簡(jiǎn)介：附錄A原文ASIMULATIONOFARCGENERATIONATACDCNEUTRALSECTIONOFELECTRICRAILWAYYOUNGSOOHAN,KYUHYOUNGCHOIABSTRACTTHISPAPERPROVIDESANEXPERIMENTALANDTHEORETICALANALYSISOFTHEARCDISCHARGESGENERATEDBETWEENCONTACTWIREANDPANTOGRAPHOFHIGHSPEEDRAILWAYAVIDEOBASEDARCDETECTIONDEVICEISINSTALLEDONTHEKTXTRAIN,ANDARCDISCHARGESAREMEASUREDFORA4587KMTRACKSECTIONOFHIGHSPEEDRAILWAYINKOREAITISMEASUREDTHATTHERATEOFCONTACTLOSSIS03WHICHISLOWERTHANTHEREGULATEDVALUEOF10FORHIGHSPEEDTRAIN,ANDARCDISCHARGESINDUCEDBY21SMALLSIZECONTACTLOSSESAND6MEDIUMSIZECONTACTLOSSESOCCURCONTINUOUSLYALONGTHETRACKTHEPOWEROFARCDISCHARGEBETWEENCONTACTWIREANDPANTOGRAPHISCALCULATEDAS90225KWWHICHISAPPROXIMATELYONEHUNDREDTHOFTHATOFTHEARCDISCHARGESGENERATEDATTHENEUTRALSECTIONOFCONTACTWIRETHERESULTSOFTHEMEASUREMENTANDTHEANALYSISSUPPOSETHATASTUDYBEFOLLOWEDTOSUPPRESSARCDISCHARGESANDCONTACTWIREDAMAGESFORTHESAFEOPERATIONOFHIGHSPEEDRAILWAYINDEXTERMSELECTRICRAILWAYARCDISCHARGECONTACTLOSSCONTACTWIREPANTOGRAPHNEUTRALSECTIONINOMENCLATURES/SSUBSTATIONOFELECTRICRAILWAYSPSECTIONINGPOSTSSPSUBSECTIONINGPOSTATAUTOTRANSFORMERTFTROLLEYFEEDERAFAUTOTRANSFORMERFEEDERFPWFAULTPROTECTIVEWIRENWNEUTRALWIRENSNEUTRALSECTIONCCTVCLOSEDCIRCUITTELEVISIONEMIELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCELANLOCALAREANETWORKMCBMAINCIRCUITBREAKERKTXKOREATRAINEXPRESSIIINTRODUCTIONCATENARYSYSTEMSPLAYAIMPORTANTROLEINSUPPLYINGELECTRICPOWERWITHOUTINTERRUPTIONTOTRAINSMOVINGFASTTHEPANTOGRAPHSINSTALLEDONTRAINCOLLECTCURRENTSFORTRACTIONWHILEKEEPINGINCONTACTWITHTHECATENARYSYSTEMARCDISCHARGESOCCURTHECONTACTLOSSPHENOMENAARECLASSIFIEDINTOTHREEGROUPSACCORDINGTOTHEIRDURATIONSMALLSIZE,MEDIUMSIZEANDLARGESIZESMALLSIZECONTACTLOSSISINDUCEDBYDELICATEVIBRATIONOFPANTOGRAPH,ANDCONTINUESFORSEVERALTENTHSOFASECONDMEDIUMSIZECONTACTLOSSESOCCURWHENTRAINSPASSTHROUGHTHEUNEVENSTIFFPOINTOFTHECONTACTWIRE,ANDCONTINUESFORASECONDANDBELOWLARGESIZECONTACTLOSSES,CONTINUINGFORSEVERALSECONDS,AREINDUCEDBYJUMPINGMOVEMENTSOFPANTOGRAPHAFTERPASSINGTHROUGHBRACKETSUPPORTINGPOINTSOFCONTACTWIRECONTACTWIRESHAVESEVERALNEUTRALSECTIONSINSULATEDFROMOTHERPARTSOFCONTACTWIRES,INOTHERWORDSDEADSECTIONS,WHICHDIVIDETHESECTIONSHAVINGDIFFERENTPHASESANDDIFFERENTSUPPLYVOLTAGESSUCHASAC25,000VORDC1,500VTRAINSSHOULDGOINTOTHENEUTRALSECTIONSAFTERMAKINGNOTCHOFFOPERATIONWHICHBREAKSTHETRAINCURRENTBYMCB,OTHERWISETHETRAINCURRENTISINTERRUPTEDBYTHENEUTRALSECTIONWHICHRESULTINALARGEARCDISCHARGEBETWEENTHECONTACTWIREANDTHEPANTOGRAPHASSHOWNINFIG2THISARCDISCHARGEALSOHAPPENSWHENTRAINGOINTOTHEVOLTAGESUPPLIEDSECTIONFROMTHENEUTRALSECTION

簡(jiǎn)介：1英文文獻(xiàn)英文文獻(xiàn)SMARTCARDFORSMARTCAMPUSKFUPMCASESTUDYTALA1HALAWANIANDMOHAMEDMOHANDESKINGFAHDUNIVERSITYOFPETROLEUMANDMINERALSMOHANDESKFUUMEDUSAABSTRACTSMARTCARDISTHELATESTADDITIONINTHEWORLDOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYTHEVISIONOFTHESMARTCARDPROGRAMISTOPROVIDEACCESSTOSERVICESTHATISSECURE,FAST,FRIENDLY,EASYTOUSE,FLEXIBLE,PERSONAL,ANDISACCESSIBLEBYTHEUSERSKOMANYPLACEATANYTIMEASMARTCARDISOFTHESIZEOFACONVENTIONALCREDITCARDWITHANEMBEDDEDCOMPUTERCHIPTHATSTORESANDTRANSACTSDATABETWEENUSERSANDDEVICESTHISDATAISASSOCIATEDWITHEITHERVALUEORINFORMATIONORBOTHANDISSTOREDANDPROCESSEDWITHINTHECHIPOFTHECARDTHECARDDATAISTRANSACTEDVIAACARDREADERATTACHEDTOACOMPUTINGSYSTEMASAPERIPHERALDEVICESMARTCARDSAREEXTENSIVELYUSEDTHROUGHSEVERALKEYAPPLICATIONSLIKEEDUCATION,HEALTHCARE,BANKING,ENTERTAINMENT,ANDTRANSPORTATION1INTRODUCTIONSMARTCARDISAMINICOMPUTERCAPABLEOFSTORINGANDPROCESSINGDATAALTHOUGH,ATPRESENT,THEYAREMOSTPOPULARASSINGLEFUNCTIONCASHCARDSANDLONGDISTANCECALLINGCARDS,THEIRCAPABILITIESRANGEFROMRETAININGTICKETS,MONEY,FREQUENTFLYERMILES,TRAVELPREFERENCES,INSURANCEINFORMATION,KEYDEMOGRAPHICDATA,LINKSTOAPATIENT’SMEDICALRECORDS,TOALLOWINGACCESSINTOABUILDING,LOGGINGONTOANETWORK,ETCTHEPOTENTIALOFTHESMARTCARDISLIMITLESSWITHTHEADDEDBONUSOFTHESEFUNCTIONSBEINGPERFORMEDONASINGLECARD,SMARTCARDSHAVETHEABILITYTOBECOMEINDISPENSABLETOOLSSMARTCARDSWEREFIRSTINTRODUCEDINEUROPEACOUPLEOFDECADESAGOASASTORED3PINMUSTBESTOREDINTHEHOSTSYSTEMINASECUREENVIRONMENT,INSTEADOFONTHEMAGNETICSTRIPMOSTSYSTEMSTHATEMPLOYMAGNETICSTRIPCARDSHAVEONLINECONNECTIONSTOTHESYSTEM’SHOSTCOMPUTERFORSECURITYREASONSHOWEVER,THISGENERATESCONSIDERABLEDATATRANSMISSIONCOSTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESMARTCARD,COMBINEDWITHTHEEXPANSIONOFELECTRONICDATAPROCESSINGHASCREATEDCOMPLETELYNEWPOSSIBILITIESFORSOLVINGTHISPROBLEMPROGRESSINMICROELECTRONICSINTHE1970’SMADEITPOSSIBLETOINTEGRATEDATASTORAGEANDARITHMETICLOGICONASINGLESILICONCHIPMEASURINGAFEWSQUAREMILLIMETERS2THEIDEASOFINCORPORATINGSUCHANINTEGRATEDCIRCUITINTOANIDCARDWASCONTAINEDINAPATENTAPPLICATIONFILEDINJAPANBYKUNITAKAARIMURAINJAPANCONCERNING“APLASTICCARDINCORPORATINGONEORMOREINTEGRATEDCIRCUITCHIPSFORTHEGENERATIONOFDISTINGUISHINGSIGNALS”IN19703HOWEVER,THEFIRSTREALPROGRESSINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSMARTCARDSCAMEWHENRONALMORENOREGISTEREDHISSMARTCARDPATENTON“ANINDEPENDENTELECTRONICOBJECTWITHMEMORY”INFRANCEIN1974ABREAKTHROUGHWASACHIEVEDIN1984,WHENTHEFRENCHTELECOMMUNICATIONAUTHORITIESDECIDEDTOUSEPREPAIDCHIPCARDSFORPUBLICPAYPHONESDUETOTHEINCREASINGVANDALISMANDTHEFTCHIPCARDSWEREDEMONSTRATEDTOBEACOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTHEFRENCHEXAMPLEWASFOLLOWEDBYMANYOTHERCOUNTRIESTODAY,MORETHAN100COUNTRIESUSECHIPCARDSFORTHEIRPUBLICPHONESYSTEMSBY1990THETOTALNUMBEROFSMARTCARDSREACHED60MILLIONCARDS4TODAY,SEVERALBILLIONSMARTCARDSAREINUSEWORLDWIDE3TYPESOFSMARTCARDSSMARTCARDSARECOMPOSEDOFACHIP,ANINTERFACEBETWEENTHECHIPANDTHECARDREADER,ANDAPLASTICBODYSMARTCARDSARECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHECHIPTYPEMEMORYCHIPCARDSASWELLASMICROPROCESSORCHIPCARDSTHEYCANALSOBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEMETHODOFCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHEREADERCARDSMAYCOMMUNICATEWITHREADERSEITHERTHROUGHDIRECTPHYSICALCONTACTSCONTACTCARDSORTHROUGHARADIOKEQUENCYSIGNALSCONTACTLESSCARDS

