簡介：WHYDOCHINESEFIRMSTENDTOACQUIRESTRATEGICASSETSININTERNATIONALEXPANSIONPINGDENGJOHNESIMONSCHOOLOFBUSINESS,MARYVILLEUNIVERSITYOFSTLOUIS,650MARYVILLEUNIVERSITYDR,STLOUIS,MO63141,USA1INTRODUCTIONSTRATEGICASSETSREFERTOTHOSERESOURCESANDCAPABILITIESTHATAREVALUEDBYTHEFIRMFORTHEIRPOTENTIALTOCONTRIBUTETOCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEAMITWESSON,2004THISISPARTICULARLYTRUEFORANUMBEROFEMERGINGASIANFIRMSWHOHAVEACQUIREDSTRATEGICASSETSTHEYESTABLISHTHEIRCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGETYPICALLYVIAACQUISITIONOFESTABLISHEDFIRMSINDEVELOPEDECONOMIESMAKINO,LAU,MATHEWS,2002ASALATECOMER,CHINESEMULTINATIONALCORPORATIONSMNCSAREURGENTTOBEENGAGEDINSTRATEGICASSETSEEKINGFDISOASTOCATCHUPWITHTHEGLOBALGIANTSDENG,2007INADDITION,CHINAHASHADTHELARGESTFDIOUTFLOWSAMONGEMERGINGECONOMIESSINCETHE1990SNEARLYHALFOFCHINESEOUTWARDFDIISVIAMERGERANDACQUISITIONMSCOTT,2001ASORGANIZATIONSAREDEEPLYEMBEDDEDININSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTS,THEIRPRACTICESAREOFTENEITHERDIRECTREFLECTIONSOF,ORRESPONSETO,RULESANDBELIEFSBUILTINTOTHEIRLARGERCONTEXTSMEYERFAX13145299975EMAILADDRESSPDENGMARYVILLEEDUCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALOFWORLDBUSINESSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JWB10909516/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJWB2008030143THEORETICALFRAMEWORKANDPROPOSITIONSFIRMSAREFACEDWITHMULTIPLEINSTITUTIONALPRESSURESTHEESTABLISHMENTANDMAINTENANCEOFLEGITIMACYINHOMECOUNTRYENVIRONMENTISONEOFTHEMOSTCRITICALSTRATEGICISSUESALTHOUGHAPPLICATIONOFINSTITUTIONALTHEORYININTERNATIONALBUSINESSRESEARCHDRAMATICALLYINCREASEDINRECENTYEARS,ITDOESNOTHAVEANYAPPLICATIONOFINSTITUTIONALTHEORYINTOTHECHINESEOUTWARDFDISOFARTHEINTERNATIONALIZATIONPROCESSOFCHINESEFIRMS,HOWEVER,APPEARSTOBESIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTEDBYINSTITUTIONALFORCESBUCKLEYETAL,2007INTHISPAPER,WECONTENDTHATINSTITUTIONALTHEORYCANPROVIDEINSIGHTSONWHYCHINESEFIRMSAREINCREASINGLYCONDUCTINGSTRATEGICASSETSEEKINGMAPARTICULARLYINADVANCEDCOUNTRIESBUILDINGONTHELITERATURE,WEPROPOSEANINSTITUTIONALMODELFORTHEACQUISITIONOFSTRATEGICASSETSVIAMA,ASSHOWNINFIG1THEINSTITUTIONALPERSPECTIVEPROPOSEDINTHISMODELSUGGESTSTHATCHINESEFIRMSAREUNDERINSTITUTIONALPRESSURESANDCULTURALCOGNITIVEINFLUENCESTOADOPTTHEASSETSEEKINGMASTRATEGYWHICHISVIEWEDASAPPROPRIATEFORTHEIRENVIRONMENT31EXOGENOUSSOURCESOFINSTITUTIONALPRESSURETHEROLEOFGOVERNMENTALTHOUGHINSTITUTIONALCONTEXTINFLUENCINGMADESIGNISMULTIFACETED,GOVERNMENTINTERFERENCECONSTITUTESONEOFTHECOREELEMENTSOFINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTINATRANSITIONALECONOMY,WHEREGOVERNMENTISAPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTCONSTITUENTTHATDEFINES,DIFFUSES,ORENFORCESPREVAILINGNORMSANDREQUIREMENTSOFACCEPTABLEFIRMCONDUCTOLIVER,1991THISISNOEXCEPTIONFORCHINA,WHERETHEGOVERNMENTAUTHORITYOVERBUSINESSISGREATANDINSTITUTIONALCONSTRAINTSANDINCENTIVESCONSTITUTETHEBASISFORCHINESEFIRMS’MADECISIONSASAPARTOFECONOMICREFORMS,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTHASMAINTAINEDPOLITICALCONTROLANDALSOMAINTAINEDITSABILITYTOREWARDANDDISCIPLINEFIRMSFORTHEIRADHERENCETOITSDIRECTIVESHITTETAL,2004INCONTRASTTOOTHERTRANSITIONALECONOMIES,CHINAHASESTABLISHEDCLEARDIRECTIONABOUTTHETYPESOFOUTWARDFDIITWOULDLIKETOENCOURAGE,ANDHASBEENABLETOCOMPELFIRMSTOFOLLOWITSPOLICIESDENG,2004INADDITION,CORPORATESTRATEGICDECISIONSINCHINAARE,TOALARGEEXTENT,GOVERNEDBYAMIXOFPOLITICALANDECONOMICMOTIVESTSUIETAL,2004IMPORTANTLY,CHINESEGOVERNMENTHASBEENCREATINGASUPPORTIVEENVIRONMENTTHATPARTICULARLYSTIMULATESSTRONGCHINESEFIRMSTOINVESTABROADFORTHEPURPOSEOFBECOMINGGLOBALLYCOMPETITIVEMNCSMODELEDONTHEEXAMPLEOFTHEJAPANESEANDKOREANTRADINGHOUSESASARESULT,THEGOVERNMENTHASFORMULATEDASERIESOFPOLICIESASINSTITUTIONALSUPPORTFORTHEACQUISITIONOFFOREIGNKNOWLEDGEINFORMSOFVALUEADDEDTAXESANDFAVORABLEFINANCINGUNCTAD,2005WITHPOWERFULSUPPORTFROMTHEGOVERNMENT,SOMESTRONGCHINESEENTERPRISESHAVEBEENUNDERGOINGRAPIDMODERNIZATIONANDMANYOFTHEMHAVEGROWNTOBECOMPETITIVEONAWORLDWIDESCALELARGELYTHROUGHAGGRESSIVEINTERNATIONALEXPANSIONZENGWILLIAMSON,2003INADDITION,CHINAISTHEONLYASIANGOVERNMENTTHATNOTONLYACTIVELYFACILITATESANDENCOURAGESOUTWARDFDIBUTALSOSPECIFICALLYENCOURAGESINVESTMENTINRDTOENHANCEINNOVATIVECAPABILITYUNCTAD,2005THEDRIVEFORCHINESECOMPANIESTOINVESTABROADHASBEENGAININGMOMENTUMWITHFURTHERIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE‘‘GOGLOBAL’’STRATEGYANNOUNCEDIN2001,WHICHISDESCRIBEDASONEOFFOURKEYTHRUSTSTOENABLECHINATOADJUSTITSELFTOTHETRENDOFECONOMICGLOBALIZATIONTHEGOVERNMENTPOLICYANDINCENTIVESAREESPECIALLYCRITICALWHENCHINESEFIRMSHAVEADOPTEDCROSSBORDERMAASAMAJORMECHANISMOFOVERSEASEXPANSIONCHINA’SACCESSIONTOTHEWTOINDECEMBER2001BROUGHTANOTHERMOMENTUMFORENCOURAGINGCHINESEFIRMSTOINVESTOVERSEASASPARTOFCHINA’SOVERALLSTRATEGYOFJOININGGLOBALCOMPETITIONMANAGERIALANDINNOVATIVEDEFICIENCIESOFCHINESEFIRMSHAVEBEENOFPARTICULARCONCERNTOTHECHINESEGOVERNMENTASITCONTINUESITSECONOMICREFORMINANINCREASINGLYCOMPETITIVEGLOBALLANDSCAPETHEREFORE,THEGOVERNMENTHASISSUEDNUMEROUSRULESANDREGULATIONSFIG1ANINSTITUTIONALMODELFORACQUISITIONOFSTRATEGICASSETSVIAMAPDENG/JOURNALOFWORLDBUSINESS44200974–8476

簡介：RESEARCHANDPRACTICEINHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTCHANDA,A,BANSAL,TCHANDA,R2010STRATEGICINTEGRATIONOFRECRUITMENTPRACTICESANDITSIMPACTONPERFORMANCEININDIANENTERPRISES,RESEARCHANDPRACTICEINHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT,181,115STRATEGICINTEGRATIONOFRECRUITMENTPRACTICESANDITSIMPACTONPERFORMANCEININDIANENTERPRISESABSTRACTRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONISAFOUNDATIONOFHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTHRMPRACTICESANDITSINTEGRATIONTOBUSINESSISCRITICALTOACHIEVEORGANISATIONALSTRATEGICGOALSHOWEVER,LITTLERESEARCHHASTODATEEXAMINEDSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONINTHISSPECIFICHUMANRESOURCEHRPRACTICE,AND,THEREFORE,LITTLEISKNOWNABOUTTHELEVELANDAPPLICATIONOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONASITUATIONTHATWARRANTSGREATERINVESTMENTDUETOTHEECONOMICGROWTHININDIAINACORRESPONDINGEXPANSIONOFINDIANENTERPRISESCONSEQUENTLY,THISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHELEVELATWHICHRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPRACTICESINTEGRATEWITHBUSINESSSTRATEGIESANDTHERELATIVEEFFECTSOFDIFFERENTLEVELSOFSUCHSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONONORGANISATIONALPERFORMANCEIN259INDIANENTERPRISESTHERESULTSSHOWTHEMAJORITYOFINDIANENTERPRISESHADAHIGHLEVELOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONINBUSINESSSTRATEGYFORMULATIONANDIMPLEMENTATIONMOREOVER,THELEVELOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONWASPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOGROWTHINMARKETSHARE,PROFITSANDSALES,EMPLOYEES’SATISFACTION,EMPLOYEES’PRODUCTIVITY,ANDNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOEMPLOYEES’TURNOVERTHEIMPLICATIONSFORHRMPRACTITIONERSANDFURTHERRESEARCHAREDISCUSSEDINTRODUCTIONRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONISTHEPROCESSOFATTRACTINGINDIVIDUALSONATIMELYBASIS,INSUFFICIENTNUMBERSANDWITHAPPROPRIATEQUALIFICATIONSFOLLOWINGTHEINITIALSELECTIONOFINCUMBENTSTHEYARELIKELYTOAGAINBECHOSENTODEVELOPTHEIRFURTHERINTERESTINTHEORGANISATIONANDLATERTOENCOURAGETHEMTOAPPLYFOROTHERJOBSUSINGAPPROPRIATETECHNIQUESTHESUITABLECANDIDATESARETHUS,ABLETOBERECRUITEDANDSELECTEDDURINGTHEIRCAREERDEVELOPMENTCRAWFORD2004ITHASBEENARGUEDTHATINORDERFORTHEFIRMTOBUILDANDSUSTAINTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,PROPERSTAFFINGISCRITICALWRIGHTSNELL1991,BOXALL1996RECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONISAMAJORHRMFUNCTIONASITENCOMPASSESALLORGANISATIONALPRACTICESANDDECISIONSRECENTTECHNOLOGICALADVANCES,GLOBALISATION,SOCIALTRENDSANDCHANGESWITHINORGANISATIONSHAVEBROUGHTNEWCHALLENGESFORRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONROWLEYBENSON2002TOEFFECTIVELYFACETHENEWCHALLENGESRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONNEEDSTOBEINTEGRATEDWITHBUSINESSSTRATEGIESLAMWHITE1998RECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGIESFLOWULTIMATELYFROMTHEORGANISATION’SMISSIONANDSTRATEGICOBJECTIVESIE,THESTRATEGIESANDPROCESSESOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONMUSTBECOMPATIBLEWITHBUSINESSSTRATEGIESNANKERVIS,COMPTONBAIRD2002SOCIALSCIENTISTSARGUETHATTHROUGHTHEINTEGRATIONWITHBUSINESSSTRATEGIES,RECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONHELPACHIEVESTRATEGICGOALSANDENHANCEORGANISATIONALPERFORMANCEBECKERGERHART1996,YOUNDT,ETAL1996,LEWIS2003OVERTHELASTTHIRTYYEARSORSO,THEAMOUNTOFRESEARCHONRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONHASINCREASEDDRAMATICALLYDESPITEOFTHISINCREASE,RECENTREVIEWSRODWELLTEO2004,WRIGHT,ETAL2005OFTHELITERATUREHAVEREVEALEDTHATPASTSTUDIESMAINLYFOCUSEDONTHEEXPLORATIONOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPRACTICESADOPTEDBYTHEENTERPRISEANDNOTONITSRELATIONSHIPTOBUSINESSSTRATEGYANDPERFORMANCETHISRESEARCHANALYSESRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONASONEOFTHEHRPRACTICESFROMTHEGAMUTOFENTIREHRMPROCESSESANDEVALUATESTHEFLAWSTHATEXISTINITSEFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATIONINORGANISATIONALSETUPALTHOUGHTHEREISWIDERECOGNITIONOFTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHEINTEGRATIONOFHRMWITHBUSINESSSTRATEGIES,LITTLERESEARCHHASBEENDEVOTEDONHOWRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONHAPPENSANDWHATMIGHTBEITSEFFECTSONORGANISATIONALPERFORMANCEBUDHWAR2000,SHEN2004THEINTEGRATIONOFHRMANDBUSINESSSTRATEGYISPOSSIBLEBYTHE‘FIT’OFHUMANRESOURCESTHROUGHAVARIETYOFHRMPRACTICESINCLUDINGRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONINACCORDANCEWITHTHEBUSINESSNEEDSLEGGE1995,BUDHWAR2000THEREFORE,THEREISASETPRIORITYFORORGANISATIONSTOHAVERECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGICALLYINTEGRATEDWITHTHEPRESENCEOFTHEHRHEADISAFORMALMECHANISMOFCONSULTATION,WHICHENSURESHR’SSTRATEGICINPUTINTOBUSINESSATTHEHIGHESTLEVELBREWSTERLARSEN1992,SHEN2005RECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONRELATEDINFORMATION,SUCHASTHEHRAVAILABILITYANDITSCOST,CANBECRUCIALFORBUSINESSSTRATEGYFORMULATIONSHEN2005ARGUESTHATLABOURMARKETRELATEDISSUESOFTENAFFECTMULTINATIONALS’DECISIONSONOVERSEASDIRECTINVESTMENTKHATRYANDBUDHWAR2002POINTOUTTHATTHEEXISTENCEOFTHEWRITTENHRSTRATEGYHELPSINTERPRETBUSINESSSTRATEGIESINTOHRMPOLICIESANDPRACTICESHRSTRATEGYPROVIDESGUIDANCEFORTHEFORMULATIONANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPOLICIESANDPRACTICESACOMMONPROBLEMINRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONISPOORHRPLANNINGRIGOROUSHRPLANNINGTRANSLATESBUSINESSSTRATEGIESINTOSPECIFICHRMPOLICIESANDPRACTICESTHISISPARTICULARLYSOWITHRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPOLICIESANDPRACTICESTHEKEYGOALOFHRPLANNINGISTOGETTHERIGHTNUMBEROFPEOPLEWITHTHERIGHTSKILLS,EXPERIENCEANDCOMPETENCIESINTHERIGHTJOBSATTHERIGHTTIMEATTHERIGHTCOSTHUSSEY1999,BREAUGHSTARKE2000,ANDERSON,ETAL2004DETAILEDANDROBUSTRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPOLICIES,SUCHASRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPROCEDURES,ASSESSINGCRITERIA,TALENTSAUDITINGANDPROCESSINGTHEINFORMATIONABOUTTHELABOURMARKETAREIMPORTANTINRECRUITINGANDDEPLOYINGAPPROPRIATEEMPLOYEESATTHERIGHTTIMEBREAUGHSTARKE2000PASTRESEARCHSHOWSTHATTHECOMPETENCYLEVELOFHRMANAGERSHASAMAJORINFLUENCEONRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONGOLDENRAMANUJAM1985,BULLER1988,TRUSSGRATTAN1994ANDEXPERIENCEDHREXPERTSWITHINTHEHRDEPARTMENTWILLNOTONLYSHORTENVACANCYDURATION,BUTALSOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFTHEAPPLICANTSMOREOVER,EFFECTIVERECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONISPOSSIBLEONLYIFTHEREISADEDICATEDANDCOMPETENTHRTEAMSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONINSTRATEGYIMPLEMENTATIONINTHESTRATEGYIMPLEMENTATIONPHASE,THEEXTENTOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONCANBEGAUGEDTHROUGHFOURDISTINCTIVEINDICATORSTHESEINDICATORSARETHETIMELYSUPPLYOFANADEQUATELYQUALIFIEDWORKFORCE,EFFECTIVEJOBANALYSISANDDESCRIPTIONS,EFFECTIVESELECTION,ANDTHEINVOLVEMENTOFLINEMANAGERSINTHERECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPRACTICESAKEYSOURCEOFUNCERTAINTYINTHEBUSINESSSTRATEGYIMPLEMENTATIONISWHETHERTHEREISATIMELYSUPPLYOFADEQUATEQUALIFIEDPEOPLEWRIGHTSNELL1991,ANDTOAGREATEXTENTTHISUNCERTAINTYINVOLVESTHEQUALITYOFEMPLOYEESFORINSTANCE,AFIRMMIGHTDECIDETOLEVERAGEADIFFERENTHUMANCAPITALPOOLINTERMSOFSKILLSANDEDUCATIONLEVELTHANITSRIVALFIRMSASACOMPETITIVESTRATEGYEVENWITHINTHESAMEINDUSTRYTODEVELOPSPECIFICCAPABILITIESORTODEVELOPAHRPROCESSADVANTAGEWRIGHT,DUNFORDSNELL2001,BOXALLPURCELL2003ANORGANISATIONCANSUCCESSFULLYELIMINATETHISUNCERTAINTYIFITSRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPOLICIESANDPRACTICESARESTRATEGICALLYINTEGRATEDWITHBUSINESSEFFECTIVELYCONDUCTINGJOBANALYSISANDTARGETINGRIGHTPOTENTIALCANDIDATESENSURESAGOODMATCHBETWEENAPPLICANTSANDTHEJOBSDELANEYHUSELID1996ARGUMENTHASBEENGIVENTHATUNDERQUALIFIEDEMPLOYEESMAYNOTABLETOEFFECTIVELYPERFORMTHEIRJOBPOSITIONSDUETOLACKOFKNOWLEDGEANDCOMPETENCIES,WHILEONTHEOTHERHANDOVERQUALIFIEDEMPLOYEESTENDTOEXPERIENCELESSJOBSATISFACTIONDUETOTHEIRHIGHERQUALIFICATIONTHANADESIREDLEVELFORAGIVENJOBJOHNSON,MORROWJOHNSON2002FOREVERYJOBINTHEORGANISATION,ATHOROUGHJOBANALYSIS,WHICHINCLUDESJOBDESCRIPTIONANDJOBSPECIFICATIONS,ISNECESSARYANDBASEDONTHIS,ANAPPROPRIATESELECTIONCRITERIAISVITALPLUMBLEY1991THEJOBDESCRIPTIONPROVIDESINDICATIONSOFTHEDUTIESTOBEUNDERTAKEN,ANDTHEJOBSPECIFICATIONUSUALLYPRESCRIBESRELEVANTPERSONALQUALITIESANDATTITUDESASWELLASSKILLSANDKNOWLEDGEREQUIREDFORTHEJOBPLUMBLEY1991ARANGEOFMETHODS,SUCHASAPPLICATIONFORMS,INTERVIEWS,FORMALTESTS,REFERENCES,ASSESSMENTCENTRESANDOFFICIALTRANSCRIPTSAREUSEDBYFIRMSINTHESELECTIONPROCESSANDERSONWITVLIET2008AFIRMNEEDSTOCHOOSEAMETHODTHATISMOSTAPPROPRIATETOTHEJOBPOSITIONSHREXPERTSGENERALLYDRIVETHESTAFFINGPROCESSANDTHEPURPOSEOFTHESTAFFINGISTOFULFILTHEREQUIREMENTSOFBUSINESS,ANDTHESKILLLEVELSPRESENTEDBYEACHNEWRECRUITISLIKELYTOBEJUDGEDBETTERIFTHELINEMANAGERSAREINVOLVEDINTHERECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPROCESSBUDHWARANDSPARROW1997SUGGESTTHATINBUSINESSSTRATEGYIMPLEMENTATIONTHEINVOLVEMENTOFLINEMANAGERSINTHEENTIRESTAFFINGPROCESSIE,DRAFTINGOFJOBDESCRIPTIONS,SETTINGSELECTIONCRITERIAANDBEINGONTHEPANELOFRECRUITMENTISVITALFORENSURINGRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONTOMEETBUSINESSNEEDSINOTHERWORDS,THELINEMANAGERSARETHEOWNEROFTHERECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONPROCESSALONGWITHHRPLAYINGAFACILITATORROLEFIGURE1DEPICTSTHEFRAMEWORK,WHICHSUMMARISESTHEINDICATORSOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGICINTEGRATIONFIGURE1AFRAMEWORKOFRECRUITMENTANDSELECTIONSTRATEGICINTEGRATION

簡介：5304英文單詞，32432英文字符，中文9138字出處DARIECAJAXANDPHPBUILDINGRESPONSIVEWEBAPPLICATIONSMPACKTPUBLISHING,2006（如果感覺年份太老，可以改為近5年或者近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這么做）此文檔包含中文翻譯英文原文，格式經(jīng)過整理，下載后直接可用。外文標(biāo)題AJAXANDPHPBUILDINGRESPONSIVEWEBAPPLICATIONSCHAPTER1AJAXANDTHEFUTUREOFWEBAPPLICATIONS外文作者DARIECAJAXANDPHPBUILDINGRESPONSIVEWEBAPPLICATIONSCHAPTER1AJAXANDTHEFUTUREOFWEBAPPLICATIONS1INTRODUCTION“COMPUTER,DRAWAROBOT“SAIDMYYOUNGCOUSINTOTHEFIRSTCOMPUTERHEHADEVERSEENSINCEIHADINSTRUCTEDITNOTTOLISTENTOSTRANGERS,THECOMPUTERWASNTRECEPTIVETOTHISCOMMANDIFYOURELIKEME,YOURFIRSTTHOUGHTWOULDBE“HOWSILLY“OR“HOWFUNNY“BUTTHISISAMISTAKEOUREDUCATEDANDMODELEDBRAINSHAVELEARNEDHOWTOWORKWITHCOMPUTERSTOACERTAINDEGREEPEOPLEAREBEINGEDUCATEDTOACCOMMODATECOMPUTERS,TOCOMPENSATEFORTHELACKOFABILITYOFCOMPUTERSTOUNDERSTANDHUMANSONTHEOTHERHAND,HUMANSCANTACCOMMODATEVERYWELLTHEMSELVES,BUTTHATSANOTHERSTORYTHISLITTLESTORYISRELEVANTTOTHEWAYPEOPLEINSTINCTIVELYWORKWITHCOMPUTERSINANIDEALWORLD,THATSPOKENCOMMANDSHOULDHAVEBEENENOUGHTOHAVETHECOMPUTERPLEASEMYCOUSINTHEABILITYOFTECHNOLOGYTOBEUSERFRIENDLYHASEVOLVEDVERYMUCHINTHEPASTYEARS,BUTTHERESSTILLALONGWAYTILLWEHAVEREALINTELLIGENTCOMPUTERSUNTILTHEN,PEOPLENEEDTOLEARNHOWTOWORKWITHCOMPUTERSSOMETOTHEEXTENTTHATTHEYENDUPLOVINGABLACKSCREENWITHATINYCOMMANDPROMPTONITNOTINCIDENTALLY,THECOMPUTERWORKINGHABITSOFMANYAREDRIVENBYSOFTWAREWITHUSERINTERFACESTHATALLOWFORINTUITIVEANDENJOYABLEHUMANINTERACTIONTHISPROBABLYEXPLAINSTHEPOPULARITYOFTHERIGHTMOUSEBUTTON,THEWONDEROFFANCYFEATURESSUCHASDRAGANDDROP,ORTHATSIMPLETEXTBOXTHATSEARCHESCONTENTALLOVERTHEINTERNETFORYOUINJUST01SECONDSORSOITSAYSTHESOFTWAREINDUSTRYORTHEPROFITABLEPARTOFIT,ANYWAYHASSEEN,ANALYZED,ANDLEARNEDNOWTHEMARKETISFULLOFPROGRAMSWITHSHINYBUTTONS,ICONS,WINDOWS,ANDWIZARDS,ANDPEOPLEAREPAYINGALOTOFMONEYFORTHEMBUILDINGUSERFRIENDLYSOFTWAREHASALWAYSBEENEASIERWITHDESKTOPAPPLICATIONSTHANWITHWEBAPPLICATIONS,SIMPLYBECAUSETHEWEBWASDESIGNEDASAMEANSFORDELIVERINGTEXTANDIMAGES,ANDNOTCOMPLEXFUNCTIONALITYTHISPROBLEMHASGOTTENSIGNIFICANTLYMOREPAINFULINTHELASTFEWYEARS,WHENMOREANDMORESOFTWARESERVICESANDFUNCTIONALITYAREDELIVEREDVIATHEWEBCONSEQUENTLY,MANYTECHNOLOGIESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDANDARESTILLBEINGDEVELOPEDTOADDFLASHYLIGHTS,ACCESSIBILITY,ANDPOWERTOWEBAPPLICATIONSNOTABLEEXAMPLESINCLUDEJAVAAPPLETSANDMACROMEDIAFLASH,WHICHREQUIRETHEUSERSTOINSTALLSEPARATELIBRARIESINTOTHEIRWEBBROWSERS2DELIVERINGFUNCTIONALITYVIATHEWEBWEBAPPLICATIONSAREAPPLICATIONSWHOSEFUNCTIONALITYISPROCESSEDONAWEBSERVER,ANDISDELIVEREDTOTHEENDUSERSOVERANETWORKSUCHASTHEINTERNETORANINTRANETTHEENDUSERSUSEATHINCLIENTWEBBROWSERTORUNWEBAPPLICATIONS,WHICHKNOWSHOWTODISPLAYANDEXECUTETHEDATARECEIVEDFROMTHESERVERINCONTRAST,DESKTOPAPPLICATIONSAREBASEDONATHICKCLIENTALSOCALLEDARICHCLIENTORAFATCLIENT,WHICHDOESMOSTOFTHEPROCESSINGWEBAPPLICATIONSEVOLVEDREAMINGTHATONEDAYTHEYLLLOOKANDBEHAVELIKETHEIRMATUREANDPOWERFULRELATIVES,THEDESKTOPAPPLICATIONSTHEBEHAVIOROFANYCOMPUTERSOFTWARETHATINTERACTSWITHHUMANSISNOWEVENMOREIMPORTANTTHANITUSEDTOBE,BECAUSENOWADAYSTHECOMPUTERUSERBASEVARIESMUCHMORETHANINTHEPAST,WHENTHEUSERSWERETECHNICALLYSOUNDASWELLNOWYOUNEEDTODISPLAYGOODLOOKINGREPORTSTOCINDY,THESALESDEPARTMENTMANAGER,ANDYOUNEEDTOPROVIDEEASYTOUSEDATAENTRYFORMSTODAVE,THESALESPERSONBECAUSEENDUSERSATISFACTIONISALLTHATMATTERS,THESOFTWAREAPPLICATIONYOUBUILDMUSTBESATISFACTORYTOALLTHEUSERSTHATINTERACTWITHITASFARASWEBAPPLICATIONSARECONCERNED,THEIREVOLUTIONTOMATURITYPROCESSWILLBECOMPLETEWHENTHEAPPLICATIONSINTERFACEANDBEHAVIORWILLNOTREVEALWHETHERTHEFUNCTIONALITYISDELIVEREDBYTHELOCALDESKTOPORCOMESTHROUGHFIBERORAIRDELIVERINGUSABLEINTERFACESVIATHEWEBUSEDTOBEPROBLEMATICSIMPLYBECAUSEFEATURESTHATPEOPLEUSEWITHTHEIRDESKTOPAPPLICATIONS,SUCHASDRAGANDDROP,ANDPERFORMINGMULTIPLETASKSONTHESAMEWINDOWATTHESAMETIME,WERENOTPOSSIBLEANOTHERPROBLEMWITHBUILDINGWEBAPPLICATIONSISSTANDARDIZATIONTODAY,

簡介：3000英文單詞，17000英文字符，中文5100字出處INDI,TS,YALAGI,PS,NIRGUDE,MA2016USEOFJAVAEXCEPTIONSTACKTRACETOIMPROVEBUGFIXINGSKILLSOFINTERMEDIATEJAVALEARNERS2016INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONLEARNINGANDTEACHINGINCOMPUTINGANDENGINEERINGLATICE使用JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤來改進(jìn)中級JAVA學(xué)習(xí)者的漏洞修復(fù)技巧作者TRUPTISINDI，PRATIBHASYALAGI,MANISHAANIRGUDE譯文摘要今天的行業(yè)需要關(guān)注開發(fā)過程中的軟件質(zhì)量，而不僅僅是軟件交付?？梢栽谲浖_發(fā)生命周期的不同階段測量，監(jiān)控和測試軟件質(zhì)量。軟件的重大失敗會影響金錢以及公司的聲譽(yù)。在這種情況下，在更短的時間內(nèi)修復(fù)漏洞是一個重要因素。今天對工科學(xué)生的挑戰(zhàn)是擁有程序編寫技能以及漏洞修復(fù)技能，并在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)完成任務(wù)。在這里，我們介紹了如何改進(jìn)漏洞修復(fù)技巧的實(shí)驗(yàn)。我們在信息技術(shù)學(xué)科三年級學(xué)生的JAVA編程課程中進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)。這個實(shí)驗(yàn)是使用JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤來查找JAVA程序中的漏洞并在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)修復(fù)它們。為了測試該實(shí)驗(yàn)的效果，進(jìn)行了預(yù)測試后實(shí)驗(yàn)研究以及感知調(diào)查。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)超過65％的學(xué)生在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)成功修復(fù)了漏洞，大約20％的學(xué)生能夠修復(fù)漏洞，但不是在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)。大約8085％的學(xué)生在課程內(nèi)處于分析和修復(fù)程序中漏洞的狀態(tài)。關(guān)鍵字JAVA編程，調(diào)試，JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤，異常處理，漏洞修復(fù)技巧1介紹計算機(jī)編程是工程課程的基礎(chǔ)課程。此類中添加的各種計算機(jī)編程語言是C編程語言，C，C＃，JAVA等。這些計算機(jī)編程語言是軟件開發(fā)過程所需的基本構(gòu)建塊。學(xué)生應(yīng)具備良好的計算機(jī)編程概念知識，包括程序編寫技巧，問題解決方案設(shè)計技巧，程序分析技巧和程序調(diào)試技巧。如今，行業(yè)需要關(guān)注開發(fā)過程中的軟件質(zhì)量，而不僅僅是軟件交付。可以在軟件開發(fā)生命周期的不同階段測量，監(jiān)控和測試軟件質(zhì)量。在教授編程課程時，需要向?qū)W生詳細(xì)闡述所有這些事實(shí)。在今天的教學(xué)過程中，只有程序?qū)懽骷寄艿闹R是不夠的8。除了程序編寫技巧，漏洞修復(fù)技能還可以幫助學(xué)生編寫高質(zhì)量的程序。在許多實(shí)際系統(tǒng)中，例如服務(wù)器，基于安卓平臺的系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備以及嵌入式系統(tǒng)，由于其面向?qū)ο蟮奶匦裕€(wěn)定性，可移植性和安全性，JAVA是高要求的編程語言7。因此，IT行業(yè)需要JAVA程序員有優(yōu)秀的程序?qū)懽骷记珊吐┒葱迯?fù)技巧。在本文中，我們介紹了在信息技術(shù)學(xué)科三年級學(xué)生的JAVA編程課程中進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)的主要目的是使用JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤來理解JAVA程序中的異常，并在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)修復(fù)程序中的錯誤。在所提出的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，進(jìn)行了預(yù)測試后實(shí)驗(yàn)研究以及感知調(diào)查。代碼非常悲慘，如果之后沒有刪除調(diào)試消息，則會引入運(yùn)行時開銷。在所提出的實(shí)驗(yàn)中遵循的方法不需要很長時間并且不需要經(jīng)常進(jìn)行代碼修改，而是僅需要理解和分析異常堆棧跟蹤以修復(fù)程序中的漏洞/錯誤。在這里，學(xué)生需要了解JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤在程序捕獲或拋出異常時的作用。異常堆棧跟蹤的知識將幫助學(xué)生找到導(dǎo)致錯誤的正確代碼。因此JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤將比其他方法更快地幫助學(xué)生修復(fù)漏洞。實(shí)驗(yàn)的目標(biāo)是了解異常堆棧跟蹤并分析異常堆棧跟蹤，以提高對JAVA學(xué)習(xí)者的概念性理解并修復(fù)JAVA程序中的漏洞。本實(shí)驗(yàn)的主要目的是使用JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤來理解JAVA程序中的異常，并在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)修復(fù)程序中的錯誤。為了找到研究問題的答案，與信息技術(shù)學(xué)科的三年級工科學(xué)生一起進(jìn)行了測試前測試實(shí)驗(yàn)研究以及感知調(diào)查。首先進(jìn)行了預(yù)編程測試。在這里，每個學(xué)生都有三個帶有漏洞的程序。提到持續(xù)時間來修復(fù)這些程序中的漏洞并成功執(zhí)行這些程序。每個學(xué)生的程序執(zhí)行狀態(tài)和持續(xù)時間記錄如圖2所示。然后，老師使用功率點(diǎn)演示和演示示例教授“JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤”概念。概念解釋后，在實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行編程后測試。在這個測試中，三個程序給學(xué)生帶來了錯誤。在此，還提到了學(xué)生成功執(zhí)行各自課程的指定時間。我們確保在測試前和測試后給出的程序的認(rèn)知水平相同。發(fā)布每個學(xué)生記下的程序執(zhí)行狀態(tài)和持續(xù)時間，如圖4所示。4方法研究問題是“如何改善JAVA學(xué)習(xí)者的漏洞/錯誤修復(fù)技巧”以下是為此實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)定的目標(biāo)成就（1）學(xué)生將能夠獲得JAVAEXCEPTIONSTACKTRACE的知識。（2）學(xué)生將能夠閱讀和理解JAVA異常堆棧跟蹤。（3）學(xué)生將在分析堆棧跟蹤后采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧﹣硇迯?fù)程序中的錯誤。（4）學(xué)生在解決當(dāng)前錯誤時不會產(chǎn)生新的錯誤。（5）最后，學(xué)生將在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)使用STACKTRACE修復(fù)JAVA程序中的錯誤。41使用樣品在這個實(shí)驗(yàn)中，我們考慮了中級JAVA學(xué)習(xí)者。隨機(jī)選擇了40名來自信息技術(shù)工程系的三年級學(xué)生。42實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置該研究是為“JAVA編程”課程進(jìn)行的。在本課程中，每周有兩個講座和兩個小時的實(shí)驗(yàn)課。在本課程中，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)了基本的JAVA編程和對異常處理的理解。在學(xué)期結(jié)束時，在編程實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行了第一次預(yù)測試，其中向每個學(xué)生提供了三個有錯誤的程序。提到持續(xù)時間來修復(fù)錯誤在那些程序中并成功執(zhí)行這些

簡介：1800英文單詞，英文單詞，9500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文2900字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處ADVANCESINCOMPUTATIONALSCIENCESANDTECHNOLOGY2012,5511519WIRELESSORDERINGSYSTEMUSINGANDROIDANDWIFITECHNOLOGYDEEPAKTMANE,PRATIKREWANWAR,TEJASNAVANGUL,MAHESHJAISWALANDVINEETVIJAYABSTRACTTHETRADITIONALRESTAURANTSERVICEMODERELIESONALOTOFMANPOWERTOHANDLECUSTOMERRESERVATION,INQUIRY,ORDERINGFOOD,PLACINGORDER,REMINDINGDISHESTHISARTICLEDEVELOPSAWIRELESSORDERINGSYSTEMWITHTHEHELPOFWIFI,WHICHUSESWIFITHESYSTEMSTRUCTUREANDWORKINGMODEAREDESIGNEDTHESOFTWAREANDHARDWARESTRUCTUREOFTHESYSTEMISDESIGNEDINDETAILKEYWORDSWIRELESSORDERING,WIFI,ANDROID,BIOMETRIC,MYSQLINTRODUCTIONTHEEXISTINGORDERINGSYSTEMRELIESONMANPOWERTOMANAGETHECUSTOMERRESERVATION,THEORDERINGPROCESS,THEALLOTMENTOFDISHESATTHERIGHTTABLEWITHMINIMUMDELAYALSOTHEORDERMAYNOTBEWRITTENPROPERLYBYTHEATTENDANT,DUETOWHICHWRONGDISHESCANBEMADEHENCEWITHTHEHELPOFTHEWIRELESSTECHNOLOGYANDANDROIDSYSTEM,AWIRELESSORDERINGSYSTEMCANBEIMPLEMENTEDWHICHWILLINCLUDEALLTHEORDERINGPROCESSESTHISPROVIDESFREEDOMANDSUFFICIENTTIMETOTHECUSTOMERFORPLACINGTHEIRORDERWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANDROIDTECHNOLOGYANDWIFITECHNOLOGY,WECANPUTTHESETECHNOLOGIESINTOTHEFOODSERVICEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMHENCEMANAGEMENTATTHEHOTEL’SENDWILLBEREDUCEDCONSIDERABLYWHICHINTURNWILLHELPTHEGROWTHOFTHEHOTELSOTHISWIRELESSORDERINGSYSTEMISDEVELOPEDTOACHIEVEANINTERPRETATIONOFWIRELESSORDERINGWHICHWASBASEDONTHISIDEATOPROVIDEANINTEGRATEDSOLUTIONFORTHERESTAURANT,HOTELORCAFé,WHICHHELPSINEFFICIENTMANAGEMENTOFTHEHOTEL,ENHANCECUSTOMERCARE,IMPROVEWORKEFFICIENCY,ENABLETHEGROWTHOFTHEHOTEL,REMINDINGDISHES,HELPSTOPROVIDECUSTOMERWITHFULLFACILITIESWITHOUTTAKINGANEXTRAEFFORTTOCUSTOMERSANDWORKERSALSOONEOFTHEMAINCAUSESOFPOORSERVICEATRESTAURANTSANDOTHEREATERIESSUCHASRESTAURANTS,CAFESANDISTHETRADITIONALORDERINGPROCESSISWAITERSWRITINGDOWNORDERSFROMCUSTOMERS,PASSINGTHEORDERSTOTHEKITCHENORMANAGERANDCASHIERSINADDITIONTOTHETIMETAKENTOGETTHEORDERSTOTHEDIFFERENTSTATIONS,TRADITIONALORDERTAKINGPROCESSCANALSOGETTHEORDERSMIXEDUP,MISSEDOREVENLOSTALTOGETHERTHESESEEMINGLYLITTLEPROBLEMSADDUPTOCUSTOMERSERVICEINEFFICIENCYTHATREQUIRESMOREWAITERSTHANACTUALLYREQUIREDATANYONETIMETHISNEEDHASCREATEDADEMANDFORMORECHEAPWAITERS,WHICHHASINDIRECTLYRESULTEDINILLEGALIMMIGRANTPROBLEMSTHECUSTOMERSERVICEINEFFICIENCYTHATISCAUSEDBYTRADITIONALORDERTAKINGPROCESSCANBEIMPROVEDBYREADILYAVAILABLETECHNOLOGYTHETIMETAKENBYEACHWAITERWALKINGTOTHEDIFFERENTSTATIONSTOMAKESURETHEORDERISPROCESSEDCANACTUALLYBECUTDOWNBYUTILIZINGANORDERINGSYSTEMTHATAUTOMATICALLYMANAGETHEORDERTHISSYSTEMISBASEDONATWOWAYWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSBETWEENTHEORDERINGSYSTEMSSOFTWAREINTHESERVERANDTHECLIENTSOFTWAREINSTALLEDINTHEMOBILEPROVIDEDTOWAITERSANDALSOORDERFROMCUSTOMERSWIRELESSENABLEDDEVICEPROPOSEDWORKTHECONTENTOFTHISDESIGNWASBASEDONTHETECHNOLOGYOFWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHEHELPOFWIRELESSLOCALAREANETWORKINISMBANDTOACHIEVEWIRELESSDATATRANSMISSION,THISMETHODWASCALLEDWIFITHEOVERALLFRAMEWORKOFTHESTRUCTUREOFTHESYSTEMISSHOWNASBELOWFIGURE2VEGMENUSCREENFIGURE3COMMUNICATIONOFHANDHELDDEVICEWITHSERVERTHROUGHWIFINETWORKFIGURE4ADDINGORDERSTHEHARDWAREDEVICEISAWIRELESSROUTER,WHICHWILLBECONNECTEDWIREDTOTHESERVERANDWIRELESSTOTHEHANDHELDDEVICESINTHERADIOCOVERAGEOFTHEROUTERTHENETWORKINGCANBEEFFECTIVEWITHWIFICONNECTIONTHEROUTEINTHEWIRELESSNETWORKPLAYSANETWORKBRIDGINGROLEITISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEDATAINTERACTIONWITHORDERINGTERMINALTHROUGHTHESERVICEMANAGEMENTSOFTWAREITCANCHECKTHEACCESSDEVICESINREALTIME,RECEIVETHECUSTOMERSORDERINGINFORMATIONANDSENDTEXTMESSAGESTOTHESPECIFIEDTERMINALINCLUDINGINFORMATIONCONFIRMANDNOTIFICATIONMESSAGECOMBINEDWITHMYSQLDATABASEMANAGEMENTSOFTWARE,ITCANSTOREALLOFTHECUSTOMERSORDERINGRECORDSBYDATEINTHEDATABASEQUERYMANAGEMENTMODULEYOUCANINQUIRYTHEORDERINGHISTORYRECORDSATANYTIME,STATISTICALANALYSISOFCUSTOMERSORDERING,ANDPRINTDATAREPORTSTOFACILITATEBUSINESSMANAGEMENTTOMAKETHERIGHTDECISIONS

簡介：7700英文單詞，英文單詞，43萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文12600字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處POULSENBCOMPETINGTRADITIONSOFGOVERNANCEANDDILEMMASOFADMINISTRATIVEACCOUNTABILITYTHECASEOFDENMARKJPUBLICADMINISTRATION,2010,871117131COMPETINGTRADITIONSOFGOVERNANCEANDDILEMMASOFADMINISTRATIVEACCOUNTABILITYTHECASEOFDENMARKBIRGITTEPOULSENTHISARTICLEOFFERSASTUDYOFTHECHANGINGROLEOFTHESTATEINDENMARKUNDERTHECONDITIONOFTHEOVERALLTRANSFORMATIONFROMGOVERNMENTTOGOVERNANCEWITHPARTICULAREMPHASISONTHECORRESPONDINGTRANSITIONFROMPROCESSACCOUNTABILITYTOPERFORMANCEACCOUNTABILITYITISARGUEDTHATALTHOUGHNEWMODESOFGOVERNANCEHAVEBEENINTRODUCED,ANDNEWINTERPRETATIONSOFACCOUNTABILITYHAVEBEENPROLIFERATED,NEITHERCONVENTIONALMODESOFGOVERNANCENOROLDERINTERPRETATIONSOFACCOUNTABILITYDISAPPEARTHUS,WHATWESEEISACOEXISTENCEOFCOMPETINGTRADITIONSOFGOVERNANCEANDDIFFERENTANDSOMETIMESCONTRADICTORYINTERPRETATIONSOFADMINISTRATIVEACCOUNTABILITY,WHICHCREATEPOTENTIALDILEMMASANDCONTRADICTIONSFORTHEINDIVIDUALCIVILSERVANTEMPLOYINGANINTERPRETATIVEAPPROACHTOGOVERNANCEANDPUBLICADMINISTRATION,THEARTICLEANALYSESTHECONSTITUTIONOFCOMPETINGTRADITIONSOFGOVERNANCEANDINTERPRETATIONSOFACCOUNTABILITY,ANDTHEWAYINWHICHTHESECOMPETINGTRADITIONSANDINTERPRETATIONSLEADTOACCOUNTABILITYDILEMMASFORTHEINDIVIDUALCIVILSERVANTINTRODUCTIONDIFFERENTSCHOLARSFROMBOTHTHEPOLITICALSCIENCESANDTHEFIELDOFPUBLICADMINISTRATIONHAVEBEENOCCUPIEDWITHTHECHANGINGROLEOFTHESTATEINWESTERNDEMOCRACIESWHETHERTHEEMPHASISISONTHEIMPACTOFGLOBALIZATION,THECONSEQUENCESOFTHENEWPUBLICMANAGEMENTNPM,ORTHEWIDELYUSEDNOTIONOFADEVELOPMENTFROMGOVERNMENTTOGOVERNANCE,THERESEEMSTOBEAPROFOUNDSENSEOFCHANGEINTHELITERATUREONTHEROLEOFTHESTATEINCURRENTSOCIETYSEE,FOREXAMPLE,BEVIRETAL2003THISARTICLEOFFERSASTUDYOFTHISCHANGINGROLE,EXAMININGTHESITUATIONINDENMARK,ANDINPARTICULARTHEDANISHNATIONALADMINISTRATIONMORESPECIFICALLY,THEARTICLEOFFERSANEMPIRICALSTUDYOFTHEDEVELOPMENTFROMGOVERNMENTTOGOVERNANCEANDTHECHANGINGANDCOMPETINGINTERPRETATIONSOFACCOUNTABILITYTHEFIRSTCLAIMADVANCEDBYTHISARTICLEISTHATTHETRANSITIONFROMGOVERNMENTTOGOVERNANCECORRESPONDSTOACHANGEINTHEINTERPRETATIONOFADMINISTRATIVEACCOUNTABILITYWITHINTHEVASTLITERATUREONADMINISTRATIVEACCOUNTABILITY,ITISWIDELYRECOGNIZEDTHATAPARADIGMSHIFTFROMPROCEDUREACCOUNTABILITYTOPERFORMANCEACCOUNTABILITYHASTAKENPLACEHOWEVER,THELINKBETWEENTHISPARADIGMSHIFTANDTHETRANSITIONFROMGOVERNMENTTOGOVERNANCEHASYETTOBEFULLYRECOGNIZEDBUTSEEESMARK2006FORADEMOCRATICPERSPECTIVESIMILARLY,GOVERNANCERESEARCHHASYETTOPROVIDEAMOREDETAILEDANALYSISOFTHISLINKTHESECONDCLAIMADVANCEDBYTHISARTICLEISTHATALTHOUGHNEWMODESOFGOVERNANCEHAVEBEENINTRODUCED,ANDNEWINTERPRETATIONSOFACCOUNTABILITYHAVEBECOMEMOREANDMORECOMPREHENSIVE,NEITHERCONVENTIONALMODESOFGOVERNANCENOROLDERINTERPRETATIONSOFACCOUNTABILITYHAVEDISAPPEAREDTHUSWHATWESEEISACOEXISTENCEOFCOMPETINGTRADITIONSOFGOVERNANCE,ANDTHEREBYDIFFERENTANDSOMETIMESCONTRADICTORYINTERPRETATIONSOFADMINISTRATIVEACCOUNTABILITY,WHICH,FORTHEINDIVIDUALCIVILSERVANT,CREATEPOTENTIALDILEMMASEMPLOYINGANINTERPRETATIVEAPPROACHTOGOVERNANCEANDPUBLICADMINISTRATION,THEARTICLEANALYSESTHECONSTITUTIONOFCOMPETINGTRADITIONSOFGOVERNANCEANDINTERPRETATIONSOFACCOUNTABILITY,ANDHOWTHESELEADTOACCOUNTABILITYDILEMMASFORCIVILSERVANTSTHEPOLITICALSYSTEMACCOUNTABILITYFORFINANCESFINANCIALACCOUNTABILITY,ACCOUNTABILITYFORFAIRNESSLEGALACCOUNTABILITY,ANDACCOUNTABILITYFORPERFORMANCESEE,FOREXAMPLE,BEHN2001,P6BOVENS2006,P10ACCOUNTABILITYFORFINANCESANDFAIRNESSMAKEUPTHECONVENTIONALFORMSOFACCOUNTABILITY,LARGELYCORRESPONDINGTOTHENOTIONOF‘GOVERNMENT’WITHINGOVERNANCERESEARCHACCOUNTABILITY,UNDERSTOODINTHISWAY,STATESTHATPUBLICOFFICIALSCANBEHELDACCOUNTABLEFORTHEIMPROPERUSEOFPUBLICFUNDSANDTHEUNFAIRANDUNEQUALTREATMENTOFANYCITIZENBOVENS2006,P10THUS,THE‘ACCOUNTABILITYFORTHEUSEORABUSEOFPOWERISNOTHINGMORETHANACCOUNTABILITYFORFINANCESANDFAIRNESS’BEHN2001,P9ACCOUNTABILITYFORFINANCESANDFAIRNESSISOFTENLINKEDTOTHEWEBERIANBUREAUCRACYANDTHECULTUREOFTHERECHTSSTAATASBUREAUCRATS,CIVILSERVANTSMUSTFOLLOWORDERSWITHINTHEHIERARCHICALSYSTEMOFCOMMANDANDCANBEHELDACCOUNTABLEFORDISOBEYINGTHERULESBUREAUCRATS,HOWEVER,ARENOTRESPONSIBLEFORADVERSECONSEQUENCESSTEMMINGFROMTHEEXECUTIONOFAPPROPRIATERULESINPROPERWAYSMARCHANDOLSEN1995,PP154–5THISFORMOFACCOUNTABILITYISOFTENREFERREDTOAS‘HIERARCHICALACCOUNTABILITY’HILL2005,P261BOVENS2006,P19,WHICHHIGHLIGHTSTHELINKWITH‘GOVERNMENT’ASUNDERSTOODWITHINTHEAREAOFGOVERNANCERESEARCHHOWEVER,IPREFERTHETERM‘PROCEDUREACCOUNTABILITY’,INORDERTOEMPHASIZETHATTHEFOCUSISONTHEADHERENCETOPROPERPROCEDUREPROCEDUREACCOUNTABILITYHASLEDTOCRITICISMSOMESEEITASANIMPEDIMENTTOTHEINVENTIONOFNEWANDCREATIVEPOLICYSOLUTIONS,SINCEITTENDSTOREDUCERISKTAKING,ANDTHEREBYFAVOURTHESTATUSQUOSEEMARCHANDOLSEN1995,P144ITISARGUEDTHATWHENPROCEDUREACCOUNTABILITYDOMINATESINPUBLICADMINISTRATION,PUBLICOFFICIALSBECOMEAFRAIDTOMAKEMISTAKESTHATMIGHTBECOMEPUBLICMARCHANDOLSEN1995,P146THEMORERECENTALTERNATIVETOPROCEDUREACCOUNTABILITYIDENTIFIEDINTHELITERATUREISPERFORMANCEACCOUNTABILITYPERFORMANCEACCOUNTABILITYBRINGSTHE‘RIGHTRESULT’INTOFOCUS,WHILETHE‘RIGHTPROCEDURE’RECEDESINTOTHEBACKGROUND‘GOVERNMENTISNOTONLYSUPPOSEDTOUSEMONEYPRUDENTLYAN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簡介：EFFECTOFFLYASHCONTENTANDAGGREGATEGRADATIONONTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEPAVEMENTSSUKHVARSHJERATH,PE,MASCE1ANDNICHOLASHANSON2ABSTRACTINTHEREGIONSWHERETEMPERATUREFLUCTUATIONSARELARGERANGINGFROMBELOWFREEZINGINWINTERTOHIGHTEMPERATURESINSUMMER,CONCRETEHIGHWAYPAVEMENTSFAILBECAUSEOFPOORDURABILITYRATHERTHANLACKOFSTRENGTHTHEEFFECTOFFLYASHREPLACEMENTOFPORTLANDCEMENTANDTHEUSEOFDENSEAGGREGATEGRADATIONONTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEMIXTURESISSTUDIEDINTHISRESEARCHEIGHTCONCRETEMIXTURESWERECAST,FOUROFTHEMUSINGTHEAGGREGATESASPERCURRENTSPECIFICATIONSANDTHEOTHERFOURMIXTURESUSINGDENSEGRADEDAGGREGATESFOREACHOFTHESETWOGRADATIONS,DIFFERENTFLYASHREPLACEMENTAMOUNTSOF30,35,40,AND45FORPORTLANDCEMENTWEREUSEDALLMIXTURESWEREDESIGNEDFOR6AIRCONTENT,AND25–38MM?1TO11/2IN?SLUMPFORTHEFRESHLYMIXEDCONCRETETHESTUDYSHOWSTHATTHEINCREASEOFFLYASHCONTENTFROM30TO45INCREASEDTHEDURABILITYOFCONCRETEMIXTURESWITHOUTTHELOSSOFCOMPRESSIVEANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHSTHECONCRETEMIXTURESCONTAININGDENSEGRADEDAGGREGATES,ANDHIGHERPERCENTAGEOFFLYASHREQUIREDLESSWATERCONTENTINDICATINGTHEBENEFICIALEFFECTSOFFLYASHANDDENSEGRADEDAGGREGATESWHENTHEFLYASHCONTENTWASINCREASEDFROM30TO45INTHECONCRETEMIXTURES,THEPERMEABLEPORESPACEDECREASEDINTHESPECIFICGRAVITY,ABSORPTION,ANDVOIDSINHARDENEDCONCRETETESTSTHEELECTRICCHARGEPASSINGTHROUGHTHELAYERSREDUCEDINTHERAPIDCHLORIDEIONPERMEABILITYTESTSANDTHESPACINGFACTORSWERESMALLERINTHEMICROSCOPICALDETERMINATIONOFAIRVOIDTESTSINDICATINGGREATERDURABILITYTHESEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSPROVEDTHEBENEFITOFUSINGHIGHERCONTENTOFFLYASHINCONCRETETHEUSEOFDENSEGRADEDAGGREGATESALSOPROVEDBENEFICIALDOI101061/?ASCE?08991561?2007?195?367?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSAGGREGATESDURABILITYFLYASHFREEZETHAWCONCRETEPAVEMENTSVOIDSINTRODUCTIONCONCRETEDISINTEGRATIONANDDURABILITYPROBLEMSINHIGHWAYPAVEMENTSHAVEBEENREPORTEDINMANYCOLDREGIONSDUETOFROSTANDHARSHWEATHERCONDITIONSINWINTERWATERHAPPENSTOBECENTRALTOMOSTDURABILITYPROBLEMSINCONCRETE,THEREFOREACONCRETEWILLBEMOREDURABLEIFTHEREISLITTLEORNOEVAPORABLEWATERLEFTAFTERDRYINGIFWECANUSEANAGGREGATEGRADATIONWHERETHEREMAININGAIRVOIDSINTHEAGGREGATEARELESS,THENWEWILLNEEDLESSPASTETOFILLTHEMANDTHISINTURNWILLREDUCETHEAVAILABLEEVAPORABLEWATERTHEASTMC3300?ASTM2001?ALLOWS80–100OFTHEMATERIALTOPASSTHENO8SIEVETHISSPECIFICATIONALONGWITHTHESTANDARDCOARSEAGGREGATEDESIGNATIONS,RESULTSINTHEREMOVALOFLARGEPORTIONSOFINTERMEDIATESIZEPARTICLESTHEAGGREGATEMADEUPOFALLRANGESOFPARTICLESMINIMIZESPASTEVOLUMEANDINCREASESDURABILITYTHECURRENTPRACTICESUSEAMIXTUREOF6040COARSETOFINEAGGREGATESRATIO,TOGETTHECOMBINEDAGGREGATETHATISCALLEDGAPGRADEDINTHISMIXTUREOFAGGREGATES,THEREARENOTENOUGHINTERMEDIATESIZEPARTICLESTHATAREBETWEENNO4ANDNO16SIEVEOPENINGSIZESANEVALUATIONOFTHECONSTRUCTIONRECORDSANDPAVEMENTCORESBYMUSZYNSKIETAL?1997?FROMPROJECTSCONSTRUCTEDSINCE1987SUGGESTTHATPOORMIXPROPORTIONINGPRACTICESANDAHIGHVARIABILITYINAGGREGATEGRADATIONDIRECTLYAFFECTSTHECONSTRUCTABILITYOFPAVEMENTSTHERESEARCHSHOWEDTHATAGGREGATEGRADINGCONTROLSAREANEFFECTIVEMETHODOFIMPROVINGTHEPLACEMENTCHARACTERISTICSANDFINISHQUALITYOFNEWCONCRETEPAVEMENTSGOLTERMANNETAL?1997?INDICATEDTHATTHESELECTIONANDCOMBINATIONOFTHEAGGREGATESHASADOMINATINGINFLUENCEONTHEQUALITYANDPRICEOFCONCRETEANDSHOULDRECEIVEMOREATTENTIONTHEREISSOMESUBJECTIVEEVIDENCETHATTHETOTALAGGREGATEGRADATIONCANBEOPTIMIZEDTOYIELDIMPROVEDCONCRETEPERFORMANCEDURINGCONSTRUCTIONANDSERVICELIFE,BUTITISNOTABSOLUTELYCONVINCINGTHEINFLUENCEOFTOTALAGGREGATEGRADATIONONTHEFREEZETHAWDURABILITYOFCONCRETETESTSPECIMENSTHATEMPLOYEDAVARIETYOFCOMMONLYUSEDAGGREGATESWASEXAMINEDBYCRAMERANDCARPENTER?1999?THEOPTIMIZEDGRADATIONMIXESDIDNOTSHOWCONSISTENTLYIMPROVEDPERFORMANCECOMPAREDWITHTHECONTROLMIXTURESCONSISTINGOF60–40BLENDOFNATURALLYOCCURRINGCOARSE/FINEAGGREGATES,BUTSHOWEDBETTERPERFORMANCEINCOMPARISONWITHTHENEARGAPGRADEDMIXTURESTHEUSEOFFLYASHISINHARMONYWITHTHECONCEPTOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTTOCONSIDERABLYINCREASETHEUTILIZATIONOFFLYASH,ITISNECESSARYTOADVOCATETHEUSEOFCONCRETETHATWILLINCORPORATELARGEAMOUNTSOFFLYASHASREPLACEMENTFORCEMENTINTWOINVESTIGATIONS,ONEUSEDEIGHTFLYASHESANDTWOPORTLANDCEMENTSFROMUSSOURCES?BILODEAUETAL1994?,ANDINTHEOTHERSIXFLYASHESANDFIVEASTMTYPEIPORTLANDCEMENTSWERESELECTEDFROMSOURCESACROSSVARIOUSREGIONSOFCANADA?SIVASUNDARAMANDMALHOTRA2004?BASEDUPONTESTRESULTSITWASCONCLUDEDTHATTHEAIRENTRAINEDHIGHVOLUMEFLYASHCONCRETESEXHIBITEDEXCELLENTDURABILITYCHARACTERISTICSINAPAPER?JIANG1PROFESSOR,DEPTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVOFNORTHDAKOTA,UPSONIIROOM260,243CENTENNIALDRIVESTOP8115,GRANDFORKS,ND5820281152STRUCTURALENGINEER,ULTEIGENGINEERINGINC,5201EASTRIVERRD,SUITE308,FRIDLEY,MN55432NOTEASSOCIATEEDITORBAOSHANHUANGDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILOCTOBER1,2007SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONJUNE6,2005APPROVEDONSEPTEMBER18,2006THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFMATERIALSINCIVILENGINEERING,VOL19,NO5,MAY1,2007?ASCE,ISSN08991561/2007/5367–375/2500JOURNALOFMATERIALSINCIVILENGINEERING?ASCE/MAY2007/367DOWNLOADED30DEC2010TO220249723REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICE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簡介：2300英文單詞，英文單詞，14萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文3800字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處HURLOIULR,BURTEAE,PREDABFORGANIZINGINSPECTIONSREGARDINGMANAGERIALINTERNALCONTROLANDPREVENTIVEFINANCIALCONTROLJPROCEDIAECONOMICSANDFINANCE,2014,16275280ORGANIZINGINSPECTIONSREGARDINGMANAGERIALINTERNALCONTROLANDPREVENTIVEFINANCIALCONTROLL?CR?MIOARARODICAHURLOIU,ELENABURTEA,BIANCAFLORENTINAPREDAABSTRACTTHECONTROLENVIRONMENTISTHEFOUNDATIONOFTHEWHOLESYSTEMOFINTERNALCONTROLITCONSTITUTESTHEBASISOFALLOTHERCOMPONENTSOFINTERNALCONTROLHESETSTHETONEOFTHEORGANIZATIONITPROVIDESDISCIPLINEANDCLIMATETHATINFLUENCETHEOVERALLQUALITYOFINTERNALCONTROLTHECONTROLENVIRONMENTFORMSTHEBASISFORCREATINGAVISIONANDRESPONSETORISKSANDCONTROLSFROMTHESTAFFOFANORGANIZATIONTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHECONTROLENVIRONMENTTHATINFLUENCETHEWAYOFESTABLISHINGTHESTRATEGYANDOBJECTIVESANDHOWTOSTRUCTURECONTROLACTIVITIESTHEESSENCEOFANYBUSINESSISTHEPEOPLEBEHINDITTHEIRINDIVIDUALTASKS,INCLUDINGINTEGRITY,ETHICALVALUESANDCOMPETENCEANDTHEENVIRONMENTINWHICHTHEYWORKKEYWORDSCONTROLENVIRONMENT,INTERNALCONTROL,PREVENTIVEFINANCIALCONTROL1INTRODUCTIONMANAGEMENTANDCONTROLREFERSTOTHEABILITYOFINDIVIDUALSTOUNDERSTANDANDPERFORMTHEIRDUTIESMANAGEMENTSRESPONSIBILITYFORACTIVITIESLIESINBETTERUSEOFTHESKILLSANEFFECTIVECONTROLENVIRONMENTISESSENTIALTOALLOWOTHERFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTCOMPONENTS,FOREXAMPLE,RISKMANAGEMENTANDCONTROLACTIVITIESTOFUNCTIONPROPERLYESTABLISHINGASUSTAINABLECONTROLENVIRONMENTREQUIRESMANAGEMENTTOAPROCEDUREOFSETTINGOBJECTIVESANDTHEOBJECTIVESCHOSENTOSUPPORTANDBECONSISTENTWITHTHEMISSIONOFTHEENTITYOBJECTIVESMUSTEXISTBEFOREMANAGEMENTTOIDENTIFYPOTENTIALRISKSTHATCOULDAFFECTTHEIRACHIEVEMENTFOLLOWINGTHEOBJECTIVESANDRISKASSESSMENTOFTHEENTITYSCONTROLENVIRONMENTCANCHANGEFOREXAMPLE,THESTRATEGYCANBEADJUSTEDTOTHEOPPORTUNITIESTHATAROSEDURINGTHERISKASSESSMENTOROTHERWISELEGISLATIVECHANGESANDOTHEREXTERNALCONDITIONS,SUCHASNEWINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIES,AREOTHEREXAMPLESOFCHANGINGCONTROLENVIRONMENTATTHESTARTOFSYSTEMIMPLEMENTATIONINACCORDANCEWITHNATIONALSTANDARDSOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTCONTROLINTHEPUBLICSECTOR,AWELLCONDUCTEDEVALUATIONOFEXISTINGCONTROLENVIRONMENTISESSENTIALTHISASSESSMENTSHOULDFOCUSONISSUESTHATHAVEAREALIMPACTONTHEESTABLISHMENTANDACHIEVEMENTOFTHEOBJECTIVESOFTHEINSTITUTIONANDWHERERISKSMAYAPPEARESSENTIALCOMPONENTSOFTHECONTROLENVIRONMENT2ACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTFOCUSESONMANAGERIALCONTROLTOINTERNALCONTROLMANAGERIALCONTROLISTHEORGANIZATIONSPOLICIESANDPROCEDURESUSEDTOENSURETHATAPROGRAMSACHIEVETHEIRINTENDEDRESULTSBRESOURCESUSEDFORTHEPROGRAMSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEGOALSANDOBJECTIVESENTITYCPROGRAMSAREPROTECTEDAGAINSTFRAUDANDMISMANAGEMENTDINFORMATIONISOBTAINEDINTIME,MAINTAINED,REPORTEDANDUSEDFORDECISIONMAKINGRESPONSIBILITYTOESTABLISHANDMONITORTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEMANAGEMENTCONTROLSYSTEMIS31RAISINGAWARENESSAWARENESSOFTHEIMPORTANCEOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTNEEDSTOBESTRENGTHENEDINALLENTITIES,ESPECIALLY,ITISIMPORTANTFORMANAGERSROUNDTABLES,CONFERENCES,COMMUNICATIONARETOOLSFORRAISINGAWARENESSTHESEACTIVITIESMUSTBESUPPORTEDBYTHECENTRALHARMONIZATIONUNITOFTHEMINISTRYOFFINANCE32TRAININGTRAININGONTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTCOULDINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGTHECONCEPTANDPRINCIPLESOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENT,THEROLEANDRESPONSIBILITIESOFPERSONSINVOLVEDINFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENT,SETTINGOBJECTIVESSTRATEGICANDOPERATIONALANDPERFORMANCEINDICATORSRESULTS,RISKMANAGEMENTANDORGANIZATIONOFCONTROL,DOCUMENTATIONOFPROCESSES,THEBENEFITSANDROLEOFINTERNALAUDITTHETRAININGSHOULDBEBASEDONANANALYSISOFTRAININGNEEDSTOBEAPPROPRIATEANDCOORDINATEDPLANSANDPROGRAMSDEVELOPEDBYTHEMINISTRYOFFINANCE4ORGANIZINGFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTTHEORGANIZINGANDOPERATIONOFTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTINANENTITYISTHATOFBEINGADJUSTEDACCORDINGTOTHEIRSPECIFICNEEDSANDCIRCUMSTANCESHOWEVER,THEFOLLOWINGTWOSTAGESAREIDENTIFIED41PREPARATIONPHASEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTORGANIZATIONSTARTSWITHTHEFOLLOWINGTRAININGACTIVITIESAPPOINTMENTOFACOORDINATOROFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTESTABLISHMENTOFAWORKINGGROUP,LEDBYFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTCOORDINATORRESPONSIBLEFORORGANIZINGANDINITIALIMPLEMENTATIONOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTDEVELOPMENTBYTHEWORKINGGROUP,ANACTIONPLANFORTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENT42THEIMPLEMENTATIONPHASEHAVINGMADETHECONDITIONSOFORGANIZATIONANDPREPARATIONSTEPS,THEORGANIZATIONOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTCONTINUESWITHTHEFOLLOWINGACTIVITIESASSESSINGTHECURRENTSYSTEMANDIDENTIFYGAPSFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTESTABLISHINGTHEMISSION,STRATEGICOBJECTIVESANDOPERATIONALIMPLEMENTATIONOFRISKMANAGEMENTEVALUATIONOFTHECONTROLBASICPROCESSDOCUMENTATIONESTABLISHASYSTEMOFINFORMATION,COMMUNICATIONANDINTERNALDOCUMENTATIONTHESEACTIVITIESSHOULDNOTBEVIEWEDSEPARATELY,BUTASINTERCONNECTEDACTIVITIESITISESSENTIALTHATALLBEPARTOFTHEACTIONPLAN,SOMEOFTHESEMAYALREADYEXISTWITHINTHEENTITYANDTOHAVEPROPERFUNCTIONALITYTHESEISSUES/FACTORSHAVETOBECONSIDEREDBYTHEWORKINGGROUPDURINGTHEPREPARATIONOFTHEACTIONPLANFORIMPLEMENTATIONOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENT,BURTEA,E,HURLOIU,LR,20135DETAILEDFINANCIALACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTORGANIZATION51STAGESOFTRAININGA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簡介：INFLUENCEOFE?WASTEDISMANTLINGANDITSREGULATIONSTEMPORALTREND,SPATIALDISTRIBUTIONOFHEAVYMETALSINRICEGRAINS,ANDITSPOTENTIALHEALTHRISKJIANJIEFU,AIQIANZHANG,THANHWANG,GUANGBOQU,JUNJUANSHAO,BOYUAN,YAWEIWANG,ANDGUIBINJIANGSTATEKEYLABORATORYOFENVIRONMENTALCHEMISTRYANDECOTOXICOLOGY,RESEARCHCENTERFORECOENVIRONMENTALSCIENCES,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,BEIJING100085,PEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINASSUPPORTINGINFORMATIONABSTRACTENHANCEDREGULATIONS,CENTRALIZEDDISMANTLINGPROCESSES,ANDSOPHISTICATEDRECYCLINGTECHNOLOGIESHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDINSOMEEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREASINCHINAWITHREGARDTOENVIRONMENTALANDECONOMICASPECTSSINCE2005INTHISSTUDY,RICEGRAINSAMPLESWERECOLLECTEDFROM2006TO2010INANEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREATOINVESTIGATETHETEMPORALTRENDSANDSPATIALDISTRIBUTIONOFAS,CD,CU,ANDPBGEOMETRICMEANSOFAS,CD,CU,ANDPBINRICESAMPLESFROMTHEEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREAWERE111,217,4676,AND237NGG?1,RESPECTIVELYLEVELSOFPBSHOWEDASIGNIFICANTDECREASINGTRENDDURINGTHESAMPLINGPERIOD,WHEREASTHEOTHERTHREEELEMENTSREMAINEDRELATIVELYCONSTANTOREVENINCREASEDCONCENTRATIONSOFCD,CU,ANDPBINTHEEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREAWERESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERTHANTHOSEINTHENONEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREAP1INDICATESPOTENTIALADVERSEHEALTHEFFECTSANDHQ10SUGGESTSHIGH,CHRONICRISK8FURTHERMORE,THEEXPOSUREOFACOMBINATIONOFINDIVIDUALTOXICTRACEELEMENTSMIGHTRESULTINADDITIVEEFFECTS,THEREFOREHQFOREACHELEMENTCOULDBESUMMEDTOGENERATETHEHAZARDINDEXHIHIΣN1IHQI22TDIOFAS,CDANDPB50,1,36ΜGKG?1BW,RESPECTIVELYWERECALCULATEDFROMTHEFORMULATDIPTWI/7,WHEREPTWIISTHEPROVISIONALTOLERABLEWEEKLYINTAKESUGGESTEDBYTHEJOINTFAO/WHOEXPERTCOMMITTEEONFOODADDITIVES23,24TDICUWASSETAT40ΜGKG?1BW,ASACCORDINGTOTHEUSAGENCYFORTOXICSUBSTANCESANDDISEASEREGISTRYANDOTHERRELATEDSTUDIES8,25INTHISSTUDY,THEAVERAGEDAILYRICEINTAKEOFADULTSANDCHILDRENWERECONSIDEREDTOBE323AND198GPERDAY,ANDTHEAVERAGEBODYWEIGHTSOFADULTSANDCHILDRENWEREASSUMEDTOBE60AND327KG,RESPECTIVELY26,27■RESULTANDDISCUSSIONHEAVYMETALSINRICEANDCONTAMINATIONSOURCEBASICSTATISTICSONLEVELSOFTHETHREEHEAVYMETALSINRICEANDHULLSAMPLESARESHOWNINTABLE1OBVIOUSLY,PB,CU,ANDCDCONCENTRATIONSWERESIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERINRETHANINRNPTABLE1LEVELSOFHEAVYMETALCONTENTSINRICEANDHULLSAMPLESFROMEWASTEANDNONEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREASNGG?1ELEMENTSITENRANGEMEDIANAMAASDBGMGSDCASRED7914?2841171194211115RNE2072?3371161376712615CDRE7929?515426044967121738RN2028?2582458673034CURE79280?8606460749441381467615RN20638?434126192560742242515PBRE7925?4822372507223715RN20103?1611151181411711ASHEF7992?5392672748925914HNG20116?63515922214219416CDHE7929?313728547356628328HN2015?1423649363920CUHE792541?17625779571045519203803917HN20641?16371227333933321264519PBHE791069?34471334740133850343016HN20611?281574091448384714AARITHMETICMEANBARITHMETICSTANDARDDEVIATIONCGEOMETRICSTANDARDDEVIATIONDRICESAMPLESFROMEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREAERICESAMPLESFROMNONEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREAFHULLSAMPLESFROMEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREAGHULLSAMPLESFROMNONEWASTEDISMANTLINGAREAENVIRONMENTALSCIENCETECHNOLOGYARTICLEDXDOIORG/101021/ES304903B|ENVIRONSCITECHNOL2013,47,7437?74457439