簡介：LONGTERMPERFORMANCEOFSTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTHANITITI,PE1MASOODRASOULIAN,PE2MARKMARTINEZ3BYRONBECNEL,PE4ANDGARYKEEL5ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSANEVALUATIONOFLONGTERMPERFORMANCEOFANALTERNATIVEFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTDESIGNREFERREDTOHEREASSTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTTHISPAVEMENTDESIGNWASINTRODUCEDTOREDUCE/DEFERREFLECTIVECRACKINGEXPERIENCEDWITHSOILCEMENTBASESTHESTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTCONSISTEDOFACRUSHEDLIMESTONEBASEONTOPOFACEMENTSTABILIZEDBASETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTWASCOMPAREDTOTHATOFTHECONVENTIONALPAVEMENTDESIGNWITHACEMENTSTABILIZEDBASETHESTONEINTERLAYERANDCONVENTIONALPAVEMENTSWERECONSTRUCTEDONSTATEHIGHWAYLA97NEARJENNINGS,LOUISIANABOTHPAVEMENTSWEREMONITOREDFOR102YEARSAFTERCONSTRUCTIONDURINGTHEEVALUATIONPERIOD,PAVEMENTDISTRESSSURVEYS,TESTINGOFROUGHNESSANDPERMANENTDEFORMATION,ANDEVALUATIONOFPAVEMENTSTRUCTURALCAPACITYUSINGDYNAMICNONDESTRUCTIVETESTINGWERECONDUCTEDADDITIONALLY,ASAPARTOFTHELOUISIANATRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHCENTERACCELERATEDPAVEMENTTESTINGRESEARCHPROGRAM,BOTHPAVEMENTDESIGNSWERETESTEDTOFAILUREUNDERTHEACCELERATEDLOADINGFACILITYINPORTALLEN,LOUISIANATHERESULTSOFTHISINVESTIGATIONSHOWEDASUPERIORPERFORMANCEOFTHESTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTOVERTHECONVENTIONALSOILCEMENTPAVEMENTASTESTEDINTHEFIELDASWELLASUNDERACCELERATEDLOADINGDOI101061/?ASCE?0733947X?2003?1292?118?CEDATABASEKEYWORDSFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTSSTONESPAVEMENTDESIGNPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONINTRODUCTIONSOFTANDSATURATEDSUBGRADESOILSAREACOMMONOCCURRENCEINLOUISIANA,ESPECIALLYINTHESOUTHERNPARTOFTHESTATESUCHSUBGRADESOILSARENOTCOMPETENTTOSUPPORTPAVEMENTSANDTHEIRTRAFFICLOADINGTOOVERCOMETHISPROBLEM,THELOUISIANADEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONANDDEVELOPMENT?DOTD?HASADOPTEDACONVENTIONALPAVEMENTDESIGNMETHODFORFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTSONSTATEHIGHWAYSOTHERTHANTHEINTERSTATESYSTEMTHEDESIGNCONSISTSOFLIMETREATMENTOFSUBGRADESOIL?SUBBASELAYER?,INPLACECEMENTSTABILIZATIONOFSOIL?SOILCEMENTBASELAYER?,ANDAHOTMIXASPHALTCONCRETE?HMAC?SURFACELAYERTHISPAVEMENTDESIGNMETHOD,WITHASTRONGSOILCEMENTBASE,HASTHEADVANTAGEOFPRODUCINGPAVEMENTSTHATARESTRUCTURALLYCAPABLEOFSUPPORTINGTRAFFICLOADINGUNDERWEAKSUBGRADESUPPORTINADDITION,THECONSTRUCTIONOFPAVEMENTSWITHSOILCEMENTBASELAYERSISQUICKANDCOSTEFFECTIVEWHILETHEUSEOFSOILCEMENTBASELAYERSEFFECTIVELYIMPROVESTHESTRUCTURALCAPACITYOFFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTS,ITISTHEMAJORCAUSEOFREFLECTIVECRACKING,WHICHACCELERATESPAVEMENTDETERIORATIONANDDECREASESPAVEMENTLIFERESEARCHERSATTHELOUISIANATRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHCENTER?LTRC?HAVEFOCUSEDTHEIREFFORTONINNOVATIVEALTERNATIVEMETHODOLOGIESTOREDUCEREFLECTIVECRACKINGANDIMPROVETHELONGTERMPERFORMANCEOFFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTSINLOUISIANAAMONGTHESEMETHODSISTHEUSEOFGRANULARMATERIALS?SUCHASCRUSHEDLIMESTONE?BETWEENTHESOILCEMENTBASEANDTHEHMACSURFACELAYERTHISPAVEMENTTYPEISDENOTEDHEREINASTHESTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESARESEARCHEFFORTCONDUCTEDTOEVALUATETHELONGTERMPERFORMANCEOFSTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTDESIGNANDTOASSESSTHECAPABILITYOFTHESTONEINTERLAYERTOREDUCEREFLECTIVECRACKINGINFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTSTWOFLEXIBLEPAVEMENTSECTIONSWEREDESIGNEDANDCONSTRUCTEDONSTATEHIGHWAYLA97NEARJENNINGS,LOUISIANA,IN1991THEFIRSTSECTIONCONSISTEDOFCONVENTIONALPAVEMENTDESIGN?SOILCEMENTBASE?,ANDTHESECONDSECTIONCONSISTEDOFSTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTDESIGN?CRUSHEDLIMESTONEOVERSOILCEMENTBASE?THELATTERDESIGNISALSOREFERREDTOASTHEINVERTEDPAVEMENTDESIGNTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHETWOPAVEMENTSWASMONITOREDOVERAPERIODOF102YEARSPAVEMENTDISTRESSSURVEYS,EVALUATIONOFSTRUCTURALCAPACITYOFTHEPAVEMENTS,MEASUREMENTOFPERMANENTDEFORMATION,ANDEVALUATIONOFPAVEMENTROUGHNESSANDSERVICEABILITYWERECONDUCTEDINADDITION,THECONVENTIONALANDTHEALTERNATIVESTONEINTERLAYERPAVEMENTSWERETESTEDUNDERACCELERATEDLOADINGFACILITY?ALF?ATTHEPAVEMENTRESEARCHFACILITY?PRF?SITEINPORTALLEN,LOUISIANABACKGROUNDSOILCEMENTHASLONGBEENUSEDASENGINEEREDMATERIALINVARIOUSAPPLICATIONSINCLUDINGBASELAYERSINPAVEMENTSWITHWEAKSUBGRADESOILINADDITION,THEUSEOFSOILCEMENTISCOSTEFFECTIVEINAREASLACKINGAGGREGATERESOURCESTHESECONDITIONSMAKESOUTHERNLOUISIANAAPERFECTCANDIDATEFORPAVEMENTSWITHSOILCEMENTBASESINDEED,LOUISIANAHASTHOUSANDSOFHIGHWAYMILESWITHSOILCEMENTBASES,SOMEOFWHICHHAVEBEENINSERVICEFORMORETHAN40YEARSTHEUSEOFSOILCEMENTBASECOURSELAYERSEFFECTIVELYIMPROVEDTHESTRUCTURALCAPACITYOFPAVEMENTSBUILTON1ASSISTANTPROFESSOR,DEPTOFCIVILENGINEERINGANDMECHANICS,UNIVOFWISCONSINMILWAUKEE,POBOX784,MILWAUKEE,WI532012PAVEMENTSYSTEMSSPECIALIST,LOUISIANATRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHCENTER,4101GOURRIERAVE,BATONROUGE,LA708083PAVEMENTRESEARCHENGINEERINTRAINING,LOUISIANATRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHCENTER,4101GOURRIERAVE,BATONROUGE,LA708084TRAFFICOPERATIONSENGINEER,LOUISIANADEPTOFTRANSPORTATIONANDDEVELOPMENT,POBOX831,BATONROUGE,LA708215ENGINEERINGTECHNICIAN,LOUISIANATRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHCENTER,4101GOURRIERAVE,BATONROUGE,LA70808NOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILAUGUST1,2003SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONDECEMBER3,2001APPROVEDONAPRIL9,2002THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFTRANSPORTATIONENGINEERING,VOL129,NO2,MARCH1,2003?ASCE,ISSN0733947X/2003/2118–126/1800118/JOURNALOFTRANSPORTATIONENGINEERING?ASCE/MARCH/APRIL2003ADDITION,PAVEMENTSECTIONSWERESURVEYEDFORRAVELING,SHOVING,ANDPOTHOLESTHESEVERITYLEVELANDPATTERNSFORCRACKSANDOTHERDISTRESSESWEREDETERMINEDACCORDINGTOTHEDISTRESSIDENTIFICATIONMANUALFORTHELONGTERMPAVEMENTPERFORMANCEPROJECT?SHRP1993?THEPAVEMENTSURFACECRACKINGSURVEYSWERECONDUCTEDBYMAPPINGTHELONGITUDINALANDTRANSVERSECRACKSONAPAPERTHEDISTANCEFROMTHEBEGINNINGTOTHEENDOFTHECRACKWASMEASUREDTODETERMINETHELENGTHOFTHECRACKNONDESTRUCTIVEEVALUATIONOFPAVEMENTSTRUCTUREASPRESENTEDINTABLE1,NONDESTRUCTIVEPAVEMENTTESTING?NDT?ANDEVALUATIONOFTHETESTSECTIONSWASCONDUCTEDSIXTIMESOVERTHEPAST102YEARSTHENDTCONSISTEDOFMEASUREMENTSOFPAVEMENTDEFLECTIONDUETOINDUCEDDYNAMICLOADUSINGTHEDYNAMICDEFLECTIONDETERMINATIONSYSTEM?DYNAFLECT?THISSYSTEM?FIG4?ISANONDESTRUCTIVETESTINGDEVICETHATINDUCESDYNAMICLOADONTHEPAVEMENTSURFACEANDMEASURESTHECORRESPONDINGDEFORMATIONATDIFFERENTLOCATIONSTHEMAXIMUMDYNAMICLOAD,ABOUT4448KN?1,000LB?,ISINDUCEDDUETOCOUNTERECCENTRICROTATIONOFTWOMASSESATFREQUENCYOF8HZTHELOADISTRANSMITTEDTOTHEPAVEMENTTHROUGHTWOSTEELWHEELSTHEDEFORMATIONISRECORDEDBYASETOFFIVEGEOPHONESINSTALLEDONABEAMANDSPACEDAT305MM?12IN?,WITHTHEFIRSTGEOPHONEPLACEDBETWEENTHETWOSTEELWHEELSKINCHENANDTEMPLE?1980?DEVELOPEDAMECHANISTICAPPROACHFORDESIGNOFHMACOVERLAYSBASEDONDEFLECTIONANALYSISTHEMETHODOLOGYWASPROPOSEDANDVERIFIEDBASEDONCOMPREHENSIVEEVALUATIONOFTHESTRUCTURALCAPACITYOFLOUISIANAPAVEMENTSUSINGTHEDYNAFLECTSYSTEMFORMORETHAN20YEARS,DOTDHASBEENUSINGTHISMETHODOLOGYFORPAVEMENTEVALUATIONANDDESIGNTHISMETHODWASUSEDINTHECURRENTSTUDYTOEVALUATETHESTRUCTURALCAPACITYOFTHEINVESTIGATEDPAVEMENTSASERIESOFNONDESTRUCTIVETESTINGWASCONDUCTEDDURINGTHEDIFFERENTSTAGESOFTHEPAVEMENTCONSTRUCTIONTHISWASTOEVALUATETHESTRUCTURALCAPACITYOFTHEINDIVIDUALPAVEMENTLAYERSTHEFIRSTSETOFNONDESTRUCTIVETESTSWASCONDUCTEDONTHE305MM?12IN?LIMESTABILIZEDSUBBASEFORBOTHTESTSECTIONS1AND2THENTHESECONDSETOFTESTINGWASCONDUCTEDAFTERCONSTRUCTIONOF216MM?85IN?SOILCEMENTFORTESTSECTION1AND152MM?6IN?SOILCEMENTFORTESTSECTION2THETHIRDSETWASCONDUCTEDONLYONTESTSECTION2AFTERTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHE102MM?4IN?CRUSHEDLIMESTONEINTERLAYERTHEFINALSETWASCONDUCTEDAFTERCONSTRUCTIONOFTHE89MM?35IN?HMACSURFACELAYERTESTSWERECONDUCTEDONEACHSECTIONON30M?100FT?INTERVALSEVALUATIONOFPAVEMENTROUGHNESSANDDEFORMATIONFIELDTESTSWERECONDUCTEDTODETERMINETHERIDEQUALITYANDPERMANENTDEFORMATION?RUTTING?OFTHEINVESTIGATEDPAVEMENTSASPRESENTEDINTABLE1,FIELDTESTINGWASCONDUCTEDSEVENTIMESDURINGTHELAST102YEARSFROM1991TO1995,THEMAYSRIDEMETER?MRM?WASUSEDTOEVALUATEPAVEMENTROUGHNESSANDTHEAASHTOAFRAMEWASUSEDTOMEASUREPAVEMENTRUTTINGAFTER1995,THEHIGHSPEEDROADPROFILERWASUSEDTOEVALUATEPAVEMENTROUGHNESSANDRUTTINGADESCRIPTIONOFTHETESTEQUIPMENTISGIVENBELOWMAYSRIDEMETER?MRMTHEMRMISEQUIPMENTTHATMEASURESROADROUGHNESSCONSISTINGOFARECORDER,APHOTOELECTRICTRANSMITTER,ANDASPECIALODOMETERITISDESIGNEDTOOPERATEINAVEHICLEWITHATRAVELINGSPEEDOF80KM/H?50MI/H?MRMRECORDSTRAVELDISTANCEFROMTHEACTUALROADPROFILEONCONTINUOUSFEEDCHARTPAPERBASEDONTHERELATIVEMOVEMENTOFTHECARAXLEWITHRESPECTTOTHEVEHICLEBODY,THEPHOTOCELLTRANSMITTERCONVERTSTHEACCEPTEDLIGHTRAYSINTOELECTRICALIMPULSESTHATARECONVERTEDINTOPROFILEONTHECHARTSPECIALCHARTSAREDEVELOPEDFORINTERPRETINGROADROUGHNESSUSINGMRMTESTRESULTSTHEMRMTESTRESULTSAREEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFTHEPRESENTSERVICEABILITYINDEX?PSI?FIELDTESTINGUSINGTHEMRMWASCONDUCTEDFIVETIMESONTHEENTIRETESTSECTIONTOENSUREREPEATABILITYOFTESTRESULTSTHEMRMTESTRESULTSFORTHETESTSECTIONSWEREEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFPSIANDTHENWERECONVERTEDINTOTHEINTERNATIONALROUGHNESSINDEX?IRI?USINGTHECORRELATIONESTABLISHEDBYSAYERSETAL?1986?HIGHSPEEDROADPROFILERTHEHIGHSPEEDROADPROFILERISAVEHICLEEQUIPPEDWITHTHREELASERSENSORSFORHEIGHTMEASUREMENTS,ONESENSORTOMEASURETRAVELDISTANCE,ANDTWOACCELEROMETERSTOACCOUNTFORVEHICLEVIBRATIONSTHEACCELEROMETERSALLOWTHESYSTEMTOFUNCTIONINDEPENDENTLYOFTHEVEHICLECHARACTERISTICSANDTRAVELSPEEDTHESYSTEMISCAPABLEOFCOLLECTINGROADPROFILEDATAATAMINIMUMDISTANCEINTERVALOF762MM?30IN?THELTRCHIGHSPEEDROADPROFILERWASUSEDTOCOLLECTPAVEMENTSURFACEDATAFOREVALUATIONOFROUGHNESSANDRUTTINGLONGITUDINALPROFILESOFTHETESTSECTIONSWEREMEASUREDBYCONDUCTING3–5RUNSONTHEENTIRETESTSECTIONTOENSUREREPEATABILITYOFTHETESTRESULTSTHEPROFILEOFEACHWHEELPATHWASOBTAINED,ANDTHEPAVEMENTROUGHNESSWASDETERMINEDINTERMSOFIRITHEAVERAGEFIG2LOCATIONOFPROJECTONSTATEHIGHWAYLA97NEARJENNINGS,LOUISIANA120/JOURNALOFTRANSPORTATIONENGINEERING?ASCE/MARCH/APRIL2003

簡介：ENGINEERINGSTRUCTURES24200285–98WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENGSTRUCTANANALYTICALMODELTOPREDICTTHEINELASTICSEISMICBEHAVIOROFSHEARWALL,REINFORCEDCONCRETESTRUCTURESPAHIDALGO,RMJORDAN,MPMARTINEZDEPARTMENTOFSTRUCTURALANDGEOTECHNICALENGINEERING,CATHOLICUNIVERSITYOFCHILE,AVVICUNAMACKENNA4860,CASILLA306,SANTIAGO,CHILERECEIVED10JULY2000RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM5JUNE2001ACCEPTED11JUNE2001ABSTRACTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANANALYTICALMODELTOPREDICTTHEINELASTICSEISMICRESPONSEOFREINFORCEDCONCRETESHEARWALLBUILDINGS,INCLUDINGBOTHTHEFLEXURALANDSHEARFAILUREMODESISPRESENTEDTHEUSEOFSHEARWALLBUILDINGSISQUITECOMMONINANUMBEROFSEISMICCOUNTRIESASARESULTOFTHEIRSUCCESSFULSEISMICBEHAVIORDURINGPASTSEVEREEARTHQUAKESTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTUDYHASBEENTODEVELOPACOMPUTERMODELCAPABLEOFPREDICTINGTHESEISMICBEHAVIOROFSHEARWALLBUILDINGSSUCHMODELWOULDALLOWBETTERESTIMATIONSTOBEOBTAINEDOFBOTHTHEULTIMATELATERALSTRENGTHOFTHESEBUILDINGSASWELLASTHEIRINELASTICDEFORMATIONDEMANDUNDERSEVEREGROUNDMOTIONSSUCHINFORMATIONMAYBEUSEDINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFPERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGNPROCEDURES,ANDTOIMPROVEPRESENTCODEDESIGNPROCEDURESTOFULFILLTHISOBJECTIVE,ASHEARFAILUREMODEMODELBASEDONEXPERIMENTALRESULTSHASBEENADDEDTOTHECOMPUTERPROGRAMLARZTHISPAPERDISCUSSESTHEMOSTRELEVANTPROBLEMSANDSOLUTIONSDEVISEDDURINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHISMODELVALIDATIONOFTHEMODELPROPOSEDTOPREDICTTHEINELASTICSEISMICRESPONSEOFSHEARWALLSTRUCTURESWASCARRIEDOUTBYCOMPARINGITSRESULTSWITHTHEACTUALRESPONSEOFTWOREALBUILDINGSDURINGTHEMARCH3,1985CHILEANEARTHQUAKEINSPITEOFTHEFACTTHATTHEMODELISTWODIMENSIONALAND,HENCE,ITIGNORESTHETORSIONALRESPONSE,THERESULTSOBTAINEDARESATISFACTORY?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSHEARWALLBUILDINGSREINFORCEDCONCRETEBUILDINGSINELASTICBEHAVIORSHEARFAILUREMODEL1INTRODUCTIONPROPERLYDESIGNEDMULTISTORYR/CSHEARWALLBUILDINGSSHOULDBEHAVEINADUCTILEFLEXURALMANNERWHENSUBJECTEDTOSEVEREEARTHQUAKEGROUNDMOTIONSCONSEQUENTLY,DESIGNFORCESAREUSUALLYMUCHSMALLERTHANTHOSEREQUIREDTODESIGNASTRUCTURALSYSTEMWITHOUTTHECHARACTERISTICSOFDUCTILITYANDTOUGHNESSTYPICALOFBUILDINGSWITHPREDOMINANTFLEXURALFAILUREMODENEVERTHELESS,THEREARECASESWHERETHISDUCTILEFAILUREMODEMAYNOTBEACHIEVEDDUETOTHELARGEFLEXURALSTRENGTHASCOMPAREDWITHTHESHEARSTRENGTHOFTHEWALLSINSUCHCASES,ANUNDESIREDSHEARFAILUREMODEISLIKELYTODEVELOPTHISMAYBETHECASEOFSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSTHATHAVEALARGEWALLAREARELATIVETOTHEFLOORPLANAREATHISSITUATIONMAYALSOHAPPENINSHEARWALLSCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL5626864207FAX5626864243EMAILADDRESSPHIDALGOINGPUCCLPAHIDALGO01410296/02/SEEFRONTMATTER?