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄附錄2外文翻譯外文翻譯ROBUSTANALYSISOFFEATURESPACESCOLORIMAGESEGMENTATIONABSTRACTAGENERALTECHNIQUEFORTHERECOVERYOFSIGNIFICANTIMAGEFEATURESISPRESENTEDTHETECHNIQUEISBASEDONTHEMEANSHIFTALGORITHM,ASIMPLENONPARAMETRICPROCEDUREFORESTIMATINGDENSITYGRADIENTSDRAWBACKSOFTHECURRENTMETHODSINCLUDINGROBUSTCLUSTERINGAREAVOIDEDFEATURESPACEOFANYNATURECANBEPROCESSED,ANDASANEXAMPLE,COLORIMAGESEGMENTATIONISDISCUSSEDTHESEGMENTATIONISCOMPLETELYAUTONOMOUS,ONLYITSCLASSISCHOSENBYTHEUSERTHUS,THESAMEPROGRAMCANPRODUCEAHIGHQUALITYEDGEIMAGE,ORPROVIDE,BYEXTRACTINGALLTHESIGNIFICANTCOLORS,APREPROCESSORFORCONTENTBASEDQUERYSYSTEMSA512512COLORIMAGEISANALYZEDIN?LESSTHAN10SECONDSONASTANDARDWORKSTATIONGRAYLEVELIMAGESAREHANDLEDASCOLORIMAGESHAVINGONLYTHELIGHTNESSCOORDINATEKEYWORDSROBUSTPATTERNANALYSIS,LOWLEVELVISION,CONTENTBASEDINDEXINGINFORMATIONMUSTBEPROVIDEDBYTHEUSER,ANDFORMULTIMODALDISTRIBUTIONSITISDIFFICULTTOGUESSTHEOPTIMALSETTINGNEVERTHELESS,ARELIABLEGENERALTECHNIQUEFORFEATURESPACEANALYSISCANBEDEVELOPEDUSINGASIMPLENONPARAMETRICDENSITYESTIMATIONALGORITHMINTHISPAPERWEPROPOSESUCHATECHNIQUEWHOSEROBUSTBEHAVIORISSUPERIORTOMETHODSEMPLOYINGROBUSTESTIMATORSFROMSTATISTICS2REQUIREMENTSFORROBUSTNESSESTIMATIONOFACLUSTERCENTERISCALLEDINSTATISTICSTHEMULTIVARIATELOCATIONPROBLEMTOBEROBUST,ANESTIMATORMUSTTOLERATEAPERCENTAGEOFOUTLIERS,IE,DATAPOINTSNOTOBEYINGTHEUNDERLYINGDISTRIBUTIONOFTHECLUSTERNUMEROUSROBUSTTECHNIQUESWEREPROPOSED,ANDINCOMPUTERVISIONTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDISTHEMINIMUMVOLUMEELLIPSOIDMVEESTIMATORPROPOSEDBYROUSSEEUWTHEMVEESTIMATORISAFFINEEQUIVARIANTANAFFINETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEINPUTISPASSEDONTOTHEESTIMATEANDHASHIGHBREAKDOWNPOINTTOLERATESUPTOHALFTHEDATABEINGOUTLIERSTHEESTIMATORFINDSTHECENTEROFTHEHIGHESTDENSITYREGIONBYSEARCHINGFORTHEMINIMALVOLUMEELLIPSOIDCONTAININGATLEASTHDATAPOINTSTHEMULTIVARIATELOCATIONESTIMATEISTHECENTEROFTHISELLIPSOIDTOAVOIDCOMBINATORIALEXPLOSIONAPROBABILISTICSEARCHISEMPLOYEDLETTHEDIMENSIONOFTHEDATABEPASMALLNUMBEROFP1TUPLEOFPOINTSARERANDOMLYCHOSENFOREACHP1TUPLETHEMEANVECTORANDCOVARIANCEMATRIXARECOMPUTED,DEFININGANELLIPSOIDTHEELLIPSOIDISINATEDTOINCLUDEHPOINTS,ANDTHEONEHAVINGTHEMINIMUMVOLUMEPROVIDESTHEMVEESTIMATEBASEDONMVE,AROBUSTCLUSTERINGTECHNIQUEWITHAPPLICATIONSINCOMPUTERVISIONWASPROPOSEDINTHEDATAISANALYZEDUNDERSEVERAL\RESOLUTIONS“BYAPPLYINGTHEMVEESTIMATORREPEATEDLYWITHHVALUESREPRESENTINGFIXEDPERCENTAGESOFTHEDATAPOINTSTHEBESTCLUSTERTHENCORRESPONDSTOTHEHVALUEYIELDINGTHEHIGHESTDENSITYINSIDETHEMINIMUMVOLUMEELLIPSOIDTHECLUSTERISREMOVEDFROMTHEFEATURESPACE,ANDTHEWHOLEPROCEDUREISREPEATEDTILLTHESPACEISNOTEMPTYTHEROBUSTNESSOFMVESHOULDENSURETHATEACHCLUSTERISASSOCIATEDWITHONLYONEMODEOFTHEUNDERLYINGDISTRIBUTIONTHENUMBEROFSIGNIFICANTCLUSTERSISNOTNEEDEDAPRIORITHEROBUSTCLUSTERINGMETHODWASSUCCESSFULLYEMPLOYEDFORTHEANALYSISOFALARGEVARIETYOFFEATURESPACES,BUTWASFOUNDTOBECOMELESSRELIABLEONCETHENUMBEROFMODESEXCEEDEDTENTHISISMAINLYDUETOTHENORMALITYASSUMPTIONEMBEDDED

簡(jiǎn)介：附表附表3外文翻譯外文翻譯出處出處ENERGYANDBUILDINGS,2002,342155162歐洲辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其改善歐洲辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其改善摘要摘要室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量（簡(jiǎn)稱IEQ）是辦公建筑的一個(gè)重要的質(zhì)量方面。這種觀點(diǎn)在歐洲的一種新的方法論和軟件中得到認(rèn)可，這種方法論和軟件是針對(duì)改善辦公建筑的。（改善辦公建筑的研究簡(jiǎn)稱TOBUS）在改善辦公建筑的研究中，把居住者對(duì)室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的不滿做了一個(gè)詳細(xì)列表，同時(shí)這個(gè)列表也被作為建筑物和供熱通風(fēng)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)特性的一個(gè)列表。根據(jù)建筑物和系統(tǒng)的特性與建筑物的用途之間的關(guān)系，可以找到引起問(wèn)題的不同的可能性原因，并且可以選擇改善的可能性措施。一種關(guān)系方案應(yīng)包括以下這些關(guān)系研究對(duì)象及其類型，辦公建筑內(nèi)居住人員的抱怨，引起這些抱怨的可能性原因以及消除這些抱怨的措施之間的關(guān)系。而且，這種關(guān)系方案還要包括與所選的研究對(duì)象無(wú)關(guān)的原因和措施。用來(lái)定性和定量研究建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量特性的程序也已給出。這篇文章描述了在歐洲的12座建筑中集中在室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量方面的調(diào)查結(jié)果。這篇文章也提到了這個(gè)領(lǐng)域研究的一些討論和結(jié)論，都是與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其用到的方法和程序相關(guān)的。O2002ELSEVIERSCIENCEBV版權(quán)所有。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量；改善辦公建筑的研究；辦公建筑；調(diào)查問(wèn)卷1序言室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量是辦公建筑的一個(gè)重要方面。從建筑物內(nèi)居住人員的角度來(lái)看，理想的狀況應(yīng)該是這樣一種室內(nèi)環(huán)境，它能使所有的居住人員滿意（就是他們沒(méi)有抱怨），并且不會(huì)不必要地增加疾病和受傷的危險(xiǎn)性和嚴(yán)重性。按照歐洲的89/106/EWG條例，建設(shè)項(xiàng)目必須以這樣一種方式來(lái)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和建造，即它不會(huì)對(duì)居住者和鄰居的衛(wèi)生和健康造成威脅。按世界衛(wèi)生組織所言，“健康是一種完全的身體，精神和社交的健康狀態(tài)，而且不僅僅是缺少疾病和衰弱?！辈唤】档氖覂?nèi)環(huán)境將會(huì)導(dǎo)致雇員的生產(chǎn)效率下降，并且致使因病離職的人數(shù)增加。我們現(xiàn)在面對(duì)的問(wèn)題是居住人員的健康狀況遠(yuǎn)不夠理想。我們創(chuàng)造一種更健康解決問(wèn)題的措施↓←相互影響最適宜的解決方法表1改善辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的方法第一步考察前收集信息來(lái)找出建筑物內(nèi)存在的與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的問(wèn)題（抱怨或是評(píng)論）。作一個(gè)清單，用來(lái)收集從建筑管理人員和技術(shù)人員那里得到的關(guān)于建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及服務(wù)的信息。作一個(gè)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷，收集居住人員可以察覺(jué)到的舒適和不滿的信念。下面這些程序組成第一步?分發(fā)和收集居住人員的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷（包括對(duì)居住者的選擇，這也會(huì)收到一種調(diào)查問(wèn)卷）和建筑管理人員的清單?分析調(diào)查問(wèn)卷和建筑管理人員的清單?對(duì)問(wèn)題列表（包括不滿和評(píng)論）以及與研究對(duì)象相關(guān)或無(wú)關(guān)的原因進(jìn)行推斷?選擇要考察的辦公室和研究對(duì)象第二步考察在第一步中發(fā)現(xiàn)的每一個(gè)問(wèn)題，都可以找到一個(gè)可能的原因。在給審核員的列表清單中提供了一些與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的額外信息，而這些信息是不可以從居住人員的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷和建筑管理人員的清單中獲得的。下面這些程序組成第二步；?審核員根據(jù)清單作出觀點(diǎn)評(píng)價(jià)?選擇問(wèn)題的起因?選擇與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的研究對(duì)象第三步考察后分析所有收集的信息，準(zhǔn)確的找出問(wèn)題的起因，給出由研究對(duì)象引發(fā)的問(wèn)題的解決措施，并且對(duì)不是由研究對(duì)象引發(fā)的問(wèn)題提出建議。下面這些程序組成第三步；?選擇室內(nèi)環(huán)境改善措施?檢查其相互影響?確定室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量特性21關(guān)系方案

