簡(jiǎn)介：5800英文單詞，英文單詞，3萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文9600字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處WALKERPD,ZHANGN,TAMBARCONTROLOFGEARSHIFTSINDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONPOWERTRAINSJMECHANICALSYSTEMSANDSIGNALPROCESSING,2011,25619231936CONTROLOFGEARSHIFTSINDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONPOWERTRAINSPAULDWALKER,NONGZHANG,RICHARDTAMBAABSTRACTTOACHIEVETHEBESTPOSSIBLERESPONSESDURINGSHIFTINGINDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONSITISCOMMONPLACETOINTEGRATECLUTCHANDENGINECONTROL,WHILETHECLUTCHISUSEDTOMATCHSPEEDSBETWEENTHEENGINEANDWHEELSVIAREDUCTIONGEARS,POORENGINECONTROLCANLEADTOEXTENDEDENGAGEMENTTIMESANDROUGH/HARSHSHIFTTRANSIENTSTHISPAPERPROPOSESAMETHODFORCOMBINEDSPEEDANDTORQUECONTROLOFVEHICLEPOWERTRAINSWITHDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONSFORBOTHTHEENGINEANDCLUTCHESTHEVEHICLEPOWERTRAINISMODELLEDASASIMPLEFOURDEGREEOFFREEDOMSYSTEMWITHREDUCTIONGEARSANDTWOCLUTCHESINCLUDINGADETAILEDCLUTCHHYDRAULICMODEL,COMPRISINGOFTHEDIRECTACTINGSOLENOIDSANDCLUTCHPISTONWITHTHEHYDRAULICFLUIDMODELLEDASACOMPRESSIBLEFLUIDPOWERTRAINCONTROLISREALISEDTHROUGHCONTROLOFCLUTCHSOLENOIDSANDMANIPULATIONOFTHEENGINETHROTTLEINPUTSENSITIVITYSTUDYOFCLUTCHPERFORMANCEEVALUATINGINACCURATETORQUEESTIMATIONDEMONSTRATEDVARIANCEINTHERESPONSEOFTHEHYDRAULICSYSTEM,WITHANINDICATIVESIMULATIONOFPOORESTIMATIONRESULTINGININCREASEDPOWERTRAINVIBRATIONDURINGANDAFTERSHIFTINGSIMULATIONSARECONDUCTEDTODEMONSTRATETHECAPACITYFORTHISMETHODOFENGINEANDCLUTCHCONTROLTOFURTHERREDUCESHIFTTRANSIENTSDEVELOPEDINDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONPOWERTRAINSTHEOBTAINEDRESULTSALSOSHOWTHATTHEADOPTIONOFTORQUEBASEDCONTROLTECHNIQUESFORBOTHTHECLUTCHANDENGINE,WHICHMAKESUSEOFTHEESTIMATEDTARGETCLUTCHTORQUE,SIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVESTHEPOWERTRAINRESPONSEASARESULTOFREDUCTIONINTHELOCKUPDISCONTINUITIESKEYWORDSDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONPOWERTRAINHYDRAULICSCONTROLVIBRATION1INTRODUCTIONTHECOMBINATIONOFENGINEANDCLUTCHCONTROLINMODERNAUTOMATEDVEHICULARPOWERTRAINSAIMSTODELIVERTRACTIVEDRIVINGTORQUETOTHEROADDURINGSHIFTTRANSIENTSINAMANNERPROVIDINGHIGHEFFICIENCYANDEXCELLENTRIDEQUALITYWHILEGOODSYSTEMDESIGNCANMAXIMISETHESEREQUIREMENTSFORGENERALDRIVING,ITISTHEENGINEANDTRANSMISSIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,INCLUDINGCLUTCHHYDRAULICS,WHICHMUSTPROVIDEIDEALCONTROLOFCLUTCHANDENGINESPEEDSANDTORQUESTOACHIEVETHEBESTPOSSIBLERESULTSDURINGTHESHIFTPERIODTHISISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTFORSTEPPEDTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMSSUCHASPLANETARYAUTOMATICSATANDDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONSWHERECONTROLOFBOTHSPEEDANDTORQUECONTROLISREQUIREDTOMINIMISESHIFTTRANSIENTSTHESETRANSIENTSARETHERESULTOFTHREEDIFFERENTDISCONTINUITIESOFSPEED,TORQUE,ANDINERTIACHANGESPRESENTINTHEPOWERTRAINDURINGSHIFTINGBYMINIMISINGEACHOFTHESETHREEDISCONTINUITIESTHETRANSIENTRESPONSEOFTHEPOWERTRAINCANBEREDUCEDBOTHTHESPEEDANDTORQUEOFTHEENGINEANDCLUTCHESCANBECONTROLLEDUSINGDIFFERENTMETHODSTOSATISFYTHENEEDFORBALANCINGOFSPEEDANDTORQUETHENATUREOFTHEDCTPOWERTRAIN,HOWEVER,REQUIRESTHESTEPPEDCHANGEININERTIAOFTHEPOWERTRAINDURINGSHIFTING,WHICHCANNOTBEEASILYREDUCEDWITHOUTREDUCINGTHEDIFFERENCESINCONSECUTIVEGEARRATIOSTHERESPONSESOFAVEHICLEPOWERTRAINRESULTINGFROMTHECONTROLOFBOTHSPEEDANDTORQUEARETHEREFORETHEFOCUSOFTHISWORK,REQUIRINGDETAILEDMODELSOFCLUTCHHYDRAULICSANDPOWERTRAINSFORSIMULATIONS21LUMPEDINERTIAMODELTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAREASONABLE4DOFFINITEELEMENTMODELOFTHEDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONPOWERTRAINUSESELEMENTSPROVIDEDFORTHEENGINE,CLUTCHDRUM,TRANSMISSION,ANDVEHICLETHISISSUFFICIENTTOIDENTIFYTHEFIRSTTHREENATURALMODESOFTHECLOSEDSYSTEM,INCLUDINGONERIGIDBODYMODETHESIMPLIFIEDPOWERTRAINISSCHEMATICALLYSHOWNINFIG1WITHCLUTCHESINTHESLIPSTATE,CONSISTENTWITHBOTHCLUTCHESENERGISEDDURINGGENERALSHIFTINGCONDITIONSTHEENGINEINERTIATAKESINPUTINTHEFORMOFENGINETORQUEANDOUTPUTSITTOTHECLUTCHDRUMVIASHAFTSTIFFNESSANDDAMPINGELEMENTTHECLUTCHESARECOUPLEDTODRUMSOTHEREARETWOPOSSIBLETORQUESAVAILABLEASINPUTSTHATTRANSMITTEDFROMTHEENGINEANDCLUTCHDRUM,ASWELLASTWOOUTPUTSTHATDRIVETHEGEARSETEITHERSEPARATELYORSIMULTANEOUSLYTHETRANSMISSIONTRANSFERSTHECLUTCHOUTPUTTORQUESTOTHEPROPELLERSHAFT,WHEREITDRIVESTHEVEHICLEINERTIAWHICHISSUBJECTEDTOVARIOUSLOADSSUCHASAIRDRAGANDROLLINGRESISTANCETHEEQUATIONSOFMOTIONOFTHEOPENMODELAREFIG14DOFMODELOFDCTPOWERTRAINWITHBOTHOPENCLUTCHES

簡(jiǎn)介：DETERMINANTSANDCONSEQUENCESOFINTERNALCONTROLINFIRMSACONTINGENCYTHEORYBASEDANALYSISANNUKKAJOKIPIIPUBLISHEDONLINE8MARCH2009?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLC2009ABSTRACTINORDERTOENSURETHEEFFICIENCYANDEFFECTIVENESSOFACTIVITIES,RELIABILITYOFINFORMATIONANDCOMPLIANCEWITHAPPLICABLELAWS,FIRMSDEMANDADEQUATEINTERNALCONTROLHOWEVER,SEVERALFRAMEWORKSCOSO,COCOETCASSUMETHATTHENEEDFORINTERNALCONTROLVARIESACCORDINGTOAFIRM’SCHARACTERISTICSTHISCONCURSWITHCONTINGENCYTHEORY,WHICHCLAIMSTHATEACHORGANIZATIONHASTOCHOOSETHEMOSTSUITABLECONTROLSYSTEMBYTAKINGINTOACCOUNTCONTINGENCYCHARACTERISTICSTHISSTUDYEXAMINESWHICHCONTINGENCYCHARACTERISTICSFIRMSCHOOSETOADAPTTHEIRINTERNALCONTROLSTRUCTUREANDWHETHERITRESULTSINAMOREFAVORABLEASSESSMENTOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCONTROLBYTHEMANAGEMENTWHILETHECOMPONENTSOFINTERNALCONTROLHAVEBEENEXAMINEDINDIVIDUALLYINTHECONTROLLITERATURE,THISPAPERATTEMPTSTOSHEDLIGHTONINTERNALCONTROLANDPLACEITINABROADERCONTEXTTHERESULTS,DERIVEDFROMAWEBBASEDSURVEYOF741FINNISHFIRMS,INDICATETHATFIRMSADAPTTHEIRINTERNALCONTROLSTRUCTURETODEALWITHENVIRONMENTALUNCERTAINTYANDTOACHIEVEOBSERVEDCONTROLEFFECTIVENESSALSOTHESTRATEGYHASSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONINTERNALCONTROLSTRUCTUREKEYWORDSINTERNALCONTROL?EFFECTIVENESS?CONTINGENCYTHEORY?STRUCTURALEQUATIONMODELING1INTRODUCTIONITISGENERALLYBELIEVEDTHATANINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMREDUCESRISKSANDHELPSFIRMSENSURETHERELIABILITYOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSANDCOMPLIANCEWITHLAWSANDREGULATIONSSPIRAANDPAGE2003SO,ANINCREASINGNUMBEROFBUSINESSFAILURESAJOKIPIICHENHALL2003FISHER1995LUFTANDSHIELDS2003THECONTINGENCYAPPROACHTHEREFOREOFFERSANEXPLANATIONFORTHEVARIETYOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSFOUNDINPRACTICEHOWEVER,CONTINGENCYTHEORYCONSTITUTESANOVELAPPROACHTOSTUDYINGINTERNALCONTROLANDTHUS,THEORETICALFUNDAMENTALSANDCHOSENCHARACTERISTICSAREDERIVEDFROMTHECONTINGENCYBASEDCONTROLLITERATURECONSEQUENTLY,MANAGEMENTCONTROL11INTERNALCONTROLANDMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMSSHARESOMEELEMENTSBUTTHECOMMONALITIESANDDIFFERENCESDEPENDONTHEBREADTHOFTHEDEFINITIONUSEDCHENHALL2003STATESTHATPREVIOUSCONTINGENCYBASEDMANAGEMENTCONTROLRESEARCHFOLLOWSTHECONVENTIONALVIEWTHATPERCEIVESTHEMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMASAPASSIVETOOLDESIGNEDTOASSISTMANAGERS’DECISIONMAKINGAMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMENCOMPASSESAMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMANDALSOINCLUDESOTHERCONTROLSSUCHASPERSONALORCLANCONTROLSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEBROADDEFINITIONOFINTERNALCONTROLDETERMINANTSANDCONSEQUENCESOFINTERNALCONTROLINFIRMS117123

簡(jiǎn)介：3150英文單詞，英文單詞，18500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5750字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處DUNIFONRTHEINFLUENCEOFGRANDPARENTSONTHELIVESOFCHILDRENANDADOLESCENTSJCHILDDEVELOPMENTPERSPECTIVES,2013,7155–60THEINFLUENCEOFGRANDPARENTSONTHELIVESOFCHILDRENANDADOLESCENTSRACHELDUNIFONABSTRACTRECENTTRENDSSUCHASINCREASEDLIFEEXPECTANCY,DECREASESINFAMILYSIZE,ANDTHERISEOFBOTHSINGLEPARENTFAMILIESANDMATERNALEMPLOYMENTINCREASETHEPOTENTIALFORGRANDPARENTSTOPLAYIMPORTANTROLESINTHELIVESOFTHEIRGRANDCHILDRENINTHISARTICLE,IREVIEWRECENTRESEARCHANDDISCUSSDIRECTIONSFORRESEARCHONGRANDPARENTS’INFLUENCEONTHELIVESOFCHILDRENANDADOLESCENTSICONSIDERTHEROLEOFNONRESIDENTIALGRANDPARENTSINCHILDREN’SLIVES,GRANDPARENTS’INFLUENCEINTHREEGENERATIONALFAMILIES,ANDTHEWELLBEINGOFFAMILIESINWHICHGRANDPARENTSARERAISINGTHEIRGRANDCHILDRENRESEARCHREGARDINGTHEINFLUENCEOFNONRESIDENTGRANDPARENTSONCHILDRENISINCONCLUSIVE,WITHSEVERALSTUDIESINDICATINGNOORNEGLIGIBLEROLESFORGRANDPARENTSINSUCHFAMILIESSTUDIESOFTHREEGENERATIONALFAMILIESSUGGESTTHATCHILDRENINSUCHARRANGEMENTSOFTENFAREJUSTASWELLASCHILDRENINMARRIEDFAMILIES,ALTHOUGHTHESEPATTERNSVARYBYRACEFINALLY,NEWRESEARCHHIGHLIGHTSAREASOFNEEDANDSTRENGTHINCUSTODIALGRANDPARENTFAMILIESANDFUTURERESEARCHSEEKSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESEFACTORSRELATETOCHILDREN’SWELLBEINGKEYWORDSGRANDPARENTSGRANDCHILDRENGRANDPARENTSMAYPLAYAMOREIMPORTANTROLEINTHELIVESOFTHEIRGRANDCHILDRENTHANEVERBEFOREINCREASESINLIFEEXPECTANCY,FROMLESSTHAN50YEARSIN1900TOALMOST80YEARSIN2005NATIONALCENTERFORHEALTHSTATISTICS,2010,MEANTHATGRANDPARENTSCANSUSTAINRELATIONSHIPSWITHGRANDCHILDRENTHROUGHOUTCHILDHOODANDINTOYOUNGADULTHOODFAMILYSIZESHAVEDECREASED,MEANINGTHATGRANDPARENTSMAYBEABLETOFOCUSTHEIRATTENTIONONFEWERGRANDCHILDRENUSCENSUSBUREAU,2009FAMILIES’NEEDFORGRANDPARENTS’INVOLVEMENTHASINCREASED,WITHGROWINGNUMBERSOFCHILDRENBEINGRAISEDBYASINGLEPARENTUSCENSUSBUREAU,2011B,INCREASESINMATERNALEMPLOYMENTLEADINGTOANEEDFORCHILDCAREBUREAUOFLABORSTATISTICS,2011,ANDGRANDPARENTSINCREASINGLYSTEPPINGINTORAISECHILDRENWHENTHEIRPARENTSCANNOTBRYSONYORGASONETAL,2011DUNIFONANDBAJRACHARYA2012CONDUCTEDALTERNATIVEANALYSESUSINGPROXIESFORGRANDPARENTINVOLVEMENTTHATWERENOTCORRELATEDWITHCHILDWELLBEING,INCLUDINGTHEDEATHOFAGRANDPARENTOVERALL,THEN,THEREISNOCLEARCONSENSUSONTHEINFLUENCEOFNONRESIDENTGRANDPARENTSONGRANDCHILDREN,ANDREACHINGSUCHACONSENSUSISHINDEREDBYALACKOFCOHERENCEACROSSSTUDIESRESEARCHINTHISAREAWOULDBENEFITFROMASERIESOFCOLLABORATIVESTUDIESTHATUSESIMILARMEASURES,METHODS,ANDOUTCOMESWHENLINKINGGRANDPARENTS’INVOLVEMENTTOCHILDREN’SWELLBEINGTHREEGENERATIONALHOUSEHOLDSTHREEGENERATIONALHOUSEHOLDSCONSISTOFAGRANDCHILD,THECHILD’SPARENTS,ANDONEORMOREGRANDPARENTSIN2011,10OFUSCHILDRENWERELIVINGINSUCHANARRANGEMENTSEVENPERCENTOFWHITECHILDRENLIVEDINSUCHFAMILIES,COMPAREDTO14OFBLACKCHILDREN,13OFHISPANICCHILDREN,AND15OFASIANCHILDRENIN2011,5OFCHILDRENLIVINGWITHMARRIEDPARENTSALSOLIVEDWITHAGRANDPARENT,COMPAREDTO17OFTHOSELIVINGWITHASINGLEMOTHERUSCENSUSBUREAU,2011BRESEARCHONTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHREEGENERATIONALARRANGEMENTSFORCHILDRENHASOFTENFOCUSEDONCHILDRENWHOWEREBORNTOTEENMOTHERSINGENERAL,LIVINGWITHAGRANDMOTHERBENEFITSYOUNGMOTHERS’EDUCATIONUNGERHAOWAKSCHLAG,CHASELANSDALE,BROOKSGUNN,1996HOWEVER,THISMAYBEATTRIBUTABLETOTHEFACTTHATMOTHERSWHOLIVEWITHTHEIRPARENTSTENDTOHAVEFEWERPARENTINGSKILLSTHANTHOSEWHODONOTLIVEWITHTHEIRPARENTSGORDONETAL,2004INDEED,PITTMANANDBOSWELL2008FOUNDTHATLESSEFFECTIVEPARENTINGSTYLESAREFOUNDPRIMARILYAMONGYOUNGERMOTHERSLIVINGINMULTIGENERATIONALHOUSEHOLDS