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS014102960100061XCOUPLEDBYSTIFFLINTELSTHATMAYINDUCEBENDINGMOMENTTOSHEARFORCERATIOSINTHEWALLTOOSMALLRELATIVETOTHELENGTHOFTHEWALLONTHEOTHERHAND,EVENINTHECASETHATULTIMATESTRENGTHISCONTROLLEDBYADUCTILEFLEXURALBEHAVIOROFTHESHEARWALLS,STRUCTURALDAMAGEINTHEFORMOFMILDOREXTENSIVESHEARCRACKINGMAYAFFECTTHEOBJECTIVESOFPERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGNSEVERALEXAMPLESOFTHESESITUATIONSHAVEBEENFOUNDINTHERESPONSEOFR/CSHEARWALLBUILDINGSAFTERSEVEREEARTHQUAKESLIKETHEMARCH3,1985CHILEANEARTHQUAKETHEUSEOFSHEARWALLBUILDINGSISQUITECOMMONINSOMEEARTHQUAKEPRONECOUNTRIESSUCHASCHILETHEIRSEISMICBEHAVIORHASBEENSUCCESSFULDURINGPASTSEVEREEARTHQUAKES,BOTH,FROMASERVICEABILITYASWELLASASAFETYSTANDPOINT1THEREFORE,THEIRUSEHASBEENRECOMMENDEDINEARTHQUAKERESISTANTDESIGN2ASLONGASITSTRUEBEHAVIORISINCLUDEDINBUILDINGMODELINGCONSEQUENTLY,THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTUDYHASBEENTODEVELOPACOMPUTERMODELCAPABLEOFPREDICTINGTHESEISMICBEHAVIOROFSUCHBUILDINGSTHEMODELPROPOSEDALLOWSBETTERESTIMATIONSTOBEOBTAINEDOFBOTHTHEULTI87PAHIDALGOETAL/ENGINEERINGSTRUCTURES24200285–98SIMILARSOILCONDITIONSASFORTHEBUILDINGSWEREUSEDASINPUTFORTHECOMPUTERMODEL2MODELFORFLEXURALFAILUREMODETHESINAHYSTERESISMODELIMPLEMENTEDINTHELARZCOMPUTERPROGRAMFIG2WASADOPTEDINTHISSTUDYTOMODELTHENONLINEARFLEXURALBEHAVIORANDTHEMOMENTCURVATUREHYSTERETICRELATIONSFORWALLELEMENTSASSHOWNINFIG2,PINCHINGEFFECTSANDSTIFFNESSANDSTRENGTHREDUCTIONSDUETOREPEATEDCYCLESATTHESAMEDEFORMATIONLEVELWERENOTIMPLEMENTEDINTHEMODELFORFLEXURALBEHAVIORTHEMODELOPERATESONAPRIMARYM–FENVELOPECURVECONSISTINGOFFOURLINEARSEGMENTSFORPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEBENDINGASSHOWNINFIG2THEPRIMARYCURVESNEEDNOTBESYMMETRICABOUTTHEORIGIN,BUTASINGLESTRAIGHTLINEMUSTBESPECIFIEDFORMOMENTSBELOWTHECRACKINGMOMENTINBOTHDIRECTIONSLINEC?CINFIG2POINTSYANDUANDY?ANDU?CORRESPONDTOMOMENTSASSOCIATEDWITHFIRSTYIELDINGANDACONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRAINOF?CU0003,RESPECTIVELYANHORIZONTALLINEFOLLOWINGPOINTUISASSUMED,ANDCOLLAPSEISDEFINEDBYAMAXIMUMCURVATUREFMAX,ASSOCIATEDTOACONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRAINOF?CMAX001FORMOMENTSBELOWTHECRACKINGLEVEL,LOADINGANDUNLOADINGFOLLOWTHEPRIMARYCURVEFORMOMENTSABOVETHECRACKINGMOMENT,UNLOADINGFOLLOWSALINECONNECTINGTHEUNLOADINGPOINTWITHTHECRACKINGPOINTINTHEOTHERDIRECTIONLINEPC?INFIG2IFTHEYIELDMOMENTISEXCEEDEDANDUNLOADINGTAKESPLACEATPOINTP1,THESLOPEOFTHEUNLOADINGBRANCHP1P2ISTAKENASKUN?KY?C?FYFM?A1WHEREFMISTHEMAXIMUMCURVATUREATTAINEDINTHELOADINGDIRECTIONANDKY?CTHESLOPEOFTHELINECONNECTINGTHEYIELDPOINTINTHELOADINGDIRECTIONWITHTHECRACKINGPOINTINTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTIONTHEEXPONENTACONTROLSTHESLOPEOFTHEUNLOADINGBRANCHAFTERYIELDING,ANDWASTAKENEQUALTO05ASSUGGESTEDBYSAIIDIANDSOZEN3ADETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFALLTHEHYSTERESISRULESCANBEFOUNDELSEWHERE3THEBENDINGMOMENTANDCURVATUREVALUESWEREDEFINEDUSINGTHESTANDARDTHEORYFORREINFORCEDCONCRETEELEMENTSBOTHTHEBOUNDARYREINFORCEMENTANDTHEDISTRIBUTEDVERTICALREINFORCEMENTARETAKENINTOACCOUNTINDEFININGTHEPRIMARYM–FCURVEFORWALLELEMENTSFURTHER,THEAXIALLOADFORCEVALUESDUETOGRAVITY,ASSUMEDTOREMAINCONSTANTTHROUGHOUTTHESEISMICRESPONSE,ARECONSIDEREDINTHECALCULATIONOFMOMENTANDCURVATUREASSOCIATEDWITHPOINTSC,YANDUOFTHEPRIMARYCURVETHISCONSTITUTESANAPPROXIMATIONFORSHEARWALLSCOUPLEDBYSPANDRELBEAMS,SINCETHESEBEAMSMAYDEVELOPSIGNIFICANTSEISMICSHEARFORCESTHATINDUCEVARIABLEAXIALLOADSONTHEWALLS,BUTTHERESULTINGERRORINTHEAXIALLOADSBECOMESSMALLERASTHEFLEXURALSTRENGTHOFTHECOUPLINGELEMENTSDECREASESTHEEVALUATIONOFTHEBENDINGMOMENTFORTHECOLLAPSEPOINTDEFINEDBYFMAX,ASSUMESTHESAMECOMPRESSIVESTRESSBLOCKINTHECONCRETETHATWASUSEDFORPOINTUTHISISOBVIOUSLYANAPPROXIMATIONSINCEITALWAYSYIELDSTOFMAX333FUINFIG2THISASSUMPTIONISVERIFIEDBYCOMPUTINGTHEMOMENTCURVATURERELATIONSHIPFORSOMEOFTHEWALLSUSINGAREALISTICSTRESS–STRAINCURVEFORTHECONCRETEINALLCASESASLIGHTLYLARGERVALUEOFFMAXISOBTAINEDBYUSINGTHEMORE‘EXACT’METHODNEVERTHELESS,WHENTHEMODELWASUSEDINTHISSTUDYTOPREDICTTHEINELASTICSEISMICBEHAVIOROFREALBUILDINGS,THEMAXIMUMCURVATURENEVEREXCEEDEDTHEVALUEOFFU3MODELFORSHEARFAILUREMODESHEARDOMINATEDBEHAVIORWASALSOMODELEDUSINGTHESINAHYSTERESISMODELASSHOWNINFIG3PINCHINGEFFECTSANDSTRENGTHREDUCTIONDUETOREPEATEDCYCLESATTHESAMEDEFORMATIONLEVELWERENOWIMPLEMENTEDINTHEHYSTERESISMODELTHEMODELFORTHESHEARFAILUREMODEASSUMESINDEPENDENCEOFTHESHEARSTRENGTHOFWALLSONBOTHTHEBENDINGMOMENTANDTHEAXIALFORCEPRESENTINTHEWALLTHISISALSOANAPPROXIMATION,BUTTONEGLECTINTERACTIONBETWEENSHEARANDAXIALFORCEISCONSISTENTWITHTHECURRENTACIDESIGNPROVISIONSFORWALLS6THEMODELWASINITIALLYDEVELOPEDFORSQUATSHEARWALLSWITHANASPECTRATIOM/VLWOF10ORSMALLER,WHEREMISTHEBENDINGMOMENTATTHEBASEOFTHEWALL,VTHESHEARFORCE,ANDLWTHELENGTHOFTHEWALLITWASTHENEXTENDEDTOTHECASEOFSLENDERSHEARWALLSWITHASPECTRATIOLARGERTHAN10,ASEXPLAINEDLATERINFIG3,POINTCREPRESENTSTHEPOINTWHEREACHANGEINTHESLOPEOFTHEENVELOPEOFTHELOAD–DISPLACEMENTRELATIONSHIPISEXPERIMENTALLYOBSERVEDTHENEWVALUEOFTHESTIFFNESSOFTHESPECIMENSISABOUT60OFTHEINITIALSTIFFNESSPOINTCWASGENERALLYVERYCLOSETOTHEPOINTATWHICHTHEFIRSTDIAGONALCRACKFROMCORNERTOCORNEROFTHEWALLSWASDEVELOPEDDURINGTHETESTSPOINTYCORRESPONDSTOTHELARGESTVALUEOFSHEARLOADATTAINEDDURINGTHETEST,WHILEPOINTUMAYBEASSOCIATEDWITHTHEULTIMATECONDITIONUNDERWHICHTHEELEMENTMAYSTILLBECONSIDEREDASANEFFECTIVEPARTOFTHERESISTINGMECHANISMOFTHESTRUCTURETHEDEFINITIONSOFPOINTSC,YANDUINTHEENVELOPECURVEFIG3AREBASEDONTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOBTAINEDFROMTHECYCLICTESTOF26FULLSCALE,SHEARWALLSPECIMENSALLTHESESPECIMENSWEREDESIGNEDTOEXHIBITASHEARMODEOFFAILUREANDHADASPECTRATIOSM/VLWBETWEEN035AND10THELOADINGSEQUENCEOFEACHTESTCONSISTEDOFSETSOFTWOCYCLESATAGIVENDISPLACEMENTAMPLITUDE,WHICHINCREASEDGRADU

簡介：ONTHECOMPARISONOFTIMOSHENKOANDSHEARMODELSINBEAMDYNAMICSNO?LCHALLAMEL1ABSTRACTTHECLASSICALTIMOSHENKOBEAMMODELANDTHESHEARBEAMMODELAREOFTENUSEDTOMODELSHEARBUILDINGBEHAVIORBOTHFORSTABILITYORDYNAMICANALYSISTHISTECHNICALNOTEQUESTIONSTHETHEORETICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENBOTHMODELSFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHESIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMISANALYTICALLYSTUDIEDFORBOTHMODELSASYMPTOTICSOLUTIONSAREOBTAINEDFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERINTHEGENERALCASE,ITISPROVENTHATTHESHEARBEAMMODELCANNOTBEDEDUCEDFROMTHETIMOSHENKOMODEL,BYCONSIDERINGLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHISISONLYACHIEVEDFORSPECIFICGEOMETRICALPARAMETERINTHEPRESENTEXAMPLEASACONCLUSION,THECAPABILITYOFTHESHEARMODELTOAPPROXIMATETIMOSHENKOMODELFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERISFIRMLYDEPENDENTONTHEMATERIALANDGEOMETRICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEBEAMSECTIONANDONTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSDOI101061/?ASCE?07339399?2006?13210?1141?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSSHEARWAVESSTRUCTURALDYNAMICSDYNAMICMODELSBEAMSCOMPARATIVESTUDIESINTRODUCTIONTHECLASSICALTIMOSHENKOBEAMMODEL?TIMOSHENKO1921,1922?ANDTHESHEARBEAMMODEL?SEEFORINSTANCEKAUSEL2002?AREOFTENUSEDTOMODELSHEARBUILDINGBEHAVIORBOTHFORSTABILITYORDYNAMICANALYSISTHISTECHNICALNOTEQUESTIONSTHETHEORETICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENBOTHMODELSFORLARGEVALUESOFBENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERARISTIZABALOCHOA?2004?COMPARESTHESETWOMODELSANDSUGGESTSARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESETWOMODELSBYCONSIDERINGLARGEVALUESOFADIMENSIONLESSPARAMETERS2,ABENDINGTOSHEARSTIFFNESSPARAMETERTHISTECHNICALNOTESHOWSONASIMPLEEXAMPLETHATTHISPARAMETERMAYBENOTSUFFICIENTTOLINKBOTHTHEORIESEQUATIONSOFMOTIONTIMOSHENKOMODELTHEGOVERNINGEQUATIONSOFTHETIMOSHENKOMODELAREM?2Y?T2?ASG?2Y?X2ASG???X0?1?MR2?2??T2?ASG??Y?X????EI?2??X20THEBEAMISMADEOFAHOMOGENEOUSLINEARELASTICMATERIALWITHMODULIE?YOUNGMODULUS?ANDG?TRANSVERSESHEARMODULUS?ITSTRANSVERSECROSSSECTIONISDOUBLYSYMMETRICWITHANEFFECTIVESHEARAREADENOTEDBYASANDAPRINCIPALMOMENTOFINERTIAIAR2?R?RADIUSOFGYRATIONOFTHECROSSSECTIONANDA?TOTALAREA?THEEFFECTIVEAREAASCANALSOBEDENOTEDBY?A?,THESOCALLEDSHEARCORRECTIONCOEFFICIENT,ISADIMENSIONLESSFACTORWHICHGIVESTHERATIOOFTHEAVERAGESTRAINONASECTIONTOTHESHEARSTRAINATTHECENTROIDITSVALUEISDEPENDENTONTHESHAPEOFCROSSSECTION,BUTALSOONTHEMATERIAL’SPOISSONRATIO??SEE,FORINSTANCE,COWPER1966?THEUNIFORMMASSPERUNITOFLENGTHISDENOTEDBYMY?AVERAGEDISPLACEMENTAND??AVERAGESLOPE,BOTHFUNCTIONOFTHETIMETANDTHESPATIALCOORDINATEXTHEROTATIONANGLE?CANBEEVALUATEDFROMTHEFIRSTOFTHESEEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPSEQ?1?ANDSUBSTITUTEDINTOTHESECOND,LEAVINGTHETRANSVERSEDISPLACEMENTYASTHEONLYVARIABLEEI?4Y?X4M?2Y?T2??MR2MEIASG??4Y?X2?T2M2R2ASG?4Y?T40?2?ONEWOULDOBTAINTHESAMEDIFFERENTIALOPERATORFORTHECROSSSECTIONALROTATIONANGLE?CHENG1970?EI?4??X4M?2??T2??MR2MEIASG??4??X2?T2M2R2ASG?4??T40?3?THESIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMOFLENGTHLISSTUDIEDTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSARETHENREDUCEDTO???X?0,T????X?L,T?Y?0,T?Y?L,T?0?4?OFCOURSE,OTHERTYPESOFBOUNDARYCONDITIONSCANBETREATED?HUANG1961,FORINSTANCE?BUTACOMPARISONWITHOTHERBEAMMODELSWILLBEFACILITATEDBYTHEAVAILABLECLOSEDFORMSOLUTIONSOFTHISSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMTHESOLUTIONOFEQ?2?ISSOUGHTOFTHEFORMY?X,T???X?SIN?NT?5?1ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,LABORATOIREDEGéNIECIVILETGéNIEMéCANIQUE?LGCGM?,INSADERENNES,20AVDESBUTTESDECO?SMES,35043RENNESCEDEX,FRANCEEMAILNOELCHALLAMELINSARENNESFRNOTEASSOCIATEEDITORHAYDERARASHEEDDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILMARCH1,2007SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISTECHNICALNOTEWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONMARCH17,2005APPROVEDONJANUARY25,2006THISTECHNICALNOTEISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS,VOL132,NO10,OCTOBER1,2006?ASCE,ISSN07339399/2006/101141–1145/2500JOURNALOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS?ASCE/OCTOBER2006/1141JENGMECH200613211411145DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYUNIVERSITYOFLIVERPOOLON04/19/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDTHEFUNCTIONOFTHELATERALDEFLECTION?ISNOWEXPRESSEDASFOLLOWS??X?C1COS??NX?C2SIN??NX?C3COS??NX?C4SIN??NX??17?NOTETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEEIGENFUNCTIONSBETWEENCASES1AND2THENATURALFREQUENCIESARESIMPLYOBTAINEDUSINGTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSINEQ?8??NN?AND?NN??18?ITCANBEREMARKEDTHATTHISSECONDCASEISOFTENOMITTEDINTHELITERATUREASYMPTOTICANALYSISEIGENFUNCTIONSDEPENDONTHEFREQUENCYDEPENDENTEQ?12?INANYCASE,ITISNOTDIFFICULTTOSHOWTHATINBOTHCASES,THENATURALFREQUENCYISGIVENBYTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONBN4R2S2?BN2?N2?2?R2S2?1?N4?40?19?THEEULER–BERNOULLISOLUTIONISFOUNDBYSETTINGRS0TBNN2?2?20?ITCANBEMOREOVERSTATEDTHATS2?1?21?THISASSUMPTIONISOFTENFORMULATEDINORDERTOJUSTIFYTHEASSUMPTIONOFTHESHEARMODEL?SEEFORINSTANCEARISTIZABALOCHOA2004?INTHISCASE,EQ?19?ISREDUCEDTOBN4R2S2?BN2N2?2?R2S2??1??N4?40WHERE?1N2?2?R2S2??22?INCASEOFEQ?21?,??SMALLPARAMETER???1/?N?S?2?THEFOLLOWINGPERTURBATIONEXPANSIONFORTHESOLUTIONOFEQ?22?ISOBTAINEDFROMTHEASYMPTOTICSEQUENCE?SEEFORINSTANCEBUSH1992?BN2BN2?0??BN2?1??2BN2?2?ˉ?23?SUBSTITUTINGTHEASSUMEDEXPANSIONINTOEQ?22?YIELDSTHEEQUATIONBN2?N2?2R2?1?R2S2S2?R2?ˉORN2?2S2?1?R2S2R2?S2?ˉ??24?THECASERSISASPECIALCASEFORWHICHANOTHERPERTURBATIONEXPANSIONHASTOBECO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簡介：EJSESPECIALISSUELOADINGONSTRUCTURES20071INTRODUCTIONOTHERPAPERSPRESENTEDINTHISSERIESCONSIDERTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORGRAVITYLOADS,WINDANDEARTHQUAKESTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSAGAINSTSUCHLOADEFFECTSISTOALARGEEXTENTCOVEREDBYENGINEERINGBASEDSTANDARDSREFERENCEDBYTHEBUILDINGREGULATIONSTHISISNOTTHECASE,TONEARLYTHESAMEEXTENT,INTHECASEOFFIRERATHER,ITISBUILDINGREGULATIONSSUCHASTHEBUILDINGCODEOFAUSTRALIABCATHATDIRECTLYSPECIFYMOSTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORFIRESAFETYOFBUILDINGSWITHREFERENCEBEINGMADETOSTANDARDSSUCHASAS3600ORAS4100FORMETHODSFORDETERMININGTHEFIRERESISTANCEOFSTRUCTURALELEMENTSTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOCONSIDERTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORFIRESAFETYFROMANENGINEERINGPERSPECTIVEASISCURRENTLYDONEFOROTHERLOADSSUCHASWINDOREARTHQUAKES,WHILSTATTHESAMETIME,PUTTINGSUCHAPPROACHESINTHECONTEXTOFTHECURRENTREGULATORYREQUIREMENTSATTHEOUTSET,ITNEEDSTOBENOTEDTHATDESIGNINGABUILDINGFORFIRESAFETYISFARMORETHANSIMPLYCONSIDERINGTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREANDWHETHERITHASSUFFICIENTSTRUCTURALADEQUACYTHISISBECAUSEFIRESCANHAVEADIRECTINFLUENCEONOCCUPANTSVIASMOKEANDHEATANDCANGROWINSIZEANDSEVERITYUNLIKEOTHEREFFECTSIMPOSEDONTHEBUILDINGNOTWITHSTANDINGTHESECOMMENTS,THEFOCUSOFTHISPAPERWILLBELARGELYONDESIGNISSUESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTURETWOSITUATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHABUILDINGAREUSEDFORTHEPURPOSEOFDISCUSSIONTHEMULTISTOREYOFFICEBUILDINGSHOWNINFIGURE1ISSUPPORTEDBYATRANSFERSTRUCTURETHATSPANSOVERASETOFRAILWAYTRACKSITISASSUMEDTHATAWIDERANGEOFRAILTRAFFICUTILISESTHESETRACKSINCLUDINGFREIGHTANDDIESELLOCOMOTIVESTHEFIRSTSITUATIONTOBECONSIDEREDFROMAFIRESAFETYPERSPECTIVEISTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURETHISISTERMEDSITUATION1ANDTHEKEYQUESTIONSAREWHATLEVELOFFIRERESISTANCEISREQUIREDFORTHISTRANSFERSTRUCTUREANDHOWCANTHISBEDETERMINEDTHISSITUATIONHASBEENCHOSENSINCEITCLEARLYFALLSOUTSIDETHENORMALREGULATORYSCOPEOFMOSTBUILDINGREGULATIONSANENGINEERINGSOLUTION,RATHERTHANAPRESCRIPTIVEONEISREQUIREDTHESECONDFIRESITUATIONTERMEDSITUATION2CORRESPONDSTOAFIREDESIGNINGAGAINSTFIREIDBENNETTSNOELARNOLDANDASSOCIATES,MELBOURNEAUSTRALIAIRTHOMASCESARE,VICTORIAUNIVERSITY,AUSTRALIAABSTRACTTHISPAPERCONSIDERSTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORFIRESAFETYITISFOUNDTHATFIREANDTHEASSOCIATEDEFFECTSONBUILDINGSISSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTTOOTHERFORMSOFLOADINGSUCHASGRAVITYLIVELOADS,WINDANDEARTHQUAKESANDTHEIRRESPECTIVEEFFECTSONTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREFIREEVENTSAREDERIVEDFROMTHEHUMANACTIVITIESWITHINBUILDINGSORFROMTHEMALFUNCTIONOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALEQUIPMENTPROVIDEDWITHINBUILDINGSTOACHIEVEASERVICEABLEENVIRONMENTITISTHEREFOREPOSSIBLETODIRECTLYINFLUENCETHERATEOFFIRESTARTSWITHINBUILDINGSBYCHANGINGHUMANBEHAVIOUR,IMPROVEDMAINTENANCEANDIMPROVEDDESIGNOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALSYSTEMSFURTHERMORE,SHOULDAFIREDEVELOPS,ITISPOSSIBLETODIRECTLYINFLUENCETHERESULTINGFIRESEVERITYBYTHEINCORPORATIONOFFIRESAFETYSYSTEMSSUCHASSPRINKLERSANDTOPROVIDEMEASURESWITHINTHEBUILDINGTOENABLESAFEREGRESSFROMTHEBUILDINGTHEABILITYTOINFLUENCETHERATEOFFIRESTARTSANDTHERESULTINGFIRESEVERITYISUNIQUETOTHECONSIDERATIONOFFIREWITHINBUILDINGSSINCEOTHERLOADSSUCHASWINDANDEARTHQUAKESAREDIRECTLYAFUNCTIONOFNATURETHEPOSSIBLEAPPROACHESFORDESIGNINGABUILDINGFORFIRESAFETYAREPRESENTEDUSINGANEXAMPLEOFAMULTISTOREYBUILDINGCONSTRUCTEDOVERARAILWAYLINETHEDESIGNOFBOTHTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURESUPPORTINGTHEBUILDINGOVERTHERAILWAYANDTHELEVELSABOVETHETRANSFERSTRUCTUREARECONSIDEREDINTHECONTEXTOFCURRENTREGULATORYREQUIREMENTSTHEPRINCIPLESANDASSUMPTIONSASSOCIATEDWITHVARIOUSAPPROACHESAREDISCUSSED9EJSESPECIALISSUELOADINGONSTRUCTURES2007TEMMAYASSISTINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFOTHERLOADRESISTINGMECHANISMSSEESECTION435WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFORCESDUETORESTRAINTOFTHERMALEXPANSION,FIREDOESNOTIMPOSELOADSONTHESTRUCTUREBUTRATHERREDUCESSTIFFNESSANDSTRENGTHSUCHEFFECTSARENOTINSTANTANEOUSBUTAREAFUNCTIONOFTIMEANDTHISISDIFFERENTTOTHEEFFECTSOFLOADSSUCHASEARTHQUAKEANDWINDTHATAREMOREORLESSINSTANTANEOUSHEATINGEFFECTSASSOCIATEDWITHAFIREWILLNOTBESIGNIFICANTORTHERATEOFLOSSOFCAPACITYWILLBESLOWEDIFATHEFIREISEXTINGUISHEDEGANEFFECTIVESPRINKLERSYSTEMBTHEFIREISOFINSUFFICIENTSEVERITY–INSUFFICIENTFUEL,AND/ORCTHESTRUCTURALELEMENTSHAVESUFFICIENTTHERMALMASSAND/ORINSULATIONTOSLOWTHERISEININTERNALTEMPERATUREFIREPROTECTIONMEASURESSUCHASPROVIDINGSUFFICIENTAXISDISTANCEANDDIMENSIONSFORCONCRETEELEMENTS,ANDSUFFICIENTINSULATIONTHICKNESSFORSTEELELEMENTSAREEXAMPLESOFCTHESEAREILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2THETWOSITUATIONSDESCRIBEDINTHEINTRODUCTIONARENOWCONSIDERED3FIRESDUETOTRAINSBELOWBUILDING31POSSIBLEAPPROACHESWHATLEVELOFFIRERESISTANCEISREQUIREDFORTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURESHOWNINFIGURE1ONEAPPROACHTOANSWERINGTHISQUESTIONCOULDBETODESIGNTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURETORESISTTHEMOSTSEVEREPOSSIBLEFIREUNTILTHATFIREHASBURNTOUTHOWEVER,IFTHETRAINSTRAVELINGBELOWTHEBUILDINGINCLUDEARANGEOFDIESELLOCOMOTIVESANDFREIGHTCARS,ITMAYNOTBEECONOMICALLYFEASIBLETODESIGNAGAINSTTHEWORSTPOSSIBLEFIREANOTHERMORERATIONALAPPROACHWOULDBETODESIGNTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURALELEMENTSAGAINSTFIRESUCHTHATTHEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREOFTHEMEMBERSINTHEEVENTOFFIREMANYDIFFERENTFIRESWITHDIFFERENTPROBABILITIESOFOCCURRENCEISNOGREATERTHANTHATASSOCIATEDWITHTHENORMALTEMPERATURELOADINGCONDITIONSINTHISAPPROACHACCOUNTMUSTBETAKENOFATHEVARIABILITYASSOCIATEDWITHLOADSAPPLIEDTOTHEBUILDING,BTHEPOSSIBLEFIRETRAINSCENARIOSASCHARACTERISEDBYTHEIRPROBABILITYANDHEATINGCHARACTERISTICS,ANDCTHEEFFECTOFSUCHFIRESONTHERESISTANCEOFTHETRANSFERMEMBERSTHISAPPROACHISNOWFURTHERDESCRIBEDASTHERESISTANCEOFTHESTRUCTURALMEMBERSISREDUCED,THEPROBABILITYOFSTRUCTURALFAILUREISINCREASEDFORAPARTICULARFIREEVENTI,THISPROBABILITYMAYBEDENOTEDASFFIPGIVENTHEVARIABILITYASSOCIATEDWITHTHELOADINGANDRESISTANCEIFTHEFIREEVENTSARECONSIDEREDTOBEINDEPENDENTANDTHEPROBABILITYOFOCCURRENCEOFFIREEVENTIISDENOTEDASIP,THENTHEOVERALLPROBABILITYOFFAILUREFORAGIVENSTRUCTURALELEMENTWHENSUBJECTTOALLPOSSIBLEFIREEVENTSIS∑IFFIITFPPP1ITCANBEARGUEDTHATTHEFIREDESIGNISSATISFACTORYIFTHISPROBABILITYISLESSTHANSOMEACCEPTABLYSMALLVALUEACCP–FOREXAMPLE,THEVALUEADOPTEDFORNORMALTEMPERATUREDESIGNITISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHATTHENOTIONALPROBABILITYOFFAILUREOFAKEYSTRUCTURALMEMBERSUBJECTTOGRAVITYLOADSANDDESIGNEDINACCORDANCEWITHAUSTRALIANSTRUCTURALANDLOADINGSTANDARDSISABOUT2X104OVERTHELIFEOFTHEBUILDINGTHEADOPTIONOFSUCHAVALUEWOULDBEAPPROPRIATEONTHEBASISTHATITISDIFFICULTTOSEEWHYTHESTRUCTURESHOULDBESAFERINFIRETHANUNDERNORMALTEMPERATURECONDITIONSFIGURE2CONCRETEANDSTEELELEMENTSDETERMINEFIRETEMPERATUREVERSUSTIMEDETERMINETEMPSWITHINMEMBERDETERMINEMEMBERSTRENGTHDETERMINECHANGEINMECHANICALPROPERTIESFIGURE3EFFECTOFFIREONMEMBERWIDTHAXISDISTANCETHICKNESSOFPROTECTION11

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簡介：THEEFFECTOFEXPORTTAXREBATESONEXPORTPERFORMANCETHEORYANDEVIDENCEFROMCHINACHIENHSUNCHENA,CHAOCHENGMAIB,,HUICHUANYUCACHUNGHUAINSTITUTIONFORECONOMICRESEARCH,75CHANGHSINGST,TAIPEI10671,TAIWANBGRADUATEINSTITUTEOFINDUSTRIALECONOMICS,TAMKANGUNIVERSITYANDRESEARCHCENTERFORHUMANITIESANDSOCIALSCIENCES,ACADEMIASINICA,128SEC2,ACADEMIARD,NANKANG,TAIPEI11529,TAIWANCGRADUATEINSTITUTEOFINDUSTRIALECONOMICS,TAMKANGUNIVERSITY,TAMSUI25137,TAIWANRECEIVED15OCTOBER2004ACCEPTED1JUNE2005ABSTRACTTHISPAPERDEVELOPSACOURNOTQUANTITYCOMPETITIONMODELTOEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFEXPORTTAXREBATEPOLICYONEXPORTPERFORMANCETHEMAINCONCLUSIONSDRAWNAREASFOLLOWSIWHENAGOVERNMENTRAISESTHEEXPORTREBATERATE,THEOUTPUTOFFINALGOODSFOREXPORTBYTHEDOMESTICFIRMINCREASES,WHILETHEOUTPUTOFTHEFOREIGNCOMPETITORDECREASESIIWHENAGOVERNMENTRAISESTHEEXPORTREBATERATE,THEPROFITOFTHEDOMESTICFIRMINCREASES,WHILETHATOFTHEFOREIGNCOMPETITORDECREASESANDIIITHEOPTIMUMEXPORTREBATERATEISPOSITIVEANDGREATERTHAN1,INDICATINGTHATTHEDOMESTICGOVERNMENTNOTONLYREFUNDSFULLYTHECUSTOMDUTIESPAIDBYTHEDOMESTICFIRMONIMPORTEDINTERMEDIATEGOODS,BUTALSOOFFERSEXPORTSUBSIDIESFORITSEXPORTOFFINALGOODSTOCORROBORATETHECONCLUSIONSDRAWNBASEDONTHETHEORETICALMODEL,EMPIRICALANALYSISWASCARRIEDOUTUSINGTHESTATISTICALDATAOFCHINAFROM1985TO2002THETESTRESULTSOFSPEARMANRANKCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTSHOWTHATCHINA’SEXPORTTAXREBATEPOLICYHASSIGNIFICANTPOSITIVECORRELATIONWITHITSEXPORTS,FINALDOMESTICCONSUMPTION,ANDFOREIGNEXCHANGERESERVED2005ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDJELCLASSIFICATIONF1H2P3KEYWORDSEXPORTTAXREBATECOURNOTQUANTITYCOMPETITIONMODELCHINA’SEXPORT1043951X/SEEFRONTMATTERD2005ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCHIECO200506001CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL886227821693X130FAX886227854160EMAILADDRESSCCMAIGATESINICAEDUTWCCMAICHINAECONOMICREVIEW172006226–235THATTIMETHUSFROM1997ON,CHINALIFTEDTHEREBATERATESSEVERALTIMESANDIMPLEMENTEDAFOURTIEREDREBATESYSTEMFROMJULY1,199917,15,13,AND5WITHANAVERAGERATEOF15INTHEHOPESOFBOOSTINGEXPORTSANDEASINGTHEPRESSUREOFRENMINBIDEPRECIATIONBUTINOCTOBER2003,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTIMPLEMENTEDANAVERAGE3REDUCTIONOFEXPORTTAXREBATERATES,FROM1511TO1211,ANDFURTHERANNOUNCEDTHATAFIVERATESYSTEM,IE,17,13,11,8,AND5,WOULDBEIMPLEMENTEDSTARTINGIN2004THERATESOF5AND13APPLIEDTOFARMPRODUCEREMAINEDUNCHANGED,WHILETHERATEFORFARMPRODUCETHATWEREDEEPPROCESSED,SUCHASWHEATPOWDERANDCORNPOWDERWASRAISEDFROM5TO13THERATEFORSOMEMECHANICALANDELECTRICALPRODUCTS,APPARELANDCOTTONTEXTILEPRODUCTSDROPPEDFROM17TO13THEREBATEFORSOMENATURALRESOURCEPRODUCTS,EG,CRUDEOILANDLOGWASCANCELLED,ANDTHEREBATERATEFORSOMEOTHERNATURALRESOURCESFELLFROM8TO5EXPORTGOODSAFFECTEDMOSTINTHISLATESTROUNDOFEXPORTTAXREBATEREFORMARETHEHOMEAPPLIANCE,MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL,ANDCOTTONTEXTILESECTORSFURTHERMORE,THEREBATEISSPLITBETWEENTHECENTRALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSINTHERATIOOF75TO25THISNEWMEASUREAIMSTOALLEVIATETHEFISCALBURDENOFTHECENTRALGOVERNMENTANDTHERENMINBIAPPRECIATIONPRESSURECURRENTLYAVAILABLELITERATURESONEXPORTTAXREBATEPOLICIESARESCARCELIUANDWENG1998UTILIZEDAPARTIALEQUILIBRIUMMODELTOANALYZETHEEFFECTOFEXPORTTAXREBATESANDFOUNDTHATREBATESCOULDEXPANDDOMESTICOUTPUT,PROMOTEEXPORTS,ANDENHANCETHEABILITYOFFOREIGNSUPPLIERSTOPRICEINTERMEDIATEGOODSBUTTHEIRSTUDYDIDNOTTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEINTERDEPENDENCYBETWEENDOMESTICFIRMSANDFOREIGNSUPPLIERSINTHEFINALGOODSMARKETCHAO,CHOU,YU2001USEDAGENERALEQUILIBRIUMAPPROACHTOBUILDATHEORETICALMODELANDCONCLUDEDTHATANEXPORTTAXREBATEPOLICYCOULDBOOSTEXPORTSANDHELPEXPANDUPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMINDUSTRIES,BUTWOULDLEADTORISINGUNEMPLOYMENT,LOWERTAXREVENUES,ANDALOWERLEVELOFCONSUMERSURPLUSCHAOETALALSOUSEDPARTIALANALYSISTOGENERATEANEXPORTDEMANDEQUATIONFOREMPIRICALSTUDY,INWHICHCHINA’SSTATISTICALDATA1985–1998ANDERRORCORRECTIONMODELECMWEREEMPLOYEDTOEXAMINETHECORRELATIONBETWEENLONGTERMEXPORTDEMANDANDTHEEXPORTTAXREBATE,REALFOREIGNINCOME,ANDRELATIVEPRICEINDEXBUTTHESHORTTIMESERIES,SMALLDEGREEOFFREEDOMOFDATA,ANDTHERELATIVELYSMALLSAMPLESIZEN14MADETHEEMPIRICALRESULTSLACKINGININTERPRETABILITYMOREOVER,THETWOPAPERSMENTIONEDABOVEDIDNOTTOUCHUPONTHEISSUEOFOPTIMUMEXPORTTAXREBATERATETOREMEDYTHESESHORTCOMINGS,THISSTUDYAIMSTODEVELOPACOURNOTQUANTITYCOMPETITIONMODELTOEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFLOWEREXPORTTAXREBATERATESONEXPORTPERFORMANCEANDDERIVETHEOPTIMUMREBATERATE,ANDBASEDONTHETHEORETICALMODELCONSTRUCTED,CARRYOUTEMPIRICALANALYSISUSINGTHESTATISTICALDATAOFCHINAINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONS,THISPAPERWILLDEVELOPACOURNOTDUOPOLYMODELTOEXPLORETHETHEORETICALEFFECTOFEXPORTTAXREBATE,FOLLOWEDBYEXAMININGTHEEFFECTOFTHEREBATEPOLICYONEXPORTSWITHSPEARMANRANKCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTINANONPARAMETRICTESTINTHELASTSECTIONOFTHEPAPER,CONCLUSIONSDRAWNFROMTHESTUDYAREPRESENTED2THEEFFECTOFANEXPORTTAXREBATESYSTEMFROMASTRATEGICPERSPECTIVE,BRANDERANDSPENCER1985INCORPORATEDANINTERNATIONALCOURNOTDUOPOLYINTOABTHIRDMARKETQMODELINWHICHONEDOMESTICFIRMANDONEFOREIGNFIRMPRODUCEAHOMOGENEOUSPRODUCTANDCOMPETEINATHIRDCOUNTRYMARKETTHEYFOUNDTHATANEXPORTSUBSIDYISOPTIMALBYSHIFTINGPARTOFTHEFOREIGNFIRM’SPROFITSTOTHEDOMESTICFIRMANDTHEREFORERAISINGTHENATIONALWELFAREBASEDONTHETHEORETICALFRAMEWORKOFBRANDERANDSPENCER1985,THISSTUDYBUILDSASIMPLEMODELTOEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFANEXPOR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139MFIG6MEASUREDTEMPERATUREPROFILESATTHEAXIALPOSITIONZ1795MBEDFOREXAMPLE0?→?110?FORTHETHERMOCOUPLER120MM,THETEMPERATURESKEPTAPPROXIMATELYCONSTANTAFTERTHAT,THETHERMOCOUPLESCAMEOUTOFTHEBEDINTOTHEHOTGASANDTHETEMPERATURESINCREASEDDUETOTURBULENTFLOWANDBUOYANCY,THERADIALGASTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONISVERYINHOMOGENEOUS,ASCANBESEENFROMTHETHERMOCOUPLESR120MM,105MM,85MMSIMILARTEMPERATUREPROFILESCANBEOBSERVEDATTHEMEASURINGPOSITIONS2–4FIGS4–6ITCANBESEENTHATTHETEMPERATURESWITHINTHEMATERIALBEDWERENOTUNIFORMNOTASMOSTTHEORETICALMODELSHAVEASSUMEDRATHER,THEREWASALARGETEMPERATUREDIFFERENCEINTHERADIALDIRECTIONTHEDIFFERENCECANBEMORETHAN100?C,ASSHOWNBYTHETHERMOCOUPLESR120MMANDR85MMINFIG3THEREFORE,THEMATERIALBEDCANNOTBETREATEDASISOTHERMAL,ASHASBEENDONEINTHELITERATUREWHENMODELINGTHEHEATTRANSFERINROTARYKILNSHOWEVER,WITHPROGRESSINGOFTHEMATERIALTHROUGHTHEKILN,THEDIFFERENCEBECAMESMALLERANDFINALLYTHEBEDTEMPERATUREAPPROACHEDTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEKILNWALLFIG632TEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONWITHINTHEBEDWITHTHETEMPERATUREPROFILESSHOWNABOVE,THEMEANBEDTEMPERATUREATACERTAINRADIALDEPTHCANBEDETERMINEDFIG7SHOWSTHETEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONSWITHINTHEMATERIALBEDATTHEFOURAXIALPOSITIONSALONGTHEKILNATSTEADYSTATETHEPOINTSWITH45MM≤R125MMREPRESENTTHETEMPERATURESWITHINTHEMATERIALBED,WHEREASTHOSEPOINTSWITHR125MMDENOTETEMPERATURESOFTHEINNERWALLOFTHEKILNBASEDONTHETHEORETICALMODELFORTHEROLLINGMOTIONDESCRIBEDIN5,THEMAXIMALTHICKNESSOFTHEACTIVELAYEROFTHEBEDWASCALCULATEDTOBE16MMTHUS,THERANGE45MM≤R≤61MMCORRESPONDSAPPROXIMATELYTOTHEREGIONOFTHEACTIVELAYERTHETHERMOCOUPLESSTAYEDMOSTLYINTHEPASSIVELAYER,BUTWENTSHORTLYTHROUGHTHEACTIVELAYERWHENROTATINGTOGETHERWITHTHEKILNFROMFIG7,ITCANBESEENTHAT,NEARTHEKILNHEADATPOSITION1Z05MANDPOSITION2Z08MTHETEMPERATUREDIFFERENCEWITHINTHEBEDWASMORETHAN100?CPARTICLESNEARTHEKILNWALLR120MMHADTHEHIGHESTTEMPERATUREASTHEDISTANCETOTHEWALLWASINCREASED,THETEMPERATUREBECAMELOWERTHISREVEALSTHATREGENERATIVEHEATWASPREVAILINGUNDERTHEEXPERIMENTALCONFIGURATIONINTHISWORKAPRELIMINARYCALCULATIONOFTHEEFFECTIVEHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENTS?DEMONSTRATEDTHAT?GAS→SOLIDHADAMAGNITUDEOF30W/M2/K,WHILE?WALL→SOLIDWASABOUT100W/M2/K6ASTHEMATERIALWENTFURTHERTHROUGHTHEKILN,HOWEVER,THETEMPERATUREDIFFERENCEWITHINTHEBEDBECAMESMALLERWITHAVALUEOF37?CAND12?CATPOSITION3Z139MANDPOSITION4Z1785M,RESPECTIVELYTHEMEANTEMPERATUREOFTHEBEDINCREASED,FINALLY

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簡介：4600英文單詞，英文單詞，25萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文7700字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處KAWAA,ZDRENKAWCONCEPTIONOFINTEGRATORINCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEJLOGFORUM,2016,126373CONCEPTIONOFINTEGRATORINCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEARKADIUSZKAWA,WOJCIECHZDRENKAABSTRACTBACKGROUNDECOMMERCEISONEOFTHEMOSTDYNAMICANDIMPORTANTSECTORSOFTHEECONOMYTHELATESTTRENDINTHISMARKETISCROSSBORDERTRADEITISBASEDONSELLINGPRODUCTSTOCUSTOMERSWHOARELOCATEDINOTHERCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,ITISCONNECTEDTOSEVERALPROBLEMS,SUCHASAHIGHCOSTANDLONGTIMEOFDELIVERY,LANGUAGEBARRIERS,DIFFERENTLEGALANDTAXCONDITIONINGS,ETCMETHODSTHESTUDIESWERECONDUCTEDONTHEBASISOFTHEAUTHORSEXPERIENCEINTHEFIELDOFECOMMERCETHEISSUEOFCROSSBORDERCOMMERCEWASMAINLYANALYSEDWITHTHEUSEOFREPORTSOFTHEEUROPEANCOMMISSIONTHEAIMOFTHEARTICLEISTOPROPOSEACONCEPTIONOFANINTEGRATOROFCROSSBORDERECOMMERCE,WHICHWILLMAKEITPOSSIBLE,AMONGOTHERTHINGS,TOSOLVELOGISTICPROBLEMSRESULTSTHEARTICLEPRESENTSANAUTHORIALCONCEPTIONOFANINTEGRATORINCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEITSMAINTASKISTOINTEGRATETHEWHOLESUPPLYCHAINTHANKSTOTHEECONOMIESOFSCALE,OBTAINEDASARESULTOFCONSOLIDATIONOFPARCELSFROMMANYESHOPS,THEINTEGRATORISABLETOACHIEVELOWERDELIVERYCOSTSININTERNATIONALTRANSPORT,MAKERETURNSOFGOODSMOREEFFECTIVEANDSERVECUSTOMERSFROMDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESBETTERCONCLUSIONSTHECONCEPTIONOFANINTEGRATORINCROSSBORDERCOMMERCEPROPOSEDINTHEARTICLEMAYINCREASECOMPETITIVENESSOFMICROANDSMALLEENTERPRISES,ESPECIALLYINTHEINTERNATIONALARENAMOREOVER,APPLYINGTHISCONCEPTIONMAYCONTRIBUTETOARISEINTHEATTRACTIVENESSOFCROSSBORDERCOMMERCE,WHICH,ASRESULTOFAGREATERSALELEVEL,WOULDCONTRIBUTETOANINCREASEINTHETOTALECOMMERCEKEYWORDSECOMMERCE,CROSSBORDERECOMMERCE,INTEGRATIONOFSUPPLYCHAINECOMMERCEECOMMERCEISASETOFTRANSACTIONSMADEBYCOMPUTERNETWORKSTHESETRANSACTIONSMOSTFREQUENTLYCONCERNTHEPURCHASEORSALEOFGOODSANDSERVICESORDEREDELECTRONICALLY,BUTTHEPAYMENTFORANDDELIVERYOFTHEGOODSORSERVICESMAYBEPERFORMEDINANYFORMALSOOUTSIDETHENETWORKCENTRALSTATISTICALOFFICEOFPOLAND2013THEMOSTPOPULARMETHODOFCARRYINGOUTTHESETRANSACTIONSISTHROUGHTHEINTERNET,HENCETHENAMEELECTRONICCOMMERCEINITIALLY,IEINTHE1980S,ECOMMERCETOOKPLACEWITHTHEHELPOFELECTRONICDATAINTERCHANGEEDIITWAS,HOWEVER,ASOLUTIONFORTHELARGESTENTERPRISESLATER,THANKSTODYNAMICDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINTERNET,ECOMMERCEBECAMEAVAILABLEFORALMOSTEVERYONEALTHOUGHTRADECONDUCTEDVIATHEINTERNETHASHADSHORTHISTORYAND,INITIALLY,ITSIMPORTANCEWASMARGINAL,ITCURRENTLYCONSTITUTESONEOFTHEMOSTDYNAMICANDSIGNIFICANTAREASOFTHEECONOMYOFMANYCOUNTRIES,INCLUDINGPOLANDFORTHEALREADYEXISTINGENTERPRISESITHASCREATEDNEWPOSSIBILITIESTOCOMPETEANDEXPANDONALARGERSCALE,ANDFORTHENEWLYEMERGINGONESPROSPECTSFORFASTDEVELOPMENTTHISISPOSSIBLETHANKSTOLOWBARRIERSTOENTRY,WHICHENCOURAGEMOREANDMORECOMPANIESTOSELLTHEIRPRODUCTSVIATHEINTERNETECOMMERCE2015ACCORDINGTOTHEEUROPEANCOMMISSION,ECOMMERCEISTHEMAINFACTOROFECONOMICGROWTHBACKTOTHEESELLERSACUSTOMERWHOENTEREDINTOACONTRACTOFPURCHASEVIATHEINTERNETISENTITLEDTOBACKOUTOFTHECONTRACTWITHOUTGIVINGTHEREASONWITHIN14DAYS,ONTHEBASISOFTHEACTONCONSUMERRIGHTSOF30MAY2014RECENTLY,SHOPPINGWITHTHEHELPOFMOBILEDEVICESHASBEENDEVELOPINGDYNAMICALLYTHISISCONNECTEDWITHGREATERANDGREATERAVAILABILITYTHEREOF,CHEAPACCESSTOTHEINTERNET,MOBILITYOFPEOPLEESPECIALLYYOUNGONESANDTHEIRCONSTANTLACKOFTIMEITAFFECTSTHELOGISTICSOFONLINESHOPSTOALARGEEXTENTFIRSTLY,THEGOODSAREDELIVEREDTODIFFERENTPLACES,ANDTHEBUYERWANTSTOBEABLETODYNAMICALLYCHANGETHEDELIVERYDESTINATIONSECONDLY,THECUSTOMERUSEROFAMOBILEDEVICEDOESNOTLIKETOWAITTOOLONGTHEDELIVERYSHOULD,THEREFORE,BEASFASTASPOSSIBLEPREFERABLYWITHINTHENEXTWORKINGDAYOREVENTHESAMEDAYTODATE,SAMEDAYDELIVERIESAREDEDICATEDANDVERYEXPENSIVESERVICES,BECAUSETHEYARECONNECTEDWITHDIRECTDELIVERYFROMTHESENDERTOTHERECEIVER,OMITTINGINTERMEDIATEPOINTSKAWA2014AINECOMMERCE,BESIDESOUTSOURCINGDELIVERIESOFGOODS,SERVICESOFWAREHOUSINGANDORDERPROCESSINGARECOMMISSIONEDTOEXTERNALCOMPANIESMOREANDMOREOFTENTHREEBASICMODELSOFCOOPERATIONMAYBEDISTINGUISHEDDROPSHIPPING,FULFILLMENTANDONESTOPECOMMERCEDROPSHIPPINGISCONNECTEDWITHSENDINGTHEGOODSDIRECTLYFROMTHESUBJECTSPRODUCERS,DISTRIBUTORSEXTERNALWAREHOUSETOTHECUSTOMER,OMITTINGTHESELLERSWAREHOUSETHISSERVICECONSISTSINSTORINGPRODUCTS,TAKINGORDERSANDCOLLECTINGTHEM,ISSUINGSALESDOCUMENTSANDSENDINGPARCELSTOINTERNETUSERSFULFILMENT,INTURN,ISASERVICETHATCONSISTSINTAKINGOVERALLOFTHELOGISTICPROCESSES,EG,OFANINTERNETSHOP,BYANEXTERNALOPERATORONBEHALFOFTHECUSTOMER,OPERATORSRECEIVEDELIVERIESATTHEWAREHOUSE,MANAGETHESTOCKS,DOTHESTOCKTAKING,PROCESSORDERSFROMCUSTOMERS,PACKSHIPMENTS,PREPARESALESDOCUMENTSEGINVOICES,RECEIPTSANDSHIPPINGDOCUMENTSEGASHIPPINGLIST,DEALWITHRETURNEDGOODS,COOPERATEWITHTRANSPORTCOMPANIESSUCHASOLUTIONISVERYFLEXIBLE,BECAUSEASPECIALISTFULFILMENTOPERATORISABLETOADJUSTTOTHECUSTOMERSCHANGINGDEMANDDEPENDINGONTHEIRNEEDS,EGBYINCREASINGORDECREASINGTHEWAREHOUSESURFACEORNUMBEROFEMPLOYEESONESTOPECOMMERCE,INTURN,ISFULFILMENTEXTENDEDTOADDITIONALSERVICESTHISIDEAASSUMESSUPPORTINTHEFIELDOFLOGISTICSJUSTASFULFILMENTDOESASWELLASINTHEAREAOFCUSTOMERSERVICE,MARKETING,ITSOLUTIONSANDFINANCEANDACCOUNTINGBYONECOMPANYFOREXAMPLE,ACALLCENTREMAYBERUNINMANYLANGUAGESONBEHALFOFACUSTOMER,WHEREENQUIRIES,COMPLAINTS,ETCAREHAN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簡介：1中文中文7200字，字，4600英文單詞，英文單詞，24500英文字符英文字符文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處AMARAI,AMARAB,JARBOUIADETECTIONOFFRAUDINFINANCIALSTATEMENTSFRENCHCOMPANIESASACASESTUDYJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFACADEMICRESEARCHINACCOUNTING,FINANCEANDMANAGEMENTSCIENCES,2013,334051DETECTIONOFFRAUDINFINANCIALSTATEMENTSFRENCHCOMPANIESASACASESTUDYINESAMARA，ANISBENAMAR，ANISJARBOUIABSTRACTTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISRESEARCHISTOTESTTHEIMPACTOFTHE“FRAUDTRIANGLE“ELEMENTSONTHEDETECTIONOFFRAUDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHEDATAUSEDINOUREMPIRICALRESEARCHARERELATEDTOASAMPLEOF80FRENCHCOMPANIESINTHESBF250OVERTHEPERIOD2001TO2009USINGTHEMETHODOFLOGISTICREGRESSION,THISSTUDYSHOWSTHATTHEPERFORMANCEISSUEEXERTEDONTHEMANAGERISAFACTOROFPRESSURELEADINGTOCOMMITFRAUDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSHOWEVER,FACTORSRELATEDTOFINANCIALDIFFICULTIESDEBT,LIQUIDITYANDTHESIZEOFAUDITINGFIRMARENOTASSOCIATEDWITHTHEDETECTIONOFFRAUDKEYWORDSFRAUD,FRAUDTRIANGLE,PRESSURE,OPPORTUNITY1INTRODUCTIONNOWADAYS,THEGLOBALECONOMYCONSIDERSASERIESOFECONOMICANDFINANCIALCRISESCAUSEDADISTRUSTOFMARKETS,INVESTORSANDPUBLICOPINIONVISàVISTHECOMPANYACCOUNTSHERE,ITSUFFICESTOHIGHLIGHTTHEFACTTHATENRONCORPORATION,AFORMERUNITEDSTATESENERGYCOMMODITYANDSERVICECOMPANY,HASCAUSEDALOSSOF70TRILLIONDOLLARSFORALLITSSOCIALPARTNERSTHUS,THEAFOREMENTIONEDLOONHASBROUGHTABOUTENSUINGECONOMICCRISISWHICHHASSPREADTOALLGLOBALLYEMERGINGPLANSASACASEINPOINT,SCANDALSTHATWEREWIDELYPUBLICIZEDWASCASESOFWORLDCOM,PARMALAT,AHOLD,ETCREZAEE,2005CERTAINLY,THEFINANCIALSCANDALSLISTEDABOVEARENOTTHESOLECAUSESOFTHECRISISOFCONFIDENCEPREVAILINGINTHEBUSINESSWORLDTHEREALSCOURGETHATAFFECTSTHEECONOMYISUNDOUBTEDLY“FRAUD“ALLMANIPULATIONSAREINHERENTLYCOMMONTOSOMEEXTENTITCONSISTSOFDECEITCOMMITTEDINVIOLATIONOFTHEACTANDREGULATIONSCAUSINGDAMAGETOCOMMUNITYASROUFF2003CITED“FRAUDISANINTENTIONALACTANDITSAUTHORISAREALOFFENDER“INTHISRESEARCH,WEWILLFOCUSOURATTENTIONONTHETOPICOF“FRAUDINFINANCIALSTATEMENTS“,WHICH,ASINDICATEDBYARANGEOFRESEARCHERS,SEEMSGROWINGINTERNATIONALLYTHISPHENOMENONHASATTRACTEDTHEATTENTIONOFSEVERALRESEARCHERSINACCOUNTINGWHOARESTRIVINGTODETECTTHEUNDERLYINGLOGICANDREASONSGOODEANDLACEY2011SITORUSETAL2010WUERGESANDBORBA2010OKOYEETAL2009PEROLSANDLOUGEE2011DECHOWANDSKINNER2000HIGHLIGHTTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHECONCEPTOFFRAUDANDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTSOMEOTHERAUTHORSSEEKTHEIMPACTOFAUDITQUALITYONTHEDETECTIONOFFRAUDINFINANCIALSTATEMENTSLENNOXANDPITTMAN2010DECHOWETAL2011SMAILIETAL2009CHOOANDTAN2007,ETCTOBECOMEFAMILIARWITHTHEPHENOMENONOF“FRAUDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTS“ANDSITUATEITINITSCONTEXT,AREALIZATIONANDUNDERSTANDSOFTHEREASONSTHATCANCAUSEAPERSONTOVIOLATETHERULESOFACCOUNTINGMUSTBEUNDERSTOODTODOSO,WEHAVECHOSENTOBUILDONTHEWORKOFTHEAMERICANSOCIOLOGISTDONALDCRESSEY1953,WHOHIGHLIGHTEDTHENOTIONOF“FRAUDTRIANGLE?THISCONCEPTSTRONGLYINFLUENCESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTECHNIQUESFORDETECTINGFRAUDINACCOUNTING321AGENCYTHEORYJENSENANDMECKLING1976DEFINEANAGENCYRELATIONSHIP“ASACONTRACTUNDERWHICHONEORMOREPERSONSTHEPRINCIPALSENGAGEANOTHERPERSONTHEAGENTTOPERFORMSOMESERVICEONTHEIRBEHALFWHICHINVOLVESDELEGATINGSOMEDECISIONMAKINGAUTHORITYTOTHEAGENT“THISTHEORYISBASEDONTHEECONOMICPERSPECTIVETHATTHERELATIONSHIP“PRINCIPAL/AGENT“ISCHARACTERIZEDBYACONFLICTOFINTERESTTHISCONFLICTISOFTENREFERREDTOASTHE“AGENCYPROBLEM“DONALDSONANDDAVIS1991THUS,THISRELATIONSHIPREFLECTSATRANSFEROFTRUSTANDOBLIGATIONTOTHEAGENT’SOPPORTUNISMTHEAGENCYTHEORYISBASEDONTWOFUNDAMENTALASSUMPTIONSWHICHAREASFOLLOWSLEADER’SOPPORTUNISMTHEMANAGER,LIKEANYINDIVIDUAL,ISINHERENTLYCLEVER,CREATIVETOTHEPOINTTHATHESEEKINGTOMAXIMIZEHISPERSONALINTERESTINASELFISHWAYHESEEKSPROFITASANAGENTANDTHUSADOPTSANOPPORTUNISTICBEHAVIORSTRONGANDWATERSON1987OPPORTUNISMOCCURSTHROUGHDECISIONSANDACTIONSTAKENBYLEADERSTHESEARE,INMOSTCASESSURPRISINGLYUNOBSERVABLEBYSHAREHOLDERSANDTHEREFORE,INCASESWHERETHEFINANCIALSITUATIONISPOOR,THELEADERWOULDBETEMPTEDTOMAKEACCOUNTINGFRAUDTOHIDETHETRUTHOFTHESITUATIONTHEOPPORTUNISMOFTHELEADERSHIPISREINFORCEDTHROUGHAFRAUDINACCOUNTINGBYINFORMATIONASYMMETRY,WHICHISPOSTULATEOFAGENCYRELATIONSHIPINFORMATIONASYMMETRYINFORMATIONASYMMETRYDETERMINESTHEOPPORTUNISTICBEHAVIOROFTHELEADERINFACT,ITUSESALLTHEINFORMATIONINCLUDINGEARNINGMANAGEMENTSUSINGITSDISCRETIONBYEXPLOITINGTHEFLEXIBILITYOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES,INORDERTHELEADERWOULDCHOOSEACCOUNTINGMETHODSTHATINCREASETHERESULTTHUS,HEWILLMAKEANIRREGULAR“FRAUD“TOCOVERPOORPERFORMANCEANDPRACTICEAPOLICYOFROOTINGTRANSLATEDINTOINVESTMENTINACTIVITIESWHEREBYOFFICERHASACOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINTERMSOFPERSONALORINFORMATIONALCOMPETENCETHROUGHACCURALSDJAMA2008THELEADERCANTHUSBEFINANCIALLYFAVORABLEWITHOUTDISCLOSINGTHEMANAGEMENTPROCESSBEHINDTHEPROBLEMOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRYISTHEBASISOFANYPROBLEMOFCONFLICTOFINTERESTANDCONSEQUENTLYINCREASESTHERISKOFFRAUDTHISISTHECASEFOREXAMPLEOFLEADERSWHOHIDEINFORMATIONTHATMAYBEUSEFULTOSHAREHOLDERSINDECISIONMAKINGOREVALUATIONOFTHEIRSECURITIESINTHISCASE,THEREISANINFORMATIONALDISADVANTAGE,THEPRINCIPALCANNOTACCESSCOMPANYINFORMATIONANDISINASITUATIONWHEREHEDOESNOTKNOWIFTHEMANAGERISABLETOAPPLYTHETERMSOFTHECONTRACTORNOTMOREOVERIFTHECOMPANYISFACINGFINANCIALDIFFICULTIESORDEFICIENCYININTERNALCONTROL,THENTHEAGENCYRELATIONSHIPSINTHISCA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簡介：中文中文4300字，字，2400英文單詞，英文單詞，13萬英文字符萬英文字符出處出處ISHIBASHIK,IWASAKIT,OTOMASAS,ETALMODELSELECTIONFORFINANCIALSTATEMENTANALYSISVARIABLESELECTIONWITHDATAMININGTECHNIQUEJPROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE,2016,96C16811690英文文MODELSELECTIONFORFINANCIALSTATEMENTANALYSISVARIABLESELECTIONWITHDATAMININGTECHNIQUEKENISHIBASHIA,TAKUYAIWASAKIA,SHOTAOTOMASAAANDKATSUTOSHIYADAAABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOVERIFYTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFADATADRIVENAPPROACHFORFINANCIALSTATEMENTANALYSISINTHEAREAOFACCOUNTING,VARIABLESELECTIONFORCONSTRUCTIONOFMODELSTOPREDICTFIRM’SEARNINGSBASEDONFINANCIALSTATEMENTDATAHASBEENADDRESSEDFROMPERSPECTIVESOFCORPORATEVALUATIONTHEORY,ETC,BUTTHEREHASNOTBEENENOUGHVERIFICATIONBASEDONDATAMININGTECHNIQUESINTHISPAPER,ANATTEMPTWASMADETOVERIFYTHEAPPLICABILITYOFVARIABLESELECTIONFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFANEARNINGSPREDICTIONMODELBYUSINGRECENTDATAMININGTECHNIQUESFROMANALYSISRESULTS,AMETHODTHATCONSIDERSTHEINTERACTIONAMONGVARIABLESANDTHEREDUNDANCYOFMODELCOULDBEEFFECTIVEFORFINANCIALSTATEMENTDATAKEYWORDSFINANCIALSTATEMENTANALYSISEARNINGSPREDICTIONMODELMODELSELECTIONVARIABLESELECTIONDATAMINING1INTRODUCTIONRECENTADVANCEMENTININFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYISDRAMATICALLYIMPROVINGCOMPUTATIONALSPEEDSUNDERTHECIRCUMSTANCES,RESEARCHERSHAVEADDRESSEDSTUDIESFOCUSEDONBIGDATAACCUMULATEDINVARIOUSAREASDATAMININGTECHNIQUESPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINDATADRIVENANALYSISANDMODELINGVARIOUSMETHODSRELATEDTODATAMININGHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDUNTILNOW,ANDSOFTWARESUCHASSPSSANDWEKAHASBEENDEVELOPEDTOENABLEUSTOUSETHEMEASILYHOWEVER,FORTHESEAPPLICATIONS,WEGENERALLYNEEDTOSELECTAMETHODAPPROPRIATETODATATHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOVERIFYTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFADATADRIVENAPPROACHFORTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTANALYSISINTHEAREAOFACCOUNTING,OUANDPENMAN19891ADDRESSEDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFANEARNINGSPREDICTIONMODELFOCUSEDONFINANCIALSTATEMENTDATATHEYCONSTRUCTEDAPREDICTIONMODELFORTHEPROBABILITYOFAFIRM’SEARNINGSINCREASEINTHESUBSEQUENTFISCALYEARBYUSINGSTEPWISELOGISTICREGRESSIONANALYSISBYINTRODUCINGVARIABLESELECTION,THEIRPREDICTIONMODELUSEDVARIABLES’INTERACTIONSTHATHAVENOTBEENPROVEDTHEORETICALLYTHATIS,ITISPOSSIBLETHATTHEYCONSTRUCTEDANEARNINGSPREDICTIONMODELUSINGUNUSUALINFORMATIONTHATOTHERPEOPLEDONOTHAVETHERESULTOFOUANDPENMAN19891HASVARIOUSPROBLEMSRELATEDTOTHEPRACTICALUSEOFTHEIRMETHODINTHATRESEARCH1,THEYDIDNOTSTATETHEREASONWHYTHEYAPPLIEDLOGISTICREGRESSIONANALYSISTOTHEMODELCONSTRUCTIONFURTHERMORE,FOLLOWUPSTUDIES2,3POINTEDOUTVARIOUSPROBLEMSTHROUGHADDITIONALVERIFICATIONSOFTHEMODELOFOUANDPENMAN19891FOREXAMPLE,HOLTHAUSENANDLARCKER19922APPLIEDTHESTRATEGYOFOUANDPENMAN19891TOANOTHERFISCALPERIOD,BUTCOULDNOTOBTAINANOMALIESOFTHEPROBABILITYOFRELIEFISANINSTANCEBASEDATTRIBUTERANKINGSCHEMEPROPOSEDBYKIRAANDRENDELL19926,ANDLATERIMPROVEDBYKONONENKO199410THISMETHODISAPPLIEDTOTHEESTIMATIONOFAVARIABLE’SIMPORTANCEFORTHECLASSIFICATIONINACLASSIFICATIONOFCERTAINCLASS,RELIEFDECIDESAVARIABLE’SIMPORTANCEBYFOCUSINGONINSTANCESLOCATEDAROUNDTHEBORDEROFTHECLASSFROMTHESEINSTANCES,TWOINSTANCESARESELECTEDASNEARMISSANDNEARHITTHENEARMISSISANINSTANCETHATISTHECLOSESTTORANDOMLYSELECTEDSAMPLESBUTISNOTTHESAMECLASSASTHEMONTHEOTHERHAND,ANINSTANCESELECTEDASNEARHITISTHECLOSESTTOTHEMANDISTHESAMECLASSINRELIEF,THEIMPORTANCEOFAVARIABLEISDECIDEDBASEDONTHEEFFECTIVENESSFORTHECLASSIFICATIONOFNEARMISSEXISTINGRESEARCH5SHOWEDTHATTHISMETHODHADLARGETOLERANCETONOISEBUTLOWREDUNDANCYINTHEAPPLICATIONOFRELIEFTOVARIABLESELECTION,VARIABLESTOADOPTAREGENERALLYDECIDEDBYSETTINGATHRESHOLDTOTHEIRESTIMATEDRANKSINTHISSTUDY,THEIMPORTANCEOFVARIABLESISDECIDEDBY10FOLDCROSSVALIDATION,ANDWEADOPTVARIABLESFORWHICHTHE“MERIT”CRITERIONFORTHECLASSIFICATIONISMORETHAN0AREADOPTED23CORRELATIONBASEDFEATURESELECTIONCFSISAMETHODTHATEVALUATESSUBSETSOFVARIABLES,NOTINDIVIDUALVARIABLES7THISMETHODSEARCHESSUBSETSCONTAININGVARIABLESTHATAREHIGHLYCORRELATEDWITHTHECLASSANDHAVELOWINTERCORRELATIONWITHEACHOTHERCFSTENDSTOBECOMPUTATIONALLYCHEAPANDCHOOSESMALLVARIABLES’SUBSETS,BUTITISDIFFICULTTOSEARCHSOLUTIONSIFTHEREARESTRONGVARIABLEINTERACTIONS5INTHISSTUDY,WEUSEAGREEDYALGORITHMTOSEARCHFORASUBSETTHATHASTHEBESTCFS’SEVALUATION24CONSISTENCYBASEDSUBSETEVALUATIONCNSEVALUATESVARIABLES’SUBSETSBYUSINGCLASSCONSISTENCY8THISMETHODSEARCHESFORCOMBINATIONSOFVARIABLESWHICHDIVIDETHEDATAINTOSUBSETSCONTAININGSTRONGSINGLECLASSMAJORITYTHUS,THISSEARCHTENDSTOBEBIASEDINFAVOROFSMALLVARIABLESUBSETSWITHHIGHCLASSCONSISTENCYCOMPAREDWITHCFS,CNSISUSEFULIFTHEREARESTRONGVARIABLEINTERACTIONS,BUTTHESIZEOFSUBSETTENDSTOBELARGE5INTHISSTUDY,CNSSEARCHESFORSUBSETSBYUSINGAGREEDYALGORITHMLIKEINCFS25C45DECISIONTREELEARNERC45ISALEARNINGALGORITHMTHATCONSTRUCTSADECISIONTREEBYSELECTINGVARIABLESAPPROPRIATETOMAXIMIZETHEMUTUALINFORMATIONFORCLASSIFICATION9THISMETHODCANAVOIDOVERTRAININGTODATABYTHEFUNCTIONCALLED“BRANCHPRUNING”,WHICHREMOVESBRANCHESTHATHAVELITTLEMUTUALINFORMATIONORCLASSIFYFEWINSTANCESINTHEVARIABLESELECTION,VARIABLESCONTAINEDINTHEDECISIONTREEAREADOPTEDASASUBSETOFVARIABLESINTHISSTUDY,ADECISIONTREEISCONSTRUCTEDBYUSINGALLTRAININGDATAFORMODELING,ANDTHENBRANCHESOFWHICHTHENUMBEROFCLASSIFYINGDATAISLESSTHAN50AREREMOVEDBYTHEPRUNINGINTHISWAY,WEOBTAINASUBSETWITHASIZEEQUIVALE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