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簡(jiǎn)介：8400英文單詞，英文單詞，46萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文14萬(wàn)字萬(wàn)字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處LOVEPED,AHIAGADAGBUID,WELDEM,ETALLIGHTRAILTRANSITCOSTPERFORMANCEOPPORTUNITIESFORFUTUREPROOFINGJTRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHPARTAPOLICYANDPRACTICE,2017,1002739LIGHTRAILTRANSITCOSTPERFORMANCEOPPORTUNITIESFORFUTUREPROOFINGPETEREDLOVE,DOMINICAHIAGADAGBUI,MORTENWELDE,JAMESODECKABSTRACTTHECOSTPERFORMANCEOFLIGHTRAILTRANSITLRTSYSTEMSHAVEBEENSCRUTINIZEDBYTHEPOPULARPRESSANDPUBLICSECTORINFRASTRUCTUREAGENCIESASTHEYHAVEBEENPRONETOINCURRINGCOSTINCREASESINTHEIRCAPITALEXPENDITURESCAPEXINTACKLINGSUCHINCREASES,EMPHASISISPLACEDONMITIGATINGSTRATEGICMISREPRESENTATIONANDOPTIMISMBIAS,WHICHHASHINDEREDTHEPUBLICSECTORSABILITYTOEMBRACEINNOVATION,PARTICULARLYWITHREGARDTOTHEJUSTIFICATIONANDADOPTIONOFLRTMOREOFTENTHANNOT,OPERATIONALEXPENDITUREOPEXISNEGLECTED,ANDISNOTCONSIDEREDAPARTOFTHETRANSPORTATIONCOSTPERFORMANCELITERATURETHEAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOEXAMINETHEEQUIVOCALITYTHATSURROUNDSTHEDETERMINATIONOFCOSTPERFORMANCEOFLRTPROJECTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATTHEPUBLICSECTORSHOULDMOVEBEYONDFOCUSINGONSTRATEGICMISREPRESENTATIONANDOPTIMISMBIAS,ASMANYGOVERNMENTSWORLDWIDENOWHAVEINPLACEMECHANISMSTOADDRESSSUCHISSUES,ANDINSTEADFOCUSONFUTUREPROOFINGTHEIRASSETSITISSUGGESTEDTHATTHEKEYENABLERSOFFUTUREPROOFINGLRTARE1PRIVATEFINANCE2DELIVERYSTRATEGYEGDESIGNBUILDFINANCEOPERATE3DIGITIZATIONEGBUILDINGINFORMATIONMODELLINGAND4ASSETMANAGEMENTEGSMARTTECHNOLOGIESIFTHEPUBLICSECTORISTOPROVIDEANLRTSYSTEMTHATISCOSTEFFECTIVEANDABLETORESPONDTOTHEDEMANDSIMPOSEDBYCLIMATECHANGE,THENITNEEDSTOBECONSIDEREDFROMALIFECYCLEPERSPECTIVEANDFUNDINGSOUGHTFROMTHEPRIVATESECTORTOENSUREITSVIABILITYKEYWORDSCAPEXPERFORMANCE；DIGITIZATION；FUTUREPROOFING；LIGHTRAILTRANSIT；OPEX1INTRODUCTIONTHEEFFICIENTPROVISIONOFTRANSPORTATIONINFRASTRUCTUREASSETSPROVIDESTHEHALLMARKOFAWELLFUNCTIONINGECONOMYYET,THEDELIVERYOFSUCHASSETSHASBEENANDCONTINUESTOBETHEBêTENOIREFORTHEPUBLICSECTORTHEYCONSISTENTLYEXPERIENCECOSTOVERRUNSANDFAILTODELIVERTHEIREXPECTEDBENEFITSTERRILLANDDANKS,2016INURBANENVIRONMENTS,LIGHTRAILTRANSITLRTIEMIDSIZEDELECTRIFIEDRAILTECHNOLOGYISOFTENSELECTEDASPREFERREDMODEOFTRANSPORTATIONINLIEUOFBUSRAPIDTRANSITBRTIEBUSESTHATRUNONRUBBERTIRESONEXCLUSIVEPAVEDROADWAYSANDPOWEREDBYDIESELBYTRAVELERSINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESHENSHERETAL,2015HENSHERANDMULLEY,2015ACCORDINGTOHENSHER2016LRTDOMINATESASITSIMPLYDEEMEDTOBE‘SEXYANDBUSESAREBORING,ANDTHATITOFFERSAMUCHBETTERVALUEFORMONEYTHANBRT’P289WHENCHOOSINGBETWEENBRTANDLRTOPTIONSTHEIRCOSTSPARAMETERSATTRACTTHEMOSTATTENTIONFROMDECISIONMAKERSINAUSTRALIA,FOREXAMPLE,THEMEANCAPITALEXPENDITURECAPEXPERKILOMETERFORBRTIS3658MILLIONCOMPAREDTO635MILLIONFORLRTINTHEUNITEDSTATESUSTHEGOVERNMENTACCOUNTABILITYOFFICEFOUNDCAPEXCOSTSOFLIGHTRAILTOBE25TIMESTHATOFBRTBASEDONSTUDIESOFLRTSYSTEMSFROMTHE1980SANDONWARDSGAO,2001WHILETHECAPEXISSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERFORLRT,ITSOPERATINGCOSTSVARYACCORDINGTOSCHEMECHARACTERISTICSTHEGAO2001FOUNDOPERATINGCOSTSOFLRTTOBESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERPERTHEREISANEEDTOMOVEBEYONDFOCUSINGONTHEMEASURINGTHECOSTPERFORMANCEOFLRTPROJECTSBASEDUPONCAPEXIEFUNDSTOACQUIREAND/ORUPGRADEPHYSICALASSETS,BUTTOALSOINCLUDETHEIROPERATIONALEXPENDITUREOPEXIEOPERATINGCOSTSIFTHECOSTPERFORMANCEOFLRTPROJECTSISTOIMPROVE,THENTHEWAYTHATTHEYAREDELIVEREDNEEDSTOFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGETHUS,KEYISSUESTHATMAYINTHEFUTUREGUARANTEETHECOSTEFFECTIVENESSANDTHEFUTUREPROOFINGOFLRTSAREPROPOSEDONCETHEDECISIONTOOPTFORTHISMODEOFTRANSITHASBEENMADEBYANINCUMBENTGOVERNMENT2THEEQUIVOCALITYOFLIGHTRAILTRANSITCAPEXPERFORMANCETHECOSTOVERRUNSINTHEEDINBURGHTRAMSANDSYDNEYLIGHTRAILPROJECTSARENOTISOLATEDINCIDENTSFORLRTPROJECTSEVIDENCEPROVIDEDBYPICKRELL1990ANDO’TOOLE2015’SANALYSISOFREPORTSPRODUCEDBYTHEFEDERALTRANSITAUTHORITYFTAINTHEUSOVERA25YEARPERIOD,FOREXAMPLE,REVEALTHATCAPEXOVERRUNSHAVEBEENARECURRINGTHEMEWITHLRTSO’TOOLE,2015TABLE1PRESENTSTHEACTUALANDPREDICTEDFULLFUNDINGGRANTAGREEMENTFFGACAPEXAMOUNTFORASAMPLEOFLRTPROJECTSCONSTRUCTEDINTHEUSTHISDATAFORLRTHASBEENEXTRACTEDFROMTHEWORKPRESENTEDINPICKRELL1990,DENOTEDBY,ANDO’TOOLE2015INPICKRELL’S1990RESEARCH,THEFORECASTEDCAPITALCOSTSWEREESTABLISHEDATTHECOMPLETIONOFTHEPRELIMINARYENGINEERINGSTUDY,WHENADESIGNTOBUILDDTBWASUNDERTAKENTABLE1LIGHTRAILTRANSITCAPEXPERFORMANCEINUSCITIESFROM1988TO2013SEEO’TOOLE,2015CITYYEARPREDICTEDMILLIONSACTUALMILLIONSINCREASEPORTLAND198817226655SACRAMENTO198816518813BUFFALO198947872251PITTSBURGH198969962211SANDIEGO198911410310LOSANGELES199056187756SANJOSE199125838048STLOUIS199331738722DALLAS199632536011BALTIMORE19978211642SANJOSE199728132516PORTLAND199845478272SALTLAKE199920629945DENVER200014917819STLOUIS200125633932DALLAS200233343731SACRAMENTO20032022198SALTLAKE20031891922MINNEAPOLIS2004244697186PITTSBURGH2004184385109PORTLAND200428335024SANDIEGO200538750631DENVER200658585145NEWARK200618120815NEWJERSEY2006930175689CHARLOTTE200733146340PHOENIX20081076140531

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簡(jiǎn)介：4300英文單詞，英文單詞，25萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文7300字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處YESILS,KAYAATHEEFFECTOFORGANIZATIONALCULTUREONFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCEEVIDENCEFROMADEVELOPINGCOUNTRYJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2013,81428437THEEFFECTOFORGANIZATIONALCULTUREONFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCEEVIDENCEFROMADEVELOPINGCOUNTRYSALIHYESIL,AHMETKAYAABSTRACTLITERATUREONORGANIZATIONALCULTURECONSTANTLYREINFORCESTHENOTIONTHATORGANISATIONALCULTUREISNECESSARYFOREFFECTIVEFUNCTIONINGANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEORGANISATIONSALTHOUGHNUMEROUSSTUDIESHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDTOEXPLORETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENORGANISATIONALCULTUREANDPERFORMANCE,EMPIRICALFINDINGSSEEMTOBEMIXEDANDINCONCLUSIVETHISARTICLEATTEMPTSTOFURTHERINVESTIGATETHEROLEOFORGANISATIONALCULTUREONFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCERESEARCHHYPOTHESESAREDEVELOPEDFROMTHERELATEDLITERATURESANDTESTEDTHROUGHTHEDATACOLLECTEDFROMMANAGERSOFTHEFIRMSINGAZIANTEPINTURKEYDATAISANALYSEDVIASPSSPROGRAMUSINGTHEREGRESSIONANALYSESTHERESULTSSHOWTHATORGANISATIONALCULTUREDIMENSIONSHAVENOEFFECTONFIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCECONSIDERINGTHELIMITATIONSOFTHECURRENTSTUDY,THEFINDINGSNEEDTOBEEVALUATEDWITHCAUTIONDISCUSSIONSANDIMPLICATIONSOFTHERESULTSAREPROVIDEDINTHECONCLUSIONPARTOFTHESTUDYKEYWORDSORGANISATIONALCULTURE,FIRMPERFORMANCE,FIRMFINANCIALPERFORMANCE1INTRODUCTIONTODAY,BUSINESSORGANISATIONSARESTRUGGLINGTOSURVIVEINTODAY5SCOMPETITIVEBUSINESSWORLDFEKETEANDBORCSKEI,2011THEYARELOOKINGFORTHEWAYSTOBEMORECREATIVE,INNOVATIVEANDCOMPETITIVETHEREAREDIFFERENTFACTORSTHATAFFECTTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEFIRMSONEOFTHEFACTORSTHATHASBEENSUGGESTEDTOINFLUENCEFIRMPERFORMANCEISTHEORGANISATIONALCULTURECAMERONDUKEIIFEKETEPETERSSAFFOLD,1988ZHENGETAL,2010BECAUSEOFITSIMPORTANCEANDIMPLICATIONSFORINDIVIDUALANDORGANISATIONS,AGREATDEALOFATTENTIONHASBEENGIVENTOTHEORGANIZATIONALCULTUREANDRELATEDSTUDIESBARNEY,1986OJO,2010OPARANMA,2010THEORETICALARGUMENTSSUPPORTTHEIDEATHATORGANISATIONALCULTUREISRELATEDORGANISATIONALPERFORMANCEAHMED,1998CAMERONPETERSSAFFOLD,1988ZHENGETAL,2010THEREAREALSOEMPIRICALEVIDENCEREGARDINGCULTUREPERFORMANCERELATIONSHIPDUKEIIMARCOULIDESOGBONNALIM,1995REICHERSLIM,1995REICHERSLIM,1995REVIEWINGTHECULTUREPERFORMANCERELATIONSHIP,ABUJARADETAL2010NOTEDTHATTHEMOSTCOMMONMEASURESOFORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEAREFINANCIALPROFITABILITYANDGROWTHINASTUDYINVESTIGATINGTHELINKBETWEENCULTUREANDPERFORMANCEOFNGOS,DUKEIICAMERONSAFFOLD,1988ZHENGETAL,2010ZHENGETAL,2010ARGUEDTHATORGANIZATIONALCULTUREISONEOFTHEKEYORGANIZATIONALASSETSTHATHAVEBEENSTUDIEDEXTENSIVELYINTHEIRASSOCIATIONWITHORGANIZATIONALEFFECTIVENESSBASEDONTHERESOURCEBASEDVIEWSIMILARLYPETERSWATERMAN1982CONTENDEDTHATORGANISATIONALCULTUREPLAYSCRUCIALROLEINDETERMININGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEORGANISATIONSOPARANMA2010ASSERTEDTHATORGANISATIONALCULTURESTIMULATESORENGENDERSMANYOTHERACTIVITIESTHATBRINGABOUTCORPORATESUCCESSOGBONNAHARIS2000SUGGESTEDTHATDESPITETHEQUESTIONSRELATEDTOTHECULTUREPERFORMANCELINK,THEREARESUFFICIENTEVIDENCEFORTHEHYPOTHESISEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENORGANISATIONALCULTUREANDORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEORGANISATIONALCULTURECANALSOGIVEORGANISATIONSCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESMARTINSMARTINS,2002BARNEY1986ARGUEDTHAT“AFIRMSCULTURECANBEASOURCEOFSUSTAINABLECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEIFTHATCULTUREISVALUABLE,RARE,ANDIMPERFECTLYIMITABLE”EMPIRICALSTUDIESALSOPROVIDETHEEVIDENCEOFLINKBETWEENORGANISATIONALCULTUREANDORGANISATIONRELATEDPERFORMANCEOUTCOMESKIMETAL,2004REPORTEDTHATCULTUREWASFOUNDTOIMPACTAVARIETYOFORGANIZATIONALPROCESSESANDPERFORMANCETHESTRENGTHOFCULTURALVALUESWASFOUNDTOBECORRELATEDWITHTHEORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEOFFIRMSINAFEWCASESFOREXAMPLE,ITWASCORRELATEDWITHRETURNONASSETSINMANUFACTURINGFIRMS,GROWTHINANNUALPREMIUMSANDSUMASSUREDININSURANCEFIRMSTHEREWERENOSIGNIFICANTCORRELATIONSWITHHOSPITALPERFORMANCEMARCOULIDESHECK1993FOUNDTHATORGANIZATIONALCULTUREHASASTRONGDIRECTEFFECTONORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEOPARANMA2010FOUNDTHATORGANISATIONALCULTUREISANIMPORTANTVARIABLETOBECONSIDEREDWHENORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEINCONSIDERATIONACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSOFDUKEIIEDET2012,THEREISPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENORGANISATIONALCULTUREANDPERFORMANCEZHENGETAL,2010REPORTEDTHATTHEPOSITIVEEFFECTOFORGANISATIONALCULTUREONORGANISATIONALEFFECTIVENESSHOWEVER,THISEFFECTISNEGLIGIBLEWHENAMEDIATORINTHISCASE,KNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTISINVOLVED

簡(jiǎn)介：2960英文單詞，18300英文字符，中文4800字出處KHAN,HA,SYED,A,MOHAMMAD,A,本研究還將幫助計(jì)算機(jī)用戶使用可能的步驟和技術(shù)來(lái)保護(hù)他們的系統(tǒng)和信息免受對(duì)其網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)的任何可能的攻擊。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞計(jì)算機(jī)病毒，計(jì)算機(jī)威脅，實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析1介紹網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全是當(dāng)今世界最關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。隨著信息安全研究人員揭示廣泛使用的技術(shù)中的新威脅和安全漏洞，這種威脅每天都在增加，這使得安全性面臨更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)1。網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊的數(shù)量是過(guò)去幾年中的最高水平，對(duì)任何計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的最大威脅是計(jì)算機(jī)病毒，這證明自己是破壞系統(tǒng)最具破壞性和最常見(jiàn)的技術(shù)。此外，調(diào)查各種安全功能24可能是未來(lái)探索保護(hù)大數(shù)據(jù)的有趣途徑5。本研究報(bào)告將解決這些威脅，我們將嘗試找出可以使用這些工具來(lái)破壞安全系統(tǒng)的攻擊者的操作和類(lèi)型。最后，我們將討論可以防止我們被這些惡意和復(fù)雜的計(jì)算機(jī)病毒感染的技巧和技巧。11病毒計(jì)算機(jī)病毒基本上是一種計(jì)算機(jī)代碼，它能夠?qū)⒆陨韽?fù)制到其他文件并執(zhí)行其代碼中提到的所需任務(wù)。由于其性質(zhì)，病毒是討論中最常用的術(shù)語(yǔ)。我們可以使用的最合適的術(shù)語(yǔ)是自我復(fù)制程序，因?yàn)樽畛醯囊鈭D是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)人工智能程序，但是后來(lái)它為了不同的目的改變了。有許多病毒有其自身的目的和傳播技術(shù)1。通常用于計(jì)算機(jī)病毒的基本例程如下。計(jì)算機(jī)病毒的功能圖，具有搜索，復(fù)制和反檢測(cè)程序，以避免任何來(lái)自防病毒軟件的檢測(cè)，如圖1所示。圖2表示AVASTANTIVIRUSSOFTWARE為其用戶提供的更新數(shù)量，即每個(gè)月都在增加。圖2更好地理解了數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)每月獲取新的和更多關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)病毒的數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該與每個(gè)用戶共享，以防止他們受到任何新的威脅。圖4更多被病毒感染的域的類(lèi)型圖5更多受病毒感染的國(guó)家全球地圖（圖5）代表其互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶受到計(jì)算機(jī)病毒高度攻擊的國(guó)家。圖6過(guò)去十二個(gè)月，反病毒軟件阻止的病毒攻擊次數(shù)上圖表示每個(gè)月反病毒軟件阻止的攻擊次數(shù)。盡管如此，每個(gè)月的值仍然比較4月份的最后2個(gè)月，因?yàn)楣舸螖?shù)多于3月份，這表明攻擊次數(shù)再次增加。這些結(jié)果表明，病毒攻擊和系統(tǒng)感染迅速增加，威脅數(shù)量最多。這些威脅肯定需要認(rèn)真關(guān)注，因?yàn)檫@些受感染的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)可以進(jìn)一步用于其他攻擊。被感染的計(jì)算機(jī)被用作僵尸，攻擊者可以完全控制它。此外，我們需要向您展示哪些計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)和操作系統(tǒng)受到更多威脅，并且與其他系統(tǒng)和操作系統(tǒng)相比可能會(huì)受到感染。