簡(jiǎn)介：RELIABILITYENGINEERINGANDSYSTEMSAFETY932008410–422PROBABILISTICMODELSFORTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEINDEGRADINGREINFORCEDCONCRETESTRUCTURESBSUDRET?ELECTRICITE′DEFRANCE,RSPACEVARIANTRELIABILITYTIMEVARIANTRELIABILITYDEGRADATIONMODELSCONCRETECARBONATIONREBARSCORROSIONRANDOMFIELDSEOLEMETHOD1INTRODUCTIONPROBABILISTICMODELSOFCONCRETEDEGRADATIONHAVEBEENINTENSIVELYSTUDIEDINTHEPAST10YEARSTHEMOSTIMPORTANTDEGRADATIONMECHANISMCONSIDEREDINTHELITERATUREISTHECORROSIONOFTHEREBARSDUETOCHLORIDEINGRESSINTHECONCRETEMASSORCONCRETECARBONATIONTHISMECHANISMISOFUTMOSTIMPORTANCEINTHEAGEINGOFBRIDGESTRUCTURESTHATARESUBMITTEDTODEICINGSALTS,ORANYSTRUCTUREINAMARINEENVIRONMENT1–4AUTHORSHAVEFOCUSEDONTHEPREDICTIONOFTHEINITIATIONTIMEFORCORROSIONAND/ORTHEESTIMATIONOFTHERESIDUALSTRENGTHOFSTRUCTURESRECENTADVANCESINTHISFIELDHAVEPOINTEDOUTTHENECESSITYOFMODELLINGTHESPATIALVARIABILITYOFTHEMODELPARAMETERSINORDERTOBEABLETOCHARACTERIZE,NOTONLYTHEPROBABILITYOFDEGRADATION,BUTALSOTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGE5–7THISEXTENTOFDAMAGEISTHENATURALVARIABLETHATCHARACTERIZESTHEGLOBALSTATEOFDAMAGEOFTHESTRUCTURE,ANDTHATMAYBEUSEDINOPTIMIZINGMAINTENANCEPOLICIES5,8–10INTHISPAPER,AGENERALFORMULATIONFORSPATIALLYVARIABLEDEGRADATIONMODELSISPROPOSEDTHESOCALLEDPOINTINSPACEANDSPACEVARIANTRELIABILITYPROBLEMSARERECALLEDINSECTION211THENTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEISGIVENAPROPERDEFINITION,FROMWHICHANALYTICALDERIVATIONSARECARRIEDOUTINORDERTOCOMPUTEITSFIRSTTWOSTATISTICALMOMENTSSECTION3EFFICIENTIMPLEMENTATIONSOFTHESEFORMULAEBASEDONTHEFIRSTORDERRELIABILITYMETHODFORMANDMONTECARLOSIMULATIONMCSAREPROPOSEDINSECTION4INORDERTOEVALUATETHEACCURACYOFTHEANALYTICALAPPROACH,ANALTERNATIVEFRAMEWORKFORTHEDIRECTESTIMATIONOFTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEBYMCSISPROPOSEDTHISREQUIRESTHEUSEOFRANDOMFIELDDISCRETIZATIONTECHNIQUESANDTHEPOSTPROCESSINGOFTHESIMULATIONRESULTSBOTHAPPROACHESCALLED‘‘ANALYTICAL’’AND‘‘FIELDDISCRETIZATION’’ARTICLEINPRESSWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/RESS09518320/SEEFRONTMATTERR2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JRESS200612019?TEL33160736559FAX33160737748EMAILADDRESSBRUNOSUDRETEDFFRTHEFAILURESTATEFULLYDAMAGEDTHISISOFCOURSEACOARSESIMPLIFICATIONOFTHEREALWORLDMOREOVER,THISDOESNOTALLOWTOCHARACTERIZETHEEXTENTOFDAMAGETOADDRESSTHISISSUE,ADDITIONALNOTATIONSHALLBEINTRODUCEDSUPPOSETHATTHESTRUCTUREUNDERCONSIDERATIONOCCUPIESAVOLUMED?RD,WHERED?12OR3THECASED?1CORRESPONDSTOMODELLINGBEAMORARCHSTRUCTURES,THECASED?2TOPLATEORSHELLSTRUCTURESINORDERTOADDRESSTHEPROBLEMOFSPATIALVARIABILITY,THEINPUTRANDOMVECTORINEQ2SHOULDBEREPLACEDBYMMULTIVARIATESCALARRANDOMFIELDSGATHEREDINAVECTORZDXT,WHEREX2DISTHESPATIALCOORDINATETHEPROBABILISTICDESCRIPTIONOFTHESEFIELDSISYETTOBESPECIFIEDNOTETHATINPRACTICETHEFOLLOWINGASSUMPTIONSUSUALLYAPPLY?THESPATIALVARIABILITYOFCERTAINCOMPONENTSOFZISNEGLIGIBLETHEYAREACCORDINGLYMODELLEDASRANDOMVARIABLESASACONSEQUENCE,ONLYASMALLNUMBEROFSCALARRANDOMFIELDSHAVETOBESPECIFIEDINPRACTICEHOWEVER,FORTHESAKEOFSIMPLICITY,THEMOSTGENERALNOTATIONZDXTISKEPTINTHISSECTION?THERANDOMFIELDCOMPONENTSAREHOMOGENEOUSFIELDSTHISISDUETOTHEFACTTHATTHESIZEOFTHESTRUCTUREISUSUALLYSMALLCOMPAREDTOTHESCALEOFFLUCTUATIONOFTHEPARAMETERSDRIVINGTHEDEGRADATIONEGENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSSUCHASSURFACECHLORIDEORCARBONDIOXIDECONCENTRATION,ETCINTHESPACEVARIANTCONTEXT,THELIMITSTATEFUNCTIONINEQ4SHOULDBEREPLACEDBYGDZDXTTT?ˉD?MDZDXTTT5THEPOINTINSPACEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREISDEFINEDINEACHX2RDASFOLLOWSPFDXTT?ZGDZDXTTTP0FZDXTDZTDZ?E?1FGDZDXTTTP0GDZTT?6ITISCOMPUTEDBYFREEZINGXIEREPLACINGTHERANDOMFIELDZDXTBYTHECORRESPONDINGRANDOMVECTORANDT,ANDBYAPPLYINGSTANDARDTIMEINVARIANTRELIABILITYMETHODSMCS,FORM/SORM,ETCNOTETHATIFTHERANDOMFIELDZDXTISHOMOGENEOUS,THENTHESAMERELIABILITYPROBLEMISPOSEDATWHATEVERTHEPOSITIONOFTHEPOINTXUNDERCONSIDERATIONTHUS,THEPOINTINSPACEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREISINDEPENDENTOFXINTHISCASETHESPACEVARIANTPROBABILITYOFFAILUREISDEFINED,FORANYSUBDOMAINH?DBY11PFDHTT?PD9X2HGDZDXTTTP0T?PX2HGDZDXTTTP0D7TTHISQUANTITYISTHE‘‘SPATIAL’’COUNTERPARTOFTHESOCALLEDCUMULATIVEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREINTIMEVARIANTRELIABILITYPROBLEMS15WHENTHEDAMAGEMEASUREISRELATEDTOSERVICEABILITYOFTHESTRUCTUREEGAPPARITIONOFCRACKSORREBARSLOSSOFDIAMETERANDNOTDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHECOLLAPSEOFTHESTRUCTURE,NONEOFTHEABOVEQUANTITIESARESUFFICIENTTOCHARACTERIZETHEGLOBALSTATEOFAGEINGOFTHESTRUCTUREINDEED,EQ6ISBYDEFINITIONALOCALQUANTITYATPOINTXEQ7REFERSTOTHEPROBABILITYTHATTHEREISATLEASTONEPOINTINSUBDOMAINHWHERETHELOCALDAMAGECRITERIONISATTAINEDTHISPROBABILITYISLIKELYTOBECLOSETOONE,WITHOUTMEANINGTHATTHESTRUCTUREISCLOSETOSTRUCTURALFAILUREINCONTRAST,THEEXTENTOFDAMAGEISOFMAJORINTEREST,ESPECIALLYFORTHECOMPARISONOFMAINTENANCEPOLICIES,SEEEG5,83EXTENTOFDAMAGE31DEFINITIONTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEISDEFINEDATEACHTIMEINSTANTTASTHEMEASUREOFTHESUBDOMAINOFDINWHICHTHELOCALFAILURECRITERIONISATTAINEDEDDTT?ZD1FGDZDXTTTP0GDXTDX8NOTETHATEDDTTISASCALARRANDOMVARIABLESINCETHEINTEGRALOVERXISDEFINEDFOREACHREALIZATIONOFTHEINPUTRANDOMFIELD,SAYZDXTITISPOSITIVEVALUEDANDISBYDEFINITIONBOUNDEDBYTHEVOLUMEOFTHESTRUCTUREINRDDENOTEDBYJDJAGAIN,DUETOTHEMONOTONYOFDEGRADATIONPHENOMENA,EACHREALIZATIONOFEDDTT,SAYEDDTTISACONTINUOUSLYINCREASINGFUNCTIONOFTIME32MEANANDVARIANCEBYTAKINGTHEEXPECTATIONOFEQ8IEWITHRESPECTTOZ,ONEGETSTHEFOLLOWINGEXPRESSIONFORTHEMEANVALUEOFTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEEDDTT?E?EDDTT??ZDE?1FGDZDXTTTP0GDXTT?DX9BYCOMPARINGTHEINTEGRANDOFTHEABOVEEQUATIONWITHEQ6,ONEGETSEDDTT?ZDPFDXTTDX10INCASEOFHOMOGENEOUSINPUTRANDOMFIELD,THISINTEGRANDISINDEPENDENTOFX,ASEXPLAINEDABOVETHUSEDDTT?PFDX0TT?JDJDHOMOGENEOUSCASET,11WHERETHEPOINTINSPACEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREISCOMPUTEDATANYPOINTX02DTHEABOVEEQUATIONHASTHEFOLLOWINGINTERPRETATIONTHEPROPORTIONOFTHESTRUCTUREWHERETHEDAMAGECRITERIONISATTAINEDIEEDDTTJDJIS,INTHEMEAN,EQUALTOTHEPOINTINSPACEPROBABILITYOFFAILURETHISREMARKHASTWOIMPORTANTCONSEQUENCES?ITISNOTNECESSARYTOINTRODUCETHECOMPLEXFORMALISMOFRANDOMFIELDSWHENONEISINTERESTEDONLYINTHEMEANARTICLEINPRESSBSUDRET/RELIABILITYENGINEERINGANDSYSTEMSAFETY932008410–422412

簡(jiǎn)介：MENTALHEALTHACKNOWLEDGMENTSAREINORDERFORTHEMANYFACULTYANDFAMILYMEMBERSWHOHAVEPROVIDEDSUPPORT,GUIDANCE,ANDENCOURAGEMENTTHROUGHOUTTHISPROCESSIAMAPPRECIATIVEOFTHEHELPTHATEACHPERSONHASGIVENIWISHTOTHANKTHOSEFACULTYMEMBERSWHOEACHCONTRIBUTEDTOMYINCREASEDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISPROCESS,THESUBJECTMATTER,ANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFRIGOROUSRESEARCHIAMESPECIALLYTHANKFULFORTHECONSISTENTSUPPORTANDGUIDANCEFROMMYADVISOR,DAWNANDERSONBUTCHERSHESPENTMANYHOURSSTEERINGMYEFFORTSANDPROVIDINGMEQUALITYFEEDBACKTHATALWAYSALLOWEDMETOTHINKCRITICALLYANDPUSHMYSELFFURTHERTHANIEVERIMAGINEDIWOULDALSOLIKETOTHANKTAMARADAVISFORHERENCOURAGEMENT,ENTHUSIASM,ANDONGOINGSUPPORTFORNOTONLYTHISTHESISBUTFORMYPROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENTASWELLADDITIONALLY,THANKSAREINORDERTOJERRYBEANFORHISALWAYSREFRESHINGPERSPECTIVESANDSOLIDTECHNICALSUPPORTIWOULDALSOLIKETOTHANKTONYAMOROSEFORSTEPPINGINTOPROVIDEEVENFURTHERASSISTANCEANDCONTRIBUTINGGREATLYTOMYUNDERSTANDINGOFDATAANALYSISFINALLY,MANYTHANKSGOTOMYFAMILYWHOHASPROVIDEDENDLESSSUPPORTFROMBEGINNINGTOENDMYMOTHER,SHOLEHMESBAH,ANDSTEPFATHER,WILLIAMSTONE,HAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHEIRLOVEFORMEBYANSWERINGTHEPHONEATALLHOURS,ALLOWINGMETOTALKTHROUGHALLFRUSTRATIONS,ANDENCOURAGINGMETOKEEPMOVINGFORWARDALSO,MYFATHER,MARKBALL,ANDSTEPMOTHER,NILSARAMIREZ,CONSISTENTLYKEPTMEGROUNDEDBYREMINDINGMETHAT,THESISORNOT,EVERYDAYLIFECONTINUESLASTBUTNOTLEAST,IWOULDLIKETOTHANKMYSISTER,AMANDABALLHEROPTIMISM,SUPPORT,ANDLOVEWEREUNWAVERINGACCORDINGTOTHEMOSTRECENTSURGEONGENERAL’SREPORTONMENTALHEALTH,9TO13PERCENTOFALLUSCHILDRENANDADOLESCENTSHAVESERIOUSEMOTIONALDISTURBANCESMOREOVER,21PERCENTOFUSCHILDRENHAVEDIAGNOSABLEMENTALORADDICTIVEDISORDERSUNFORTUNATELY,MOSTOFTHESE“DEFACTOMENTALHEALTHCARESYSTEMFORCHILDREN”INSPITEOFTHISDEFACTOSYSTEM,CHILDREN’SMENTALHEALTHNEEDSREMAINUNMETASARESULT,SCHOOLSAREBEGINNINGTOSEETHERAMIFICATIONSOFTHESEUNMETNEEDSASTHEYPERTAINTOPOORACADEMICACHIEVEMENTAMONGSTUDENTSESSENTIALLY,SCHOOLSHAVEBEENUNABLETOFULLYADDRESSSTUDENTS’MENTALHEALTHNEEDSTHROUGHTRADITIONALPRACTICESANDTRADITIONALMEANSANATIONALSURVEYOFSCHOOLMENTALHEALTHSERVICESRECENTLYREPORTEDTHAT,GENERALLY,FUNDINGFORSCHOOLMENTALHEALTHHASDECREASEDINTHEPAST5YEARSWHILEDEMANDFORSERVICESHASINCREASEDINMOSTDISTRICTSADDITIONALLY,DISTRICTSALSOREPORTEDTHATREFERRALSTOCOMMUNITYBASEDMENTALHEALTHPROVIDERSHAVEINCREASEDBUTTHEAVAILABILITYOFTHESEPRACTITIONERSTOPROVIDESERVICESHASDECREASEDASSTUDENTACADEMICSUCCESSISCLOSELYTIEDTOSOCIALEMOTIONALWELLBEING,SCHOOLCHANGEEFFORTSMUSTBEGINTOADDRESSTHESENEEDSIFTHEYARETOMEETTHEIRACCOUNTABILITIESDOINGSOREQUIRESSCHOOLSTOCONSIDERNEWMODELSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTTHATINCLUDESOCIALEMOTIONALDEVELOPMENTALONGWITHTRADITIONALSTANDARDSBASEDACCOUNTABILITIESTOMEETTHENEEDSOFCHILDRENTODAYANDTOIMPROVEACADEMICOUTCOMESFORALLCHILDREN,ITISIMPERATIVETHATSCHOOLSUTILIZENEWMODELSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTTHATINCLUDEEFFECTIVEMETHODSTOADDRESSMENTALHEALTHNEEDSTHISPROCESS,HOWEVER,WILLINVOLVEACULTURALSHIFTINEDUCATIONALSYSTEMSTHATHAVEHISTORICALLYFOCUSEDONTRADITIONALFORMSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTMOSTTRADITIONALSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTOFTENFOCUSESON“WALLEDINAPPROACHES”SUCHASENHANCEDCURRICULUMALIGNMENT,IMPROVEDINSTRUCTIONALMETHODS,ANDSTANDARDSBASEDACCOUNTABILITIESINADDITION,MOSTCURRENTSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTMODELSARENARROWLYFOCUSEDONRESULTORIENTEDIMPROVEMENTSININSTRUCTIONANDBEHAVIORMANAGEMENTRATHERTHANONSYSTEMWIDEEFFORTSTOADDRESSBARRIERSTOLEARNINGASARESULT,THESEMODELSOFTENMARGINALIZEPROGRAMS,SERVICES,ANDSYSTEMSTHATADDRESSMENTALHEALTHCENTEREDLEARNINGSUPPORTS,RESULTINGINFRAGMENTED

