOWEREDBYSMARTMATERIALSKEYWORDSPIEZOELECTRICS,SMARTMATERIALS,PIEZOHYDRAULIC,ACTUATION,POWERBYWIRE,PUMPSINTRODUCTIONSMARTMATERIALSSUCHASPIEZOELECTRICS,MAGNETOSTRICTIVESANDELECTROSTRICTIVESHAVEALONGHISTORYOFUSEINPRECISIONCONTROLAPPLICATIONSBECAUSEOFTHEIRLIMITEDSHAPECHANGECAPABILITY,THESEMATERIALSARENOTNORMALLYUSEDINACTUATORSREQUIRINGLARGELINEARMOTIONOVERTHELASTSEVERALDECADESTHEREHAVEBEENDOZENSOFDESIGNSTHATACHIEVEINCREASEDMOTIONFROMSMARTMATERIALCORESBYVARIOUSTECHNIQUESAMONGTHECOMMONONESAREMECHANICALAMPLIFICATIONORTRANSFORMATION,FOREXAMPLETHOSEUSINGLEVERANDPIVOTS,1ANDSTEPANDREPEATTYPES,FOREXAMPLETHEINCHWORM?2MORERECENTLY,RESEARCHERSHAVERECOGNIZEDTHEPOTENTIALOFINTEGRATINGSMARTMATERIALSANDFLUIDS,MAKINGTHEPUMPAFUNDAMENTALELEMENTTOBEEXPLOITEDFORLINEARACTUATION38THISNEWERAPPROACHHOLDSPROMISEFORHIGHPOWERACTUATIONWITHLONGSTROKETHEPIEZOELECTRICHYDRAULICOR“PIEZOHYDRAULIC”ACTUATIONBRINGSADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESCOMPAREDTOOTHERTYPESOFACTUATION,INCLUDINGCONVENTIONALSERVOHYDRAULICANDVARIOUSELECTROMAGNETICTYPES9THEPRIMARYADVANTAGECOMPAREDTOTRADITIONALHYDRAULICSISTHEPOWERBYWIREASPECT,IETHEELIMINATIONOFHYDRAULICDISTRIBUTIONLINESCOMPAREDTOELECTROMAGNETICMETHODSINCLUDINGMOTORDRIVENBALLSCREWS,THEPIEZOHYDRAULICACTUATIONPROVIDESTHEHIGHFORCEOFHYDRAULICSANDAPOTENTIALLYMORERAPIDRESPONSETIMETHENEWCLASSOFACTUATORSHASDISADVANTAGESCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALHYDRAULICSINTHEAREASOFHEATDISTRIBUTIONANDTOLERANCEFORFLUIDLOSSCOMPAREDTOELECTROMAGNETICACTUATORS,THENEWCLASS,DESPITETHESMALLAMOUNTOFFLUIDUSED,STILLREQUIRESBOTHELECTRICALANDHYDRAULICINTEGRATIONMANYOFTHESEFEATURESOFPIEZOHYDRAULICACTUATIONARECOMMONTOELECTROHYDROSTATICACTUATORSEHAS,SUCHASTHOSEUSEDONTHEJOINTSTRIKEFIGHTERWHEREPIEZOHYDRAULICACTUATIONHASAPOTENTIALADVANTAGEOVEROTHEREHASISINTHEENERGYDENSITYOFTHEPIEZOELECTRICMATERIALITSELFEXTRACTINGTHISENERGYISADIFFICULTTASK,ANDTHISPAPERATTEMPTSTODESCRIBESOMEOFTHEMANYCHALLENGESINACURRENTDEVELOPMENTEFFORTTHEOVERALLDESIGNGOALISTOCONVERTPOWERINPUTFROMAPIEZOELECTRICSTACKELEMENT,THROUGHVARIOUSSTAGES,TOMECHANICALPOWERDELIVEREDBYANACTUATOROUTPUTCYLINDERTOANEXTERNALLOADTHEDESIGNSTARTSWITHTHEPIEZOELECTRICSMARTMATERIAL,EXTENDSTOTHEPIEZOELECTRICFLUIDINTERFACE,THROUGHVALVES,ANDFINALLYTOTHEOUTPUTCYLINDERELECTRONICDRIVEOFTHEACTUATORISALSOACONSIDERATION,THOUGHITISDISCUSSEDELSEWHERE9LIKEMANYSYSTEMS,THEOVERALLDESIGNISANINTEGRATEDANDITERATIVEONE,WHEREINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSCANBEDESIGNED,BUTTHENREQUIREREDESIGNTOWORKWELLWITHOTHERSUBSYSTEMSTESTINGATTHECOMPONENT,SUBSYSTEMANDSYSTEMLEVELAIDSINPRESENTEDATSPIESMARTSTRUCTURESANDMATERIALSSYMPOSIUM,INDUSTRIALANDCOMMERCIALAPPLICATIONSOFSMARTSTRUCTURESTECHNOLOGY,SANDIEGO,MARCH2003,PAPERNO5054112THISPROCESSTESTSCANBECONDUCTEDTOCHARACTERIZEINDIVIDUALELEMENTS,THEIRINTERACTION,ANDTHEIRCOLLABORATIONMEASUREMENTANDMAXIMIZATIONOFTOTALMECHANICALOUTPUTOFTHEDEVICEFORCE,VELOCITY,ORPOWERISTHEULTIMATEGOALTHEREMAINDEROFTHEPAPERDESCRIBESBASICCONCEPTSINSOLIDFLUIDACTUATION,ILLUSTRATINGOPERATIONANDHIGHLIGHTINGLIMITATIONSTHEACTUATORDESIGNCONCEPTISPRESENTEDNEXT,ANDVARIOUSKEYSUBSYSTEMSAREDESCRIBEDIMPORTANTPROPERTIESOFPIEZOELECTRICSFORTHISAPPLICATIONARECONSIDEREDDESIGNOFTHEPRESSURIZATIONCHAMBERISADDRESSEDANDPROTOTYPEDEVICESAREDESCRIBEDTHEVARIOUSTESTAPPROACHES,FORPARTIALORCOMPLETEDEVICECHARACTERIZATION,AREENUMERATED,WITHTHEVALUEOFEACHISHIGHLIGHTEDTHEPAPERCONCLUDESWITHTESTRESULTSANDINTERPRETATIONFORMULTIPLEGENERATIONSOFPIEZOHYDRAULICDEVICESSOLIDFLUIDHYBRIDACTUATIONINMOREGENERALTERMS,PIEZOELECTRICHYDRAULICORSMARTMATERIALHYDRAULICACTUATIONCANBETERMED“SOLIDFLUIDHYBRID”ACTUATIONENERGYSENTTOTHESMARTMATERIALPRODUCESPRESSURIZEDFLUIDTHENMECHANICALVALVESRECTIFYTHEOSCILLATINGFLUIDPRESSURETOCREATEPRESSURIZEDFLUIDFLOWW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簡(jiǎn)介：EUROPEANOFOPERATIONALRESEARCHELSEVIEREUROPEANJOURNALOFOPERATIONALRESEARCH1011997419429INVITEDREVIEWSUPPLYCHAINPARTNERSHIPSOPPORTUNITIESFOROPERATIONSRESEARCHMICHAELJMALONI,WCBENTONDEPARTMENTOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCES,MAX31FISHERCOLLEGEOFBUSINESS,THEOHIOSTATEUT,ITERSITY,302HAGERTYTTALL,1775COLLEGEROAD,COLUMBUS,0TT43210,USARECEIVED1AUGUST1996REVISEDLFEBRUARY1997ABSTRACTAMATURINGSTREAMOFRECENTCONCEPTUALLITERATUREHASFOCUSEDUPONSUPPLYCHAINPARTNERSHIPSTHEORETICALLYWITHINASUPPLYCHAINPARTNERSHIP,TRADITIONALCOMPETITIVEBARRIERSBETWEENSUPPLYCHAINMEMBERSAREMITIGATEDTOCREATEMUTUALLYBENEFICIALRELATIONSHIPS,THUSLEADINGTOINCREASEDINFORMATIONFLOWS,REDUCEDUNCERTAINTY,ANDAMOREPROFITABLESUPPLYCHAINDESPITEEXTENSIVECONCEPTUALBASEDSUPPLYCHAINLITERATURE,VERYFEWRESEARCHERSHAVEATTEMPTEDAMORERIGOROUSANALYTICALAPPROACHTOSUPPLYCHAINISSUESTHISPAPERSEEKSTOPROVIDEAREVIEWOFSUPPLYCHAINRESEARCHFROMBOTHTHEQUALITATIVECONCEPTUALANDANALYTICALOPERATIONSRESEARCHPERSPECTIVESTHEEXPANDINGIMPORTANCEOFSUPPLYCHAININTEGRATIONPRESENTSACHALLENGETOOPERATIONSRESEARCHERSTOFOCUSMOREATTENTIONONSUPPLYCHAINMODELING,ANDTHEREARENUMEROUSOPPORTUNITIESFOROPERATIONSRESEARCHERSTOPROVIDESUPPORTFORTHECURRENTCONCEPTUALBASEDSUPPLYCHAINRESEARCH?91997ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVKERORDSPURCHASINGSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTPARTNERSHIPSLOGISTICSSYSTEMSLOGISTICSMODELINGENVIRONMENTALISSUESOPERATIONSRESEARCH1INTRODUCTIONOVERTHEPAST20YEARS,AMERICANANDEUROPEANMANUFACTURINGFIRMSHAVEFACEDINTENSIFIEDGLOBALCOMPETITIONDRIVENBYASOPHISTICATEDANDMOREDEMANDINGCONSUMERONCEINTERNATIONALLY,UNPARALLELEDINMANUFACTURINGCAPABILITY,AMERICANANDEUROPEANFIRMSHAVESUCCUMBEDTOLOWERCOST,HIGHERQUALITYCOMPETITIONPRIMARILYFROMTHEPACIFICRIMFIRMSTHATHAVEINTRODUCEDNEWMODEMPRODUCTIONPHILOSOPHIESTOACHIEVEATIGHTERCONTROLANDSMOOTHERFLOWOFMANUFACTURINGBEHINDTHEIRPARADIGMLIKEFAX16142921272EMAILBENTONLOSUEDUCHANGES,THEPACIFICRIMFIRMSHAVEBEENABLETOIMPROVEPRODUCTQUALITYANDPRODUCTIONEFFICIENCYWHILECUTTINGLEADTIMESANDCOSTSANSARI,1986,FORCINGTHEIRAMERICANANDEUROPEANCOUNTERPARTSTORETHINKANDREDESIGNTHEIRPRODUCTIONPROCESSESRECENTSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATAMERICANANDEUROPEANFIRMSWILLBECHALLENGEDEVERMOREINTENSELYINTHENEXT20YEARSTOCOME,ANDSUBSEQUENTLY,AGREATDEALOFLITERATUREHASATTEMPTEDTOAPPLYPACIFICRIMDEVELOPEDMANUFACTURINGCONCEPTSTOAMERICANANDEUROPEANPROCESSESMODEMMANUFACTURINGPHILOSOPHIESHAVEFORCEDANEVOLUTIONOFTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENBUYERSANDSUPPLIERSONCETRADITIONALLYDRIVENBYPURECOMPETITION,THESUPPLYCHAINFORMANYSUCCESSFULASIANFIRMSHASMATUREDFROMANADVERSARIALRELATIONSHIPTO03772217/97/S1700?91997ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0377221797001185MJMALONI,WCBENTONEUROPEANJOTRNALOFOPERATIONALRESEARCH1011997419429421FUNCTIONALINDEPENDENCEBAAAABR?9S?9?9?9SFUNCTIONALINTEGRATION8AAERTR“IER?9S?9INTERNALINTEGRATION13BRMATERIALSFI?9EXTERNALINTEGRATIONSUPPLYCHNPANERSHLPSFIGLSTAGESININTRAANDINTERFIRMINTEGRATIONSOURCESTEVENS1989INMAN1993FOUNDTHATTHETWOPRIMARYFACTORSINEMULATIONOFASIANPRODUCTIONTECHNIQUESAREREDUCEDVENDORLOTSIZESANDSINGLESOURCINGOTHERRESEARCHERSPROCLAIMTHATSINGLESOURCINGISNOTASWIDESPREADINJAPANASBELIEVEDANDTHATMANYPACIFICRIMMANUFACTURERSACTUALLYEXERCISEASINGLE/DUALHYBRIDAPPROACHHINES,1995LIKEWISE,NEWMAN1989ALSOPROMOTESDUALOVERSINGLESOURCINGTOREDUCETHEPOTENTIALFORPOWERINFLUENCETHEMAJORISSUEREMAINSTHATACLOSERRELATIONSHIPWITHSUPPLIERSSANCTIONSAREDUCEDNUMBEROFSUPPLIERSGRAHAMETAL,1994EMSHWILLER1991FOUNDANINCREASEDTENDENCYTOWARDASMALLERSUPPLIERBASEINTHEUNITEDSTATES,ANDASANEXAMPLEOFSUCH,CHRYSLERDEVELOPEDTHEIRLHLINEWITHAPPROXIMATELY200SUPPLIERSVERSUSTHETYPICAL600TO700RAIA,1993THEOBJECTIVEOFADRASTICALLYREDUCEDSUPPLIERBASEPRECLUDESSUPPLIERALLIANCESASAFIRMMUSTACCEPTDEPENDENCEUPONFEWERSUPPLIERSBEFORETHEYCANINTERNALIZELEGITIMATESUPPLIERPARTNERSHIPS3SUPPLIERPARTNERSHIPSCEPTOFREDUCINGTHESUPPLIERBASEWHICHLEADSTOANABATEMENTOFADVERSARIALATTITUDES,LOWERSWITCHINGCOSTS,ANDDECREASEDSHIPPINGERRORSTHEASSOCIATIONWITHAREDUCEDSUPPLIERBASECANALSOLEADTOQUANTITYANDRELATIONSHIPBASEDDISCOUNTSASWELLASADECREASEDCOSTOFQUALITYTRELEVEN,1987BARTHOLOMEW,1984SOMERESEARCHERSARGUETHATIMPLEMENTATIONOFMANYNEWMANUFACTURINGTECHNIQUESNECESSITATESAREDUCTIONINTHENUMBEROFSUPPLIERSBROWNANDBYREDUCINGTHEIRSUPPLIERBASES,MANUFACTURERSWILLBEABLETOTAKEADVANTAGEOFPARTNERSHIPSWITHTHEIRSUPPLIERSAHARVARDBUSINESSSCHOOLSTUDYCONCLUDEDTHATAKEYDRIVERINTHEDECLINEOFUSCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETPLACEHASORIGINATEDFROMINVESTINGLESSININTANGIBLEBENEFITSSUCHASSUPPLIERRELATIONSMACBETHANDFERGUSON,1994TRADITIONALLY,USFIRMSHAVEBASEDTHEIRDRIVEFORSUCCESSONAUTONOMYANDHAVEVIEWEDCOMPETITIONASADARWINISTICKEEPEROFAMERICANANDTABLE1DISCRETEVERSUSRELATIONALBUSINESSSTRATEGIESCONTRACTURALDISCRETEORIENTATIONRELATIONALORIENTATIONDURATIONONETIMECOMMUNICATIONVERYLITTLE,JUSTENOUGHFORTHETRANSACTIONTRANSFERABILITYSWITCHPARTIESCOMPLETELYTRANSFERABLEMANAGEMENTSUPPORTLOWATTITUDESOLEYPROFITFOCUSVISIBILITYLOWPLANNINGANDGOALSINDIVIDUAL,SHORTTERMBENEFITSANDRISKSINDIVIDUALPROBLEMSOLVINGPOWERDRIVENLONGTERMCOMPLEX,TWOWAYSHARINGEXTREMELYDIFFICULTTOTRANSFEREXTENSIVE,SINCEREOPEN,TRUSTING,COOPERATIVETTIGHJOINT,LONGTERMSHARED,MUTUALMUTUAL,JUDIC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