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簡(jiǎn)介：PUBLISHEDMAY25,2011R2011AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETY2939DXDOIORG/101021/EF200144J|ENERGYFUELS2011,25,2939–2944ARTICLEPUBSACSORG/EFEXPERIMENTALSTUDYOFGASEOUSELEMENTALMERCURYREMOVALWITHCEO2/ΓAL2O3XIAOYUWEN,?,?CAITINGLI,,?,?XIAOPENGFAN,?,?HONGLIANGGAO,?,?WEIZHANG,?,?LINGCHEN,?,?GUANGMINGZENG,?,?ANDYAPEIZHAO?,??COLLEGEOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,AND?KEYLABORATORYOFENVIRONMENTALBIOLOGYANDPOLLUTIONCONTROLMINISTRYOFEDUCATION,HUNANUNIVERSITY,CHANGSHA410082,PEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINAABSTRACTTHEHG0REMOVALABILITYOFΓAL2O3IMPREGNATEDWITHCERIUMDIOXIDECEO2/ΓAL2O3WASTESTEDINTHEEXPERIMENTALFLUEGASOFN2TO2TNOTSO2TH2OBRUNAUER?EMMETT?TELLERBET,XRAYDIFFRACTOGRAMXRD,ANDTHERMOGRAVIMETRICTGANALYSESWEREUSEDTOCHARACTERIZETHESAMPLESTHEEFFECTSOFCEO2LOADINGVALUES,REACTIONTEMPERATURES,REACTIONTIME,ANDINDIVIDUALFLUEGASCOMPONENTS,INCLUDINGSO2,NO,O2,ANDH2OG,ONTHEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYWEREINVESTIGATEDTHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYOFΓAL2O3CANBEGREATLYIMPROVEDBYCEO2AND,ATATESTTEMPERATUREOF350?C,THEBESTSUITABLELOADEDMASSPERCENTAGEOFCEO2IS9INTHETEMPERATURERANGEFROM150TO350?C,THEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYUSINGCEO2/ΓAL2O3INCREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFTHETEMPERATUREANDTHENDECREASESABOVE350?C,EXCEPTVIRGINΓAL2O3INADDITION,THEPRESENCEOFO2ANDNOHAVEPOSITIVEEFFECTSONTHEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCY,WHILETHEPRESENCEOFSO2ANDH2OINHIBITEDITFURTHERMORE,PROLONGINGTHEREACTIONTIMEHADASMALLNEGATIVEEFFECTONTHEHG0REMOVALPERFORMANCE,INDICATINGTHATTHECATALYSTOFCEO2/ΓAL2O3POSSESSESTHERMOSTABILITY1INTRODUCTIONMERCURYHASBEENAWELLKNOWNENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTANTFORSEVERALDECADES,BECAUSEITHASDETRIMENTALEFFECTSONHUMANHEALTHANDTHEENVIRONMENTBECAUSEOFITSVOLATILITY,PERSISTENCE,BIOACCUMULATION,ANDTOXICITY1?3CONSEQUENTLY,MERCURYEMISSIONSARERECEIVINGMOREANDMOREATTENTIONOVERRECENTYEARSTHEUNITEDNATIONSENVIRONMENTPROGRAM4PROPOSEDAGLOBALLEGALLYBINDINGPAPERONMERCURYEMISSIONSIN2010,ANDGLOBALMERCURYPOLLUTIONCONTROLISBECOMINGATOPICOFINCREASINGLEGISLATIVEANDSCIENTIFICFOCUSACCORDINGTOREFS5?7,THEREAREMAINLYTHREEFORMSOFMERCURYINCOALFIREDFLUEGASELEMENTALMERCURYHG0,OXIDIZEDMERCURYHG2T,ANDPARTICLEBOUNDMERCURYHGPDIFFERENTFORMSOFMERCURYHAVEDIFFERENTPHYSICALANDCHEMICALPROPERTIESSPECIFICALLY,HG2TISWATERSOLUBLEANDCANBEREMOVEDBYTHEWETFLUEGASDESULFURIZATIONWFGDSYSTEMHGPCANBECAPTUREDBYADUSTREMOVALDEVICE,EG,ELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORSESPSHOWEVER,INTERMSOFHG0,ITISINSUFFICIENTLYCAPTUREDBECAUSEOFITSHIGHVOLATILITYANDLOWSOLUBILITYINWATERHENCE,THESTUDYONHG0REMOVALFROMFLUEGASISBECOMINGASCIENTIFICFOCUSSEVERALMETHODS,SUCHASTHEPARTICULATEADSORPTIONMETHOD,OXIDATION?REDUCTIONMETHOD,ANDCHEMICALSEDIMENTATIONMETHOD,HAVEBEENPROPOSEDFORCONTROLOFHG0EMISSIONSANDEVALUATEDFROMBENCHTOPILOTSCALEINTHEPASTFEWDECADES8?11AMONGTHOSESCHEMES,THEMAJORDRAWBACKSOFTHEPARTICULATEADSORBENTAREHIGHCOSTS,POORCAPACITY,NARROWTEMPERATURERANGEOFAPPLICATION,ANDSLOWREGENERATIONANDADSORPTIONRATES,12ANDTHEREFORE,THEOXIDATION?REDUCTIONMETHODEXHIBITSAPROMISINGFUTUREINTHISMETHOD,THECATALYSTISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTELEMENTBECAUSEITPLAYSADOMINANTROLEINTHEOPERATINGCOSTSANDHG0REMOVALPERFORMANCEATPRESENT,MANYCATALYSTS,SUCHASV2O5/AC,MNO2/AC,ANDFE2O3/TIO2,HAVEBEENUSEDINTHEOXIDATION?REDUCTIONMETHODANDPROVENTOBEEFFECTIVEFORHG0REMOVAL13?16HOWEVER,ITWASSELDOMREPORTEDTHATCEO2/ΓAL2O3WASUSEDASACATALYSTINTHEHG0OXIDATION?REDUCTIONORCAPTUREPROCESSASREPORTED,CERIUMOXIDECEO2,ASANONTOXIC,ABUNDANT,ANDINEXPENSIVERAREEARTHMATERIAL,ATTRACTEDCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONFORITSPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONASFASTIONCONDUCTORS,OXYGENSTORAGECAPACITORS,CATALYSTS,ULTRAVIOLETUVBLOCKERS,ANDPOLISHINGMATERIALS17?19MOSTIMPORTANTLY,ITWASALSOREPORTEDTHATCEO2CANENHANCETHEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYOFMANYCATALYSTS20,21NEVERTHELESS,PURECERIAHASPOORTHERMALSTABILITY,ANDITUNDERGOESARAPIDSINTERINGATHIGHERTEMPERATURES,THEREBYLOSINGOXYGENSTORAGECAPACITYOSC,WHICHWOULDLEADTOTHEDEACTIVATIONOFTHECATALYSTSTHEREFORE,MANYEFFORTSHAVEBEENDEVOTEDTOTHECHEMICALSYNTHESISOFMETALOXIDESIMPREGNATEDWITHCEO2THEMIXINGOFTWODIFFERENTOXIDESOFFERSANOPPORTUNITYNOTONLYTOIMPROVETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEINVOLVEDMETALOXIDEBUTALSOTOFORMNEWSTABLECOMPOUNDSTHATMAYLEADTOTOTALLYDIFFERENTPHYSICOCHEMICALPROPERTIESANDCATALYTICBEHAVIORFROMTHEINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTS22ΓAL2O3HASIMPORTANTAPPLICATIONSASANINDUSTRIALCATALYSTSUPPORT,CATALYST,ADSORBENT,ORCERAMICRAWMATERIAL,BECAUSEOFITSLOWCOSTS,HIGHSURFACEAREAANDPOROSITY,GOODTHERMALSTABILITY,HIGHMECHANICALSTRENGTH,ANDEXTENSIVEVARIABILITYOFACID?BASEPROPERTIES23?26HENCE,THEMAJOROBJECTIVEOFPRESENTSTUDYISTOPERFORMANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYTOINVESTIGATETHEHG0REMOVALUSINGCEO2SUPPORTEDBYΓAL2O3CEO2/ΓAL2O3ASTHECATALYSTEXPERIMENTALSTUDIESWERECARRIEDOUTONALABSCALEFIXEDBEDSYSTEMTHESIMULATEDFLUEGASSYSTEMINCLUDEDN2,O2,SO2,NO,H2O,ANDGASEOUSHG0DURINGTHECOURSEOFTHESTUDY,DIFFERENTOPERATINGCONDITIONS,INCLUDINGLOADINGVALUESOFCEO2,REACTIONRECEIVEDJANUARY25,2011REVISEDMAY24,20112941DXDOIORG/101021/EF200144J|ENERGYFUELS2011,25,2939–2944ENERGYFUELSARTICLECOMPONENT,CEO2,ISIMPREGNATEDONTHESURFACEOFΓAL2O3ANDBLOCKEDITSPORES28FIGURE2SHOWSTHEXRDPATTERNSOFVIRGINΓAL2O3,6CEO2/ΓAL2O3,AND9CEO2/ΓAL2O3THEPEAKSATTHERANGESOF2Θ36?40?,44?48?,AND65?70?INTHEXRDPATTERNARECORRESPONDINGTOTHECHARACTERISTICPEAKSOFΓAL2O3,WHICHCANBEDETECTEDINTHESETHREESAMPLESFURTHERMORE,THEREISNOCEO2CHARACTERISTICPEAKFOR6CEO2/ΓAL2O3ACCORDINGTOTHEMONOLAYERDISPERSIONTHEORY,29ANOXIDELIKECEO2HASATRENDOFSPONTANEOUSDISPERSIONONTHECARRIERSURFACEANDFORMSAMONOLAYERORSUBMONOLAYERTHISISBECAUSE,WHENTHEOXIDECONTENTISINTHERANGEOFTHETHRESHOLDVALUE,THEOXIDEISINAMONOLAYERDISPERSIONSTATEAND,WHENTHECONTENTOFOXIDEISMORETHANTHETHRESHOLDVALUE,THEOXIDEISINACRYSTALLINEPHASETHEXRDPATTERNOF9CEO2/ΓAL2O3SHOWSAWEAKCRYSTALPHASEOFCEO2,POWERFULLYINDICATINGTHATTHESURFACEOFΓAL2O3ISOCCUPIEDBYCEO2TGANALYSESOFFRESHCEO2/ΓAL2O3AND9CEO2/ΓAL2O3,WHICHWASUSEDAT350?CINTHEPRESENCEANDABSENCEOFHG0INTHEFLUEGAS,ARESHOWNINFIGURE3THEREISAQUICKMASSLOSSASTHETEMPERATUREINCREASESUPTO200?CFORTHETHREECURVES,WHICHCORRESPONDSTOTHEEVAPORATIONOFADSORBEDWATERASFORTHETGCURVEOFUSED9CEO2/ΓAL2O3INTHEPRESENCEOFHG0INTHEFLUEGAS,THESMALLWEIGHTLOSSTHATOCCURREDAT400?CCANBEASCRIBEDTOHGO30ASTHEPYROLYSISTEMPERATUREINCREASESTO450?C,THEWEIGHTLOSSESOFUSED9CEO2/ΓAL2O3,WHICHWASUSEDAT350?CINTHEPRESENCEANDABSENCEOFHG0INTHEFLUEGAS,CANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFCESO42ANDTHEIRWEIGHTLOSSAT750?CCANBEASCRIBEDTOTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFCE2SO43ACCORDINGTOTHERELATEDRESEARCH3132EFFECTSOFTHELOADINGVALUEANDREACTIONTEMPERATUREFIGURE4PRESENTSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYANDCEO2LOADINGVALUESUPPORTEDONΓAL2O3ATDIFFERENTREACTIONTEMPERATURESREACTIONTIME1HASSHOWNINTHISFIGURE,ΓAL2O3LOADED9CEO2SHOWSSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYATTHETEMPERATUREOF350?C,WITHTHELOADINGVALUEOFCEO2CHANGINGFROM0TO9WT,HG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYINCREASESFROM4536TO8676,WHICHINDICATESTHATCEO2HASANOBVIOUSACCELERATIVEEFFECTONHG0REMOVALFIGURE3ILLUSTRATESTHATHGOISTHEMAJORPRODUCTOFTHEHG0REMOVALREACTIONOVERCEO2/ΓAL2O3,INDICATINGTHATCEO2CANCATALYZETHEOXIDATIONREACTIONOFHG019THEPROCESSESCANBEDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWSFIRST,HG0INTHEFLUEGASCOLLIDESWITHTHECATALYSTANDISADSORBEDONTOITSSURFACETHEN,THEADSORBEDHG0ISOXIDIZEDBYTHEACTIVECONSTITUENTONTHESAMPLESURFACE,LEADINGTOTHEFORMATIONOFHG2TPRESENTEDASHGOTHEREFORE,THEMORETHECEO2LOADINGVALUE,THEHIGHERTHEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYOFCEO2/ΓAL2O3HOWEVER,THEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYDOESNOTENHANCECONSISTENTLYBUTDECREASESWHENTHECEO2LOADINGVALUEINCREASESABOVE9WTESPECIALLYWITHALOADINGVALUEOF15WT,THEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYDECREASESTO7817THEPOSSIBLEREASONCANBEASCRIBEDTOTHEFACTTHATTHESURFACEAREA,TOTALPOREVOLUME,ANDPORESIZEOFCEO2/ΓAL2O3DECREASEWITHTHEINCREASEOFCEO2,ASSHOWNINTABLE1THEDECREASEOFTHESURFACEAREAPREVENTSTHEVALIDCOLLISIONBETWEENHG0ANDCEO2/ΓAL2O332ALTHOUGHCEO2CANPROMOTETHEHG0REMOVAL,ITSPOSITIVEEFFECTISWEAKERTHANITSSIDEEFFECTWHENTHECEO2LOADINGISHIGHERTHAN9WTTHEREFORE,THELOADINGVALUEFIGURE2XRDCOMPARISONBETWEENSAMPLESOFVIRGINΓAL2O3,6CEO2/ΓAL2O3,AND9CEO2/ΓAL2O3FIGURE3TGANALYSESOFTHESAMPLESFIGURE4RELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEHG0REMOVALEFFICIENCYANDCEO2LOADINGVALUESUPPORTEDONΓAL2O3ATDIFFERENTREACTIONTEMPERATURESREACTIONTIMEOF1H

簡(jiǎn)介：2600英文單詞，英文單詞，16萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文4100字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處NURMUKHAMETOVN,TEMIROVAA,BEKZHANOVATTHEPROBLEMSOFDEVELOPMENTOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONINKAZAKHSTANJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2015,1821519THEPROBLEMSOFDEVELOPMENTOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONINKAZAKHSTANNURMUKHAMETOVN,TEMIROVAA,BEKZHANOVATABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHERESEARCHISTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEMOSTEFFICIENTAPPROACHESTOTHEORGANIZATIONANDMANAGEMENTOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONINTHEFIELDOFHUMANITARIANEDUCATIONWITHTHEUSEOFINTERNETTECHNOLOGIESANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPRACTICALSUGGESTIONSFORTHEIRIMPLEMENTATIONANDIMPROVEMENTMETHODSOFOBTAINING,PROCESSINGANDINTERPRETATIONOFINFORMATION,INCLUDINGDOCUMENTANALYSIS,THEMETHODOFOBSERVATION,EXPERTINTERVIEWSANDQUESTIONNAIRESWEREUSEDINTHESTUDYTHEANALYSISOFFORMATIONOFTHESYSTEMOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONINOURCOUNTRYANDABROADENABLESTOCONCLUDETHEINTERDEPENDENCEANDINTERRELATIONOFCORRESPONDENCEANDDISTANTEDUCATIONALTECHNOLOGIESANDPROVIDESREASONSTOBELIEVETHATTHEEXPERIENCE,ACCUMULATEDINTHEFIELDOFDISTANCELEARNINGTODAY,ISTHEBASISFORTHEFORMATIONOFTHEMODERNMODELOFDISTANCELEARNINGKEYWORDSDISTANCELEARNING,EDUCATION1THEPROBLEMOFTHESTUDYTHERELEVANCEOFTHERESEARCHEDTOPICISDUETOTHENECESSITYOFIMPLEMENTATIONOFINNOVATIVEAPPROACHESANDMETHODSOFDISTANCELEARNINGINTHEMODERNEDUCATIONSYSTEMANDSOLUTIONSOFTHEPROBLEMSRELATEDTOTHEUSEOFFUNDAMENTALLYNEWOPPORTUNITIESINTHEWORKOFSCIENTISTSANDTEACHERS,AIMEDATTHEREALIZATIONOFEDUCATIONANDSELFEDUCATIONOFTHEREPRESENTATIVESOFVARIOUSSOCIALGROUPSINTERMSOFINFORMATIONSOCIETYDEVELOPMENTMODERNSCIENTIFICANDTECHNOLOGICALPROGRESSANDITSSOCIALCONSEQUENCESLEADTORAPIDOBSOLESCENCEOFTHEKNOWLEDGEANDREQUIRECONSTANTUPDATINGANDREPLENISHMENT,CREATINGAQUALITATIVELYNEWSYSTEMOFNONSTOPPROFESSIONALEDUCATIONATTHESAMETIME,NOWADAYSTHEREISAREALOPPORTUNITYOFFOCUSEDTRAININGANDRETRAININGOFPEOPLEWITHDIFFERENTPHYSICALDISABILITIES,ALMOSTREGARDLESSOFTHEIRAGE,SKILLLEVEL,HEALTHSTATUS,WORKINGCONDITIONS,ETCSUCHTRAININGCANBEIMPLEMENTEDBYPROVIDINGTHEEDUCATIONALSERVICESREMOTELY,USINGNEWINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESANDTHEINTERNETTHATWILLALLOWRAISINGTHEGENERALEDUCATIONALLEVELOFTHEPOPULATIONCREATETHECONDITIONSFORSUCCESSFULSOCIALIZATIONOFPEOPLEWITHDISABILITIESOPENNEWWAYSFORTRAININGANDRETRAININGOFSPECIALISTSINVARIOUSFIELDSOFKNOWLEDGEANDREALIZEMANYOTHERIDEASITSHOULDALSOBENOTEDTHATTODAYTHEDISTANCELEARNINGDEVELOPSINTHEFIELDOFTECHNICALEDUCATIONMAINLY,WHICHISMAINLYCONNECTEDWITHTHECHARACTEROFEDUCATIONALMATERIALOFHUMANITIESDISCIPLINES,WHICHISDIFFICULTTOFORMALIZEAND,SECONDLY,WITHGREATERCOMPETENCEOFSCIENTIFICANDPEDAGOGICSTAFFOFTECHNICALEDUCATIONINTHEUSEOFNEWINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIESANDMODERNSOFTWAREINTHEFIELDOFHUMANITARIANEDUCATION,THEFIRSTSTEPSAREONLYDONEINTHEINVESTIGATEDAREATHEPURPOSEOFTHERESEARCHISTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEMOSTEFFICIENTAPPROACHESTOTHEORGANIZATIONANDMANAGEMENTOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONINTHEFIELDOFHUMANITARIANEDUCATIONWITHTHEUSEOFINTERNETTECHNOLOGIESANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPRACTICALSUGGESTIONSFORTHEIREDUCATIONFOREVERYPERSONAROUNDTHEWORLD,REGARDLESSOFITSLOCATIONANDACCOMMODATIONATTHESAMETIMEITISANADDITIONALOPPORTUNITYFOREACHCOUNTRYTODECLAREITSELFINTHEINTERNATIONALENVIRONMENT,TOSPREADITSCULTURALANDPOLITICALINFLUENCE,TOINCREASETHEIRCOMPETITIVENESSFORKAZAKHSTAN,THEINTRODUCTIONOFHIGHQUALITYDISTANTEDUCATIONALTECHNOLOGIESANDOPENEDUCATIONISALSOASOLUTIONOFIMPORTANTSOCIALPROBLEMSOURREPUBLICHASALARGETERRITORY,WHICHATARELATIVELYSMALLPOPULATIONDETERMINESITSLOWDENSITYINTHECOUNTRYTHECONSIDERABLEPARTOFPOPULATIONLIVESINVILLAGESANDTOWNSWHICHAREFARFROMCITIES,REGIONALANDDISTRICTCENTERSTHEREARESETTLEMENTSINWHICHSMALLSCHOOLSOPERATETHEREARESUCHSETTLEMENTSWHERETHEREAREONLYPRIMARYSCHOOLSWITHTHEEMERGENCEOFSMALLPEASANTFARMSANDLIVESTOCKFARMSINREMOTEPASTURESTHEFAMILYGROUPSAREFORMED,CHILDRENINSUCHGROUPSDONOTHAVEOPPORTUNITIESTOATTENDSCHOOLINSUCHCASESITBECOMESAVERYCOMPLICATEDPROBLEMTOPROVIDEPEOPLEWITHEVENCOMPULSORYGENERALSECONDARYEDUCATIONTHEDISABLEDANDPEOPLEWITHDISABILITIESAREALSOEXPERIENCINGDIFFICULTYINOBTAININGANEDUCATIONTHESIMILARPROBLEMSCANBEOBSERVEDINTHEPROFESSIONALEDUCATIONTHEINSTITUTIONSOFTECHNICALPROFESSIONALEDUCATIONCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESARECONCENTRATEDMAINLYINTHEBIGCITIES,WHERETHEREAREHIGHLYQUALIFIEDTEACHINGPERSONNELMEANWHILE,ONTHEPERIPHERYTHEREISASHORTAGEOFSPECIALISTSOFALLCATEGORIESWHICHCANNOTBESATISFIEDWITHOUTSOLVINGTHEPROBLEMOFPROVIDINGTHEOPPORTUNITYFORTHEPOPULATIONINOBTAININGAPROFESSIONALEDUCATION,WITHOUTLEAVINGHOMETHESEIMPORTANTSOCIALPROBLEMSINWHICHTHEREISANELEMENTOFAVIOLATIONOFTHECONSTITUTIONALRIGHTSOFCERTAINCATEGORIESOFCITIZENS,ANDDISCRIMINATIONONTHEBASISOFTHEIRPLACEOFRESIDENCEANDPHYSICALHEALTHUNDERSTANDINGIT,THEGOVERNMENTISSEEKINGOPPORTUNITIESANDTAKINGALLMEASURESTOSOLVETHESEPROBLEMSATTHESAMETIME,THEINTRODUCTIONDISTANTEDUCATIONALTECHNOLOGIESARECONSIDEREDTOBETHEPRIORITYTHEPRACTICESHOWSTHATTHELEADINGPOSITIONINTHISMATTERISOCCUPIEDBYTHEEDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSTHATPROVIDEHIGHEREDUCATIONPROGRAMSNOWADAYSTHEMAJORITYOFUNIVERSITIES,INTHEONEWAYORANOTHER,INTRODUCEELEMENTSOFDISTANCEEDUCATIONBASEDONMODERNINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDTELECOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSTHEELECTRONICANDTHEEDUCATIONALRESOURCESINTHEFORMOFE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簡(jiǎn)介：4600英文單詞，英文單詞，25500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文8000字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處VECCHIONEM,FELDMANC,WUNDERLICHSCONSUMERKNOWLEDGEANDATTITUDESABOUTGENETICALLYMODIFIEDFOODPRODUCTSANDLABELLINGPOLICYJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFFOODSCIENCESANDNUTRITION,2014,66317CONSUMERKNOWLEDGEANDATTITUDESABOUTGENETICALLYMODIFIEDFOODPRODUCTSANDLABELLINGPOLICYMELISSAVECCHIONE,CHARLESFELDMAN,ANDSHAHLAWUNDERLICHABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYWASTOEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCONSUMERKNOWLEDGE,ATTITUDESANDBEHAVIOURSTOWARDSFOODSCONTAININGGENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISMSGMOSANDTHEPREVALENCEOFGMOLABELLINGINNORTHERNNEWJERSEYSUPERMARKETSTHISCROSSSECTIONALSTUDYSURVEYED331ADULTS,NEWJERSEYSUPERMARKETCUSTOMERSMEANAGE26YEARSOLD,798WOMENTHERESULTSSHOWASTRONG,POSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENCONSUMERATTITUDESTOWARDSFOODSNOTCONTAININGGMOSANDPURCHASINGBEHAVIOURPEARSON’SR0701,P＜0001WITHLESSERCORRELATIONSBETWEENKNOWLEDGEANDBEHAVIOURPEARSON’SR0593,P＜0001ANDKNOWLEDGEANDATTITUDESPEARSON’SR0413,P＜0001GMOLABELLINGWOULDASSISTCONSUMERSINMAKINGINFORMEDPURCHASEDECISIONSKEYWORDSCONSUMERBEHAVIOUR,GMFOOD,GMO,SUPERMARKETSINTRODUCTIONTHEUSFOODANDDRUGADMINISTRATION2001DEFINESTHETERMGENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISMSAKAGMORGMOSAS‘‘ORIGINALLYUSEDBYTHEMOLECULARBIOLOGYSCIENTIFICCOMMUNITYTODENOTEALIVINGORGANISMTHATHADBEENGENETICALLYMODIFIEDBYINSERTINGAGENEFROMANUNRELATEDSPECIES’’SINCEGENESFROMUNRELATEDORGANISMSARENOTNATURALLYTRANSFERRED,TECHNOLOGYISNEEDEDTOCARRYOUTTHISTASKTHESENEWSPECIESOFPLANTSAREREFERREDTOAS‘‘TRANSGENICS’’USFOODANDDRUGADMINISTRATION,2001ORGANISATIONSSTUDYINGTHEPRESENCEOFGMOSINAMERICAESTIMATETHAT75–80OFPACKAGEDORPROCESSEDFOODITEMSONSUPERMARKETSHELVESNATIONWIDECONTAINGMOSCENTERFORFOODSAFETYABOUTGEFOODS,2014MARTIN,2013PEWINITIATIVEONFOODANDBIOTECHNOLOGY,2005ONEOFTHEMAINREASONSFORTHEPREDOMINANCEOFGMFOODPRODUCTSINTHEUSMARKETPLACEISTHATTHEUSCULTIVATESTHELARGESTAMOUNTOFGMCROPSINTHEWORLDGMCROPSASTORYINNUMBERS,2013INTHEUS,ALARGENUMBEROFPROCESSEDFOODSACCESSIBLETOCONSUMERSCONTAINGMOS,OSTENSIBLYATTRIBUTEDTOTHEHIGHERLEVELOFNATIONALAGRICULTURALCULTIVATIONOFGMCOMMODITIESGMCROPSASTORYINNUMBERS,2013MARTIN,2013ALTHOUGHTHEFDASTATESTHATITSUPPORTSMANUFACTURERSWHOCHOOSETOINCLUDETRUTHFULINFORMATIONONTHEIRLABELSREGARDINGWHETHERFOODPRODUCTSWERECREATEDUSINGGENETICENGINEERING,LABELLINGREMAINSVOLUNTARYINTHEUSUSFOODANDDRUGADMINISTRATION,2013CURRENTLY,THEONLYORGANISATIONOFFERINGVERIFIEDGMTESTINGINNORTHAMERICAISTHENONGMOPROJECT,WHICHPLACESITS‘‘NONGMOPROJECTVERIFIED’’SEALONPRODUCTSTHATUNDERGOVOLUNTARYTESTINGANDCONTAINNOTMORETHAN09GMINGREDIENTS,WHICHISTHECURRENTTHRESHOLDREQUIREDWITHINTHEEUROPEANUNIONEUFORGMOLABELLINGTHENONGMOPROJECT,2014HOWEVER,DUETOLIMITEDTESTINGCAPABILITIESANDTHEHIGHLIKELIHOODOFCONTAMINATION,NOPRODUCTSARESCIENTIFICALLYGUARANTEEDTOBE‘‘GMOFREE’’THENONGMOPROJECT,2014USFOODANDDRUGADMINISTRATION,2001INADDITIONTOTHESPECIFICLABELLINGDONEBYTHENONGMOPROJECT,FOUNDTHATCONSUMERS’DECISIONSABOUTPURCHASINGGMFOODSAREGENERALLYIMPACTEDBYHOWINFORMATIONONTHESEPRODUCTSISFRAMEDANDPRESENTEDTHOUGH,THEFINDINGSSUGGESTTHATMANDATORYLABELLINGMAYNOTBEEFFECTIVEINTHEPROMOTIONOFPRODUCTRELIABILITYANDCONSUMERAWARENESSZHAOETAL,2013HOWEVER,ARECENTINVESTIGATIONINCANADADEMONSTRATEDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINFORMATIONANDPRIORKNOWLEDGEOFNEWFOODTECHNOLOGIESONCONSUMERS’EVALUATIONOFFOODPRODUCTINNOVATIONSANDPURCHASEINTENTIONS,INDICATINGTHATPROMOTIONALANDEDUCATIONALCAMPAIGNSMIGHTBEEFFECTIVEINOFFSETTINGFOODTECHNOLOGYNEOPHOBIACHENETAL,2013THESUCCESSOFNEWFOODTECHNOLOGIESAPPEARSTOHINGEONWHETHERCONSUMERSPERCEIVESCIENTIFICPROGRESSASIMPROVEMENTSINSOCIALWELFAREHOWEVER,THEPOTENTIALOCCURRENCEOFANEGATIVEORPOSITIVEINCIDENTINTHEGMFOODSECTORMAYSTRONGLYFERMENTPUBLICOPINIONTOWARDSORAGAINSTTHESEPRODUCTSFREWERETAL,2014GENDERDIFFERENCESANDINCOMELEVELSHAVEBEENFOUNDTOBEAFFECTIVEONCONSUMERS’PERCEPTIONSOFTHESEPRODUCTSONEINVESTIGATIONFOUNDTHATWHILEMALECONSUMERSDIDNOTPRIORITISEGMOPRODUCTSASONEOFTHEIRTOPCONCERNS,FEMALESHADSTRONGERATTITUDESTOWARDSPURCHASINGNONGMFOODSBELLOWSETAL,2010INVESTIGATORSHAVEALSOEXPLOREDTHEFINANCIALASPECTSOFGMOPREFERENCESANDATTITUDES,SPECIFICALLYHOWINCOMELEVELINFLUENCESATTITUDESTOWARDSGMOS,SINCEITISWIDELYBELIEVEDTHATGMOFOODSAREDISTRIBUTEDMOREOFTENTOLOWINCOMEPOPULATIONSKING2003CONDUCTEDFOCUSGROUPSOFLOWINCOMECONSUMERSINCALIFORNIAANDFOUNDTHAT80OFTHEPARTICIPANTSINITIALLYWERENOTKNOWLEDGEABLEABOUTGMOPRODUCTSAFTERTHEYWEREPROVIDEDWITHINFORMATIONABOUTTHESEFOODS,THEPARTICIPANTSFELTTHATSCIENTIFICALLYALTEREDCROPSCOULDBEUNETHICALANDUNSAFEFURTHERMORE,NIELSENETAL2003DETERMINEDTHATHIGHINCOMECONSUMERSDONOTHAVETOCONSIDERPRICEWHENDECIDINGBETWEENGMOANDNONGMOPRODUCTSTHEYHAVETHEABILITYTOSOLELYPURCHASENONGMOPRODUCTSTHEWILLINGNESSTOPAYAPREMIUMPRICEFORNONGMOFOODSREFLECTSANEGATIVEATTITUDETOWARDSGENETICMODIFICATION,THOUGHTHATATTITUDEMAYVARYBASEDONCONSUMERPRIORITIESINASTUDYOFAMERICANGROCERYSHOPPERS,CONSUMERSWHOSHOPPEDINSPECIALITYGROCERYSTORESWEREWILLINGTOPAYANAVERAGEOF37CENTSMOREFORA‘‘GENETICALLYMODIFIEDFREE’’PRODUCT,WHILECONSUMERSINATRADITIONALSTOREWEREONLYWILLINGTOPAYANADDITIONAL18CENTSBATTEETAL,2007WITHINTHISSPECIALITYSTOREPOPULATION,OLDERCUSTOMERS,ANDWOMENINPARTICULAR,WEREWILL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