簡介：?ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPROPOSESADESIGNOFBYTECODEINTERPRETERFOR8051MICROCONTROLLERWEDEVELOPEDAPROGRAMBASEDONJAVALANGUAGE“WRITEONCE,RUNEVERYWHERE”ITCANBEEMPLOYEDTOOPERATEWITHANOTHERSYSTEMSINCETHEPROGRAMINTERFACESDIRECTLYTOTHEINTERPRETER,INSTEADOFTHEREALSYSTEMTHEREARETWOINSTRUCTIONSETSPROVIDEDINTHEPROGRAMTHEFIRSTISCONDITIONCOMMANDSSUCHASIFANDELSETHESECONDISTHECOMMANDSFORPERIPHERALINTERFACINGSUCHASI2C,RS232INTERFACE,FORPARALLELPORT,TIMERANDLCDINTERFACEINTERPRETERISDEVELOPEDWITHCLANGUAGE,DUETOITSSIMPLESTRUCTUREITISEASYTODEVELOPANDTOMODIFYTHECODEFROMTHERESULTS,CONDITIONCOMMANDSANDNOCONDITIONCOMMANDSCANBEEXECUTECORRECTLYINDEXTERMSBYTECODE,INTERPRETER,BYTECODEIINTRODUCTIONTOUSEMICROCONTROLLER,USERHASTOUNDERSTANDITSARCHITECTUREANDLANGUAGEMICROCONTROLLEROFEACHFAMILYHASITSOWNARCHITECTUREANDINSTRUCTIONSETSFOREXAMPLEPICFAMILYISRISCAND8051FAMILYISCISCWHENUSERWANTSTOCHANGEMICROCONTROLLERTOTHEOTHER,USERHASTODEVELOPTHENEWPROGRAMTOSUPPORTNEWMICROCONTROLLERITISWASTEOFTIMEBECAUSEUSERHASTOSTUDYARCHITECTUREANDINSTRUCTIONSETSOFNEWMICROCONTROLLERASWELLINTERPRETERFORMICROCONTROLLERMAYBETHEALTERNATIVEWAYTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMWHENUSERWANTSTOCHANGETHENEWMICROCONTROLLER,USERONLYINSTALLSINTERPRETERTONEWMICROCONTROLLERBUTDONOTWRITETHENEWPROGRAMEXAMPLEFORBYTECODEISJAVALANGUAGETHEJAVAASINTRODUCEDBYSUNMICROSYSTEMS1IN1994HASSPREADTHROUGHOUTTHECOMPUTERINDUSTRYANDHASREACHEDALLDOMAINSASGOODASJAVAISFORPROVIDING“WRITEONCE,RUNEVERYWHERE”SOFTWAREINFIGURE1,PROGRAMMERWRITESJAVAPROGRAMJAVACOMPILERWILLCOMPILEJAVAPROGRAMTOJAVABYTECODETOUSEJAVAPROGRAM,USERHASTOINSTALLJAVAVIRTUALMACHINE2TOOPERATINGSYSTEMTARGETINCASEUSERWANTSTOCHANGETONEWOPERATINGSYSTEM,USERSJUSTINSTALLSJAVAVIRTUALMACHINEANDJAVAPROGRAMCANBERANASNORMALFORTHISCASEJAVAVIRTUALMACHINEISINTERPRETEROFJAVASYSTEMMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDDECEMBER27,2009NJEENJUNISAGRADUATESTUDENTINMASTERDEGREEINTHEFACULTYOFENGINEERINGATKINGMONGKUT’SINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,LADKRABANG,BANGKOKTHAILANDSKHUNTAWEETEPISNOWWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICS,FACULTYOFENGINEERINGATKINGMONGKUT’SINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,LADKRABANG,BANGKOKTHAILANDEMAILKKSUCHARKMITLACTHSSOMKUARNPANITISWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICS,FACULTYOFENGINEERINGATKINGMONGKUT’SINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,LADKRABANG,BANGKOKTHAILANDEMAILKSSURIPOKMITLACTHFIGURE1JAVAOPERATIONTHEFAVORITETOYINTHEWORLD,LEGOMINDSTORM3ITHASH8MICROCONTROLLERWITHLEGOINTERPRETERINSIDEUSERINTERFACEISBASEDONGRAPHICBLOCKITISEASYFORBEGINNEREVENCHILDRENCANDEVELOPTHEIROWNAPPLICATIONSFORTHEOTHEREXAMPLESOFINTERPRETERAREMETACRICKET4DEVELOPEDBYMIT,GOGOBOARD5,BASICSTAMPBYPARALLAXINC6,PICOJAVAI7PICOJAVAII8BYSUNMICROSYSTEMS,ANEMBEDDEDJAVAVIRTUALMACHINE910,THEBYTECODEFIRMWAREDESIGNFORMICROCONTROLLERDEVICE11IISYSTEMCOMPARISONSTANDARDMICROCONTROLLERMCULANGUAGEDESIGNISDEPICTEDINFIGURE2,USERWRITESASSEMBLYPROGRAMTOTARGETMCUANDCOMPILESTOMACHINECODEOFEACHSYSTEMINTHISCASE,USERHASTODEVELOP2PROGRAMSFORBOTH8051ANDPICFIGURE2STANDARDMCUINFIGURE3,USERINSTALLSBYTECODEINTERPRETERINTOBOTH8051ANDPICMICROCONTROLLERTHENWRITESTHEPROGRAMWITHBYTECODEINSTRUCTIONSETSINTHISCASEUSERWRITESTHEPROGRAMONLY1TIMEFIGURE3MCUWITHBYTECODEINTERPRETERBYTECODEINTERPRETERFOR8051MICROCONTROLLERNJEENJUNSKHUNTAWEETEPANDSSOMKUARNPANITPROCEEDINGSOFTHEINTERNATIONALMULTICONFERENCEOFENGINEERSANDCOMPUTERSCIENTISTS2010VOLII,IMECS2010,MARCH1719,2010,HONGKONGISBN9789881821041ISSN20780958PRINTISSN20780966ONLINEIMECS2010FIGURE10EXAMPLEIF/ELSECOMMANDSFORREPEATCOMMAND,INTERPRETERISDESIGNEDTOHAVE8LEVELSNUMBEROFREPEATINGCANBE0255BYTECODE21H28HISRESERVEDFORREPEATCOMMANDGOTOCOMMAND,ITMUSTHAVELABELTOGOTOLABELORADDRESSCANBE0000HFFFFHBYTECODE80HISRESERVEDFORGOTOCOMMANDALLOFCOMMANDSWILLBEEXPLAINEDINTESTINGRESULTSECTIONDMEMORYALLOCATIONMEMORYALLOCATIONISDEPICTEDINFIGURE11,THEFIRST16KBISRESERVEDFORINTERPRETERINSTALLATIONANDTHESECONDISUSERCODEAREAIS16KBFLASHOR32KBEEPROMASCONFIGURATIONSETTINGINTHISPAPER,USERCODEAREAISIN16KBFLASHMEMORYFIGURE11MEMORYALLOCATIONEHARDWAREHARDWAREFORTESTINGTHESYSTEMISETTJR51USB12BELOWISSPECIFICATIONOFHARDWARE?AT89C5131MCUWITH6CLOCKSRUNNING?32KBYTEFLASHAND1KBYTESRAM?USBCABLEFORDOWNLOADINGPROGRAM?1XUARTWITHMAXIMUM11520BPS?1XI2CPORT?5VDCPOWERSUPPLYONBOARDIVTESTINGRESULTSWECHOSESOMEOFBYTECODEEXAMPLESFORTESTINGTHEINTERPRETERITCONSISTSOFI2C,RS232,LCDANDPARALLELPORTWITHDELAYTIMETHEFIRSTEXAMPLECODEISDEPICTEDINFIGURE12,THEPROGRAMWILLPRODUCEI2CSTARTSIGNAL,