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄翻譯原文EXPERIMENTALSTUDYONVISIBILITYOFEXITSIGNSINBUILDINGSLTWONG,KCLODEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGSERVICESENGINEERING,THEHONGKONGPOLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY,HONGKONG,CHINARECEIVED26NOVEMBER2003RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM19JANUARY2006ACCEPTED23FEBRUARY2006ABSTRACTVISIBILITYOFEXITSIGNSINTERMSOFTHEHEIGHTOFTHESIGNCONTENTWASSTUDIEDEXPERIMENTALLYINAN18MINTERNALCORRIDORFOURFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEVISIBILITYINCLUDINGGRAPHICS,COLOURS,LIGHTINGCONDITIONSANDAGESOFTHEOBSERVERSWEREINVESTIGATEDCOMBINATIONSOFDESIGNATIONSCONTAININGTHEENGLISHANDCHINESEWORDSEXIT,FIVEDIRECTIONALINDICATORSANDTWOEXITSYMBOLSINDIFFERENTCOLOURSUNDERNORMALANDEMERGENCYLIGHTINGCONDITIONSWEREPRESENTEDTO30OBSERVERSOFDIFFERENTAGEGROUPSTODETERMINETHEIRVISIBILITYTHESIGNHEIGHTSDETECTED,IDENTIFIEDANDIDENTIFIEDWITHCONFIDENCEWEREMEASUREDINCREASEDHEIGHTFORCORRECTIDENTIFICATIONWASFOUNDFORANEXITSIGNCONTAININGTWOSYMBOLSASCOMPAREDTOASIGNCONTAININGONLYONESYMBOLAGREENEXITSIGNWASREPORTEDTOBEHIGHLYVISIBLEITWASALSOREPORTEDTHATATREDUCEDILLUMINATION,THESIGNHEIGHTFORCORRECTIDENTIFICATIONINCREASED?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONEMERGENCYEXITSIGNSAREINSTALLEDTOPROVIDEMARKINGSOFEXITSANDESCAPEROUTESINBUILDINGSANDSHOULDBEABLETOASSISTTHEOCCUPANTSTOLEAVETHEBUILDINGSEFFECTIVELYINCASEOFEMERGENCY1,2EXITSIGNISANESSENTIALINSTALLATIONINBUILDINGSANDTHESPECIFICATIONSARESTATEDINDESIGNGUIDESANDREGULATIONS3–6THOUSANDSOFEXITSIGNSCANBEFOUNDINMANYHIGHRISEBUILDINGSINHONGKONG,EXITSIGNSCONTAININGTHEWORDEXITINENGLISHANDCHINESEOFNOTLESSTHAN125MMHEIGHTARESPECIFIEDFORLOCALBUILDINGS5,6ASIGNSHALLBEDESIGNEDWITHACOMBINATIONOFDIRECTIONALINDICATOR,SYMBOLANDWORDSWHILETHEGENERALDESIGNSHALLFOLLOWTHESTANDARDSPECIFIED4,THECHINESEWORDSHALLREACHAMINIMUMWIDTHOF15MMINVERTICALSTROKESAND10MMINHORIZONTALSTROKES5MOREOVER,THECOLOURPAIROFSIGNCONTENTANDBACKGROUNDSHALLBEGREENANDWHITEGWORWHITEANDGREENWG5,THOUGHBLACKANDGREENBGISBEINGUSEDINSOMEEXISTINGBUILDINGS6COMPREHENSIBLESYMBOLS,WORDSANDDIRECTIONALINDICATORSFOREXITDESIGNATIONWERESTUDIEDANDAPPLIEDTOEXITSIGNDESIGNS7–10BOTHSIGNAGEDESIGNANDILLUMINATIONCONDITIONSAFFECTTHEVISIBILITYOFANEXITSIGN11THECHANGESINVISIBILITYWITHSIZEANDLUMINANCEINTERMSOFTHEVISUALANGLEWERESTUDIEDBYJINETAL13INCREASINGTHECONTRASTOFTHEARROW,ENLARGINGTHEAREAOFTHECHEVRONANDCHANGINGTHEA300MMWIDEWHITESIGNCONTAININGTHEWORDEXITOF150MMHEIGHTWOULDBEIDENTIFIEDCORRECTLYATAMEANDISTANCEOF30M3INHONGKONG,ANEXITSIGNDESIGNEDWITHTHEWORDEXITINENGLISHANDCHINESEANDANEXITSYMBOLOFARUNNINGPERSONISSPECIFIEDFORLOCALBUILDINGS5,6,ANDADIRECTIONALINDICATORSHALLBEUSEDINADIRECTIONALSIGNWITHANEXITSYMBOLORTHEENGLISHANDCHINESEWORDSEXITSYMBOLSE1,E2,WORDSW1,W2ANDDIRECTIONALINDICATORSD1TOD5USEDINTHISSTUDYARESHOWNINTABLE1THEFOLLOWINGARETHEIRSOURCESTHEGRAPHICSOFAPERSONRUNNINGTHROUGHANOPENDOORE17–10ANDAPERSONRUNNINGAWAYFROMFIREE25FROMCURRENTCODESWEREUSEDASTHEEXITSYMBOLSE2ISBELIEVEDTOBEAGOODEXITINDICATIONANDPRESCRIBEDINTHELOCALCODE6THEENGLISHWORDEXITW1CONTRIBUTEDTOACCURATEIDENTIFICATIONOFEXITMESSAGES7–10ANDHASBEENWIDELYADOPTEDINDESIGNGUIDESANDSTANDARDS3–6THECHINESEWORDFOREXITW2HASALSOBEENSPECIFIEDFORLOCALAPPLICATIONS56VISIBILITYOFDIRECTIONALINDICATORSANDTHEIREFFECTIVENESSININDICATINGDIRECTIONWERESTUDIEDEXTENSIVELY7–10ACHEVROND1WASIDENTIFIEDASTHEMOSTVISIBLEANDEFFECTIVEDIRECTIONALINDICATORANDRECOMMENDEDFORBUILDINGENVIRONMENT3ALTERNATIVELY,AN‘ANGELFISH’D2WASFOUNDTOBEEYECATCHINGANDATRIANGLED3OFINCREASEDAREARELATEDTOD1WOULDBEEASILYVISIBLE11,12ANARROWCONTAININGACHEVRONWITHA‘TAIL’D4PRESCRIBEDINBRITISHSTANDARD4HASBEENUSEDINLOCALBUILDINGS5,6ATRIANGLEWITHA‘TAIL’D5WASHYPOTHESIZEDTOHAVEINCREASEDVISIBILITYBECAUSEOFITSINCREASEDAREARELATINGTOTHEARROWD411,12

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文6070字出處出處ACISTRUCTURALJOURNAL,2002,995美國(guó)混凝土協(xié)會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)期刊技術(shù)卷標(biāo)題編號(hào)99S71應(yīng)用新型延性纖維增強(qiáng)聚合物對(duì)混凝土梁的加固應(yīng)用新型延性纖維增強(qiáng)聚合物對(duì)混凝土梁的加固作者NABILFGRACE,GEORGEABELSAYED,WAELFRAGHEB摘要一種新型單向延性纖維增強(qiáng)聚合（FRP）物已經(jīng)被研究，研制和生產(chǎn)（在勞倫斯理工大學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn)中心）以用于結(jié)構(gòu)加固。這種織物是兩種碳纖維和一種玻璃纖維的混合物，而且經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)它們?cè)谑芾r(shí)應(yīng)變值較低，從而體現(xiàn)出偽延性的性能。通過(guò)對(duì)八根混凝土梁在彎曲荷載作用下的加固和檢測(cè)對(duì)研制中的織物的效果和延性進(jìn)行了研究。用現(xiàn)在常用的單向碳纖維薄片、織物和板進(jìn)行加固的相似梁也進(jìn)行了檢測(cè)，以便同用研制中的織物加固梁進(jìn)行性能上的比較。這種織物經(jīng)過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)具有和加固梁中的鋼筋同時(shí)屈服的潛力，從而和未加固梁一樣，它也能得到屈服臺(tái)階。相對(duì)于那些用現(xiàn)在常用的碳纖維加固體系進(jìn)行加固的梁，這種研制中的織物加固的梁承受更高的屈服荷載，并且有更高的延性指標(biāo)。這種研制中的織物對(duì)加固機(jī)制體現(xiàn)出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞混凝土，延性，纖維加固，變形介紹外貼粘合纖維增強(qiáng)聚合物（FRP）片和條帶近來(lái)已經(jīng)被確定是一種對(duì)鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行修復(fù)和加固的有效手段。關(guān)于應(yīng)用外貼粘合FRP板、薄片和織物對(duì)混凝土梁進(jìn)行變形加固的鋼筋混凝土梁的性能，一些試驗(yàn)研究調(diào)查已經(jīng)進(jìn)行過(guò)報(bào)告。SAADATMANESH和EHSANI（1991）檢測(cè)了應(yīng)用玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)聚合物GFRP板進(jìn)行變形加固的鋼筋混凝土梁的性能。RITCHIE等人（1991）檢測(cè)了應(yīng)用GFRP，碳纖維增強(qiáng)聚合物（CFRP）和G/CFRP板進(jìn)行變形加固的鋼筋混凝土梁的性能。GRACE等人（1999）和TRIANTAFILLOU（1992）研究了應(yīng)用CFRP薄片進(jìn)行變形加固的鋼筋混凝土梁的性能。NORRIS，SAADATMANESH和EHSANI（1997）研究了應(yīng)用單向CFRP薄片和CFRP織物進(jìn)行加固的混凝土梁的性能。在所有的這些研究中，加固的梁比未加固的梁承受更高的極限荷載。這些梁中大多數(shù)出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)缺陷是梁的延性有很大的損失。然而通過(guò)對(duì)梁的荷載撓度性能的測(cè)試，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)荷載的增加是在鋼筋屈服后發(fā)生的。也就是說(shuō)，極限荷載明顯提高，然而屈服荷載卻沒(méi)有太大提高。