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簡(jiǎn)介：ANEMBEDDEDSOFTWARERECONFIGURABLECOLORSEGMENTATIONARCHITECTUREFORIMAGEPROCESSINGSYSTEMSGRIGORIOSCHRYSOSA,?,APOSTOLOSDOLLASA,NIKOLAOSBOURBAKISA,BATECHNICALUNIVERSITYOFCRETE,ECEDEPT,CHANIA,CRETE,GREECEBWRIGHTSTATEUNIVERSITY,ENGRCOLLEGEATRCENTER,DAYTON,OH45435,USAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYAVAILABLEONLINE17DECEMBER2011KEYWORDSRECONFIGURABLEARCHITECTURESIMAGESEGMENTATIONEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSABSTRACTIMAGESEGMENTATIONISONEOFTHEFIRSTIMPORTANTANDDIFFICULTSTEPSOFIMAGEANALYSISANDCOMPUTERVISIONANDITISCONSIDEREDASONEOFTHEOLDESTPROBLEMSINMACHINEVISIONLATELY,SEVERALSEGMENTATIONALGORITHMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDWITHFEATURESRELATEDTOTHRESHOLDING,EDGELOCATIONANDREGIONGROWINGTOOFFERANOPPORTUNITYFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFASTERIMAGE/VIDEOANALYSISANDRECOGNITIONSYSTEMSINADDITION,FUZZYBASEDSEGMENTATIONALGORITHMSHAVEESSENTIALLYCONTRIBUTEDTOSYNTHESISOFREGIONSFORBETTERREPRESENTATIONOFOBJECTSTHESEALGORITHMSHAVEMINORDIFFERENCESINTHEIRPERFORMANCEANDTHEYALLPERFORMWELLTHUS,THESELECTIONOFONEALGORITHMVSANOTHERWILLBEBASEDONSUBJECTIVECRITERIA,OR,DRIVENBYTHEAPPLICATIONITSELFHERE,ALOWCOSTEMBEDDEDRECONFIGURABLEARCHITECTUREFORTHEFUZZYLIKEREASONINGSEGMENTATIONFRSMETHODISPRESENTEDTHEFRSMETHODHASTHREESTAGESSMOOTHING,EDGEDETECTIONANDTHEACTUALSEGMENTATIONTHEINITIALSMOOTHINGOPERATIONISINTENDEDTOREMOVENOISETHESMOOTHERANDEDGEDETECTORALGORITHMSAREALSOINCLUDEDINTHISPROCESSINGSTEPTHESEGMENTATIONALGORITHMUSESEDGEINFORMATIONANDTHESMOOTHEDIMAGETOFINDSEGMENTSPRESENTWITHINTHEIMAGEINTHISWORKTHEFRSSEGMENTATIONALGORITHMWASSELECTEDDUETOITSPROVENGOODPERFORMANCEONAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONSFACEDETECTION,MOTIONDETECTION,AUTOMATICTARGETRECOGNITIONATRANDHASBEENDEVELOPEDINALOWCOST,RECONFIGURABLECOMPUTINGPLATFORM,AIMINGATLOWCOSTAPPLICATIONSINPARTICULAR,THISPAPERPRESENTSTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESMOOTHING,EDGEDETECTIONANDCOLORSEGMENTATIONALGORITHMSUSINGSTRETCHS5000PROCESSORSANDCOMPARESTHEMWITHASOFTWAREIMPLEMENTATIONUSINGTHEMATLABTHENEWARCHITECTUREISPRESENTEDINDETAILINTHISWORK,TOGETHERWITHRESULTSFROMSTANDARDBENCHMARKSANDCOMPARISONSTOALTERNATIVETECHNOLOGIESTHISISTHEFIRSTSUCHIMPLEMENTATIONTHATWEKNOWOF,HAVINGATTHESAMETIMEHIGHTHROUGHPUT,EXCELLENTPERFORMANCEATLEASTINSTANDARDBENCHMARKSANDLOWCOST?2011ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTION11SEGMENTATIONMANYCOMPUTERVISION,PATTERNRECOGNITION,IMAGEANALYSISANDOBJECTEXTRACTIONSYSTEMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDDURINGTHELASTTHIRTYYEARSATTHESAMETIME,FUZZYANDSEMIFUZZYCLUSTERINGALGORITHMSHAVEBEENALSOPRESENTEDFORTHEEXTRACTIONANDRECOGNITIONOFANOBJECT’SFEATURESINORDERFORTHESESYSTEMSANDALGORITHMSTOBESUCCESSFULTHEYGENERALLYHAVETOSTARTWITHAROBUSTSMOOTHINGAND/ORSEGMENTATIONTECHNIQUETHUS,IMAGESEGMENTATIONISANIMPORTANTSTARTINGSTEPFORALMOSTALLVISIONANDPATTERNRECOGNITIONMETHODOLOGIESSEVERALSTUDIESHAVEBEENDONETOCATEGORIZESEGMENTATIONINTOCLASSESBASEDONCHARACTERISTICS,SUCHASTHRESHOLDINGORCLUSTERING,EDGEDETECTION,REGIONGROWING/MERGINGANDOTHERS1–3INPARTICULAR,LEEANDCHUNG4SHOWEDTHATTHRESHOLDINGWOULDUSUALLYPRODUCEGOODRESULTSINBIMODALIMAGESONLY,WHERETHEIMAGESCOMPRISEOFONLYONEOBJECTANDITSBACKGROUNDHOWEVER,WHENTHEOBJECTAREAISSMALLCOMPAREDTOTHEBACKGROUNDAREA,ORWHENBOTHTHEOBJECTANDBACKGROUNDHAVEABROADRANGEOFGRAYLEVELS,SELECTINGAGOODTHRESHOLDISDIFFICULTANOTHERWEAKNESSOFTHISTECHNIQUEOCCURSWHENMULTIPLEOBJECTSAREPRESENTWITHINTHEIMAGEINSUCHCASES,FINDINGSHARPVALLEYSWITHINTHEHISTOGRAMISFURTHERCOMPLICATED,ANDSEGMENTATIONRESULTSMAYBEVERYPOOREDGEDETECTIONISANOTHERAPPROACHASSOCIATEDTOIMAGESEGMENTATION5ANEDGEISDEFINEDASALOCATIONWHEREASHARPCHANGEINGRAYLEVELORCOLORISDETECTEDHOWEVER,INTHISMETHODITISDIFFICULTTOMAINTAINTHECONTINUITYOFTHEDETECTEDEDGESASEGMENTMUSTALWAYSBEENCLOSEDBYACONTINUOUSEDGEREGIONGROWINGORMERGINGISATHIRDAPPROACHFORIMAGESEGMENTATION6INTHISCASE,LARGE,EASYTOFINDCONTINUOUSREGIONSORSEGMENTSAREDETECTEDFIRSTAFTERWARDS,SMALLREGIONSMAYBEMERGEDBYUSINGHOMOGENEITYCRITERIA7,8ONEDISADVANTAGEOFREGIONGROWINGANDMERGINGISTHEINHERENTLYSEQUENTIAL01419331/SEEFRONTMATTER?2011ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMICPRO201112004?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSESCHRYSOSMHLTUCGRGCHRYSOS,DOLLASMHLTUCGRADOLLAS,NIKOLAOSBOURBAKISWRIGHTEDUNBOURBAKISMICROPROCESSORSANDMICROSYSTEMS362012215–231CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTMICROPROCESSORSANDMICROSYSTEMSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MICPRO2THEFRSSEGMENTATIONMETHODOLOGYSEGMENTATIONISAPROCESSUSEDTOFACILITATETHEEXTRACTIONOFOBJECTSTHATFORMANIMAGETHEFRSMETHODOLOGY,WHICHISSTUDIEDINTHISPAPER,CONSISTSOFTHREESTEPSPRIORTOTHERECOGNITIONITSELFSMOOTHING,EDGEDETECTIONANDCOLORSEGMENTATIONTHEDATAFLOWOFSEGMENTATIONPROCESSISDESCRIBEDINFIG1INTHISWORK,ASWILLBESHOWNBELOW,THEHISHUE,INTENSITY,SATURATIONMODELISUSED,FROMORIGINALRGBIMAGES,ANAPPROACHWHICHISQUITETYPICALANDHASBEENSHOWNINLITERATURESEESECTION1TOWORKWELL21SMOOTHINGALGORITHMTHEIMAGESCONTAINNOISEINTRODUCEDEITHERBYTHECAMERAORBECAUSEOFTHEIMAGE’STRANSMISSIONOVERANOISYMEDIUMINEITHERCASE,THENOISEMUSTBEREMOVEDBEFOREANYFURTHERIMAGEPROCESSINGISAPPLIEDTHEMOSTCOMMONWAYOFNOISEREMOVALISTHEUSEOFFILTERSANIMPORTANTCONCEPTFORASMOOTHINGALGORITHMISTHENEIGHBORHOODBETWEENTWOPIXELSTHISALGORITHMALLOWSFORAFUZZYDEGREEOFNEIGHBORHOOD,INWHICHFOREACHNEIGHBORINGPIXELTHEREISTHECORRESPONDINGDEGREEOFNEIGHBORHOOD,ASSHOWNINFIG2EACHPIXEL’SCOLORISCOMPAREDWITHTHECOLOROFEACHOFITSNEIGHBORINGBLOCKS,ASSHOWNINFIG3THESIZEOFBLOCKSFOROURIMPLEMENTATIONWAS3?3,WHICHRESULTSTOASTRONGSMOOTHINGOFTHEIMAGETHEAVERAGECOLORFOREACHOFTHENEIGHBORINGBLOCKSWASCALCULATEDTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHENEIGHBORHOODMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONASSHOWNINTHEEQ1FORSMOOTHING,THECOLORCONTRASTBETWEENTHECENTERPIXELANDALLOFTHESURROUNDINGBLOCKSMUSTBEMEASUREDTHECOLORCONTRASTBETWEENTHEPIXELI,JANDTHEBLOCKBISTHEEUCLIDEANDISTANCEINTHERGBDOMAINASSHOWNINTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONCIJB?PPT3Q?PPKT3S?KLSQ?CSQPPT3Q?PPKT3S?KLSQD1TCONTRASTIJB?DR2?R1T2TDG2?G1T2TDB2?B1T2D2TTHESTEPSOFTHESMOOTHINGALGORITHMTHATWEREIMPLEMENTEDINTHISWORKARESHOWNINFIG4ANDTHEYAREPRESENTEDANALYTICALLYIN2322EDGEDETECTIONEDGEDETECTIONISTHEPROCESSOFTHELIMITSPECIFICATIONOFTHEOBJECTSANIMAGECONSISTSOFHUE,INTENSITYANDSATURATIONREPRESENTEDASH,I,ANDSRESPECTIVELYAREONESETOFPARAMETERSTHATAREUSEDTOEVALUATEPIXELS’EDGESTRENGTHWITHINIMAGESTHESEPARAMETERSARECOMPUTEDFROMTHEORIGINALIMAGERGBVALUESBYTHEEQUATIONSBELOWX?049RT031GT02BY?0177RT0812GT0011BZ?001GT099BL?116YY0??13A?500XX0??13?YY0??13“B?200YY0??13?ZZ0??13“I?LS?FFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIA2TB2QH?TAN?1BA??SMOOTHINGEDGEDETECTIONCOLORSEGMENTATIONORIGINALIMAGESMOOTHEDIMAGEEDGEIMAGECOLORSEGMENTEDIMAGEFIG1THEDATAFLOWOFFSRALGORITHMFIG2TABLEOFNEIGHBORHOODDEGREELSQGCHRYSOSETAL/MICROPROCESSORSANDMICROSYSTEMS362012215–231217

簡(jiǎn)介：2400英文單詞，英文單詞，13萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文3650字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處B?ETUG,G?L??ANUTF,B?ETUSABEHAVIOROFSTEELSTRUCTURESUNDERELEVATEDTEMPERATUREJPROCEDIAENGINEERING,2017,181265272BEHAVIOROFSTEELSTRUCTURESUNDERELEVATEDTEMPERATUREGEORGETABAETU,TEOFILFLORINGALATANU,SERGIUANDREIBAETUABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOINVESTIGATETHEDAMAGESOFANINDUSTRIALSTEELBUILDINGAFFECTEDBYAFIREEVENTTHEAUTHOR’SMAINOBJECTIVESARETOIDENTIFYDIFFERENTTYPESOFDAMAGESPRODUCEDBYFIRETOTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREANDNEARBYBUILTENVIRONMENT,HIGHLIGHTINGTHEIDEATHATNOWADAYSTHEFIRESAFETYMUSTBESEENASASUSTAINABLEPRACTICETHEPRESENTEDRESEARCHISBASEDONACASESTUDYREGARDINGTHEDAMAGESOFANINDUSTRIALSTEELBUILDINGSUBJECTEDTOFIRESTRUCTURALDESIGNOFBUILDINGSEXPOSEDTOFIREREQUIRESTHEACHIEVEMENTOFTWOMAINOBJECTIVESTHEFIRSTONEISTOREDUCETHELOSSOFLIFEANDTHESECONDONEREGARDSTHELOADBEARINGRESISTANCEOFTHEBUILDINGFORASPECIFIEDPERIODOFTIMETHEBEHAVIOROFSTEELSTRUCTURESUNDERELEVATEDTEMPERATURECANBEASSESSEDUSINGBOTHNUMERICALSIMULATIONSANDEXPERIMENTALSTUDIESTHEREAREALOTOFSTUDIESREGARDINGTHEBEHAVIOROFMULTISTOREYSTEELBUILDINGSUNDERFIRECONDITIONSANDPROGRESSIVECOLLAPSEMECHANISMSUNFORTUNATELY,LITTLEINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHEINDUSTRIALSTEELBUILDINGSSUBJECTEDTOFIRECANBEFOUNDANALYZINGTHEBEHAVIOROFSINGLESTOREYSTEELBUILDINGSATELEVATEDTEMPERATURES,ITCANBECONCLUDETHATNOTALWAYSTHECOLLAPSEOFANELEMENTLEADSTOTHECOLLAPSEOFTHEENTIRESTRUCTUREACORRECTEXPERTISEOFTHEDAMAGELEVELOFSTEELSTRUCTURESEXPOSEDTOFIRE,INORDERTOIDENTIFYTHEELEMENTSWHICHCANBEKEPTANDWHICHHAVETOBEREPLACED,INMOSTOFTHECASESLEADTOALOWERCONSUMPTIONOFMATERIALSANDFINANCIALRESOURCESKEYWORDSFIRESAFETYSUSTAINABILITYINDUSTRIALSTEELBUILDINGSNONDESTRUCTIVETESTSCOMPUTATIONALANALYSIS1INTRODUCTIONSTRUCTURALDESIGNOFBUILDINGSEXPOSEDTOFIREREQUIRESTHEACHIEVEMENTOFTWOMAINOBJECTIVESTHEFIRSTONEISTOREDUCETHELOSSOFLIFEANDTHESECONDONEREGARDSTHELOADBEARINGRESISTANCEOFTHEBUILDINGFORASPECIFIEDPERIODOFTIME1,2THEMAINDRAWBACKOFSTEELSTRUCTURESREMAINSTHESENSITIVITYTOELEVATEDTEMPERATURESDUETOTHERAPIDLOSSOFSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESS5THETHERMALEXPANSIONOFTHEMATERIALSATELEVATEDTEMPERATURESHASAGREATCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEFAILUREOFTHEELEMENTSELEVATEDTEMPERATURESEXCITETHEELECTRONSATTHEATOMICLEVELOFANYMATERIALANDFORCETHEATOMSTOMOVETOALOWERENERGYSTATEANDCHANGEORIENTATIONOFATOMICPLANES,LEADINGTODIMENSIONALCHANGESOFTHEELEMENTSINROMANIA,DATAREGARDINGTHESAFETYDESIGNOFSTEELSTRUCTURESEXPOSEDTOELEVATEDTEMPERATURESISGIVENBYTHENATIONALSTANDARDSREN199312THEINFORMATIONPRESENTEDINTHISCODECANBEUSEDTOFINDOUTIFANDHOWLONGASTEELSTRUCTUREISABLETORESIST,LOADEDANDINSAFETYCONDITIONS,TOFIREACTIONTHEEUROCODE1PART21DESCRIBESTHEAPPROACHESUSEDFORTHECALCULATIONOFTHETHERMALACTIONPRODUCEDBYFIREONSTRUCTURESTHEEFFECTSOFFIREAREGIVENUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTREPRESENTATIONS,SUCHASTHETEMPERATURETIMEEQUATIONS,THEZONEMODELSANDTHELOCALIZEDMODELS12,13AND14FORAFULLYDEVELOPEDFIRE,THETEMPERATURETIMECURVESAREUSUALLYUSEDTOREPRESENTTHEACTIONOFTHEFIRETHETEMPERATURETIMEEQUATIONSPRESENTEDINEUROCODESDESCRIBETHEEVOLUTIONWITHTIMEOFAUNIQUETEMPERATUREPRODUCEDBYFIREINTHEENVIRONMENT,INWHICHTHESTRUCTUREISLOCATED4FIG2THECOMPLETEBURNINGOFPAINTLAYERONTHESTEELSTRUCTURALELEMENTSPOSTFIREANALYSISOFSTEELMEMBERGEOMETRYINTERMSOFELONGATIONSANDDEFORMATIONSCANALSOPROVIDEINFORMATIONREGARDINGTHEDAMAGELEVELTIDE10HADCATEGORIZEDSTEELMEMBERSSUBJECTEDTOELEVATEDTEMPERATURESINTHREECATEGORIESFIRSTCATEGORYINCLUDESSTRENGTHMEMBERS,UNAFFECTEDBYFIREEXPOSUREANDMEMBERSWITHSMALLSTRAINSHARDTODETECTBYVISUALOBSERVATIONSCATEGORY2COVERSMEMBERSWITHVISIBLEDEFORMATIONSWHICHCANBESTRAIGHTENBYHEATING,WHILEINCATEGORY3AREMEMBERSBADLYDISTORTEDWITHHIGHDEFORMATIONS,WHERETHEREPLACINGISARATIONALSOLUTIONINCOMPARISONWITHTHEREPAIRINGELEVATEDTEMPERATURESCANLEADTOEXCESSIVEDEFORMATIONSOFSTEELMEMBERSBECAUSEOFBUCKLINGANDLOSEOFLOADBEARINGCAPACITYFIG3,BUTALSOCANPRODUCELOCALTRANSVERSALORLONGITUDINALCRACKSASCANBESEENINFIGURES4AND5HIGHTEMPERATUREAFFECTSTHEVALUEOFMANYENGINEERINGPROPERTIESOFSTEEL,SUCHASYIELD,YOUNG’SMODULUS,TOUGHNESS,CORROSIONRESISTANCE,CREEPANDRELAXATIONREGARDINGTHENONDESTRUCTIVETESTING,THEHARDNESSTESTOFSTRUCTURALSTEELSURFACESEEMSTOBETHEMOSTRECOMMENDEDTHISTESTCANGIVEINFORMATIONABOUTTHECHANGESTHATOCCURSASACONSEQUENCEOFHEATINGANDCOOLINGOFSTRUCTURALSTEELDURINGFIREEXPOSURETHEELEVATEDTEMPERATURESCANPRODUCEMETALLURGICALDEGRADATIONSOFGRAINSTRUCTUREOFSTEEL,DEGRADATIONSWHICHAFFECTFIRSTOFALLTHEHARDNESSOFTHESTEELSURFACEFIG3LOCALDEFORMATIONOFBOTTOMCHORDOFATRUSSGIRDERDUETOHIGHTEMPERATURE