WRITEDATATOI2CWITH5AHTHENPRODUCEI2CSTOPSIGNALTHETESTINGRESULTISDEPICTEDINFIGURE13FIGURE12EXAMPLEPROGRAM1THEFIRSTLINE00,00,02,00,4E?00,00LINEADDRESS?02SUM?00CONDITION1NOCONDITIONCOMMAND?4EWRITESTARTI2CSIGNALTHESECONDLINE00,01,04,00,01,5A,4A?00,01LINEADDRESS?04SUM?00CONDITION1NOCONDITIONCOMMAND?01,5APUSHDATA5AHTODATASTACK?4ASENDDATAINDATASTACKTOI2CTHETHIRDLINE00,02,02,00,4F?00,02LINEADDRESS?02SUM?00CONDITION1NOCONDITIONCOMMAND?4FWRITESTOPI2CSIGNALFIGURE13I2CSTART,WRITEDATAANDSTOPSIGNALSTHESECONDEXAMPLEISDEPICTEDINFIGURE14THEPROGRAMRECEIVESDATAFROMRS232CHANNELANDSENDSTHESAMEDATABACKTOHOSTPERSONALCOMPUTERFIGURE15SHOWSRS232SIGNALSTHEFIRSTLINE00,00,06,64,00,00,05,00,01?00,00LINEADDRESS?06SUM?64CONDITION1LABELCOMMAND?00NOCONDITION2?00,05LABELSTACKLOCATION?00,01LINEADDRESSFORGOTOCOMMANDTHESECONDLINE00,01,02,00,14?00,01LINEADDRESS?02SUM?00CONDITION1NOCONDITIONCOMMAND?14READDATAFROMRS232THETHIRDLINE00,02,02,00,04,13?00,02LINEADDRESS?02SUM?00CONDITION1NOCONDITIONCOMMAND?04PUSHRS232DATATODATASTACK?13WRITEDATAFROMDATASTACKTORS232THEFOURTHLINE00,03,05,65,00,00,05,00?00,03LINEADDRESS?05SUM?65CONDITION1GOTOCOMMAND?00NOCONDITION2?00,05RELOADLABELATSTACKLOCATION05?00RESERVEDFORFURTHERUSEDPROCEEDINGSOFTHEINTERNATIONALMULTICONFERENCEOFENGINEERSANDCOMPUTERSCIENTISTS2010VOLII,IMECS2010,MARCH1719,2010,HONGKONGISBN9789881821041ISSN20780958PRINTISSN20780966ONLINEIMECS2010

簡介：4800英文單詞，英文單詞，28000英文字符，中文英文字符，中文9100字文獻出處文獻出處WATTSLK,WAGNERJ,VELASQUEZB,ETALCYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONALITERATUREREVIEWJCOMPUTERSINHUMANBEHAVIOR,2017,69268274CYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONALITERATUREREVIEWLYNETTEKWATTS,JESSYCAWAGNER,BENITOVELASQUEZ,PHYLLISIBEHRENSABSTRACTWITHTHEMOREPERVASIVEUSEOFTECHNOLOGY,THEPREVALENCEOFCYBERBULLYINGHASINCREASEDUNIVERSITIESANDCOLLEGESHAVEIMPLEMENTEDMOREWAYSTOREACHSTUDENTSOVERTHEINTERNETANDBYOTHERELECTRONICMEANSCONSEQUENTLY,ITISIMPORTANTTOINVESTIGATETHEPREVALENCEOFCYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONTHISLITERATUREREVIEWWASCREATEDTORAISEAWARENESSOFTHISCONTINUINGTRENDOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSCYBERBULLYINGISDEFINEDASINTENTTOCONSISTENTLYHARASSANOTHERINDIVIDUALTOCAUSEHARMVIAANYELECTRONICMETHOD,INCLUDINGSOCIALMEDIA,ANDINCLUDESDEFAMATION,PUBLICDISCLOSUREOFPRIVATEFACTS,ANDINTENTIONALEMOTIONALDISTRESSANEXHAUSTIVESEARCHOFCURRENTLITERATUREWASCONDUCTEDUSINGAVARIETYOFDATABASESINCLUDINGACADEMICSEARCHCOMPLETE,EDUCATIONSOURCE,EJOURNALS,ERIC,PSYCARTICLES,PSYCHOLOGYANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCESCOLLECTION,ANDPSYCINFOGOOGLE,GOOGLESCHOLAR,ANDREFERENCELISTSFROMKEYSTUDIESWEREALSOUSEDTOGATHERRELEVANTSTUDIESFORINCLUSIONINTHISREVIEWARTICLESWEREUSEDTODEFINECYBERBULLYING,BUILDAHISTORICALBASEOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGADOLESCENTS,EXAMINEFACTORSINVOLVEDINCYBERBULLYING,DESCRIBEEFFECTSOFCYBERBULLYING,ANDEXAMINETHISTRENDAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSSTRATEGIESSUCHASREPORTING,MONITORINGONLINEINTERACTIONS,ANDLEGALACTIONSTOADDRESSCYBERBULLYINGINALLAREASOFEDUCATIONWEREINCLUDEDFUTURERESEARCHSHOULDINVESTIGATEIFEDUCATIONALPROGRAMSLEADTODECREASEDCYBERBULLYING,INCREASEDRATESOFREPORTING,ANDHOWCYBERBULLYINGMAYCHANGESOCIALMEDIAETIQUETTEKEYWORDSHIGHEREDUCATIONCYBERBULLYINGCYBERBULLYINGPREVALENCECYBERBULLYINGAWARENESSSOCIALMEDIACYBERBULLYING1INTRODUCTIONTHEINTERNETCANHAVEANIMPACTONUSERSSOCIALLYANDPSYCHOLOGICALLYBESSIERE,PRESSMAN,KIESLER,KRAUTETAL,1998,2002MOREINDIVIDUALSAREUSINGTHEINTERNETFORSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONWITHEMAIL,INSTANTMESSAGING,CHATROOMS,ANDGAMINGALONGWITHGENERALINFORMATIONRETRIEVAL,HEALTHRESOURCES,ANDENTERTAINMENTBESSIEREETAL,2010KRAUTETAL,2002WHILETHEUSEOFTHEINTERNETHASITSBENEFITS,THEREHASBEENMUCHSPECULATIONASTOWHETHERTHEINTERNETMAYALSOBEHARMFULTOONESSOCIALANDPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEINGTHEARGUMENTHASBEENPRESENTEDTHEINTERNETCOULDCAUSEUSERSTOBECOMESOCIALLYINEPTANDISOLATED,WHEREASOTHERSBELIEVETHEINCREASEDINTERACTIONCOULDIMPROVESOCIALRELATIONSHIPSKRAUTETAL,1998UNFORTUNATELY,THEUSEOFTHEINTERNETTOPERPETRATECYBERBULLYINGMAYPRESENTASTRONGERARGUMENTFORTHEDETRIMENTALEFFECTSOFTHETECHNOLOGYBULLYINGISAMAJORPROBLEMINTODAYSSOCIETYANDOCCURSATMANYDIFFERENTAGESANDINMANYDIFFERENTFORMSWITHTHEINCREASEINTHEUSEOFTECHNOLOGY,ADISTURBINGTRENDWORLDWIDEISCYBERBULLYING,WHEREINDIVIDUALSCANHARASSOTHERSONLINETHROUGHEMAILS,TEXTMESSAGING,ANDSOCIALMEDIAWEBSITES24HADAY,SEVENDAYSAWEEKTHEANONYMITYCYBERBULLYINGPROVIDESGIVESBULLIESASENSEOFPOWERANDCONTROLTHATOTHERWISEMIGHTNOTBEPRESENTIFTHEYWEREFACETOFACEWITHTHEIRVICTIMSALSO,THEPREVALENCEOFTHISTOPICINCURRENTNEWSANDMEDIACANBEEMPOWERINGTOANINDIVIDUALBECAUSEOFGAINEDPUBLICITY,EVENIFHEORSHEISTHEONLYONEAWAREWITHTHEINTENTOFHARMING,EMBARRASSING,ORDAMAGINGTHEOTHERINDIVIDUALBEALEBERAN,RINALDI,BICKHAM,BHAT,2008MASON,2008PATCHINAKBULUT,SAHIN,FINN,2004MACDONALDHOWEVER,CYBERBULLYINGVIASOCIALNETWORKINGSITESSUCHASFACEBOOK,TWITTER,ANDYOUTUBEAPPEARSTOBEGAININGINPOPULARITYBECAUSEOFTHEABILITYOFTHEMASSESTOWITNESSAND/ORPARTICIPATEINTHEATTACKSBRACKFESTLLENHART,MADDEN,PURCELL,ZICKUHR,MACDONALDRAFFERTYWHITTAKERSHEEXPLAINEDWITHOUTTHESEELEMENTS,ITISDIFFICULTTOLABELASINGLEMALICIOUSACTASBULLYING/CYBERBULLYING4HISTORICALPERSPECTIVEHISTORICALLY,STUDIESREGARDINGCYBERBULLYINGHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDAMONGYOUNGADOLESCENTSWITHFEWERSTUDIESOCCURRINGATTHECOLLEGELEVELTHISREVIEWISGEAREDTOWARDCYBERBULLYINGINCIDENCESAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSHOWEVER,AHISTORICALCONTEXTCANNOTBEOVERLOOKEDASCYBERBULLYINGFIRSTWASREPORTEDANDSTUDIEDINADOLESCENTSTHEPERCENTAGEOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGADOLESCENTSISASTONISHINGPATCHINANDHINDUJA2006CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG384YOUTHSANDREPORTED11OFPARTICIPANTSWERECYBERBULLIES,APPROXIMATELY29WERECYBERVICTIMS,ANDALMOST50WEREWITNESSESTOCYBERBULLYINGTHATSAMEYEAR,HOWEVER,LI2007CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG461JUNIORHIGHCANADIANANDCHINESESTUDENTSANDDISCOVERED556OFMALESAND545OFFEMALESKNEWSOMEONEWHOHADBEENCYBERBULLIEDSHEWENTONTOREPORTAPPROXIMATELY30OFHERRESPONDENTSHADBEENCYBERBULLIED,ANDAPPROXIMATELY18HADENGAGEDINCYBERBULLYINGMOREALARMINGTHANTHETRENDOFCYBERBULLYINGISTHELACKOFREPORTINGITLI2007NOTEDONLY35OFRESPONDENTSREPORTEDBEINGCYBERBULLIEDTOADULTSIN2008,UNITEDPRESSINTERNATIONAL

簡介：ARTICLESWINTER2015105ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEAIRESEARCHHASEXPLOREDAVARIETYOFPROBLEMSANDAPPROACHESSINCEITSINCEPTION,BUTFORTHELAST20YEARSORSOHASBEENFOCUSEDONTHEPROBLEMSSURROUNDINGTHECONSTRUCTIONOFINTELLIGENTAGENTSSYSTEMSTHATPERCEIVEANDACTINSOMEENVIRONMENTINTHISCONTEXT,THECRITERIONFORINTELLIGENCEISRELATEDTOSTATISTICALANDECONOMICNOTIONSOFRATIONALITYCOLLOQUIALLY,THEABILITYTOMAKEGOODDECISIONS,PLANS,ORINFERENCESTHEADOPTIONOFPROBABILISTICREPRESENTATIONSANDSTATISTICALLEARNINGMETHODSHASLEDTOALARGEDEGREEOFINTEGRATIONANDCROSSFERTILIZATIONBETWEENAI,MACHINELEARNING,STATISTICS,CONTROLTHEORY,NEUROSCIENCE,ANDOTHERFIELDSTHEESTABLISHMENTOFSHAREDTHEORETICALFRAMEWORKS,COMBINEDWITHTHEAVAILABILITYOFDATAANDPROCESSINGPOWER,HASYIELDEDREMARKABLESUCCESSESINVARIOUSCOMPONENTTASKSSUCHASSPEECHRECOGNITION,IMAGECLASSIFICATION,AUTONOMOUSVEHICLES,MACHINETRANSLATION,LEGGEDLOCOMOTION,ANDQUESTIONANSWERINGSYSTEMSCOPYRIGHT?2015,ASSOCIATIONFORTHEADVANCEMENTOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEALLRIGHTSRESERVEDISSN07384602RESEARCHPRIORITIESFORROBUSTANDBENEFICIALARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCESTUARTRUSSELL,DANIELDEWEY,MAXTEGMARKNSUCCESSINTHEQUESTFORARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEHASTHEPOTENTIALTOBRINGUNPRECEDENTEDBENEFITSTOHUMANITY,ANDITISTHEREFOREWORTHWHILETOINVESTIGATEHOWTOMAXIMIZETHESEBENEFITSWHILEAVOIDINGPOTENTIALPITFALLSTHISARTICLEGIVESNUMEROUSEXAMPLESWHICHSHOULDBYNOMEANSBECONSTRUEDASANEXHAUSTIVELISTOFSUCHWORTHWHILERESEARCHAIMEDATENSURINGTHATAIREMAINSROBUSTANDBENEFICIALARTICLESWINTER2015107ECONOMICMEASURESITISPOSSIBLETHATECONOMICMEASURESSUCHASREALGDPPERCAPITADONOTACCURATELYCAPTURETHEBENEFITSANDDETRIMENTSOFHEAVILYAIANDAUTOMATIONBASEDECONOMIES,MAKINGTHESEMETRICSUNSUITABLEFORPOLICYPURPOSESMOKYR2014RESEARCHONIMPROVEDMETRICSCOULDBEUSEFULFORDECISIONMAKINGLAWANDETHICSRESEARCHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSYSTEMSTHATEMBODYSIGNIFICANTAMOUNTSOFINTELLIGENCEANDAUTONOMYLEADSTOIMPORTANTLEGALANDETHICALQUESTIONSWHOSEANSWERSAFFECTBOTHPRODUCERSANDCONSUMERSOFAITECHNOLOGYTHESEQUESTIONSSPANLAW,PUBLICPOLICY,PROFESSIONALETHICS,ANDPHILOSOPHICALETHICS,ANDWILLREQUIREEXPERTISEFROMCOMPUTERSCIENTISTS,LEGALEXPERTS,POLITICALSCIENTISTS,ANDETHICISTSFOREXAMPLELIABILITYANDLAWFORAUTONOMOUSVEHICLESIFSELFDRIVINGCARSCUTTHEROUGHLY40,000ANNUALUSTRAFFICFATALITIESINHALF,THECARMAKERSMIGHTGETNOT20,000THANKYOUNOTES,BUT20,000LAWSUITSINWHATLEGALFRAMEWORKCANTHESAFETYBENEFITSOFAUTONOMOUSVEHICLESSUCHASDRONEAIRCRAFTANDSELFDRIVINGCARSBESTBEREALIZEDVLADECK2014SHOULDLEGALQUESTIONSABOUTAIBEHANDLEDBYEXISTINGSOFTWAREANDINTERNETFOCUSEDCYBERLAW,ORSHOULDTHEYBETREATEDSEPARATELYCALO2014BINBOTHMILITARYANDCOMMERCIALAPPLICATIONS,GOVERNMENTSWILLNEEDTODECIDEHOWBESTTOBRINGTHERELEVANTEXPERTISETOBEARFOREXAMPLE,APANELORCOMMITTEEOFPROFESSIONALSANDACADEMICSCOULDBECREATED,ANDCALOHASPROPOSEDTHECREATIONOFAFEDERALROBOTICSCOMMISSIONCALO2014AMACHINEETHICSHOWSHOULDANAUTONOMOUSVEHICLETRADEOFF,SAY,ASMALLPROBABILITYOFINJURYTOAHUMANAGAINSTTHENEARCERTAINTYOFALARGEMATERIALCOSTHOWSHOULDLAWYERS,ETHICISTS,ANDPOLICYMAKERSENGAGETHEPUBLICONTHESEISSUESSHOULDSUCHTRADEOFFSBETHESUBJECTOFNATIONALSTANDARDSAUTONOMOUSWEAPONSCANLETHALAUTONOMOUSWEAPONSBEMADETOCOMPLYWITHHUMANITARIANLAWCHURCHILLANDULFSTEIN2000IF,ASSOMEORGANIZATIONSHAVESUGGESTED,AUTONOMOUSWEAPONSSHOULDBEBANNEDDOCHERTY2012,ISITPOSSIBLETODEVELOPAPRECISEDEFINITIONOFAUTONOMYFORTHISPURPOSE,ANDCANSUCHABANPRACTICALLYBEENFORCEDIFITISPERMISSIBLEORLEGALTOUSELETHALAUTONOMOUSWEAPONS,HOWSHOULDTHESEWEAPONSBEINTEGRATEDINTOTHEEXISTINGCOMMANDANDCONTROLSTRUCTURESOTHATRESPONSIBILITYANDLIABILITYREMAINASSOCIATEDWITHSPECIFICHUMANACTORSWHATTECHNICALREALITIESANDFORECASTSSHOULDINFORMTHESEQUESTIONS,ANDHOWSHOULDMEANINGFULHUMANCONTROLOVERWEAPONSBEDEFINEDROFF2013,2014ANDERSON,REISNER,ANDWAXMAN2014AREAUTONOMOUSWEAPONSLIKELYTOREDUCEPOLITICALAVERSIONTOCONFLICT,ORPERHAPSRESULTINACCIDENTALBATTLESORWARSASARO2008WOULDSUCHWEAPONSBECOMETHETOOLOFCHOICEFOROPPRESSORSORTERRORISTSFINALLY,HOWCANTRANSPARENCYANDPUBLICDISCOURSEBESTBEENCOURAGEDONTHESEISSUESPRIVACYHOWSHOULDTHEABILITYOFAISYSTEMSTOINTERPRETTHEDATAOBTAINEDFROMSURVEILLANCECAMERAS,PHONELINES,EMAILS,ANDSOON,INTERACTWITHTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYHOWWILLPRIVACYRISKSINTERACTWITHCYBERSECURITYANDCYBERWARFARESINGERANDFRIEDMAN2014OURABILITYTOTAKEFULLADVANTAGEOFTHESYNERGYBETWEENAIANDBIGDATAWILLDEPENDINPARTONOURABILITYTOMANAGEANDPRESERVEPRIVACYMANYIKAETAL2011AGRAWALANDSRIKANT2000PROFESSIONALETHICSWHATROLESHOULDCOMPUTERSCIENTISTSPLAYINTHELAWANDETHICSOFAIDEVELOPMENTANDUSEPASTANDCURRENTPROJECTSTOEXPLORETHESEQUESTIONSINCLUDETHEAAAI2008–09PRESIDENTIALPANELONLONGTERMAIFUTURESHORVITZANDSELMAN2009,THEEPSRCPRINCIPLESOFROBOTICSBODENETAL2011,ANDRECENTLYANNOUNCEDPROGRAMSSUCHASSTANFORD’SONEHUNDREDYEARSTUDYOFAIANDTHEAAAICOMMITTEEONAIIMPACTANDETHICALISSUESPOLICYQUESTIONSFROMAPUBLICPOLICYPERSPECTIVE,AILIKEANYPOWERFULNEWTECHNOLOGYENABLESBOTHGREATNEWBENEFITSANDNOVELPITFALLSTOBEAVOIDED,ANDAPPROPRIATEPOLICIESCANENSURETHATWECANENJOYTHEBENEFITSWHILERISKSAREMINIMIZEDTHISRAISESPOLICYQUESTIONSSUCHAS1WHATISTHESPACEOFPOLICIESWORTHSTUDYING,ANDHOWMIGHTTHEYBEENACTED2WHICHCRITERIASHOULDBEUSEDTODETERMINETHEMERITSOFAPOLICYCANDIDATESINCLUDEVERIFIABILITYOFCOMPLIANC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簡介：4800英文單詞，英文單詞，28000英文字符，中文英文字符，中文9100字文獻出處文獻出處WATTSLK,WAGNERJ,VELASQUEZB,ETALCYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONALITERATUREREVIEWJCOMPUTERSINHUMANBEHAVIOR,2017,69268274CYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONALITERATUREREVIEWLYNETTEKWATTS,JESSYCAWAGNER,BENITOVELASQUEZ,PHYLLISIBEHRENSABSTRACTWITHTHEMOREPERVASIVEUSEOFTECHNOLOGY,THEPREVALENCEOFCYBERBULLYINGHASINCREASEDUNIVERSITIESANDCOLLEGESHAVEIMPLEMENTEDMOREWAYSTOREACHSTUDENTSOVERTHEINTERNETANDBYOTHERELECTRONICMEANSCONSEQUENTLY,ITISIMPORTANTTOINVESTIGATETHEPREVALENCEOFCYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONTHISLITERATUREREVIEWWASCREATEDTORAISEAWARENESSOFTHISCONTINUINGTRENDOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSCYBERBULLYINGISDEFINEDASINTENTTOCONSISTENTLYHARASSANOTHERINDIVIDUALTOCAUSEHARMVIAANYELECTRONICMETHOD,INCLUDINGSOCIALMEDIA,ANDINCLUDESDEFAMATION,PUBLICDISCLOSUREOFPRIVATEFACTS,ANDINTENTIONALEMOTIONALDISTRESSANEXHAUSTIVESEARCHOFCURRENTLITERATUREWASCONDUCTEDUSINGAVARIETYOFDATABASESINCLUDINGACADEMICSEARCHCOMPLETE,EDUCATIONSOURCE,EJOURNALS,ERIC,PSYCARTICLES,PSYCHOLOGYANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCESCOLLECTION,ANDPSYCINFOGOOGLE,GOOGLESCHOLAR,ANDREFERENCELISTSFROMKEYSTUDIESWEREALSOUSEDTOGATHERRELEVANTSTUDIESFORINCLUSIONINTHISREVIEWARTICLESWEREUSEDTODEFINECYBERBULLYING,BUILDAHISTORICALBASEOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGADOLESCENTS,EXAMINEFACTORSINVOLVEDINCYBERBULLYING,DESCRIBEEFFECTSOFCYBERBULLYING,ANDEXAMINETHISTRENDAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSSTRATEGIESSUCHASREPORTING,MONITORINGONLINEINTERACTIONS,ANDLEGALACTIONSTOADDRESSCYBERBULLYINGINALLAREASOFEDUCATIONWEREINCLUDEDFUTURERESEARCHSHOULDINVESTIGATEIFEDUCATIONALPROGRAMSLEADTODECREASEDCYBERBULLYING,INCREASEDRATESOFREPORTING,ANDHOWCYBERBULLYINGMAYCHANGESOCIALMEDIAETIQUETTEKEYWORDSHIGHEREDUCATIONCYBERBULLYINGCYBERBULLYINGPREVALENCECYBERBULLYINGAWARENESSSOCIALMEDIACYBERBULLYING1INTRODUCTIONTHEINTERNETCANHAVEANIMPACTONUSERSSOCIALLYANDPSYCHOLOGICALLYBESSIERE,PRESSMAN,KIESLER,KRAUTETAL,1998,2002MOREINDIVIDUALSAREUSINGTHEINTERNETFORSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONWITHEMAIL,INSTANTMESSAGING,CHATROOMS,ANDGAMINGALONGWITHGENERALINFORMATIONRETRIEVAL,HEALTHRESOURCES,ANDENTERTAINMENTBESSIEREETAL,2010KRAUTETAL,2002WHILETHEUSEOFTHEINTERNETHASITSBENEFITS,THEREHASBEENMUCHSPECULATIONASTOWHETHERTHEINTERNETMAYALSOBEHARMFULTOONESSOCIALANDPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEINGTHEARGUMENTHASBEENPRESENTEDTHEINTERNETCOULDCAUSEUSERSTOBECOMESOCIALLYINEPTANDISOLATED,WHEREASOTHERSBELIEVETHEINCREASEDINTERACTIONCOULDIMPROVESOCIALRELATIONSHIPSKRAUTETAL,1998UNFORTUNATELY,THEUSEOFTHEINTERNETTOPERPETRATECYBERBULLYINGMAYPRESENTASTRONGERARGUMENTFORTHEDETRIMENTALEFFECTSOFTHETECHNOLOGYBULLYINGISAMAJORPROBLEMINTODAYSSOCIETYANDOCCURSATMANYDIFFERENTAGESANDINMANYDIFFERENTFORMSWITHTHEINCREASEINTHEUSEOFTECHNOLOGY,ADISTURBINGTRENDWORLDWIDEISCYBERBULLYING,WHEREINDIVIDUALSCANHARASSOTHERSONLINETHROUGHEMAILS,TEXTMESSAGING,ANDSOCIALMEDIAWEBSITES24HADAY,SEVENDAYSAWEEKTHEANONYMITYCYBERBULLYINGPROVIDESGIVESBULLIESASENSEOFPOWERANDCONTROLTHATOTHERWISEMIGHTNOTBEPRESENTIFTHEYWEREFACETOFACEWITHTHEIRVICTIMSALSO,THEPREVALENCEOFTHISTOPICINCURRENTNEWSANDMEDIACANBEEMPOWERINGTOANINDIVIDUALBECAUSEOFGAINEDPUBLICITY,EVENIFHEORSHEISTHEONLYONEAWAREWITHTHEINTENTOFHARMING,EMBARRASSING,ORDAMAGINGTHEOTHERINDIVIDUALBEALEBERAN,RINALDI,BICKHAM,BHAT,2008MASON,2008PATCHINAKBULUT,SAHIN,FINN,2004MACDONALDHOWEVER,CYBERBULLYINGVIASOCIALNETWORKINGSITESSUCHASFACEBOOK,TWITTER,ANDYOUTUBEAPPEARSTOBEGAININGINPOPULARITYBECAUSEOFTHEABILITYOFTHEMASSESTOWITNESSAND/ORPARTICIPATEINTHEATTACKSBRACKFESTLLENHART,MADDEN,PURCELL,ZICKUHR,MACDONALDRAFFERTYWHITTAKERSHEEXPLAINEDWITHOUTTHESEELEMENTS,ITISDIFFICULTTOLABELASINGLEMALICIOUSACTASBULLYING/CYBERBULLYING4HISTORICALPERSPECTIVEHISTORICALLY,STUDIESREGARDINGCYBERBULLYINGHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDAMONGYOUNGADOLESCENTSWITHFEWERSTUDIESOCCURRINGATTHECOLLEGELEVELTHISREVIEWISGEAREDTOWARDCYBERBULLYINGINCIDENCESAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSHOWEVER,AHISTORICALCONTEXTCANNOTBEOVERLOOKEDASCYBERBULLYINGFIRSTWASREPORTEDANDSTUDIEDINADOLESCENTSTHEPERCENTAGEOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGADOLESCENTSISASTONISHINGPATCHINANDHINDUJA2006CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG384YOUTHSANDREPORTED11OFPARTICIPANTSWERECYBERBULLIES,APPROXIMATELY29WERECYBERVICTIMS,ANDALMOST50WEREWITNESSESTOCYBERBULLYINGTHATSAMEYEAR,HOWEVER,LI2007CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG461JUNIORHIGHCANADIANANDCHINESESTUDENTSANDDISCOVERED556OFMALESAND545OFFEMALESKNEWSOMEONEWHOHADBEENCYBERBULLIEDSHEWENTONTOREPORTAPPROXIMATELY30OFHERRESPONDENTSHADBEENCYBERBULLIED,ANDAPPROXIMATELY18HADENGAGEDINCYBERBULLYINGMOREALARMINGTHANTHETRENDOFCYBERBULLYINGISTHELACKOFREPORTINGITLI2007NOTEDONLY35OFRESPONDENTSREPORTEDBEINGCYBERBULLIEDTOADULTSIN2008,UNITEDPRESSINTERNATIONAL

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簡介：4000英文單詞，英文單詞，22500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文6940字文獻出處文獻出處LEEJ,PARKD,HANITHEDIFFERENTEFFECTSOFONLINECONSUMERREVIEWSONCONSUMERSPURCHASEINTENTIONSDEPENDINGONTRUSTINONLINESHOPPINGMALLSJINTERNETRESEARCH,2011,21218720620THEDIFFERENTEFFECTSOFONLINECONSUMERREVIEWSONCONSUMERSPURCHASEINTENTIONSDEPENDINGONTRUSTINONLINESHOPPINGMALLSJUMINLEE，DOHYUNGPARK，INGOOHANABSTRACTPURPOSE–WITHTHEINCREASINGINFLUENCEOFONLINECONSUMERREVIEWSOCRSONACONSUMER’SDECISIONMAKING,ONLINESELLERSHAVEBEGUNTOEMBEDTHEOCRSINTHEIRADVERTISEMENTSOEASTHISSTUDYHASTHEFOLLOWINGTWORESEARCHOBJECTIVESFIRST,TOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFTWOTYPESOFOCRSVSOEASONCONSUMERS’PURCHASEINTENTIONFROMANINFORMATIONALINFLUENCEPERSPECTIVESECOND,TOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFOCRSFROMACREDIBILITYPERSPECTIVEDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–THEDATAFORTHISSTUDYAREOBTAINEDFROMATWOWAYFACTORIALEXPERIMENTALRESEARCHDESIGNTHEFACTORSINCLUDEDARETHETYPEOFOCRSANDTHETRUSTLEVELOFONLINESHOPPINGMALLSINADDITION,PLSTESTISUSEDTOUNDERSTANDTHEUNDERLYINGEFFECTSOFTRUSTINONLINESHOPPINGMALLS,CREDIBILITYOFOCRS/OEAS,ANDCONSUMERS’PURCHASEINTENTIONSFINDINGS–THERESULTSSHOWTHATOCRSAREMOREINFLUENCEDBYTRUSTINONLINESHOPPINGMALLSTHANOEASTHEGREATERTHEPERCEIVEDCREDIBILITYOFOCRSAMONGPOTENTIALCONSUMERS,THEHIGHERISTHEPURCHASEINTENTIONWHENTHETRUSTINONLINESHOPPINGMALLSISHIGH,CONSUMERS’PURCHASEINTENTIONSINFLUENCEDBYOCRSAREMOREFAVORABLETHANTHOSEINFLUENCEDBYOEASORIGINALITY/VALUE–THISSTUDYISANINITIALCONSUMERENDORSEMENTRESEARCHTHATUSESOCRSTOEXTENDTHETRUSTTRANSFERTHEORYANDEXTENDSTHEINTERPERSONALONLINETRUSTPERSPECTIVEFORPRACTITIONERS,THISSTUDYISUSEFULINDETERMININGWHICHTYPEOFOCRSISUSEFULFORMARKETING,DEPENDINGONTHETRUSTINONLINESHOPPINGMALLSMOREOVER,THERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYCOULDAIDINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANECOMMERCESTRATEGYUSINGOCRSKEYWORDSELECTRONICCOMMERCE,CONSUMERS,PERCEPTION,TRUST,INTERNET1INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEEXPONENTIALGROWTHOFECOMMERCE,CONSUMERSCREATEAHUGEAMOUNTOFINFORMATION,WHICHINFLUENCESOTHERCONSUMERSBROWNANDREINGEN,1987CHATTERJEE,2001CHENANDXIE,2008DELLAROCAS,2003GODESANDMAYZLIN,2004RECENTEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATCONSUMERCREATEDINFORMATIONHASBECOMEARATHERIMPORTANTINFLUENCEFORCONSUMERBEHAVIORSUCHASPURCHASEDECISIONSONLINECONSUMERREVIEWSOCRSAREPARTOFCONSUMERCREATEDINFORMATIONBYWEBSITEUSERSWHOHAVEALREADYBOUGHTTHETARGETPRODUCTOCRSCONTAININFORMATIONANDRECOMMENDATIONSOFTHEPRODUCTSFROMTHECONSUMER’SPERSPECTIVEPARKETAL,2007RECENTSTUDIESHAVEINVESTIGATEDOCRSASELECTRONICWORDOFMOUTHEWOMTHATINFLUENCESCONSUMERBEHAVIORBROWNANDREINGEN,1987CHATTERJEE,2001CHENANDXIE,2008FOREXAMPLE,PEOPLEMAKEPURCHASINGDECISIONSBASEDONCONSUMERCREATEDINFORMATIONOVERTHEINTERNETGODESANDMAYZLIN,2004ANDRELYONINTERNETPOSTINGSTOMAKEDECISIONSTHATRANGEFROMWHICHMOVIETOWATCHTOWHICHSTOCKSTOINVESTINDELLAROCAS,2003ONLINESELLERSHAVEDISCOVEREDTHEEFFECTOFOCRSANDARETRYINGTOUSETHESEOCRSTOADVERTISEINONLINESHOPPINGMALLSASCONSUMERENDORSEMENTSTHATHAVEBEENUSEDINADVERTISEMENTSINOTHERMEDIA,SUCHASTELEVISIONANDRADIOFIREWORKERANDFRIEDMAN,1977FRIEDMANANDFRIEDMAN,1979FRIEDEN,1984CONSUMERENDORSEMENTISAUSEFULADVERTISINGSUMMARYANDDISCUSSION,ASWELLASIMPLICATIONSFORFUTURERESEARCH2LITERATUREREVIEWSDEUTSCHANDGERARD1955INTRODUCEDTWOTYPESOFSOCIALINFLUENCE–NORMATIVEANDINFORMATIONALINFLUENCESWHILEANORMATIVEINFLUENCEOCCURSWHENPEOPLECONFORMTOTHEEXPECTATIONSOFOTHERS,ANINFORMATIONALINFLUENCEISTHETENDENCYTOACCEPTINFORMATIONFROMOTHERSASANINDICATOROFREALITYINDIVIDUALSMAYEITHERSEEKINFORMATIONFROMKNOWLEDGEABLEOTHERS,FOREXAMPLE,THROUGHOCRS,ORMAKEREFERENCESBASEDONANOBSERVATIONOFTHEBEHAVIOROFOTHERPEOPLEORGROUPSPARKANDLESSIG,1977INTHEINTERNETENVIRONMENT,CONSUMERSDONOTNEEDTOCONFORMTOTHEEXPECTATIONSOFOTHERSWHENMAKINGAPURCHASE,ANDTHEYALLHAVEINFORMATIONALINFLUENCETHATENABLESTHEMTOMAKEGOODDECISIONSDHOLAKIAETAL,2002THEREFORE,ANINFORMATIONALRATHERTHANANORMATIVEINFLUENCEISEXPECTEDTOPLAYACENTRALROLEININFLUENCINGTHEPURCHASINGDECISIONOFINDIVIDUALSHUANGANDCHEN,2006THISSTUDYFOCUSESONINFORMATIONALINFLUENCES21ORDEROFINFORMATIONPRESENTATIONANDTHEPRIMACYEFFECTONLINESHOPPINGMALLSHAVEAGENERALRULEOFINFORMATIONARRANGEMENTTHEPRODUCTPICTUREISLOCATEDATTHETOPANDTHEADVERTISEMENTINCLUDINGPRODUCTDETAILSANDOCRSFOLLOWSSEQUENTIALLYTHEORDERINWHICHACONSUMERRECEIVESANDPROCESSESINFORMATIONMAYAFFECTTHEIMPACTOFTHEMESSAGEBECAUSEINFORMATIONISPROCESSEDSEQUENTIALLYOVERTIMECROWLEYANDHOYER,1994THEPRIMACYEFFECTREVEALSTHATINFORMATIONTHATISPRESENTEDEARLIERISMOREPERSUASIVEASCH,1952MOREOVER,PRIMACYEFFECTSHAVEBEENOBSERVEDNOTONLYINTHEPOSITIONOFINFORMATIONBUTALSOINTHECONTENTOFADVERTISEMENTSPETTYANDWEGENER,1998ACCORDINGTOTHEPRIMACYEFFECT,PLACINGONLINECONSUMERREVIEWSFIRSTONTHEWEBPAGEMAYBEWISEBECAUSETHERECOMMENDATIONMAYFORMAFIRSTIMPRESSIONANDATTRACTTHEUSERSONTHEBASISOFWHATISPRESENTEDFIRSTCONSISTENTWITHTHISVIEW,THEANCHORINGANDADJUSTMENTHYPOTHESISALBAETAL,1991ALSOSUGGESTSTHATANINITIALPOSITIVEATTRIBUTEESTABLISHESAN“ANCHOR”FORSUBSEQUENTEVALUATIONINONLINESHOPPINGMALLS,APRODUCT’SFIRSTIMPRESSIONISMOREPOSITIVEWHENSELLERSUSEOCRSINTHEIRPRODUCTADVERTISEMENTOEASRATHERTHANPRESENTINGITLATER,AFTERPRODUCTINFORMATIONOCRS22CREDIBILITYANDCHALLENGESOFONLINECONSUMERREVIEWSCONSUMERENDORSEMENTINADVERTISEMENTSISOFTHREETYPESCE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簡介：3150英文單詞，英文單詞，17萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文5400字文獻出處文獻出處CHOCH,PATTENDMGREENACCOUNTINGREFLECTIONSFROMACSRANDENVIRONMENTALDISCLOSUREPERSPECTIVEJCRITICALPERSPECTIVESONACCOUNTING,2013,246443447GREENACCOUNTINGREFLECTIONSFROMACSRANDENVIRONMENTALDISCLOSUREPERSPECTIVECHARLESHCHO,DENNISMPATTENABSTRACTINTHISCOMMENTARY,WEREFLECTONTHORNTON’S2013EXTENSIONTOHISORIGINALCAMAGAZINEARTICLEONENVIRONMENTALACCOUNTINGTHORNTON,1993ASWELLASTHEORIGINALCONTRIBUTIONGIVENOURBACKGROUNDINSOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALDISCLOSURERESEARCH,WEQUESTIONTHORNTON’SNARROWFOCUSONENVIRONMENTALACCOUNTINGASITRELATESTOTHEDEBITSANDCREDITSOFFINANCIALREPORTING,ANDWEATTEMPTTOILLUSTRATETHEPROBLEMSTHATVOLUNTARYENVIRONMENTALDISCLOSURECREATESWITHRESPECTTOREDUCEDINCENTIVESFORCOMPANIESTOIMPROVEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEWECONCLUDEBYIDENTIFYINGOURCONCERNSWITHTHEFUTUREOFENVIRONMENTALACCOUNTINGGIVENTHERECENT‘REDISCOVERY’OFTHETOPICBYMAINSTREAMACCOUNTINGRESEARCHERSKEYWORDSENVIRONMENTALSOCIALSUSTAINABILITY1INTRODUCTIONWEAPPRECIATETHEOPPORTUNITYTOREFLECTON,SPECIFICALLY,THORNTON’S1993,2013CONTRIBUTIONSTOTHEDEBATEONENVIRONMENTALACCOUNTING,ANDMOREGENERALLY,ONWHATWESEEASTHECONCERNSTHATENVIRONMENTALANDSOCIALACCOUNTINGNEEDSTODEALWITH1WEHAVECAREFULLYREADHISNEWEXPOSITIONAND,GIVENITSRELIANCEONTHEORIGINALCAMAGAZINEARTICLE,WECAREFULLYREVIEWEDITASWELLLETUSSTATEFROMTHEBEGINNING,THATWEAGREEWHOLEHEARTEDLYWITHTHREEMAJORPOINTSFROMTHESEWORKSFIRST,LIKETHORNTON1993,P39,WEBELIEVETHAT‘‘WECAN’TREALLYDECIDEHOWTODOGREENACCOUNTINGUNTILWESETTLESOMEFUNDAMENTAL,EPISTEMOLOGICALISSUESOFWHATWEARESUPPOSEDTOACCOUNTFOR’’ANDWEDONOTBELIEVEWEHAVEMUCHCHANCEOFEVERSETTLINGTHOSEISSUESSECOND,WECONCURTHATTHEASSETRETIREMENTOBLIGATIONAROACCOUNTINGREQUIREMENTSNOWINPLACEAREANIMPROVEMENTOVERTHESITUATIONTHATEXISTEDWHENTHORNTONFIRSTDISCUSSEDENVIRONMENTALACCOUNTINGFINALLY,ANDPERHAPSMOSTIMPORTANTLYFOROURARGUMENT,WEAGREEWITHTHORNTON1993,P37THAT‘‘INFORMATIONISNEVERPERFECT’’WHEREWEDIFFER,ANDTHISPERHAPSRELATESBACKTOAGREEMENTNUMBERONE,ISONWHATWESEEASWITHINTHEPURVIEWOFTHEACCOUNTINGDOMAINASTHORNTON1993,P34NOTEDINHISORIGINALPIECE,HEWASGOINGTODOSOMETHINGHESAWASUNIQUETOARTICLESDEALINGWITHGREENACCOUNTING,HEWAS‘‘GOINGTOTALKABOUTACCOUNTING’’ASHEEXPLAINSINHISUPDATE,WHATHEMEANTWASTHATHEACTUALLYGOTINTOTHEDEBITSANDCREDITSTHATWOULDBENEEDEDTOBRINGCOMPANIES’ENVIRONMENTALRESPONSIBILITIESINTOTHEACCOUNTINGSYSTEM,ANDFORTHEMOSTPART,THATISWHATHEAGAINFOCUSESONINTHENEWARTICLETOHIM,ACCOUNTINGAPPEARSTOBELIMITEDTOWHATGETSCAPTUREDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSBUTWEARERESEARCHERSINCORPORATEENVIRONMENTALDISCLOSURE–ALMOSTALWAYSFOCUSINGONINFORMATIONTHATGETSPROVIDEDNOTTHROUGHTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,BUTINSTEADTHROUGHOTHERMEANSSUCHASNARRATIVESINANNUALREPORTS,DISCLOSURESONCOMPANYWEBSITES,ANDMORERECENTLY,PROVISIONOFINFORMATIONTHROUGHSTANDALONECORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITYCSRREPORTSWECANUNDERSTAND,GIVENTHATVERYLITTLERESEARCHINTOCORPORATEENVIRONMENTALREPORTINGPREDATEDTHORNTON’SFIRSTEXPOSITION,2THATHISVIEWOFACCOUNTINGBACKINTHEEARLY1990SWASSOLIMITEDHOWEVER,INTHATBOTHENVIRONMENTALDISCLOSURERESEARCH,ANDTHEPRACTICEITSELF,HAVEINCREASEDDRAMATICALLYOVERTHEPASTTWODECADES,COURSE,DISAGREEGRAY2010,P49CITESMORGAN1988,P480INNOTINGACCOUNTSAREALWAYSENGAGEDININTERPRETINGACOMPLEXREALITY,PARTIALLY,ANDINAWAYTHATISHEAVILYWEIGHTEDINFAVOUROFWHATTHEACCOUNTANTISABLETOMEASUREANDCHOOSESTOMEASURE,THROUGHTHEPARTICULARSCHEMEOFACCOUNTINGTOBEADOPTEDHEFURTHERCITESABERCROMBIEETAL1984,P13TOMAKETHECASETHAT‘‘THELANGUAGEBYWHICHPEOPLEJUSTIFYTHEIRBEHAVIORWHENCHALLENGEDBYANOTHERSOCIALACTORISAN‘ACCOUNT’’’GRAY,2010,P47ASSUCH,WEARGUETHATINFORMATIONCOMPANIESVOLUNTARILYCHOOSETOPROVIDETHROUGH,ORIGINALLY,DISCLOSURESINTHEIRANNUALREPORTS,ANDMORERECENTLY,THROUGHWEBSITESANDSTANDALONECSRREPORTS,REPRESENTATTEMPTSTO‘ACCOUNT’FORTHEIRENVIRONMENTALANDSOCIALBEHAVIORS,ANDASSUCH,AREVERYMUCHWITHINTHEREALMOF‘ACCOUNTING’UNFORTUNATELY,MANYOFTHEPROBLEMSWEHADWITHTHEVOLUNTARYENVIRONMENTALDISCLOSUREOFTWENTYYEARSAGOREMAINUNCHANGEDTODAY,ANDWEWOULDLIKETOEXPANDTHORNTON’S1993ORIGINALBASECASETOILLUSTRATEOURCONCERNS3ANEXPANSIONOFTHETHORNTON1993EXAMPLELET’SASSUME,INSTEADOFASINGLEOILCOMPANY,AMARKETCONSISTINGOFTWOCOMPETINGFIRMSLET’SCALLTHEMGOODANDEVIL,ANDLET’SASSUMETHATATTHESTARTOFPERIODITHEYAREBOTHVALUEDINTHEMARKETAT1,000,000NOWLET’SASSUMETHEGOVERNMENTIMPOSESNEWREGULATIONSDESIGNEDTOREDUCETHEHARMFULEFFECTSOFOILCOMPANYACTIVITIESONTHEENVIRONMENTTHEMARKETMUSTNOWASSESSITSBELIEFSABOUTTHECOSTOFTHENEWREGULATIONSONEACHFIRM,EGGOOD,EGEVILFORTHESAKEOFSIMPLICITY,WENOTETHIS‘COST’INCLUDESALLOTHERPOTENTIALCHANGESINFUTURECASHFLOWS–THATIS,ITINCLUDESWHATTHORNTONLAIDOUTASXANDY,ASWELLASANYPOTENTIALPRODUCTPRICECHANGESTHATCOULDBEIMPOSEDTOOFFSETTHESECOSTSBECAUSETHEREGULATIONSAREMEANTTOREDUCEHARMFULEFFECTS,WECANASSUMETHATGWILLBEHIGHERFORTHEFIRMWHOSEOPERATIONSAREMOREHARMFUL,ANDASSUCH,INFORMATIONONEACHCOMPANY’SENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEWOULDAPPEARPOTENTIALLYTOHAVEVALUERELEVANCEONEPOTENTIALSOURCEOFENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEINFORMATIONISTHEDISCLOSURESCOMPANIESVOLUNTARILYCHOOSETOPROVIDEINTHEIRFINANCIALREPORTS6PROPONENTSOFVOLUNTARYDISCLOSURETHEORYVDTARGUETHATCOMPANIESCHOOSETOPROVIDEVOLUNTARYFINANCI