簡(jiǎn)介：0中文中文3800字，字，2200單詞，單詞，14萬(wàn)英文字符萬(wàn)英文字符出處出處GUPTAP,GOVILMCSPRINGWEBMVCFRAMEWORKFORRAPIDOPENSOURCEJ2EEAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTACASESTUDYJINTERFACE,2010,2616841689畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯院系系計(jì)算機(jī)與信息工程學(xué)院年級(jí)專(zhuān)年級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè)業(yè)姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)附件件SPRINGWEBMVCFRAMEWORKFORRAPIDOPENSOURCEJ2EEAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENT指導(dǎo)老師評(píng)語(yǔ)指導(dǎo)教師簽名年月日SPRINGWEBMVCFRAMEWORKFORRAPIDOPENSOURCEJ2EEAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTACASESTUDY2ARCHITECTUREOFTHEAPPLICATIONSPRINGFRAMEWORKSCOMESWITHRICHSETOFFEATURES,LETUSDISCUSSTHESEFEATURESINBRIEF1INVERSIONOFCONTROLINVERSIONOFCONTROLORIOCISONEOFTHETECHNIQUESUSEDTOWIRESERVICESORCOMPONENTSTOANAPPLICATIONPROGRAMTHEIOCIS“ASOFTWAREDESIGNPATTERNANDSETOFASSOCIATEDPROGRAMMINGTECHNIQUESINWHICHTHEFLOWOFCONTROLOFASYSTEMISINVERTEDINCOMPARISONTOTHETRADITIONALINTERACTIONMODE”INIOCINSTEADOFANAPPLICATIONCALLINGTHEFRAMEWORK,ITISTHEFRAMEWORKTHATCALLSTHECOMPONENTSSPECIFIEDBYTHEAPPLICATIONTHEIOCCANBEEXPLAINEDAS“INJECTIONOFREQUIREDRESOURCESORDEPENDENCYATRUNTIMEINTOTHEDEPENDENTRESOURCE“WHICHISALSOKNOWNASDEPENDENCYINJECTIONTHEORGSPRINGFRAMEWORKBEANSFACTORYBEANFACTORYISTHEACTUALREPRESENTATIONOFTHESPRINGIOCCONTAINERWHICHISRESPONSIBLEFORCONTAININGANDMANAGINGTHEBEANSTHEBEANFACTORYINTERFACEISTHECENTRALIOCCONTAINERINTERFACEINSPRINGABEANISSIMPLYANOBJECTTHATISINSTANTIATEDANDMANAGEDBYASPRINGIOCCONTAINERTHESEBEANSANDTHEDEPENDENCIESBETWEENTHEMAREREFLECTEDINTHECONFIGURATIONMETADATAUSEDBYACONTAINER2CONSTRUCTORDEPENDENCYINJECTIONWECANUSETHEJAVACLASSCONSTRUCTORTOLOADTHEBEANVALUESAJAVACLASSISDEFINEDWITHACONSTRUCTOROFSINGLEFIELDDETAILSXMLFILEPROVIDESTHEVALUETOBEPASSESTOTHECONSTRUCTORNOWANOTHERJAVALOADSTHEXMLFILEUSINGTHEBEANFACTORYMETHODTHISUSESTHEXMLFILETOLOADVALUESINTHECONSTRUCTOROFTHEJAVAFILETHISISUSEDTOPASSVALUESTOTHECONSTRUCTOR3SETTERDEPENDENCYINJECTIONWITHEVERYBEANWEDEFINEDTHEGETTERSANDSETTERSWECANALSOUSESETTERSMETHODTOSETTHEVALUESINTHEBEANSSETTERSMETHODOVERRIDESTHEVALUESLOADEDFROMTHEBEANS4INTERFACEWECANDEFINETHEINTERFACECLASSINSPRINGTOIMPLEMENTTHISWEWILLIMPORTINTERFACETOTHEJAVAPROGRAMNOWWECANUSEMETHODSDEFINEDININTERFACEUSINGSPRINGANDXML5INHERITANCEONEJAVACLASSCANACQUIREDTHEPROPERTIESOFANOTHERCLASSJUSTLIKEAJAVAPROGRAMTHEREARETHREESUBTYPESOFIT1ABSTRACTBEANSDECLAREDABSTRACTCANNOTBEINHERITEDINTHESPRINGS2PARENTCHILDWECANDEFINEHIERARCHYLIKEPARENTCHILD3PARENTCHILDSUBCHILDRELATIONSHIPINTHISWECANDEFINEHIERARCHYFOR3ORMORECLASSES6AUTOWIRINGAUTOWIRINGISUSEDTOMAPTHEPROPERTYNAME,VALUESINXMLFILEWITHJAVAFILETHEREAREFOURTYPESTOINTEGRATEITBYNAME,BYTYPE,CONSTRUCTOR,AUTODETECTIFNOTHINGISDEFINEDABOUTITTHENBYNAMEISTHEDEFAULT

簡(jiǎn)介：字?jǐn)?shù)英文字?jǐn)?shù)英文21992199單詞，單詞，1215712157字符；中文字符；中文38373837漢字漢字出處出處KARTHICKKARTHICKS,BINUBINUSANDROIDANDROIDSECURITYSECURITYISSUESISSUESANDANDSOLUTIONSJSOLUTIONSJINTERNATIONALINTERNATIONALCONFERENCECONFERENCEONONINNOVATIVEINNOVATIVEMECHANISMSMECHANISMSFORFORINDUSTRYINDUSTRYAPPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONSICIMIAICIMIA20176866892017686689外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)ANDROIDSECURITYISSUESANDSOLUTIONSABSTRACTANDROIDOPERATINGSYSTEMUSESTHEPERMISSIONBASEDMODELWHICHALLOWSANDROIDAPPLICATIONSTOACCESSUSERINFORMATION,SYSTEMINFORMATION,DEVICEINFORMATIONANDEXTERNALRESOURCESOFSMARTPHONETHEDEVELOPERNEEDSTODECLARETHEPERMISSIONSFORTHEANDROIDAPPLICATIONTHEUSERNEEDSTOACCEPTTHESEPERMISSIONSFORSUCCESSFULINSTALLATIONOFANANDROIDAPPLICATIONTHESEPERMISSIONSAREDECLARATIONSATTHETIMEOFINSTALLATION,IFTHEPERMISSIONSAREALLOWEDBYTHEUSER,THEAPPCANACCESSRESOURCESANDINFORMATIONANYTIMEITNEEDNOTREREQUESTFORPERMISSIONSAGAINANDROIDOSISSUSCEPTIBLETOVARIOUSSECURITYATTACKSDUETOITSWEAKNESSINSECURITYTHISPAPERTELLSABOUTTHEMISUSEOFAPPPERMISSIONSUSINGSHAREDUSERID,HOWTWOFACTORAUTHENTICATIONSFAILDUETOINAPPROPRIATEANDIMPROPERUSAGEOFAPPPERMISSIONSUSINGSPYWARE,DATATHEFTINANDROIDAPPLICATIONS,SECURITYBREACHESORATTACKSINANDROIDANDANALYSISOFANDROID,IOSANDWINDOWSOPERATINGSYSTEMREGARDINGITSSECURITYKEYWORDSANDROIDPERMISSIONSSHAREDUSERIDSECURITYDATATHEFTSPYWAREIOSWINDOWSIINTRODUCTIONAVERSATILEWORKINGFRAMEWORKOSISPROGRAMMINGTHATPERMITSCELLPHONES,OFTHEPAPERIISECURITYATTACKSINANDROIDAPERMISSIONESCALATIONATTACKITALLOWSAMALICIOUSAPPLICATIONTOCOLLABORATEWITHOTHERAPPLICATIONSSOASTOACCESSCRITICALRESOURCESWITHOUTREQUESTINGFORCORRESPONDINGPERMISSIONSEXPLICITLYBCOLLISIONATTACKANDROIDSUPPORTSSHAREDUSERIDITISATECHNIQUEWHEREINTWOORMOREAPPLICATIONSHARETHESAMEUSERIDSOTHATTHEYCANACCESSTHEPERMISSIONSWHICHAREGRANTEDTOEACHOTHERFOREXAMPLE,IFAPPLICATIONAHASPERMISSIONSTOREAD_CONTACTS,READ_PHONE_STATUSANDBHASPERMISSIONSTOREAD_MESSAGES,LOCATION_ACCESS,IFBOTHTHEAPPLICATIONSUSETHESAMEUSERIDSHAREDUSERID,THENITISPOSSIBLEFORAPPLICATIONATOUSETHEPERMISSIONSGRANTEDTOITSELFANDTHEPERMISSIONSGRANTEDTOBSIMILARLY,ITISPOSSIBLEFORAPPLICATIONBTOUSETHEPERMISSIONSGRANTEDTOITSELFANDTHEPERMISSIONSGRANTEDTOAEVERYANDROIDAPPLICATIONHASUNIQUEIDTHATISITSPACKAGENAMEANDROIDSUPPORTSSHAREDUSERIDITISANATTRIBUTEINANDROIDMANIFESTXMLFILEIFTHISATTRIBUTEASSIGNEDWITHTHESAMEVALUEINTWOORMOREAPPLICATIONSANDIFTHESAMECERTIFICATESIGNSTHESEAPPLICATIONSTHEYCANACCESSPERMISSIONSGRANTEDTOEACHOTHERCOLLISIONATTACKHASBEENCLASSIFIEDASDIRECTCOLLISIONATTACKANDINDIRECTCOLLISIONATTACKADIRECTCOLLISIONATTACKISWHEREINAPPLICATIONCOMMUNICATESDIRECTLYININDIRECTCOLLISIONATTACKAPPLICATIONCOMMUNICATESVIATHIRDPARTYAPPLICATIONORCOMPONENTCTIMEOFCHECKANDTIMEOFUSEATTACKTHEMAINREASONFORTOCTOUATTACKISNAMINGCOLLISIONNONAMINGRULEORCONSTRAINTISAPPLIEDTOANEWPERMISSIONDECLARATIONMOREOVER,PERMISSIONSIN

簡(jiǎn)介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONS0975–8887VOLUME53–NO1,SEPTEMBER20127AMICROCONTROLLERBASEDROOMTEMPERATUREMONITORINGSYSTEMTHEOPHILUSWELLEMDEPARTMENTOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSSATYAWACANACHRISTIANUNIVERSITYSALATIGA,INDONESIA,50711BHUDISETIAWANDEPARTMENTOFINFORMATICSSATYAWACANACHRISTIANUNIVERSITYSALATIGA,INDONESIA,50711ABSTRACTMONITORINGTHETEMPERATUREOFACOMPUTERSERVERROOMISACRITICALTASKTOENSURETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESERVERISNOTDISTURBEDBYEXCESSIVEROOMTEMPERATUREINTHISPAPER,WEDESIGNEDANDIMPLEMENTEDAMICROCONTROLLERBASEDROOMTEMPERATUREMONITORINGSYSTEMUSINGATMELATMEGA8535MICROCONTROLLERANDNATIONALSEMICONDUCTORSLM35TEMPERATURESENSORTHESYSTEMISEQUIPPEDWITHAWAVECOMGSMMODEMTOSENDANDRECEIVETEXTMESSAGESMSANDRELAYBOARDTOCONTROLELECTRONICEQUIPMENTTHEEXPERIMENTRESULTSSHOWTHATOURSYSTEMWORKSASEXPECTEDTHESYSTEMRAISESANALARMANDSENDANALERTMESSAGETOADMINISTRATORWHENTHEROOMTEMPERATUREISABOVETHRESHOLD,WHICHIS28°CGENERALTERMSDESIGN,EXPERIMENTATIONKEYWORDSMICROCONTROLLER,TEMPERATURESENSOR,SERVERROOMTEMPERATURE1INTRODUCTIONCOMPUTERSERVERROOMPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEITINFRASTRUCTUREOFANORGANIZATIONTOSUPPORTTHEORGANIZATIONSCOMPUTERNETWORKOROTHERITRELATEDTASKSTHEREFORE,MONITORINGTHETEMPERATUREOFACOMPUTERSERVERROOMISACRITICALTASKTOENSURETHATTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESERVERISNOTDISTURBEDBYEXCESSIVEROOMTEMPERATUREGENERALLY,THEDAILYCOMPUTERSERVERROOMSTEMPERATUREISAFFECTEDBYSEVERALFACTORSSUCHAS,THESERVERROOMSIZE,NUMBEROFSERVERINSIDETHEROOM,ANDTHEROOMSAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMNEVERTHELESS,ASYSTEMTHATCAPABLETOWARNTHESERVERADMINISTRATORREGARDINGTHESERVERROOMTEMPERATUREWILLBEVERYUSEFULINCASEOFTHEREISANYEXCESSIVETEMPERATURETHISPAPERPRESENTSOURDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFAMICROCONTROLLERBASEDSYSTEMFORMONITORINGSERVERROOMTEMPERATUREWEUSEATMELAVRATMEGA8535MICROCONTROLLERANDLM35TEMPERATURESENSORASTHEMAINCOMPONENTSOFTHESYSTEMLIQUIDCRYSTALDISPLAYLCDANDBUZZERAREUSEDTODISPLAYTHESERVERROOMTEMPERATUREANDASANALARM,RESPECTIVELYINORDERTOALERTTHESERVERADMINISTRATOR,THESYSTEMISEQUIPPEDWITHAGSMMODEMTOIMMEDIATELYSENDTEXTMESSAGEIFTHESERVERROOMTEMPERATUREISABOVEAPREDEFINEDTHRESHOLDARELAYBOARDISALSOCONNECTEDTOTHEMICROCONTROLLERTOCONTROLOTHERELECTRONICAPPLIANCESINSIDETHESERVERROOMTHEREMAINDEROFTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSINSECTION2,WEPROVIDEASHORTBACKGROUNDONMICROCONTROLLER,SPECIFICALLYTHEATMELATMEGA8535MICROCONTROLLER,ANDALSOTHELM35TEMPERATURESENSORTHEDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHESYSTEMISDESCRIBEDINSECTION3SECTION4PROVIDESTHERESULTSOFOUREXPERIMENTSANDDISCUSSIONFINALLY,SECTION5CONCLUDESTHEPAPER2BACKGROUNDMICROCONTROLLERCANBEREGARDEDASASINGLECHIPSPECIALPURPOSECOMPUTERDEDICATEDTOEXECUTEASPECIFICAPPLICATIONASINGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTER,MICROCONTROLLERCONSISTSOFMEMORYRAM,ROM,FLASH,I/OPERIPHERALS,ANDPROCESSORCOREHOWEVER,INAMICROCONTROLLER,THEPROCESSORCOREISNOTASFASTASINGENERALPURPOSECOMPUTER,THEMEMORYSIZEISALSOSMALLERMICROCONTROLLERHASBEENWIDELYUSEDINEMBEDDEDSYSTEMSSUCHAS,HOMEAPPLIANCES,VEHICLES,ANDTOYSTHEREARESEVERALMICROCONTROLLERPRODUCTSAVAILABLEINTHEMARKET,FOREXAMPLE,INTELSMCS518051FAMILY,MICROCHIPPIC,ANDATMELSADVANCEDRISCARCHITECTUREAVRWEDISCUSSATMELATMEGA8535ANDLM35TEMPERATURESENSORINTHISSECTION21ATMELATMEGA8535ATMEGA8535