因此在正常使用水平荷載的明顯增加很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。除去加固前混凝土構(gòu)件條件的影響，鋼筋對(duì)加固梁的彎曲反應(yīng)有明顯的貢獻(xiàn)。而可惜的是，現(xiàn)有的FRP加固材料和鋼材性能不同。雖然FRP有很高的強(qiáng)度，但是它們多數(shù)在提高足夠的強(qiáng)度之前被拉伸而產(chǎn)生很大的應(yīng)變。因?yàn)橥蠖鄶?shù)FRP材料的極限應(yīng)變相3合材料的荷載卻并未增加）。余下的延伸大（HE）的纖維被分配承擔(dān)所有的荷載直到破壞。延伸小的纖維破壞時(shí)的應(yīng)變值體現(xiàn)了混合材料屈服應(yīng)變值，而延伸大的纖維破壞時(shí)的應(yīng)變值體現(xiàn)的是極限應(yīng)變值。延伸小的纖維破壞時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的荷載體現(xiàn)的是屈服荷載值，而延伸大的纖維承擔(dān)的最大荷載體現(xiàn)的是極限荷載值。超高模量碳纖維（1號(hào)碳）被用做延伸小的纖維，它應(yīng)有盡可能低的應(yīng)變，但不得小于鋼筋的屈服應(yīng)變（60級(jí)鋼筋大約為02）。另一方面，Ｅ型玻璃纖維被用做延伸大的纖維，應(yīng)能提供盡可能高的應(yīng)變而產(chǎn)生高延性指標(biāo)（破壞時(shí)的變形和屈服時(shí)的變形的比例）。高模量碳纖維（２號(hào)碳）被選做了延伸中等（ME）纖維，它使在延伸小的纖維破壞后發(fā)生應(yīng)變松弛時(shí)荷載的降低最小化，并且能夠提供從延伸小的纖維向延伸大的纖維逐漸傳遞荷載的途徑?；谶@種思想，生產(chǎn)了一種單向織物，并進(jìn)行了測(cè)試，將它在拉伸時(shí)的性能和理論預(yù)測(cè)的承載性能做了對(duì)比。理論上的性能建立在混合物規(guī)則上，根據(jù)這種規(guī)則，混合物的軸向剛度是將各組成部分的相對(duì)剛度進(jìn)行總合計(jì)算得到的。這種織物的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程是，將不同的纖維做為相鄰的紗線結(jié)合起來(lái)，并將它們用環(huán)氧樹脂注入模具中。圖２就是一個(gè)生產(chǎn)樣品的照片。編織而成的玻璃纖維片布置在試樣的兩端，以消除測(cè)試中固定端的應(yīng)力集中。試樣厚２MM（008IN），寬254MM（1IN），在拉伸時(shí)根據(jù)美國(guó)材料實(shí)驗(yàn)協(xié)會(huì)Ｄ3039規(guī)范進(jìn)行測(cè)試。四個(gè)測(cè)試樣品的平均荷載應(yīng)變曲線見(jiàn)圖3，上面還有理論預(yù)測(cè)的曲線。應(yīng)該注意到直到應(yīng)變值達(dá)到035，荷載應(yīng)變性能都是線性的，這時(shí)延伸小的纖維開始破壞。在這一點(diǎn)上應(yīng)變?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)的速率高于荷載。當(dāng)應(yīng)變值達(dá)到090時(shí)，中等延伸的纖維開始破壞，導(dǎo)致應(yīng)變有附加的增長(zhǎng)，直到由于延伸大的纖維破壞帶來(lái)試樣的徹底破壞?？梢詼y(cè)試到屈服荷載（荷載應(yīng)變曲線上性能去不再為線性的第一點(diǎn)）為046KN/MM（26KIPS/IN）,極限荷載為078KN/MM（44KIPS/IN）。梁的測(cè)試梁的詳細(xì)情況一共澆筑了13根鋼筋混凝土梁，橫截面尺寸為152254MM（610IN），長(zhǎng)2744MM（108IN）。梁的受彎鋼筋由底部的兩根5號(hào)（16MM）受拉鋼筋和頂部的兩根3號(hào)（95MM）的受壓鋼筋組成。為防止發(fā)生剪切破壞，使用162MM長(zhǎng)的3號(hào)鋼筋扎成閉合鐙形對(duì)梁的抗剪進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的加固。有5根梁澆筑時(shí)角部做成半徑25MM（1IN）的圓角，從而易于加固材料的安置。圖4顯示了梁的尺度、鋼筋詳圖、支座和加載點(diǎn)的位置。使用的鋼筋為60等級(jí)，屈服強(qiáng)度415MPA（800PSI）。加固材料研制中的混合織物用于加固8根梁。使用了兩種不同厚度的織物。第一種（H體系，T10MM）厚度10MM（004IN），第二種（H體系，T15MM）厚度15MM（006IN）。其他四根梁使用現(xiàn)在常用的碳纖維加固材料進(jìn)行加固1）一層單向碳纖維薄片，極限荷載034KN/MM（195KIPS/IN）；2）兩層單向碳纖維織物，極限荷載131KN/MM（75KIPS/IN）；

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文8150字ANALYTICALSTUDYOFANACTIVEPIEZOELECTRICABSORBERONVIBRATIONATTENUATIONOFAPLATEYMHUANGN,SCHUNGDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALCENTRALUNIVERSITY,JHONGLI320,TAIWAN,ROCJOURNALOFSOUNDANDVIBRATION，3302011361–373對(duì)主動(dòng)壓電減震器在板的震動(dòng)衰減過(guò)程中的的分析研究對(duì)主動(dòng)壓電減震器在板的震動(dòng)衰減過(guò)程中的的分析研究YM黃，黃，SCHUNG臺(tái)灣臺(tái)灣中壢中壢320國(guó)立中央大學(xué)國(guó)立中央大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)院機(jī)械工程學(xué)院ROC系聲音和振動(dòng)期刊，聲音和振動(dòng)期刊，3302011361–373沒(méi)有多少成果在論文中被證明。由賈利利和諾爾斯四7提出的與所述壓電致動(dòng)器內(nèi)的帶有一個(gè)附加的反饋補(bǔ)償?shù)闹鲃?dòng)減速器。在目前的研究中，為了提高衰減效果，一種自動(dòng)調(diào)諧方法被進(jìn)一步引進(jìn)到有效調(diào)整補(bǔ)償器中。希爾和SNYDER8設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)具有連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)和一個(gè)鐘桿套的機(jī)械式減震器，用來(lái)降低電變壓器的振動(dòng)。由于減震器的不同諧振模式的存在，變壓器的多頻率的運(yùn)動(dòng)可以被抑制。同樣，博內(nèi)羅等9開發(fā)的一種新類型的減震器是由兩個(gè)帶有非線性剛度的曲線梁組成的。主動(dòng)諧振器的特性由SUN等人進(jìn)行了調(diào)查10。該諧振器由兩部分組成，包括一個(gè)自適應(yīng)被動(dòng)減震器以及提供了一個(gè)以取消的阻尼力的速度反饋控制的力的致動(dòng)器。進(jìn)行了穩(wěn)態(tài)反應(yīng)的研究來(lái)揭示了控制效果，然而，沒(méi)有進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定性分析。最近，內(nèi)海11提出了通過(guò)使用兩個(gè)減震器的建筑物的模型的數(shù)控結(jié)果。反饋速度信號(hào)的引入在減少在多個(gè)頻率上已被證明是有效的。然而，當(dāng)控制增益變大的時(shí)候不穩(wěn)定性可能會(huì)發(fā)生，他的論文則提出了一種新型的控制力量來(lái)避免不穩(wěn)定。吳和邵12開發(fā)了一種方法，以自適應(yīng)地通過(guò)剛度來(lái)控制減震器，剛度取決于主質(zhì)和減震器的位移之間的相位。除了前面提到的控制方法，也可以使用吸收延遲反饋實(shí)現(xiàn)減震結(jié)構(gòu)的，這種類型的算法被證明在參考文獻(xiàn)。13,14。為了衰減位移與多個(gè)頻率，一個(gè)主動(dòng)減震器通常無(wú)法完成任務(wù)。為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，之前提出了一種方法，采用減震器與沖擊機(jī)構(gòu)15,16結(jié)合的形式，這可以消除寬的頻率范圍內(nèi)的能量。由于新材料的發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械減震器可以通過(guò)由智能材料做成的減震器來(lái)代替，如記憶合金，磁致伸縮材料17，和壓電材料等。使用壓電材料連同一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)適當(dāng)?shù)碾娐芬部梢孕纬赦g化減震器1820來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)振動(dòng)和噪音控制。壓電減震器仍然還具備機(jī)械減震器的缺點(diǎn)。因此，主動(dòng)壓電減震器的應(yīng)用是必要的2123?？刂扑惴梢院苋菀椎耐ㄟ^(guò)設(shè)計(jì)連接到壓電材料的具體電路實(shí)現(xiàn)。通過(guò)不同的感測(cè)信號(hào)2124的反饋，該結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)被送到減震器來(lái)達(dá)到一個(gè)更精確的控制。在參考文獻(xiàn)21,24，則通過(guò)自己理解概念，通過(guò)橋式網(wǎng)絡(luò)被提出。這里，一塊壓電片材的可作為在同一時(shí)間對(duì)不同的振動(dòng)控制方法的致動(dòng)器和傳感器。CARABELLI和TONOLI25證明了如果在橋中的電阻被主動(dòng)元件所代替那么測(cè)量可以加以提高。橋的主系統(tǒng)的耦合效應(yīng)也可以作為一個(gè)振動(dòng)控制機(jī)制。在這項(xiàng)研究中，主動(dòng)減震器與來(lái)自壓電傳感器的反饋進(jìn)被用來(lái)用于減少板由于諧波點(diǎn)力的振動(dòng)的研究。我們的意圖是要應(yīng)用主動(dòng)減震器開發(fā)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單但有效的振動(dòng)衰減連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)。本文的主要貢獻(xiàn)是通過(guò)采用主動(dòng)壓電減震器帶速度反饋實(shí)現(xiàn)多模位移衰減示范，一些相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)將在下面討論。通過(guò)塔絲和王26

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簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯題目復(fù)合金屬和冷軋?jiān)趶?fù)合金屬和冷軋?jiān)诠腆w氧化物燃料電池中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)固體氧化物燃料電池中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)系部名稱系部名稱機(jī)械工程系專業(yè)班級(jí)專業(yè)班級(jí)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師教師職稱教師職稱2011年03月20日2化鋁，氧化硅和氧化鉻5。氧化鋁合金中的鎳鉻鋁，鈷鉻鋁，以及價(jià)格低的鐵鉻鋁，這些合金通常有一層極薄的氧化鋁能夠在高溫下保護(hù)內(nèi)部組織不被氧化和腐蝕。然而，氧化鋁的高電阻特性使這些合金不宜作為復(fù)合金屬固體氧化物燃料電池的原料，除非采取特別措施來(lái)克服這種障礙。二氧化硅形成的基于鎳，鈷和鐵的合金，其表面有較好防護(hù)性，抗氧化性和抗腐蝕性，但是它們?cè)谑覝叵峦ǔ６际且姿榈?，使它們不適合成型操作。同時(shí)，石英的低導(dǎo)電性也使它不適合作為復(fù)合金屬固體氧化物燃料電池的原料。氧化鉻具有較好的導(dǎo)電性。另外一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，鉻會(huì)降低合金的熱膨脹系數(shù)（CTE）。在氧化鉻形成合金中，鐵素體不銹鋼和奧氏體鎳（鐵）鉻或鐵鎳鉻合金被認(rèn)為是合適的候選材料。鐵素體不銹鋼通常具有更低的成本效益，在某些情況下，它表現(xiàn)出良好的熱膨脹系數(shù)（熱膨脹系數(shù)）和其他電池組件相匹配。然而，有三個(gè)因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致復(fù)合金屬固體氧化物燃料電池中金屬的加速損失和局部的腐蝕。第一、隨著使用時(shí)間的增長(zhǎng)，其電阻會(huì)變大；第二、固體氧化物燃料電池在其工作溫度下機(jī)械強(qiáng)度一般較低；第三、在兩個(gè)反應(yīng)極附近，特別是含碳的陽(yáng)極附近發(fā)生的非正常反應(yīng)相比之下，在固體氧化物燃料電池正常使用過(guò)程中，鎳鐵鉻或鐵鎳鉻合金在高溫下具有優(yōu)良的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度，抗氧化性和抗腐蝕性，并且這種合金比鐵素體不銹鋼更容易制造。但是，這些鎳鐵鉻或鐵鎳鉻基合金一般比鐵素體合金昂貴，還有一個(gè)相對(duì)較高的熱膨脹系數(shù)。要融合優(yōu)勢(shì)，避免這兩種合金的缺點(diǎn)需要一種更具有成本效益的、可廣泛應(yīng)用的方法。鍍層勉強(qiáng)算是這樣的一種方法，人們正在研究利用這種方法生產(chǎn)復(fù)合金屬固體氧化物燃料電池。2、復(fù)合金屬、復(fù)合金屬?gòu)?fù)合金屬是層狀混合金屬，這種金屬材料被廣泛應(yīng)用在工業(yè)以及我們的日常生活中。他們可以被生產(chǎn)為板，帶，箔，管，棒線材的形式。傳統(tǒng)上，復(fù)合金屬由于他的功能和成本因素可以提供很多種解決方案。不同的復(fù)合金屬所提供得功能可以分為結(jié)構(gòu)的，熱膨脹分組管理的，控軋控冷（溫控器），電的，磁的，耐腐蝕的，焊接和化妝品應(yīng)用。在每一種應(yīng)用中都可能會(huì)有若干不同的生產(chǎn)復(fù)合金屬的方法。例如，在焊接生產(chǎn)中至少有三種生產(chǎn)復(fù)合金屬的方法（1）金屬?gòu)?fù)合鍍層方法；它提供了一種把兩種互不相容的金屬或合金連接在一起的方法9。一個(gè)這樣的應(yīng)用是在汽車生產(chǎn)中，通過(guò)氧炔焊把鋁/鋼金屬通過(guò)氧炔焊熔接，形成鋁和鋼的零件。（2）自釬焊復(fù)合金屬方法，在

簡(jiǎn)介：1450KSMEINTERNATIONALJOURNAL,VOL17NO10,PP1450145Z2003DYNAMICSTRESSANALYSISOFVEHICLEFRAMEUSINGANONLINEARFINITEELEMENTMETHODGYUHAKIM,KYUZONGCHODEPARONENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,CHONNAMNATIONALUNIVERSITY,300,YONGBONGDONG,BUKGU,GWANGJU500757,KOREAINBUMCHYUNKIAMOTORSCO,INC700,NAEBANGDONG,SEOGU,GWANGJU502711,KOREAGISEOBCHOITOPRFAX82625301689DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,CHONNAMNATIONALUNIVERSITY300,YONGBONGDONGBUKGU,GWANGJU500757KOREAMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDDECEMBER232002REVISEDJULY19,2003VEHICLEPRODUCTIONEXISTINGDYNAMICSTRESSANALYSISFORTHEANALYSISOFVEHICLEFATIGUEMAINLYCALCULATESTHEDYNAMICSTRESSHISTORYANDFATIGUEAFTERPERFORMINGDYNAMICANALYSISANDSTRESSANALYSISWITHRELEVANTSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONSSUCHASDADSANDNASTRAN,ANDTHENSUPERPOSITIONINGTHEDYNAMICLOADHISTORYANDSTRESSINFLUENCECOEFFICIENTATEACHJOINTTHISAPPROACHISACOMPLEXPROCESS,WHENTHEFLEXIBILITYOFTHEPARTSISTAKENINTOACCOUNTITIS,HOWEVER,INCAPABLEOFGIVINGACCURATECONSIDERATIONTOTHECONTACTSBETWEENCOMPONENTS,THENONLINEARITYOFMATERIALS,ANDTIREROADSURFACEINTERACTIONSTHISAPPROACHALSOREQUIRESTHEANALYSTSTOHAVEANEXPERTISEINSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONSOFVARIOUSKINDSORANEXPERTINEACHAREATOPERFORMTHEANALYSISTHISREQUIRESAGREATDEALOFMANPOWERANDTIME1452GVUHAKHN,KYUZONGCHO,INBUMCHYUNANDGISEOBCHOIBILITYISMSA,JUALG,TOOLTHERE,PAND6AREANACCELERATIONVECTORANDANANGLULARACCELERATIONVECTOR,RESPECTIVELY,ATTHEFLEXIBLEBODYSARBITRARYPOINTSANDD,A,AARETHEACCELERATIONVECTOR,THEVELOCITYVECTORANDTHEDISPLACEMENTVECTORINREGARDTOFLEXIBLEBODYSELASTICDEFORMATIONINADDITION,SISAGENERALIZEDFORCEVECTORTHATISDEPENDENTONTHEVELOCITYANDUISTHEINTERNALFORCEVECTORQISAJACOBIANOFTHERESTRICTIONEQUATION,/}ISLAGRANGEMULTIPLIERVECTORANDOEXISTHEEXTERNALFORCEVECTORIFWEIGNORETHEVELOCITYANDACCELERATIONINREGARDTOTHEFLEXIBLEBODYSELASTICDEFORMATION,WECANINTRODUCEEQUATION2FROMEQ1M{/}UAFF,,LQEXO2HERE,/ISTHERIGIDBODYSACCELERATIONVECTORTHESECONDTERMISRELATEDTOTHEELASTICDEFORMATIONIFWECONSIDERTHEDEGREEOFFREEDOMOFTHEFINITEELEMENTMODEL,EQ2BECOMESUAH{U}QM{/}GA3HERE{U}ISADISPLACEMENTVECTOR,IMP{/}ISINERTIAFORCE,ANDI/FF,,}ISAJOINTREACTIONFORCEISCALCULATEDFROMTHEDYNAMICANALYSISATADESIGNATEDTIME,THISEQUATIONCOULDBECHANGEATOASTATICEQUATION,WHEREUAISEQUALTOANEXTERNALFORCE,INERTIALFORCE,ANDJOINTREACTIONFORCEEQ3,THEREFORE,COULDBESOLVEDBYQUASISTATICFINITEELEMENTANALYSISINAEACHSTAGEOFDYNAMICANALYSISKUOANDKELKAR,1995IFWEEXPRESSAGENERALLOADHISTORYASFET,THESTRESSHISTORYATASPECIFICPOINTOFTHEBODYCOULDBEINTRODUCEDASA/BRMOFLINEARFUNCTIONWHICHHASNLOADHISTORY,ASSHOWNINEQUATION4A,TFFTIL,,4WHENISTHEUNITTBRCEVECTOROFLOADHISTORYFIL,THEEQUATIONCOULDBESHOWNASEQUATION5FTCTEIL,,N5HERE,CTISTHEMAGNITUDEOFTIMEVARYINGLOADINTHEQUASISTATICSTRESSANALYSIS,IFASTRESSFIELDISCONSTANTATASPECIFICTIME,WECANSAYTHATLINEAROPERATORFISINDEPENDENTOFTIMEFROMTHESUPERPOSITIONPRINCIPLEANDQUASISTATICASSUMPTION,WECANINTRODUCEEQUATION6POINT2IPOINT1FIG3QUASISTATICSTRESSANALYSISMODEL,“14II“411TWFIG4NDYNAMICSTRESSHISTORYOFTHEPOINT1IIIIII/I,,/IIII/IJIIJI,/Z“AMLFIG5DYNAMICSTRESSHISTORYOFTHEPOINT2

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯外文譯文題目基于統(tǒng)計(jì)研究的管理信息系統(tǒng)摘要本文通過(guò)對(duì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的洞察和申請(qǐng)建議來(lái)提高我們對(duì)信息系統(tǒng)管理方面的知識(shí)。成本利潤(rùn)的模型被設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用到我們所研究的四個(gè)領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中拖欠費(fèi)用，外部采辦，決定技術(shù)支持和商業(yè)流程的再設(shè)計(jì)和改進(jìn)。我們證明會(huì)計(jì)文化對(duì)信息系統(tǒng)的管理有相當(dāng)大的學(xué)術(shù)貢獻(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵字信息系統(tǒng)價(jià)值；信息技術(shù)IT管理；外部采辦；拖欠費(fèi)用；決策支持系統(tǒng)；商業(yè)流程再設(shè)計(jì)；商務(wù)表現(xiàn)；表現(xiàn)度量