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簡介：FAIRNESSPERCEPTIONSANDSATISFACTIONWITHCOMPONENTSOFPAYSATISFACTIONIMJAWAHARDEPARTMENTOFMANAGEMENTJAWAHAR,2007THURSTONANDMCNALL,2010,ITISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTOCOMPENSATIONDECISIONS,SUCHASPAY,PAYRAISESANDBENEFITSINDEED,PERCEIVEDFAIRNESSOFCOMPENSATION,THEPROCEDURESUSEDTOMAKECOMPENSATIONRELATEDDECISIONS,ANDTHEMANNERINWHICHCOMPENSATIONRELATEDINFORMATIONISCOMMUNICATEDPLAYANINTEGRALROLEINSHAPINGREACTIONSTOCRITICALELEMENTSOFTHECOMPENSATIONSYSTEMMILKOVICHANDNEWMAN,2008NELSONETAL,2008YET,THELITERATURESONATTITUDINALREACTIONSPERTAININGTOCOMPENSATIONANDFAIRNESSPERCEPTIONSHAVEEVOLVEDINDEPENDENTLYWILLIAMSETAL,2006EVENTHOUGHMOSTWOULDTHECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/02683946HTMCOMPONENTSOFPAYSATISFACTION297RECEIVEDJANUARY2010REVISEDJUNE2010,JULY2010ACCEPTEDJULY2010JOURNALOFMANAGERIALPSYCHOLOGYVOL26NO4,2011PP297312QEMERALDGROUPPUBLISHINGLIMITED02683946DOI101108/02683941111124836JUSTICEPERCEPTIONSEARLYRESEARCHONFAIRNESSADDRESSEDTHEFAIRNESSOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFOUTCOMESEG,PAYRESEARCHONDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEHASESTABLISHEDTHATTHEFAIRNESSOFOUTCOMESADAMS,1965SIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTSPEOPLE’SATTITUDESADECADELATER,THIBAUTANDWALKER1975INTRODUCEDTHECONSTRUCTOFPROCEDURALJUSTICEPROCEDURALJUSTICEREFERSTOTHEFAIRNESSOFTHEPROCEDURESUSEDTODECIDEOUTCOMESLEVENTHAL,1980THIBAUTANDWALKER,1975EARLYRESEARCHFOCUSEDONTHESTRUCTURALASPECTSOFPROCEDURESEG,VOICEOPPORTUNITIES,CONSISTENCY,ANDDEMONSTRATEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFPROCEDURALFAIRNESSTOHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTPROCESSESINCLUDINGPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALGREENBERG,1986ANDSELECTIONGILLILAND,1994BIESANDMOAG1986INTRODUCEDTHECONSTRUCTOF“INTERACTIONALJUSTICE”TOEXAMINETHE“SOCIALSIDEOFJUSTICE”SOMERESEARCHERSWHOADHERETOTHERELATIONALMODELOFJUSTICETREATINTERACTIONALJUSTICEASACOMPONENTOFPROCEDURALJUSTICETYLERANDBLADER,2000TYLERANDLIND,1992OTHERSTREATITASATHIRDFORMOFJUSTICE,INDEPENDENTOFPROCEDURALANDDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEBIES,2001BIESANDMOAG,1986ACCORDINGTOBIESANDMOAG,INTERACTIONALJUSTICECONSISTSOFTWOELEMENTS1INFORMATIONALJUSTICE–WHETHERTHEREASONSUNDERLYINGTHERESOURCEALLOCATIONDECISIONARECLEARLY,TRUTHFULLY,ANDADEQUATELYEXPLAINEDTOTHEAFFECTEDPARTIESAND2INTERPERSONALJUSTICE–WHETHERTHOSERESPONSIBLEFORIMPLEMENTINGTHEDECISIONTREATTHEAFFECTEDINDIVIDUALSWITHDIGNITYANDRESPECTGREENBERG1993,1994SUGGESTEDTHATINTERPERSONALJUSTICEPRIMARILYALTERSREACTIONSTODECISIONOUTCOMESBECAUSESUPERVISORSENSITIVITYCANMAKEPEOPLEFEELBETTERABOUTANUNFAVORABLEOUTCOMEINFORMATIONALJUSTICEPRIMARILYALTERSREACTIONSTOPROCEDURESASEXPLANATIONSPROVIDETHEINFORMATIONNEEDEDTOEVALUATESTRUCTURALASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSCOLQUITT2001TESTEDGREENBERG’SASSERTIONANDFOUNDSUPPORTFORAFOURFACTORMODELINTWOSEPARATESAMPLESCONSISTENTWITHGREENBERG’S1993PROPOSAL,COLQUITTIDENTIFIEDDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICE,PROCEDURALJUSTICE,INTERPERSONALJUSTICE,ANDINFORMATIONALJUSTICEASTHEFOURFACTORSCOMPRISINGTHECONSTRUCTOFORGANIZATIONALJUSTICESEEALSOAMBROSE,2002BIES,2001JUDGEANDCOLQUITT,2004JAWAHAR,2007KERNANANDHANGES,2002THURSTONANDMCNALL,2010INTEGRATIONANDHYPOTHESESDEVELOPMENTDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEANDSATISFACTIONWITHPAYCOMPONENTSRESEARCHONDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEHASESTABLISHEDTHATFAIRNESSOFOUTCOMESADAMS,1965GREENBERG,1988ISVERYIMPORTANTTOPEOPLEANDTHATDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEISRELATEDTOPERSONORINDIVIDUALREFERENCEDOUTCOMESCOLQUITTETAL,2001FOLGERANDKONOVSKY,1989MCFARLINANDSWEENEY,1992SWEENEYANDMCFARLIN,1993SATISFACTIONWITHPAYLEVELANDSATISFACTIONWITHPAYRAISESAREPERSONREFERENCEDOUTCOMESPREVIOUSSTUDIESREPORTEDAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEANDSATISFACTIONWITHPAYLEVELEGCOHENCHARASHANDSPECTOR,2001MICELIANDMULVEY,2000THECOHENCHARASHANDSPECTOR2001METAANALYSISFOUNDDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEMOREHIGHLYCORRELATEDWEIGHTEDMEANCORRELATIONS062V048WITHPAYSATISFACTIONTHANPROCEDURALJUSTICETREMBLAY,ETAL2000MEASUREDDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEWITHREGARDTOPAYBROKENDOWNINTOJUSTICEBASEDONNEEDS,INTERNALEQUITYANDEXTERNALEQUITYANDREPORTEDTHATDISTRIBUTIVEJUSTICEACCOUNTEDFOR26PERCENTOFTHEVARIANCEINPAYLEVELSATISFACTIONCOMPONENTSOFPAYSATISFACTION299

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