ISAN8BITAVRMICROCONTROLLERITHASA16MHZAVRCPU,8KBFLASH,512BYTESEEPROM,AND512BYTESINTERNALSRAMTHEOTHERONCHIPPERIPHERALSINCLUDETWO8BITTIMERS/COUNTERS,ONE16BITTIMER/COUNTER,8CHANNEL10BITANALOGTODIGITALADCAND32PROGRAMMABLEI/OLINES,PORTATOPORTD,WHEREEACHPORTHAS8LINESTHISMICROCONTROLLERISAVAILABLEIN40PINPDIP,44PINTQFP/MLF,AND44PINPLCCPACKAGESDETAILSOFATMEGA8535MICROCONTROLLERAREDESCRIBEDIN122LM35TEMPERATURESENSORTHELM35ISATEMPERATURESENSOR,WHOSEOUTPUTVOLTAGEISLINEARLYPROPORTIONALTOTHECELSIUSTEMPERATURETHISSENSORHASLINEAROUTPUTANDLOWOUTPUTIMPEDANCEMAKEITEASYFORCONNECTINGITTOTHEREADOUTCIRCUITRY2THREEPINS,VS,GND,ANDVOUTAREDEFINEDFORTHESENSORWHENUSEDASABASICTEMPERATURESENSOR2°CTO150°C,ANYCHANGEINTEMPERATUREBY1°CWILLBECONVERTEDTO10MVORTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEVOUT0MV10MV/°C3RELATEDWORKZHUANDBAI3PROPOSEDASYSTEMFORMONITORINGTHETEMPERATUREOFELECTRICCABLEINTERFACEINPOWERTRANSMISSION,BASEDONATMELAT89C51MICROCONTROLLERTHESYSTEMCONSISTSOFACENTRALPCMACHINE,HOSTCONTROLMACHINES,ANDTEMPERATURECOLLECTORSSEVERALTEMPERATURECOLLECTORSARECONNECTEDTOAHOSTCONTROLMACHINETHROUGHRS485COMMUNICATIONNETWORK,ANDTHEHOSTCONTROLMACHINECOMMUNICATESANDEXCHANGESDATAWITHTHECENTRALPCMACHINEUSINGGENERALPACKETRADIOSERVICEGPRSCONNECTIONTHETEMPERATURECOLLECTORITSELFCONSISTSOFSENSORTEMPERATURESMAXIMSDS18B20,1WIREDIGITALTHERMOMETER,DECODERS,ANDOTHERCIRCUITSFORINTERFACINGINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONS0975–8887VOLUME53–NO1,SEPTEMBER20129FIG3ROOMTEMPERATUREMONITORINGSYSTEMTHENISCHECKEDFORCONTROLCOMMANDOROTHERCOMMANDSUCHAS,COMMANDTOREQUESTTHECURRENTROOMTEMPERATUREANDRELAYPORTCSTATUSAFTEREXECUTIONOFBOTHKINDOFCOMMAND,SYSTEMWILLREPLYWITHAMESSAGETOCONFIRMTHEEXECUTIONISCOMPLETETHEPURPOSEOFTHETHRESHOLDINCREMENTISTOAVOIDTHESYSTEMSENDINGMESSAGECONTINUOUSLYTOTHEADMINISTRATORTHEREFORE,THESUBSEQUENTMESSAGEONLYSENTWHENTHETEMPERATUREISINCREASEBY1°CAFTERSENDINGMESSAGEANDACTIVATINGBUZZER,SYSTEMWILLBACKTOMODEMCHECKANDREADTHETE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簡(jiǎn)介：292INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFELECTRONICBUSINESSMANAGEMENT,VOL8,NO4,PP2923032010EFFECTOFCOMMITMENTANDTRUSTTOWARDSMICROBLOGSONCONSUMERBEHAVIORALINTENTIONARELATIONSHIPMARKETINGPERSPECTIVECHIENLUNGHSU1,CHIACHANGLIU2ANDYUANDUENLEE31PERFECTELITECO,LTDPORTLOUIS00230,MAURITIUS2GOLDENASSETMANAGEMENTCONSULTANTLTDTAIPEI104,TAIWAN3GRADUATESCHOOLOFBUSINESSANDOPERATIONSMANAGEMENTCHANGJUNGCHRISTIANUNIVERSITYTAINAN711,TAIWANABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOEXPLORECONSUMERS’VIEWSONENTERPRISESCONDUCTINGRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGTHROUGHMICROBLOGGINGTHEBASISOFTHISSTUDYISTHEBASEONCOMMITMENTTRUSTTHEORYWITHTHEINFLUENCESOFCONSUMERS’SATISFACTIONWITHTHEMICROBLOGPAGEOFENTERPRISES,CORPORATEIMAGES,COMMITMENT,TRUST,ANDSENSEOFCOMMUNITYONCONSUMERS’BEHAVIORALINTENTIONTHERESULTOFTHISSTUDYCANBEUSEDASPRINCIPLESFORENTERPRISESTOMANAGETHEIRRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGTHROUGHMICROBLOGGINGANDCONSTRUCTTHEIRMICROBLOGPAGETHERESULTOFTHISSTUDYSHOWSTHATCONSUMERS’SATISFACTIONHASPOSITIVEINFLUENCESONCOMMITMENT,TRUST,SENSEOFCOMMUNITY,ANDBEHAVIORALINTENTIONSTHEINFLUENCESOFCORPORATEIMAGESONCOMMITMENTANDTRUSTARESUPPORTED,BUTTHEINFLUENCESONBEHAVIORALINTENTIONSMUSTGOTHROUGHTHEMEDIATORS,COMMITMENTANDTRUSTTHEINFLUENCESOFTRUSTONCOMMITMENTANDSENSEOFCOMMUNITYEXIST,BUTTHEINFLUENCESONBEHAVIORALINTENTIONSMUSTGOTHROUGHTHEMEDIATORS,COMMITMENTANDSENSEOFCOMMUNITYLASTLY,THEINFLUENCESOFCOMMITMENTANDSENSEOFCOMMUNITYONBEHAVIORALINTENTIONSEXISTKEYWORDSMICROBLOG,RELATIONSHIPMARKETING,SATISFACTION,CORPORATIONIMAGE,COMMITMENT,TRUST,SENSEOFCOMMUNITY,BEHAVIORALINTENTION1INTRODUCTIONWHILEFACINGTHECURRENTBUSINESSENVIRONMENTINTHENEWECONOMYAGE,MANYENTERPRISESHAVETRANSFORMEDINTOCUSTOMERORIENTEDENTERPRISESINASHORTTIMETOIMPROVECOMPETITIVENESS,ENTERPRISESMUSTUNDERSTANDTHEIRCUSTOMERS,KNOWWHATTHEIRCUSTOMERSWANT,ANDSATISFYTHEIRCUSTOMERS’NEEDSTHROUGHCUSTOMIZEDSERVICESWITHTHEENVIRONMENTCHANGEBROUGHTBYTHEAGEOFTECHNOLOGY,ENTERPRISESHAVEBUILTTHEIRRELATIONSHIPSWITHCUSTOMERSTHROUGHINFORMATIONSYSTEMSWITHDATAOFCUSTOMERS’ONLINESURFINGHISTORIES,ENTERPRISESCANOFFERTHEMMOREPRODUCTINFORMATIONANDOBTAINTHEIRRESPONSESINREALTIMETHISWAY,COSTOFCUSTOMERSERVICESCANBEREDUCED,CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPCANBESECURED,MORECONNECTIONSWITHCUSTOMERSCANBEMADE,ANDCOMMUNICATIONCANBEPERSONALIZEDBASEONGRONROOS’12RESEARCH,HEBELIEVEDTHATRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGMEANSENTERPRISESDEVELOP,CORRESPONDINGAUTHORALANHSU8399GMAILCOMMAINTAIN,ANDIMPROVETHEIRRELATIONSHIPWITHCUSTOMERSINORDERTOREACHTHEIRGOALSMOREANDMOREENTERPRISESDEVELOPRELATEDATTRACTIVEPOWERBYBUILDINGTHEIRIMAGESTORETAINANDDRAWNEWCUSTOMERSTHEREFORE,ACOMPANY’SPROFESSIONALISMANDTHEBUILDINGOFITSIMAGEISIMPORTANTFORTHECOMPANYWHETHERACOMPANYCANPROVIDESERVICESORPRODUCTSTOMEETCUSTOMERS’DEMANDSINFLUENCESCUSTOMERS’TRUSTANDLOYALTYTOTHECOMPANYACCORDINGTOTHEWEB20FEVER,MASSMEDIAHAVECOVEREDSTORIESOFMANYNOVELANDINTERESTINGWEBSITES,DRAWINGMOREPUBLICATTENTIONTOTHEINTERNETTHESEISSUESARENOLONGERISSUESFORONLYHEAVYUSERSOFTHEINTERNETTHEINTERNETHASDEVELOPEDRAPIDLYRECENTMICROBLOGGINGSERVICEPROVIDERSSUCHASFACEBOOK,TWITTER,ANDPLURKAREHOTTOPICSFORNEWSANDHAVEACCUMULATEDALARGEAMOUNTOFUSERSACCORDINGTOTHELATESTREPORTBYNIELSEN,WHICHISAMARKETRESEARCHCOMPANY,DURINGTHEPERIODOFFEBRUARY,2008THROUGHFEBRUARY,2009,TWITTERISONEOFTHESOCIALWEBSITESWITHFASTESTGROWTHFROM475,000USUSERSTO17,600,000US294INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFELECTRONICBUSINESSMANAGEMENT,VOL8,NO42010THECONCEPTOFBLOGGINGWHICHISSHARINGTHOUGHTSANDOPINIONS,INVITINGDISCUSSIONANDTELLINGPEOPLEABOUTYOURLIFEITALLOWSWHOMWECHOOSETOFOLLOW,ANDWHOFOLLOWSUSWHILEONTHECONTRARYTOCONVENTIONALBLOGS’UNLIMITEDENTRYLENGTH,MICROBLOGMESSAGESAREUSUALLYPOSTEDBYMOBILEPHONETEXTMESSAGESANDARETHEREFORECURRENTLYRESTRICTEDTOONLY140CHARACTERSPERMESSAGEWHICHISSHORT,SHARPANDTOTHEPOINTTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTFEATUREOFMICROBLOGGINGIS,BESIDESLIMITATIONINNUMBEROFWORDS,THECONCEPTOFFANSANDFRIENDSTOBECOMESOMEONE’SFANORFOLLOWER,APPROVALFROMHIMISNOTREQUIREDTHEREFORE,THEACCEPTANCEOFMESSAGESISVOLUNTARYONTHEOTHERHAND,TOBECOMESOMEONE’SFRIEND,APPROVALFROMHIMISREQUIREDAFTERAPPROVAL,BESIDESBEINGABLETORECEIVEMESSAGESFROMHIM,YOURMESSAGESWILLALSOBEDELIVEREDTOHIMINSIMPLEWORDS,AFANRELATIONSHIPMEANSMESSAGESCANONLYBEDELIVEREDONEWAYONTHECONTRARY,AFRIENDRELATIONSHIPMEANSMESSAGESCANBEDELIVEREDINTWOWAYSTHEYCANBESENT,ANDTHEYCANBERECEIVEDACCORDINGTOTHECHARACTERSOFMICROBLOG,THERESEARCHTHINKSTHATTHISCONCEPTHASBROUGHTENTERPRISEMICROBLOGMARKETINGANEFFECTOFMAKINGTHEIRIMAGESNOTANNOYING,BECAUSETHOSEWHORECEIVEMESSAGESFROMTHEMRECEIVEMESSAGES“VOLUNTARILY”THEYAREENTERPRISES’FRIENDSORFANSTHESYMBOLIZATIONHEREISTHATINTERNETUSERSAREWILLINGTORECEIVEYOURMESSAGESONCETHEYFINDTHEMSELVESDISLIKINGTHEMESSAGES,THEYCANBREAKOFFTHERELATIONSHIPWITHYOUORGIVEUPTHEIRIDENTITYASFANSOR,IFTHEYFINDTHEMESSAGESINTERESTINGANDUSEFUL,THEMARKETINGWILLBECOMEVERYEFFECTIVEFURTHER,YOUWILLHAVEPLENTYOFSPACETODEVELOPYOURRELATIONSHIPWITHTHESEFANSANDFRIENDSTOMAKETHEMFEEL“SATISFIED”ANDCONTINUOUSLYRECEIVEMESSAGESFROMENTERPRISES22RELATIONSHIPMARKETINGTHECONCEPTOF“RELATIONSHIPMARKETING”WASFORMEDINEARLY60SITORIGINATEDWITH“INDUSTRIALMARKETING”INTHEINDUSTRYINNORTHERNEUROPEATTHATTIMETHEREWEREN’TMANYTRANSAC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簡(jiǎn)介：NOV．2007，VO1．3，NO．11SERIALNO30JOURNALOFMODERNACCOUNTINGANDAUTING，ISSN15486583，USACOSTCONTROLBASEDONVALUECHAINPAYINGEQUALATTENTIONTOEARNINGMOREINCOMEANDCUTTINGDOWNEXPENSEHANZHIQINGCOLLEGEOFECONOMICS＆MANAGEMENT,SHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCE＆TECHNOLOGY,QINGDAO266510,CHBMJABSTRACTACCORDINGTOTHEIDEAOFCOSTCONTROIBASEDONTHEVALUECHAIN．SEVERALIMPORTANTFACTORSARENECESSARY．FIRSTLY,ITISNECESSARYTOHAVEENOUGHRESOURCES，WHICHMUSTBEINVESTEDTOCREATEADVANTAGEOUSVALUECHAINBASEDONCUSTOMERVALUE．ITISALSONECESSARYTOBESUREOFTHECOSTADVANTAGEOFTHEVALUECHAIN．SECONDLY,THECONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESMUSTBEREDUCEDASMUCHASPOSSIBLETOENABLETHESMALLESTOPERATINGCOSTFORTHEVALUECHAINANDMAKESUREOFTHECOSTADVANTAGEBASEDONMAXIMUMBUSINESSVALUEORPROFIT．ITISAKINDOFCOSTCONTROLFROMTHEWHOLEVIEWOFCREATIONANDSUPPLYOFVALUE．INPRACTICE，ITISALSOAKINDOFCOSTCONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONTHEVALUECHAIN．ITINCLUDESENOUGHCONTROLANDNECESSARYRESOURCEINVESTMENTFROMTHEVIEWOFTHEVALUECREATION，ANDKEEPSCONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESTOAREASONABLELEVELFROMTHEVIEWOFTHEVALUESUPPLY．