簡(jiǎn)介：DYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSUNDERCYCLICLOADINGINLIQUEFIABLESOILSAMINRAHMANI?,ALIPAKDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,SHARIFUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,POBOX111559313,TEHRAN,IRANARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED5MARCH2011RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM12SEPTEMBER2011ACCEPTED13SEPTEMBER2011AVAILABLEONLINE11NOVEMBER2011KEYWORDSLIQUEFACTIONPILEFOUNDATIONSFULLYCOUPLEDTHREEDIMENSIONALDYNAMICANALYSISDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,AFULLYCOUPLEDTHREEDIMENSIONALDYNAMICANALYSISISCARRIEDOUTTOINVESTIGATETHEDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFIEDGROUNDACRITICALSTATEBOUNDINGSURFACEPLASTICITYMODELISUSEDTOMODELSOILSKELETON,WHILEAFULLYCOUPLEDU–PFORMULATIONISEMPLOYEDTOANALYZESOILDISPLACEMENTSANDPOREWATERPRESSURESFURTHERMORE,INTHISSTUDY,VARIATIONOFPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTDURINGLIQUEFACTIONISTAKENINTOACCOUNTTHEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTISRELATEDTOEXCESSPOREWATERPRESSURERATIORESULTSOFACENTRIFUGETESTONPILEFOUNDATIONSAREUSEDTODEMONSTRATETHECAPABILITYOFTHEMODELFORRELIABLEANALYSISOFPILESUNDERDYNAMICLOADINGTHEN,THEVERIFIEDMODELISUSEDFORAPARAMETRICSTUDYTHEPARAMETRICSTUDYISCARRIEDOUTBYVARYINGPILELENGTH,FREQUENCYOFINPUTMOTION,FIXITYOFTHEPILEHEAD,THICKNESSOFTHELIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERANDRELATIVEDENSITYOFLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERTHREEDIFFERENTSOILPROFILESHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDINTHISSTUDYINGENERAL,PARAMETRICSTUDIESDEMONSTRATETHATFIXITYOFTHEPILEHEAD,THICKNESSOFLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERANDFREQUENCYOFINPUTMOTIONARETHEMOSTCRITICALPARAMETERSWHICHCONSIDERABLYAFFECTPILESPERFORMANCEINLIQUEFIEDGROUNDSCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONTHEBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSUNDEREARTHQUAKELOADINGISANIMPORTANTISSUETHATWIDELYAFFECTSTHEPERFORMANCEOFSTRUCTURESDESIGNPROCEDURESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFOREVALUATINGPILEBEHAVIORUNDEREARTHQUAKELOADINGHOWEVER,APPLICATIONOFTHESEPROCEDURESTOCASESINVOLVINGLIQUEFIABLEGROUNDISUNCERTAINSINCETHEPERFORMANCEOFPILESINLIQUEFIEDSOILLAYERSISMUCHMORECOMPLEXTHANTHATOFNONLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERNOTONLYBECAUSETHESUPERSTRUCTUREANDTHESURROUNDINGSOILEXERTDIFFERENTDYNAMICLOADSONPILE,BUTALSOBECAUSETHESTIFFNESSANDSHEARSTRENGTHOFTHESURROUNDINGSOILDIMINISHESOVERTIMEDUETONONLINEARBEHAVIOROFSOILANDALSOPOREWATERPRESSUREGENERATIONLIQUEFACTIONREPRESENTSONEOFTHEBIGGESTCONTRIBUTORSTODAMAGEOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESDURINGEARTHQUAKES1THISPHENOMENONWASREPORTEDASTHEMAINCAUSEOFDAMAGETOPILEFOUNDATIONSDURINGTHEMAJOREARTHQUAKESSUCHASALASKA,1964,LOMAPRIETA,1989,HYOGOKENNAMBU,19951PREDICTIONOFSEISMICRESPONSEOFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERSISDIFFICULT,ANDTHEREAREMANYUNCERTAINTIESINTHEMECHANISMSINVOLVEDINSOIL–PILESUPERSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONHOWEVER,INRECENTDECADES,AWIDERANGEOFCENTRIFUGEANDSHAKINGTABLETESTSANDALSOVARIOUSNUMERICALMETHODSHAVEBEENEMPLOYEDINORDERTOPROVIDEBETTERINSIGHTSINTOTHEDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFIABLESOILSTHESERESEARCHESCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREECATEGORIESFIELDOBSERVATIONS,LABORATORYTESTS,ANDNUMERICALMODELING11FIELDOBSERVATIONSTHESESTUDIESMAINLYINVESTIGATETHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEFAILUREPATTERNS,SETTLEMENTANDLATERALDISPLACEMENTOFPILESDURINGNIIGATAEARTHQUAKE,1964,MANYPILEFOUNDATIONSFAILEDTOSUPPORTSTRUCTURESDUETOTHELIQUEFACTIONOFTHESURROUNDINGSOILACCORDINGTOHAMADA2,THEGROUNDINTHEVICINITYOFAFOURSTOREYBUILDINGMOVEDAPPROXIMATELY11M,ANDTHEMAXIMUMLATERALDISPLACEMENTOFCONCRETEPILESWITHADIAMETEROF35CMANDLENGTHOF6–9MWASAROUND70CMTHELARGEAMOUNTOFLATERALDISPLACEMENTCAUSEDSEVEREDAMAGETOTHEPILEATTHEINTERFACEOFTHELIQUEFIEDANDNONLIQUEFIEDLAYERSMORIETAL3CONDUCTEDANEXCAVATIONSURVEYANDINTERNALINSPECTIONOFTHEDAMAGEDPILESOFASILOWHICHSUFFEREDSEVEREDAMAGEDUETOTHEHOKKAIDONANSEIOKIEARTHQUAKE,1993THEYCONCLUDEDTHATDAMAGEUSUALLYOCCURSATTHREEDIFFERENTLOCATIONSATTHEPILEHEADFORFIXEDHEADPILES,ATADEPTHOF1–3MBELOWTHEPILECAPFORFREEHEADPILESANDATTHEINTERFACEOFTHELIQUEFIEDANDNONLIQUEFIEDLAYERSTHISOBSERVATIONHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYOTHERSSUCHASTACHIKAWAETAL4,SHAMOTOETAL5,ANDONISHIETAL612LABORATORYTESTSTHESESTUDIESINCLUDESOMEDYNAMICCENTRIFUGETESTSANDALSOSHAKINGTABLETESTSOFPILESUPPORTEDSTRUCTURESINWHICH0266352X/SEEFRONTMATTERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOMPGEO201109002?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL982166164225FAX982166014828EMAILADDRESSAMINRAHMAANIGMAILCOMARAHMANICOMPUTERSANDGEOTECHNICS402012114–126CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTCOMPUTERSANDGEOTECHNICSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/COMPGEOINVESTIGATIONSARULANANDANANDSYBICO35,BASEDONTHEMEASUREMENTOFCHANGESINTHEELECTRICALRESISTANCEOFSATURATEDSANDDEPOSITDURINGLIQUEFACTIONINTHECENTRIFUGETESTS,CONCLUDEDTHAT‘‘INFLIGHTPERMEABILITY’’OFSATURATEDSANDDURINGLIQUEFACTIONINCREASESUPTO6–7TIMESGREATERTHANITSINITIALVALUEJAFARZADEHANDYANAGISAWA36BYMEASUREMENTOFTHEVOLUMEOFTHEEXPELLEDWATERFROMSATURATEDSANDCOLUMNSINSHAKINGTABLEMODELTESTSINDICATEDTHATTHEAVERAGEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTDURINGEXCITATIONIS5–6TIMESGREATERTHANITSSTATICVALUEMANZARIANDARULANANDAN37USEDVARIABLEPERMEABILITYINTHEIRNUMERICALSIMULATIONINTHEIRSTUDY,PREDICTIONSOFEXCESSPOREPRESSUREANDSETTLEMENTWERESATISFACTORY,BUTLATERALDISPLACEMENTSWERENOTSIMULATEDREASONABLYWELLBALAKRISHNAN38EMPLOYEDAFACTOROF10FORINCREASINGTHEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENT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