THEMAINOBJECTOFTHEFIRSTFACTORISTOCONSTRUCTTHEADVANTAGEOUSVALUECHAINFROMCREATINGCUSTOMERVALUE；ANDTHESECONDFACTORISTOSTRENGTHENTHEADVANTAGEOUSVALUECHAINFROMSUPPLYINGORPRODUCINGCUSTOMERVALUE．THEREFOREITISANEWKINDOFIDEATOEXPLORETHISCOSTCONTROLFROMTHEWHOLEVIEWOFCREATIONANDSUPPLYOFVALUE．ITISMOREPROFITABLEFORBUSINESSESTOGAINSUSTAINABLECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE．KEYWORDSVALUECHAIN；COSTCONTROL；EARNINGMOREINCOME；CUTTINGDOWNEXPENSES1．INTRODUCTIONACCORDINGTOTHETHEORYOFVALUECHAIN，THEOBJECTIVEOFENTERPRISESISTOCREATECUSTOMERVALUE；ANDTHEENTERPRISES’COMPETITIVEADVANTAGELIESINPROVIDINGASMUCHVALUEASPOSSIBLETOTHEIRCUSTOMERSFORASLOWCOSTASPOSSIBLE．THISDEMANDSTHATTHEENTERPRISEMUSTFIRSTCONSIDERWHETHERTHEYCANCREATECUSTOMERVALUEORNOT，ANDTHENTAKEINTOACCOUNTHOWTOCREATEIT．F_ORALONGTIME．HOWEVER,COMPETITIONHASBEENTAKING“COMMODITIES”O(jiān)R“PRODUCTS”ASTHEDIRECTCARRIERS，ANDASARESULT，THETRADITIONALMETHODOFCOSTCONTROLFOCUSESONTHE“PRODUCTS’ANDTHEPROCESSESOFTHEPRODUCTION．OBVIOUSLY,THISCANNOTRESOLVETHEPROBLEMOFWHETHERORHOWTHEENTERPRISECANCREATECUSTOMERVALUE．INOTHERWORDS，THISCANNOTRESOLVEITRADICALLYATLEAST．THEREFOREENTERPRISESMUST，F(xiàn)IRSTLYINVESTENOUGHRESOURCESSOTHATTHEYCANCREATECUSTOMERVALUE．ANDTHENPROVIDEITATTHELEASTRESOURCEEXPENSE．SOONTHEWHOLEVIEWOFCREATIONANDSUPPLYOFVALUETOCONTROLCOST，ITCANPROVIDETHEPERFECTDYNAMICALANDOPERATIONMECHANISMTORUNTHECOSTCONTROL，ANDALSOCANRADICALLYOVERCOMETHEDISADVANTAGESOFTHETRADITIONALMETHODSOFCOSTCONTROLTHATCANNOTCONTROLCREATIONANDSUPPLYOFVALUEPERFECTLY．BASEDONTHIS，THEPAPERATTEMPTSTODISCUSSTHECOSTCONTROLFROMTHEWHOLEVIEWOFCREATIONANDSUPPLYOFVALUEANDTOEXPLORETHESTRATEGYFORREALIZINGTHEFINECIRCULATION，THATISTOSAY,“CREATEVALUEINVESTCOSTSUPPLYVALUECREATEVALUE”．HANZHIQING1962’，PH．D．，PMFESSOROFCOLLEGEOFECONOMICSMANAGEMENT，SHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCE＆TECHNOLOGY；RESEARCHFIELDSFINANCEANDACCOUNTINGTHEORYANDMETHOD．14維普資訊HTTP//WWWCQVIPCOMCOSTCONTROLBASEDONVALUECHAINPAYINGEQUALATTENTIONTOEARNINGMOREINCOMEANDCUTTINGDOWNEXPENSESATISFACTIONINAQUANTITATIVEWAY,E．G．AUTOMOBILEPERFORMANCEANDSPIRITUALSATISFACTIONONLYINAQUALITATIVEWAY,E．G．BRANDS．THECUSTOMER’SRECOGNITIONOFTHEVALUEOFTHEPRODUCTSTHATTHEYBUYCUSTOMERVALUEINCLUDESATLEASTINTHREEASPECTS．THEFIRSTISTHEPERFORMANCEOFPRODUCTS，THESECONDISTHECOSTOFUSINGTHEPRODUCTSANDTHETHIRDISPRODUCTQUALITY．THEPERFORMANCEI．E．THEBASICFUNCTIONOFTHEPRODUCTMAINLYDEPENDSONTHEPRODUCT’SDISTINCTIVEPROPERTY,ANDITMAINLYDEPENDSONTHEDEGREEOFINVESTMENTINRESOURCES．THECOSTOFUSINGPRODUCTSDEPENDSONITSPERFORMANCEANDQUALITY．ITMAINLYDEPENDSONTHEPRODUCTDESIGNAND，THUS，ALSOONTHEDEGREOFTHEINVESTMENTINRESOURCES．THEQUALITYMAINLYDEPENDSONTHEDESIGNANDMANUFACTUREOFTHEPRODUCT．ITTHEREFOREHASACLOSERELATIONSHIPWITHTHEDEGREEOFINVESTMENTINRESOURCES．GENERALLY,THECUSTOMERVALUEISTHEVALUEOFTHEPRODUCTWHICHTHECUSTOMERISWILLINGTOPAYFORTHETHREASPECTSMENTIONEDABOVE．HOWEVER,FROMTHEVIEWOFTHEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESORTHEACTIVITYCHAIN，THEACTIVITIESINWHICHANYPRODUCTISMANUFACTUREDNEDTOCONSUMERESOURCES．THEAMOUNTOFRESOURCESCONSUMEDHASANINDIRECTIMPACTONTHEBUYINGPRICE，ATTHEDIRECTEXPENSEOFTHECUSTOMERPAYINGFORTHEPRODUCT．IFTHECONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESISLOW,THEDIRECTEXPENSEOFTHECUSTOMERISLOWASWEL1．THISWILLMAKEADIRECTIMPACTONTHETOTALVALUESUPPLIEDBYTHEVALUECHAIN．HOWEVER,THECONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESHASAMOREDIRECTIMPACTONTHEMANOFCREATINGVALUE，I．E．THEVALUECHAINMANIPULATOR．OBVIOUSLY,IFTHECONSUMPTIONISLESS，THESURPLUSVALUEPROFITISMORE．ACCORDINGTOTHEIDEAOFCOSTCONTROLBASEDONVALUECHAIN，THECOSTBASEDONVALUECHAINISTHEINVESTMENTINRESOURCESWHICHAIMSTOCREATECUSTOMERVALUETHROUGHTHEVALUECHAIN．ITISALSOTHECONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESWHICHAIMSTOPROVIDECUSTOMERVALUE．THEREFORE，VIEWINGFROMTHEMEANINGOFTHECOST，INESSENCE，ISASORTOFRESOURCETHERESOURCEFORCREATINGCUSTOMERVALUE．THEIDEAOFCOSTCONTROLBASEDONVALUECHAINHASTWOPURPOSES．THEFIRSTISTOMAKESURETHATTHEINVESTMENTINRESOURCESISNECESSARYANDENOUGHTOENABLETHEVALUECHAINTOCREATETHENECESSARYCUSTOMERVALUE．THESECONDISTOMAKESURETHATTHECONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESISASLOWASPOSSIBLESOTHATTHEVALUECHAINCANPROVIDETHEVALUEAPPROVINGOFCUSTOMER．ITISOBVIOUSTHATTHECOSTADVANTAGEBASEDONTHEVALUEC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