簡(jiǎn)介：1出處出處JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,2004,96531540中文中文5930字高屏溪斜拉橋現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)高屏溪斜拉橋現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)IKUANGFANGCHUNRAYCHENANDISHANGCHANG摘要摘要現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)是分析斜拉橋行為和確定其基本參數(shù)的一種有效方法。本文敘述了臺(tái)灣最大跨徑斜拉橋高屏溪斜拉橋在投入運(yùn)營(yíng)之前的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)結(jié)果。試驗(yàn)中工采用了均部彎矩和扭矩等40種荷載工況來(lái)研究橋梁的行為。試驗(yàn)中還監(jiān)測(cè)了氣溫變化對(duì)主梁撓度的影響。現(xiàn)在靜載試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果包括主梁撓度，預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土箱梁的彎曲應(yīng)變和索力變化。建立了橋梁的三維有限元模型。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示，在平面荷載作用下，橋梁的參數(shù)符合線性疊加原理，與分析模型的計(jì)算結(jié)果吻合較好。本文還對(duì)斜拉橋的撓度和索力設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范進(jìn)行了深入探討。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞斜拉橋；有限元方法；靜載；荷載試驗(yàn)；監(jiān)控；臺(tái)灣引言引言由于審美上的吸引力和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，過(guò)去幾十年中，現(xiàn)代斜拉橋在全球如雨后春筍般的興起。TROITSKY1977；GIMSING1999。斜拉橋分析技術(shù)和施工技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使斜拉橋的跨度大大增加。而隨著跨度的增加，斜拉橋的行為變得更加復(fù)雜，在衡量斜拉橋安全性時(shí)，其基本參數(shù)如剛度，索力變化和斜拉橋穩(wěn)定性等變得尤為重要。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)是分析斜拉橋基本行為和確定斜拉橋必要數(shù)據(jù)的一種有效方法。此外，對(duì)于大跨度斜拉橋，建立一個(gè)與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)荷載試驗(yàn)結(jié)果合理關(guān)聯(lián)的有限元模型對(duì)橋梁未來(lái)的維護(hù)是非常重要的。在過(guò)去十年中，一些大跨度橋梁的靜載試驗(yàn)結(jié)果和分析模型已經(jīng)被公布出來(lái)。HULSEYANDDELANEY1993發(fā)表了CAPTAINWILLIAMMOORECREEK斜拉橋的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)3形，為臺(tái)灣最長(zhǎng)的斜拉橋。該橋的立面圖和主要截面及標(biāo)高如圖2所示。主塔高1835M，截面為中空變截面形式。兩面各有15對(duì)斜拉索，其中兩對(duì)為背索（B101和F101）。斜拉索一端錨固在主塔上，索距42M，一端錨固在主梁上，邊跨索距118M，主跨索距20M。橋面寬344M，高32M，共六車道雙向行駛。主梁由邊跨長(zhǎng)180M的PC箱梁和主塔330M長(zhǎng)的鋼箱梁組成，距離水面線45高。1996年4月開(kāi)工建設(shè)，2000年1月投入運(yùn)營(yíng)。因該橋處在臺(tái)風(fēng)區(qū)域，考慮到橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性和空氣動(dòng)力穩(wěn)定性，對(duì)一個(gè)1/150的全橋模型和一個(gè)部分模型進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)風(fēng)載試驗(yàn)，以研究結(jié)構(gòu)的效應(yīng)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示，在52M/S的臨界風(fēng)速作用下，不管是在施工階段還是在運(yùn)營(yíng)階段，橋梁都具有較高的抵抗能力和安全系數(shù)（WIND1994WENZEL1998）。為了監(jiān)控橋梁在施工階段和運(yùn)營(yíng)階段的結(jié)構(gòu)行為，還建立了該橋的靜力和動(dòng)力監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)（TANEEB1995FANGETAL1999）?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)的目的和方法現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)的目的和方法現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜載試驗(yàn)的目的包括（1）檢查監(jiān)控設(shè)備的工

簡(jiǎn)介：IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRYAPPLICATIONS,VOL28,NO2,MARCHJAPRIL1992287FANNOISEREDUCTIONOFHOUSEHOLDREFRIGERATORAKIRATAKUSHIMA,YOSHIHARASHINOBU,SHOZOTANAKA,MASAKIEGUCHI,ANDKENJIMATSUKJABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEMETHODOFREDUCINGTHEFANNOISE,ESPECIALLYTHEIMPELLERNOISE,OFAHOUSEHOLDREFRIGERATORTHEFANINTHETESTEDREFRIGERATORISAPROPELLERFAN,ANDTHEFANUNITCONSISTSOFANIMPELLER,WHICHHASFOURBLADES,AREARBOARD,WHICHCOVERSTHEEVAPORATOR,ANDAFRONTBOARD,WHICHHASANUMBEROFOPENINGSTHEFLOWTHROUGHTHEOPENINGSFREEZESFOODINTHEFREEZERBYMEASURINGTHEINTERNALFLOWWITHALASERDOPPLERVELOCIMETER,ITWASMADECLEARTHATTHEHOWTHROUGHTHEIMPELLERWASNOTSYMMETRICALTOTHEAXISTHEUNSYMMETRICALFLOWSEEMSTOBECAUSEDBYTHERESTRICTIONSOFFLOWPASSAGES,ANDITMIGHTPRODUCETHEIMPELLERNOISEALTHOUGHSOMEMETHODSOFPREVENTINGTHEHOWFROMUNSYMMETRYHADBEENINVESTIGATED,THEYWEREFOUNDTOBEHARDTOAPPLYTOTHISCASEBECAUSEOFTHEDIFFICULTIESINDESIGNCHANGETHESEARCHFORTHESOUNDSOURCEBYTHESOUNDINTENSITYMETHODINDICATEDTHATTHENOISEWASRADIATEDTHROUGHTHEOPENINGSOFTHEFRONTBOARDTHEGUIDERSWEREINSTALLEDONTHEREARBOARDINTHEFANUNITTOGUIDETHEHOWAWAYFROMTHEOPENINGSASARESULT,THEIMPELLERNOISEWASREDUCED,WHEREASTHEFLOWWASKEPTALMOSTTHESAMEINTRODUCTIONECENTLY,SOUNDCOMFORTHASBECOMEIMPORTANT,INRADDITIONTOTHERMALCOMFORT,INRESIDENTIALHOUSESTHEREFORE,REDUCTIONINNOISEFROMAREFRIGERATORISNECESSARYTHENOISESOURCESOFAHOUSEHOLDREFRIGERATORAREACOMPRESSORANDAFANTHENOISEREDUCTIONFROMACOMPRESSORHASBEENSTUDIEDBYMANYCOMPANIESANDINSTITUTIONSHOWEVER,RESEARCHONFANNOISEHASHARDLYBEENDONETHEMETHODSOFREDUCINGFANNOISE,ESPECIALLYIMPELLERNOISE,OFAHOUSEHOLDREFRIGERATORARESTUDIEDINTHISPAPERTHETESTEDREFRIGERATORINTHISPAPERHASTHESPECIFICATIONSASSHOWNINTABLEIFIG1SHOWSTHECROSSSECTIONOFTHETESTEDHOUSEHOLDREFRIGERATORTHEAIR,WHICHISCOOLEDBYTHEEVAPOLATORBEHINDTHEFREEZERPART,ISSENTBYTHEFANUNITINTOTHEFREEZERPARTANDTHEREFRIGERATINGPARTTHEPASSAGESAREARRANGEDSOTHATTHEAIRTHROUGHTHEEVAPORATORMAYCOMEBACKTOTHEEVAPORATORFIG2SHOWSTHEFRONTVIEWANDTHECROSSSECTIONOFTHEFANUNITTHEFANUSEDINTHEREFRIGERATORISAPROPELLERFAN,ANDTHEFANUNITCONSISTSOFANIMPELLER,WHICHHASFOURBLADESANDWHOSEDIAMETERIS90MM,THEREARBOARD,WHICHISCALLEDTHE“EVAPORATORCOVER,”WHICHCOVERSTHEEVAPORATOR,ANDTHEFRONTBOARD,WHICHISCALLEDTHE“FANLOUVER”ANDHASANUMBEROFOPENINGSTHEIMPELLERISINSTALLEDATTHECENTEROFTHEORIFICE100MMINDIAMETER,WHICHISLOCATEDPAPERMID917,APPROVEDBYTHEAPPLIANCEINDUSTRYCOMMITTEEOFTHEIEEEINDUSTRYAPPLICATIONSSOCIETYFORPRESENTATIONATTHE199041STINTERNATIONALAPPLIANCETECHNOLOGYCONFERENCE,COLUMBUS,OH,MAY1516MANUSCRIPTRELEASEDFORPUBLICATIONAPRIL17,1991THEAUTHORSAREWITHTHEENERGYCONVERSIONLABORATORY,SHARPCORPORATION,NARA,JAPANIEEELOGNUMBER9104067FREEZERDOORFANLOUVEREVAPOLATORCOVERFIG1CROSSSECTIONOFREFRIGERATORTABLEISPECIFICATIONSOFREFRIGERATORFREEZERPART73LREFRIQERATINQPART122LSIZEIWIDTH590MMIDEPTH600MMHEIGHT1785MNATTHEUPPERPARTOFTHEEVAPORATORCOVERTHEFANLOUVERHASSOMEOPENINGSTHATARESHOWNBYTHESOLIDLINESINFIG2SOMEPARTOFTHEFLOW,WHICHCOMESTHROUGHTHEIMPELLER,FREEZESFOODINTHEFREEZERPARTTHROUGHTHEOPENINGSTHEOPENING,WHICHISSHOWNBYTHEDOTTEDLINESINFIG2,ISLOCATEDONTHEEVAPORATORCOVER,ANDTHEFLOWTHROUGHTHEOPENINGISGUIDEDTOTHEREFRIGERATINGPARTRIBSAREINSTALLEDONTHEEVAPORATORCOVERINORDERTOGUIDETHEFLOWTOALLOPENINGSEFFICIENTLYTHEMOTOROFTHEFANISSUPPLIEDFIXEDVOLTAGESOTHATTHEIMPELLERROTATESAT3000R/MINTHROUGHOUTTHEEXPERIMENTSMEASUREMENTOFVELOCITYANDNOISETHETESTFANUNITWASMADETOMEASURETHEFLOWFIELDITHASTHESAMESHAPEASTHEFANUNIT,ANDTHEFANLOUVERWASMADEOFACLEARACRYLICBOARDTHELASERDOPPLERVELOCIMETERLDVWASUSEDFORFLOWMEASUREMENTTHESPECIFICATIONSOFTHELDVARESHOWNINTABLE11,ANDTHEAPPARATUSISSHOWNINFIG3AEROSOL,WHICHWASUSEDASSEEDINGPARTICLESFORTHELDVMEASUREMENT,WASGENERATEDBYACONVENTIONALULTRASONICATOMIZERLASERBEAMSWEREIRRADIATEDINTHEDIRECTIONPERPENDICULARTOTHEFANLOUVERTHEMEASUREDPLANESWERELOCATEDATADISTANCEOF6,12,18AND24MMBACKFROMTHEFANLOUVERTHENOISEOFTHEREFRIGERATORWASMEASUREDINASOUNDPROOFROOMTHESIZEOFTHEROOMIS27MWIDEX30MDEEPX22MHIGH,ANDTHELEVELOFTHEBACKGROUNDNOISEIS182DBATHECOMPRESSOROFTHEREFRIGERATORWASSTOPPED00939994/92030001992IEEETAKUSHIMAETALFANNOISEREDUCTIONOFHOUSEHOLDREFRIGERATOR289G508D100F30AL220HI0MAD0“100100200300400500600700800900LKFREQUENCYHZNOISEFREQUENCYSPECTRUMOFFANUNITFIG6FLOWINTHEFANUNITTHEIMPELLERNOISEISFLUIDNOISETHATISCAUSEDBYTHEPRESSUREFLUCTUATIONTHATOCCURSWHENABLADECROSSESAIRONEOFTHECAUSESOFLARGERIMPELLERNOISEFROMTHEPROPELLERFANISTHATTHEFLOWISNOTSYMMETRICALTOTHEROTATIONALAXISOFTHEIMPELLERANOTHERISTHATTHEIMPELLERSUCKSTHEFLUID,INCLUDINGVORTICES,FROMTHEBACKOFTHEIMPELLERTHEFLOWINTHEFANUNITWASMEASUREDBYLDVTOGETTHECAUSESOFTHEIMPELLERNOISEFIG7ISTHEVELOCITYVECTORDIAGRAMOFTHEINTERNALFLOWALTHOUGHTHEREAREFLOWSTHATMOVECIRCULARLYORRADIALLYAROUNDTHEIMPELLER,THEFLOWCENTERISNOTTHEIMPELLERCENTERANDISTOWARDTHEOPENINGONTHEEVAPORATORCOVERFIG8SHOWSTHERADIALVELOCITYAROUNDTHEIMPELLERONTHEORIFICETHEANGLEINTHEFIGUREISDEFINEDASTHECOUNTERCLOCKWISEANGLEONTHEPLANEPARALLELTOTHEFANLOUVERWHEREANGLE0“STARTSATTHEXAXISIFTHEFLOWISCLOSERTOTHEEVAPORATORCOVERTHEDIVERGENCEOFTHERADIALVELOCITYWILLBELARGERONTHESAMECIRCLE,THEREEXISTTHESUCTIONREGION,WHERETHEVELOCITYISNEGATIVE,ANDTHEDISCHARGEREGION,WHERETHEVELOCITYISPOSITIVEALTHOUGHTHEDIVERGENCENEARTHEFANLOUVER6MMISSMALLER,ITISCONFIRMEDINTHEFIGURETHATTHEFLOWINTOANDTHROUGHTHEIMPELLERISNOTPARALLELTOTHEAXISFIG9SHOWSTHECONTOUROFTHETURBULENCEENERGYTHATINDICATESTHEAMOUNTOFTHEFLOWFLUCTUATION,WHICHISTHOUGHTTOOCCURWHENTHEBLADEOFTHEIMPELLERPASSESTHEAIRTHEREFORE,THELARGEREGIONOFTHETURBULENCEENERGYISTHEREGIONOFTHEDISCHARGEFROMTHEIMPELLERTHEIMAGEOFTHE3DFLOWOBTAINEDFROMTHESEFIGURESSHOWSTHATTHESUCTIONFLOWOFTHEIMPELLERHASALREADYTURNEDTOTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEOPENINGONTHEEVAPORATORCOVERITISNOTSYMMETRICALTOTHEROTATIONALAXIS,ANDITGOESTOTHEOPENINGONTHEEVAPORATORCOVERWHILEITMOVESROTATIVELYTHEFLOWMOVESLESSROTATIVELYANDMORERADIALLY,WHEREASTHEFLOWGOESNEARTHEFANLOUVERINFLUENCEOFTHEOPENINGONTHEEVAPORATORCOVERONEOFTHECAUSESOFTHEUNSYMMETRICALFLOWISTHEVARIETYOFTHEAIRRESISTANCEATTHEDISCHARGETHEAIRTHROUGHTHEIMPELLERFLOWSTOTHEOPENINGMADEONTHEEVAPORATORCOVERANDISCONNECTEDTOTHEREFRIGERATINGPARTITISPROBABLYBECAUSETHEPARTNEARTHEOPENINGHASLESSRESISTANCETHEREFORE,EXPERIMENTSWEREMADEUNDERCONDITIONSWHERETHE4BFIG7INTERNALFLOWOFFANUNITA6MMFROMFANLOUVERB12MMFROMFANLOUVERC18MMFROMFANLOUVERD24MMFROMFANLOUVER5,1IIIIJ045901351802252705153602IRNPLR“1FIG8RADIALVELOCITYONORIFICEBDFIG9TURBULENCEENERGYINFANUNITM2/S2A6MMFROMFANLOUVERB12MMFROMLOUVERC18MMFROMFANLOUVERD24MMFROMFANLOUVEROPENINGONTHEEVAPORATORCOVERWASCLOSEDFORTHEFLOWRESISTANCETOBECOMEUNIFORMFIG10SHOWSTHEFLOWINTHEFANUNITALTHOUGHTHISCASEISALITTLEMOREEFFECTIVETHANTHECASESOFFIGS7AND8,THEDISSYMMETRYWASNOTIMPROVEDCOMPLETELYTHEEFFECTOFSUCTIONFLOWTHEFANUNITHASASHROUDABOVETHEMOTORASSHOWNINFIG2,ANDITISINSTALLEDINTHEREFRIGERATORASSHOWNINFIG1ITSEEMSTHATSUCTIONFLOWINTOTHEIMPELLERDOESNOTCOME

簡(jiǎn)介：FLOWMEASUREMENTANDINSTRUMENTATION20200969–74CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTFLOWMEASUREMENTANDINSTRUMENTATIONJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/FLOWMEASINSTSTUDYONTHEEFFECTOFVERTEXANGLEANDUPSTREAMSWIRLONTHEPERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICSOFCONEFLOWMETERUSINGCFDRKSINGH,SNSINGH?,VSESHADRIDEPARTMENTOFAPPLIEDMECHANICS,IITDELHI,HAUZKHAS,NEWDELHI–110016,INDIAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED24MAY2007RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM14SEPTEMBER2007ACCEPTED2DECEMBER2008KEYWORDSCOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCONEFLOWMETERDISCHARGECOEFFICIENTREYNOLDSNUMBERINLETSWIRLCONEVERTEXANGLEABSTRACTCOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDHASEMERGEDASAREVOLUTIONARYTOOLFOROPTIMIZINGTHEDESIGNOFANYFLOWMETERFORGIVENCONDITIONSTHEFLOWFEATURESOBTAINEDWITHCFDAREMOREEXTENSIVECOMPAREDTOEXPERIMENTSINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,CFDCODE‘FLUENT’’AFTERVALIDATIONHASBEENUSEDTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFCONEVERTEXANGLEANDUPSTREAMSWIRLONTHEPERFORMANCEOFCONEFLOWMETERTHEVALUESOFDISCHARGECOEFFICIENTCDEVALUATEDFORDIFFERENTVERTEXANGLESSHOWSTHATTHEVALUEOFDISCHARGECOEFFICIENTISINDEPENDENTOFREYNOLDSNUMBERANDITSVALUEDECREASESWITHINCREASEINVERTEXANGLEINTHEPRESENCEOFUPSTREAMDISTURBANCEINTHEFORMOFSWIRL,THEVALUEOFDISCHARGECOEFFICIENTISALSOINDEPENDENTOFREYNOLDSNUMBERANDITSVALUEISONLYMARGINALLYAFFECTEDBYTHEMAGNITUDEOFSWIRLTHEFLOWINALONGITUDINALPLANESHOWSTHEPRESENCEOFAPAIROFCONTRAROTATINGVORTICESINTHERECIRCULATIONREGIONJUSTDOWNSTREAMOFTHECONETHEVELOCITYPROFILEDOWNSTREAMBECOMESSTABLEAFTERADISTANCEOFABOUT5D?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONFLOWMETERSUSEDININDUSTRIESAREOFTENSUBJECTTOHIGHLYDISTURBEDUPSTREAMFLOWCONDITIONSDUETOCONSTRAINTSONTHESPACEAVAILABLEFORLAYINGTHEPIPELINENETWORKTHEDISTURBANCESMAYBECAUSEDDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFVALVE,ELBOW,PIPEFITTING,BENDETCATTHEUPSTREAMOFTHEFLOWMETERCONVENTIONALFLOWMEASURINGDEVICESLIKEORIFICEMETER,ROTAMETER,FLOWNOZZLEETC,REQUIREMINIMUMUPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMSTRAIGHTLENGTHSANDHENCECANNOTBEUSEDUNDERTHESECONDITIONSOVERTHEYEARS,CONEFLOWMETERHASEMERGEDASONEOFTHEBESTALTERNATIVESFORFLOWMEASUREMENTUNDERHIGHLYDISTURBEDFLOWCONDITIONS1ITISRATHERINSENSITIVETOOUTSIDEVIBRATION,CONECONFIGURATIONANDPRESSURETAPLOCATIONITALSOPROVIDESFLOWMEASUREMENTWITHHIGHACCURACYOVERFORATURNDOWNRATIOASHIGHAS301WITHAMUCHHIGHERREPEATABILITYASCOMPAREDTOOTHERFLOWMEASURINGDEVICESBESIDESTHESEADVANTAGES,CONEFLOWMETERHASHIGHDURABILITYANDHIGHRESISTANCETOABRASIONDUETOITSTAPEREDDESIGNITSTAPERDESIGNMINIMIZESWEAREROSIONBYREDUCTIONINCONTACTOFPRIMARYELEMENTWITHHIGHVELOCITY2LIPTAK3HASREPORTEDTHATVELOCITYPROFILEDUETOPRESENCEOFCONEELEMENTTENDSTOFLATTENINTHECENTERRESULTINGINUNIFORMVELOCITYPROFILEINTHETRANSVERSEPLANETHISCOULDBETHEREASONTHATCONEFLOWMETERDOESNOTREQUIRELONGSTRAIGHTPIPELENGTHSUPSTREAMOFTHE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL911126591180FAX911126581119EMAILADDRESSSIDHNATHSINGHHOTMAILCOMSNSINGHFLOWMETERGENISIETAL4HAVESHOWNTHATTHECONECREATESACONTROLLEDTURBULENCEREGIONTHATRESHAPESTHEVELOCITYPROFILEINTHEPIPELINEFLOWISALSODIRECTEDAWAYFROMTHECONEEDGEDUETOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFBOUNDARYLAYERANDHENCEMAKESTHEEDGEWEARRESISTANTIFFTETAL5HAVECONCLUDEDTHATCONEFLOWMETER’SPERFORMANCEDOESNOTGETAFFECTEDBYDISTURBANCESCAUSEDBYTHESINGLEANDDOUBLEELBOWSINDIFFERENTPLANESEVENIFUPSTREAMPIPELENGTHISSMALLLATERPETERETAL6HAVESHOWNTHATCONEFLOWMETERISCAPABLEOFMEASURINGTHEFLOWOFLIQUIDANDGASWITHSAMEACCURACYINNONSTANDARDTESTS,THEYHAVEOBSERVEDLESSDIFFERENCE±05COMPAREDTOBASELINETESTSANDHAVEALSOEMPHASIZEDTHENEEDOFADDITIONALTESTSTOCOVERAWIDERANGEOFPARAMETERS,TOASSESSTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEMETERATNONSTANDARDINSTALLATIONCONDITIONSPRABHUETAL7HAVESHOWNTHATDISCHARGECOEFFICIENTOFCONEFLOWMETERISLESSSENSITIVETOFLOWDISTURBANCESTHANTHEOTHERFLOWMETERINGDEVICESANDPUMPINGREQUIREMENTSALSOREDUCEBYABOUT50COMPAREDTONORMALORIFICEMETERWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPOWERFULCOMPUTERS,COMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDHASBECOMEANEFFECTIVETOOLWHICHISBEINGUSEDEXTENSIVELYASANALTERNATIVETOELABORATEEXPERIMENTSITHASDIVERSEAPPLICATIONSINVARIOUSINDUSTRIESLIKEAERODYNAMICS,AUTOMOBILE,CHEMICALENGINEERINGETCSIMULATIONOFANYFLOWMEASURINGDEVICEUSINGCFDISSTILLACOMPLEXPHENOMENABUTITOFFERSANOPPORTUNITYTOOPTIMIZETHEPERFORMANCEOFAFLOWMETERBUCKLEETAL8HAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHECAPABILITYOFCFDINTHEIMPROVEMENTOFANEXISTINGDESIGNOFROTAMETERANDALSOEMPHASIZEDTHATCFDGIVESABETTERINSIGHTTOTHEFLOWSTRUCTUREPARTICULARLYWITHRESPECTTOSTRONGVELOCITYGRADIENTINTHEGAP09555986/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JFLOWMEASINST200812003RKSINGHETAL/FLOWMEASUREMENTANDINSTRUMENTATION20200969–7471FIG1DESIGNANDDRAWINGDETAILSOFVCONEFLOWMETERUSEDFORVALIDATION18WHEREGKISTHEGENERATIONOFTURBULENTKINETICENERGYDUETOTHEMEANVELOCITYGRADIENTANDISCALCULATEDASGKΜTS210AND‘S’ISTHEMEANRATEOFSHEARSTRESSTENSORDEFINEDASS?2SIJSIJANDSIJ12??UI?XJ?UJ?XI?11THEEFFECTIVEVISCOSITYISMODELEDINTHERNGTHEORYUSINGSCALEELIMINATIONPROCEDURERESULTINGINADIFFERENTIALEQUATIONFORTURBULENTVISCOSITYASD?Ρ2√ΕΜ?172?Ν?Υ??1CΓD?ΝWHERE?ΝΜEFFΜANDC?！?0012INTHEHIGHREYNOLDSNUMBERLIMIT,THEABOVEEQUATIONGIVESΜTΡCΜK2ΕWITHCΜ00845THEEFFECTIVEVISCOSITYISCALCULATEDBYUSINGTHISEXPRESSIONTHEADDITIONALTERM‘R’RAPIDSTRAINTERMINTHEΕEQUATIONISRCΜΡΗ31?Η/Η01ΒΗ3Ε2K13WHERE,ΗSK/ΕTHEVALUESOFCONSTANTSINTHETURBULENCEMODELUSEDARETHESTANDARDVALUESREPORTEDINLITERATUREC1Ε142,C2Ε168,CΜ00845,ΑKΑΕ07179,Η0438ANDΒ00124SOLUTIONSCHEMEFLOWINVESTIGATIONSHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTUSINGCFDCODE‘‘FLUENT’’16WHICHISBASEDONCELLCENTEREDFINITEVOLUMEAPPROACHSECONDORDERDISCRETIZATIONSCHEMEWASUSEDFORALLGOVERNINGEQUATIONSSINCETHEGRIDWHICHCONSISTSOFTETRAHEDRALCELLSAREUSUALLYNOTCOLLINEARTOTHEFLOWDIRECTIONUNDERRELAXATIONFACTORHASBEENUSEDFORALLPARAMETERSTOSATISFYSCARBOROUGHCONDITIONFORCONVERGENCECOUPLINGBETWEENTHEPRESSUREANDVELOCITYFIELDWASESTABLISHEDUSINGPISO17SCHEMEWHICHISBASEDONTHEHIGHERDEGREEOFTHEAPPROXIMATERELATIONBETWEENTHECORRECTIONSFORPRESSUREANDVELOCITYASITISMOREAPPROPRIATEFORSWIRLINGFLOWSALLDISCRETIZEDEQUATIONSHAVEBEENSOLVEDUSINGSEGREGATEDSOLVERANIMPLICITSOLUTIONSCHEMEWITHCONJUNCTIONOFALGEBRAICMULTIGRIDAMGHASBEENUSEDFORFASTERCONVERGENCEDOUBLEPRECISIONWASUSEDINTHECOMPUTATIONANDSOLUTIONSWERECONVERGEDUNTILTHESUMOFTHEALLTHERESIDUALTERMSWASLESSTHAN10?65VALIDATIONOFTHECOMPUTERCODEANYPREDICTIONMADEUSINGCFDCODEISACCEPTEDONLYAFTERTHEVALIDATIONOFTHECODEVALIDATIONOFTHECFDCODEESTABLISHESTHEEXTENTOFACCURACYANDRELIABILITYOFTHETURBULENCEMODELINTHEPRESENTINVESTIGATION,CFDCODE‘FLUENT’HASBEENVALIDATEDAGAINSTTHEEXPERIMENTALDATAOFSINGHETAL18THEGEOMETRYOFTHECONEFLOWMETERUSEDFORVALIDATIONOFTHECFDCODEISGIVENINFIG1FLOWPREDICTIONUSINGDIFFERENTTURBULENCEMODELSWASCARRIEDOUTUSINGDIFFERENTTURBULENCEMODELSWITHWATERASWORKINGFLUIDITWASFOUNDTHATRNGK–ΕMODELGIVESBESTMATCHINGWITHEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSIMILAROBSERVATIONHASALSOBEENMADEBYERDALANDANDERSSON9WHOHAVEALSOCONCLUDEDTHATSTANDARDK–ΕMODELFAILSTODESCRIBEFLOWFEATURESOFFLOWMETERFORSAKEOFBREVITY,COMPARISONOFRNGK–ΕMODELRESULTSWITHEXPERIMENTALDATAISONLYPRESENTEDFIG2ASHOWSTHECOMPARISONOFPREDICTEDCDWITHCORRESPONDINGEXPERIMENTALVALUESFORΒ064THEDEVIATIONOFBETWEENTHEEXPERIMENTALVALUESANDTHEPREDICTEDVALUESAREOFTHESAMEORDERASTHATOFTHEEXPERIMENTALUNCERTAINTIESWITHTHECOMPUTEDVALUESFURTHER,VALIDATIONISCARRIEDOUTBYPREDICTINGTHEFLOWFORCONEFLOWMETERHAVINGΒ077ANDSIMILARTRENDSAREOBSERVEDFIG2BTHEMAXIMUMDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEEXPERIMENTALANDPREDICTEDRESULTSFORBOTHCONFIGURATIONSISOFTHEORDEROF4,WHICHISWITHINACCEPTABLELIMITSFORVALIDATIONTHESEDEVIATIONSCOULDBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHELIMITATIONSOFTHETURBULENCEMODEL,UNCERTAINTYINTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTS,ROUGHNESSOFTHEPIPEETCHAVINGDEMONSTRATEDTHEVALIDATIONOFTHECFDCODE,ITHASBEENUSEDFORPARAMETRICINVESTIGATIONS

簡(jiǎn)介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFHOSPITALITYMANAGEMENT3320131–5CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFHOSPITALITYMANAGEMENTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/IJHOSMANPOWERCONSUMPTIONMODELINGANDENERGYSAVINGPRACTICESOFHOTELCHILLERSBARRYLMAKA,?,WILCOWCHANA,DANNYLIB,LEONLIUA,KEVINFWONGAASCHOOLOFHOTELCHANANDLAM,2002A,BSHANGHAI,ASAMETROPOLITANCITYINCHINA,FACESTHESEENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSASWELLTHECONTINUEDECONOMICBOOMANDTHEGROWTHOFTOURISMACTIVITIESINTHECITYBRINGASIGNIFICANTINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFHIGHRISEHOTELBUILDINGSANDSUBSEQUENTENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSINFACT,THEHOTELSAREMAJORENERGYCONSUMERSTHEHEATINGVENTILATIONANDAIRCONDITIONINGHVACSYSTEMINSUBTROPICALHOTELSCONSUMESABOUT35–50OFELECTRICITY,WHICHRANKSITASTHEMOSTENERGYCONSUMINGFACILITYCHOWANDCHAN,1993INHIGHLATITUDECOUNTRIES,LIKETHEUNITEDKINGDOMANDGREECE,THEIRCOOLINGFACILITIESACCOUNTFORONLY4–10OFTHETOTALENERGYUSAGEINHOTELSEFFICIENCYOFFICE,1994SANTAMOURISETAL,1996INSUBTROPICALAREAS,YUANDCHAN2010FOUNDTHATTHEOPERATIONOFCHILLERSANDCOOLINGTOWERSLEADSTOTHEPEAKELECTRICITYDEMAND,ANDACCOUNTSFORABOUTHALFOFTHEELECTRICITYCONSUMPTION?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORATTH801,SCHOOLOFHOTELANDTOURISMMANAGEMENT,THEHONGKONGPOLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY,17SCIENCEMUSEUMROAD,TSIMSHATSUIEAST,HONGKONGTEL85234002269/23465633FAX85223629362EMAILADDRESSBARRYMAKPOLYUEDUHKBLMAKFORAIRCONDITIONINGINHOTELSHOWEVER,APAUCITYOFINFORMATIONEXISTSINTHERELATIONSHIPAMONGELECTRICITYCONSUMPTION,ITSASSOCIATEDPARAMETERS,ANDWAYSTOSAVETHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFCHILLERSTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENELECTRICITYUSAGEANDVARIABLESOFTHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFCHILLERSCOULDENABLEHOTELIERSTOPREDICTELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONPREDICTINGTHEAMOUNTOFENERGYCONSUMPTIONMAYHELPFORMTHEBENCHMARKFORMONITORINGTHEENERGYUSAGEANDEFFICIENCYOFCHILLERSSHANGHAIISTHEMAJORGATEWAYTOMAINLANDCHINAANDACTSASTHEMAJORENGINEFORREGIONALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTHENUMBEROFINTERNATIONALVISITORSTOSHANGHAIREACHED85MILLIONIN2010SHANGHAISTATISTICALBUREAU,2011,ANDTHISNUMBERISEXPECTEDTOGROWINTHECOMINGDECADESHENCE,HOTELSPLAYASIGNIFICANTROLEINTHETOURISMANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFSHANGHAIIN2009,THETOTALNUMBEROFHOTELSREACHED298,WHICHISTWICETHENUMBERIN1990CHINANATIONALTOURISMADMINISTRATION,2010WHILESHANGHAIISNOTLOCATEDINTHESUBTROPICALREGION,ITSSIXTOSEVENMONTHSOFSUMMERHOTNESSREQUIRETHEINSTALLATIONOFAIRCOOLINGFACILITIESINHOTELSTHEFORESEEABLEINCREASEOFNEWHOTELSWILLBRINGHUGEENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDITSASSOCIATEDEMISSIONPROBLEMSINADDITION,THEINITIALLITERATUREREVIEWINDICATEDTHATPREVIOUSINVESTIGATIONSWERECONFINEDTOTHESTUDYOFTHEOVERALLPOWERUSAGEANDTHEASSOCIATEDPARAMETERSOFTHEHVACSYSTEM,ANDDIDNOTLOOKINTOTHECOREENERGYCONSUMPTIONOFTHECOOLINGSYSTEMANDITSRELATEDPARAMETERSTHISGAPNECESSITATESCONDUCTINGTHEPRESENTSTUDYTHUS,THEPRESENTSTUDYAIMSTOCREATEAMODELOFTHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFTHEHOTELCHILLERSINSHANGHAI,ANDTOIDENTIFYTHEPRACTICALMEANSTOREDUCETHEPOWERUSAGEOFCHILLERS02784319/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2013ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JIJHM201212008BLMAKETAL/INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFHOSPITALITYMANAGEMENT3320131–53CONFIRMSTHEFINDINGSINBUILDINGENERGYRELATEDJOURNALS,WHICHINDICATEDTHATSUCHDESIGNSLEADTOENERGYSAVINGSINCHILLERSTHERESULTINDICATESTHATTHEELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONOFHOTELS,WHEREUNEQUALLYSIZEDCHILLERSAREAVAILABLE,WAS283,120KWHANNUALLYTHISFIGUREISLOWERTHANTHEELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONOFHOTELSTHATUSEDCHILLERSOFTHESAMESIZEANOTHERNEARLYINFLUENTIALPARAMETERISOUTDOORTEMPERATURETHENUMBEROFHOTELEMPLOYEESALSOEXERTSASTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTIMPACTONTHEELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONOFCHILLERSBASEDONTHEIMPACTOFTHEFLOORAREASONTHEELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONOFCHILLERS,THEGFASHOWSAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPWITHELECTRICITYUSAGE,WHEREASITSMAGNITUDEOFINFLUENCEONELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONAPPEARSTOBEMINIMALHOWEVER,THEBASEFIGUREOFGFAWASLARGEANDTHELEASTFLOORAREAWASUSUALLYOVER20,000THEIMPACTOFTHISVARIABLEONELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONISALSODEEPAREVERSERELATIONSHIPWITHELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONISEXHIBITEDFORTHEAIRCONDITIONEDFLOORAREAPARAMETERTHISRESULTWASPROBABLYCAUSEDBYTHESTRICTERCONTROLOFCONSERVINGCOOLINGAIRINTHESEFLOORAREASTHANTHEGFANONETHELESS,ITSIMPACTONTHEELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONOFCHILLERSISALSOMINIMALTOFACILITATETHECOMPARISONOFTHETOTALPERFORMANCEOFCHILLERSAMONGTHESAMPLEDHOTELS,THEOPERATORSINTHEFOURSTARHOTELSSEGMENTUSEDTHESEMODELSTOPREDICTTHEGENERALELECTRICITYDEMANDOFCHILLERSINTHESEGMENT,ANDTHENESTABLISHEDTHEYARDSTICKTOMONITORTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEIRCHILLERS5ENERGYSAVINGOPERATIONSTHEINTERVIEWEESMENTIONEDWAYSTOMITIGATETHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFCHILLERSTHESERECOMMENDATIONSINCLUDEDCONDENSINGTEMPERATURECONTROL,CONDENSERFANCONTROL,ANDFULLLOADINGMODEOFCHILLEROPERATIONSINTERVIEWEESPOINTEDOUTTHATINSTEADOFUSINGTHECONVENTIONALHEADPRESSURETOCONTROLTHECOMPRESSORPOWEROFCHILLERS,ENERGYCANBESAVEDBYLOWERINGTHECONDENSINGTEMPERATUREATBELOWDESIGNCONDITIONSANDTHEPOTENTIALSAVINGMAYUPTO20–30,WHICHISCLOSETOTHEREPORTEDSAVINGSOFCHANANDYU’S2002STUDYTHISACTIONCOULDRESULTINSMALLERCOMPRESSIONWORK,REDUCEDNUMBEROFOPERATINGCOMPRESSORSANDBETTERCHILLEREFFICIENCYTHESAVINGOFCOMPRESSORPOWERFROMCONDENSINGTEMPERATURECONTROLISALWAYSHIGHERTHANTHEINCREASEINCONSUMPTIONOFTHEFANPOWEROFTHECONDENSERSFURTHERMORE,WHENALLCONDENSERFANSWERESTAGEDINALMOSTALLOPERATINGCONDITIONS,ITREDUCEDTHEFREQUENTONANDOFFCYCLINGOFTHECONDENSERFANSUBSEQUENTLITERATURESEARCHSUPPORTTHISPOINTWITHYUANDCHAN2005ESTIMATEDTHATCONTROLLINGTHECOMPRESSORPOWERCOULDSAVE8–40ENERGYINADDITION,INTERVIEWEEALSOHIGHLIGHTEDTHATOPTIMALCONDENSERFANCONTROLENHANCESTHEAIRFLOWANDHEATTRANSFERAREAOFTHECONDENSERSTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHISCONTROLINAIRCOOLEDCENTRIFUGALCHILLERSMAYALSOHELPRAISINGTHECOEFFICIENTOFPERFORMANCECOPACCORDINGTOYUANDCHAN’S2008STUDY,ITWASREPORTEDANINCREASEINCOPRANGESFROM11TO23DEPENDINGONTHEOPERATINGCONDITIONSOFTEN,THECHILLEROPERATESATHIGHERENERGYEFFICIENCYINFULLLOADINGANDVICEVERSAINPARTLOADCONDITIONSHOWEVER,INREALITY,EVERYCHILLERHASVARIOUSPROPERTIESANDFIELDSITUATIONS,WHICHCREATEDIFFERENCESINLOADINGREQUIREMENTSLEADINGTOBESTENERGYEFFICIENCYINSEARCHINGFORTHEOPTIMALEFFICIENCYFORTHECHILLER,THEEXISTINGSIMULATIONPROGRAMSAREINADEQUATEINMANYSITUATIONSBECAUSETHEFIELDMAYHAVESEVERALOPERATIONALPARAMETERSTHATDIFFERFROMTHEDESIGNFORINSTANCE,THECOMPUTATIONPROGRAMONOPTIMALSETTINGSMAYREQUIREEVOLUTIONSTRATEGIESWITHTHESUITABLERECOMBINATIONOPERATORANDARITHMETICRECOMBINATIONINSITUATIONSINVOLVINGCHILLEDWATERSUPPLYANDSUPPLYOFAIRTEMPERATUREOFTHEHVACSYSTEMDURINGDIFFERENTLEVELSOFOCCUPANCIESANDSEASONSBYUTILIZINGANEVOLUTIONSTRATEGY,THEOPTIMALCHILLERLOADINGCOULDBEWORKEDOUTWITHHIGHPRECISIONWITHINARAPIDTIMEFRAMECHANG2007,CHANGETAL2009,ANDKUSIAKANDLI2009SHAREDSIMILARIDEASTOTHETESTINGRESULTSINTHEDISCUSSION,INTERVIEWEESALSOEXPRESSEDTHATTHEREISANEEDTOCONDUCTADDITIONALINDEPENDENTRESEARCHONTHESESUGGESTEDENERGYSAVINGIDEASINTHEINDUSTRYSOASTOCOLLECTOBJECTIVEPROOFANDMEASUREDDATATOSTRENGTHENOWNERS’ANDMANAGERS’CONFIDENCEONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESERECOMMENDATIONSECHOINGTOTHISPOINT,SOMEINTERVIEWEESSUGGESTEDTHATHOTELCONDUCTTESTSONTHECHILLERSINTHEIRPROPERTIES,ANDTOEXPLOREPOTENTIALENERGYSAVINGS6ENERGYSAVINGDESIGNFORDESIGNSTRATEGIESTHATOPTIMIZETHEEFFICIENCYOFCHILLERS,THEINTERVIEWEESSUGGESTEDTHREEMETHODS,NAMELY,PRECOOLING,LOADBASEDSPEEDCONTROL,ANDUNEQUALSIZEOFCHILLERSPRECOOLINGAIRINTHESYSTEMMAYHELPCHILLERREDUCINGITSLOADANDSUBSEQUENTLYENERGYCONSUMPTIONINTERVIEWEESFURTHEREXPLAINEDTHATSINCETHEHOTTERTHEAIRINTHESYSTEMIS,THEMORETHEENERGYISREQUIREDBYTHECHILLERTOREMOVETHEHEATINTHEAIRWHILEINTERVIEWEESHADNOTEDTHISISAREQUIREMENTOFTHEDESIGN,THEYHARDLYPROVIDEMOREDETAILSINTHISASPECTINTHEDISCUSSIONTOFILLTHEINFORMATIONGAPOFPRECOOLINGDESIGN,THEAUTHORSCONDUCTEDALITERATURESEARCHANDIDENTIFIEDTHEFOLLOWINGNOGUCHIETAL2007DESIGNEDACHEMICALHEATPUMPTHATUSEDHELIUMGASFORPRECOOLINGTHISINNOVATIONDECREASEDPOWERCONSUMPTIONASTHECHEMICALHEATPUMPDIDNOTREQUIREMUCHENERGYFORCOOLINGTHEYCONCLUDEDTHATTHENEWHELIUMCOMPRESSIONCYCLECOULDSAVEABOUT7OFPOWERCONSUMPTIONUNLIKETHECONVENTIONALCOMPRESSIONSYSTEMYUANDCHAN2009PROPOSEDANOTHERPRECOOLINGMETHODTHATUSEDMIST,ANDITSCALCULATEDECONOMICBENEFITWITHINSIGNIFICANTCONSUMPTIONOFWATERANDPUMPPOWERASSOCIATEDWITHMISTGENERATION,THISMETHODCOULDACCOUNTFORSAVINGSOF29INTHETOTALCHILLERELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONINADDITION,THEPAYBACKPERIODISSHORTERTHAN2YEARSCHOWDHURYETAL2009USEDBUILDINGENERGYSIMULATIONSOFTWAREENERGYPLUSTOSIMULATETHEENERGYSAVINGSOFTWOPASSIVECOOLINGTECHNIQUES,NAMELY,PRECOOLINGANDECONOMIZERTHESIMULATIONSSHOWEDTHATTHEPRECOOLINGANDECONOMIZERSYSTEMSCOULDSAVE115KW/M2/MONTHAND72KW/M2/MONTHINTOTALCOOLINGENERGY,RESPECTIVELYSAVINGSUPTO26KW/M2/MONTHAND42KW/M2/MONTHINCHILLERENERGYCANBESAVEDBYTHEPRECOOLINGANDECONOMIZERSYSTEMS,RESPECTIVELYTHESETHREEPIECESOFWORKFURTHERREINFORCEDTHEVALIDITYOFPRECOOLINGDESIGNMAYHELPREDUCINGCHILLERS’ENERGYCONSUMPTIONOTHERTHANPRECOOLINGAIR,SEVERALINTERVIEWEESALSOSUGGESTEDANDSUPPORTEDTHEUSEOFINSTALLINGUNEQUALSIZEDSTRATEGYASTHEREARETIMESLOTSORCHANCESTHATACERTAINCHILLERMAYNOTBEREQUIREDFORINSTANCE,THESELECTIONFORACHILLERSIZEMEETINGTHEANTICIPATEDCOOLINGDEMANDOFTHERESTAURANTSORBANQUETHALLSWHICHAREUSUALLYCLOSEDAFTERMIDNIGHTISAUSUALPRACTICEINADDITION,INSTALLINGUNEQUALSIZEDCHILLERSINACHILLERPLANTCOULDENHANCETHENUMBEROFSTEPSOFTOTALCOOLINGCAPACITY,WHICHCOULDINCREASETHEFREQUENCYOFCHILLERSOPERATINGATFULLLOADTHISVIEWISSUPPORTEDBYYUANDCHAN’S2007FINDINGSTHATTHEANNUALELECTRICITYCONSUMPTIONOFCHILLERSANDPUMPSCOULDSAVE101IFTHECHILLERPLANTSWEREEQUIPPEDWITHUNEQUALLYSIZEDCHILLERSTOIMPROVETHEENERGYEFFICIENCYOFCHILLERSONPARTLOADCONDITIONS,INTERVIEWEESSUGGESTEDTHEINTEGRATINGSEVERALCHILLERSINTOONEREFRIGERATIONCYCLETHEIDEAISSIMILARTOZHANGETAL’S2007PROJECTUSINGAPARALLELCONNECTIONTOINTEGRATECONVENTIONALMULTIPLECHILLERSINTOONEREFRIGERATIONCYCLETHECOPINTHEPROJECTINCREASEDBY162INSIMULATIONAND95IN

簡(jiǎn)介：PROJECTIONBASEDOLFACTORYDISPLAYWITHNOSETRACKINGYASUYUKIYANAGIDA1,SHINJIROKAWATO1,HARUONOMA1,AKIRATOMONO2,1,ANDNOBUJITETSUTANI11ATRMEDIAINFORMATIONSCIENCELABORATORIES{YANAGIDA|SKAWATO|NOMA|TETSUTANI}ATRJP2DEPTOFINFORMATIONMEDIATECHNOLOGYTOKAIUNIVERSITYTOMONOKEYAKICCUTOKAIACJPABSTRACTMOSTATTEMPTSTOREALIZEANOLFACTORYDISPLAYHAVEINVOLVEDCAPTURINGANDSYNTHESIZINGTHEODOR,PROCESSESTHATSTILLPOSEMANYCHALLENGINGPROBLEMSTHESEDIFFICULTIESAREMAINLYDUETOTHEMECHANISMOFHUMANOLFACTION,INWHICHASETOFSOCALLED“PRIMARYODORS”HASNOTBEENFOUNDINSTEAD,WEFOCUSONSPATIOTEMPORALCONTROLOFODORRATHERTHANSYNTHESIZINGODORITSELFMANYEXISTINGINTERACTIVEOLFACTORYDISPLAYSSIMPLYDIFFUSETHESCENTINTOTHEAIR,WHICHDOESNOTPROVIDETHEABILITYOFSPATIOTEMPORALCONTROLOFOLFACTIONRECENTLY,HOWEVER,SEVERALRESEARCHERSHAVEDEVELOPEDOLFACTORYDISPLAYSTHATINJECTSCENTEDAIRUNDERTHENOSETHROUGHTUBESONTHEANALOGYOFVISUALDISPLAYS,THESESYSTEMSCORRESPONDTOHEADMOUNTEDDISPLAYSHMDTHESEYIELDASOLIDWAYTOACHIEVESPATIOTEMPORALCONTROLOFOLFACTORYSPACE,BUTTHEYREQUIRETHEUSERTOWEARSOMETHINGONHISORHERFACEHERE,WEPROPOSEANUNENCUMBERINGOLFACTORYDISPLAYTHATDOESNOTREQUIRETHEUSERTOATTACHANYTHINGONTHEFACEITWORKSBYPROJECTINGACLUMPOFSCENTEDAIRFROMALOCATIONNEARTHEUSER’SNOSETHROUGHFREESPACEWEALSOAIMTODISPLAYASCENTTOTHERESTRICTEDSPACEAROUNDASPECIFICUSER’SNOSE,RATHERTHANSCATTERINGSCENTEDAIRBYSIMPLYDIFFUSINGITINTOTHEATMOSPHERETOIMPLEMENTTHISCONCEPT,WEUSEDAN“AIRCANNON”THATGENERATESTOROIDALVORTICESOFTHESCENTEDAIRWECONDUCTEDAPRELIMINARYEXPERIMENTTOEXAMINETHISMETHOD’SABILITYTODISPLAYSCENTTOARESTRICTEDSPACETHERESULTSSHOWTHATWECOULDSUCCESSFULLYDISPLAYINCENSETOTHETARGETUSERNEXT,WECONSTRUCTEDPROTOTYPESYSTEMSWECOULDSUCCESSFULLYBRINGTHESCENTEDAIRTOASPECIFICUSERBYTRACKINGTHENOSEPOSITIONOFTHEUSERANDCONTROLLINGTHEORIENTATIONOFTHEAIRCANNONTOTHEUSER’SNOSE1INTRODUCTIONWEPERCEIVETHESURROUNDINGENVIRONMENTBYUSINGOURFIVESENSESVRSYSTEMSSOFARHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTOCOVERVISUAL,AUDITORY,ANDHAPTICSENSATIONS,SOITISANATURALPROGRESSIONTOINCORPORATEOLFACTIONINTOVRSYSTEMSHOWEVER,THEREAREVARIOUSREASONSTHATOLFACTIONHASBEENLEFTINTHEBACKCOUNTRYOFTHEVRRESEARCHFIELDFOREXAMPLE1OLFACTIONISACTIVATEDBYCHEMICALSTIMULITHISISVERYDIFFERENTFROMVISUAL,AUDITORY,ANDHAPTICSENSATIONS,WHICHAREACTIVATEDBYPHYSICALSTIMULI2ASETOF“PRIMARYODORS,”IE,ASMALLNUMBEROFBASESTOREPRESENTARBITRARYSMELLS,HASNOTBEENFOUNDNEVERTHELESS,INCORPORATINGOLFACTORYINTERFACESINVRSYSTEMSCOULDBEEFFECTIVEFORACHIEVINGAHIGHLEVELOFPRESENCE1DINHETAL2FOUNDTHATANOLFACTORYCUE,ALONGWITHAUDITORYANDTACTILECUES,COULDINCREASETHESENSEOFPRESENCEINVIRTUALENVIRONMENTSOLFACTORYSENSATIONITSELFHASALONGHISTORYOFRESEARCH3,INCLUDINGATTEMPTSTOFINDASETOF“PRIMARYODORS”AMOORE4CATEGORIZED7PRIMARYODORS,BUTLATERHEEXTENDEDTHISNUMBERTO20–30BUCKANDAXEL5REPORTEDATLEAST100KINDSOFRECEPTIVEPROTEINS,BASEDONTHETHEORYOFODORANTRECEPTORPROTEINS6THENUMBEROFRECEPTORPROTEINSISTHEORETICALLYESTIMATEDTOEXCEED1000THEREFORE,WECANHARDLYUSETHESAMESTRATEGYADOPTEDFORVISUALDISPLAY,BYWHICHWESYNTHESIZEANYCOLORBYMIXINGTHE3PRIMARYCOLORSRED,GREENANDBLUEFORTACTILEDISPLAYS,RECENTPROGRESSHASBEENBASEDONTHEIDEAOFSELECTIVELYSTIMULATINGSEVERALKINDSOFMECHANORECEPTORS7–9INTHESEVISUALORTACTILEDISPLAYS,VIRTUALITYISACHIEVEDBYTHECHARACTERISTICSOFRECEPTORSTHATCANDETECTONLYAPARTOFTHETARGETPHYSICALPHENOMENAIFWEWANTEDTOMAKEANOLFACTORYDISPLAYTHATCOULDPROVIDEARBITRARYSCENTBASEDONASIMILARSTRATEGY,WEWOULDHAVETOSOMEHOWCONTROLTHOUSANDSOFODORANTSWEARENOTATTEMPTINGTOSOLVESUCHANIMMENSEPROBLEMOURCURRENTFOCUSISNOTONSMELLRECORDINGORSYNTHESISINSTEAD,WEFOCUSONTHESPATIOTEMPORALCONTROLOFODOR,ASSUMINGTHATTHEODORANTITSELFISREADYTOUSETHEREARESEVERALSUBTASKSOFRECORDINGANDDISPLAYINGENVIRONMENTSBYACERTAINSENSORYMODALITYSENSING,CODING,STORAGEORTRANSFER,DECODINGORRENDERING,ANDDISPLAYFIGURE1OURINTERESTISONTHEFINALSTAGEOFDISPLAYTHEOLFACTORYCOUNTERPARTOFHMD,CAVE10,AUTOSTEREOSCOPICDISPLAYS11,ANDSOONINCONTRASTTOVISUALDISPLAYS,NOTSOMANYOLFACTORY“DISPLAYS”HAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSOFARMANYSCENTBLENDERSSIMPLYDIFFUSETHERENDEREDSCENTINTOTHEAIR,ANDTHESEAREREGARDEDASCOUNTERPARTSTOCONTROLLABLEILLUMINATIONSOMERESEARCHERSHAVEDEVELOPEDOLFACTORYDISPLAYSTHATTRANSFERTHESCENTEDAIRTHROUGHTUBESTOTHENOSE,TO43IEEEVIRTUALREALITY2004MARCH2731,CHICAGO,ILUSA0780384156/04/2000?2004IEEEPROCEEDINGSOFTHE2004VIRTUALREALITYVR’0410878270/042000IEEEULTIMATEAUTOSTEREOSCOPICVISUALDISPLAYOURAPPROACHISTODEVELOPANEWKINDOFSPATIOTEMPORALLYCONTROLLABLEOLFACTORYDISPLAYWITHFEWERENCUMBRANCESHENCE,OURGOALISTODEVELOPANOLFACTORYDISPLAYWITHTHEFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICS?UNENCUMBERINGUSERSDONOTNEEDTOWEARANYDEVICESORGLASSESTHISISNOTONLYFORUSERS’CONVENIENCEBUTALSOFORAPPLICATIONTOBIDIRECTIONALTELECOMMUNICATIONS?LOCALIZEDSCENTSHOULDBEPERCEIVEDONLYWITHINALIMITEDRANGEOFSPACEANDATACERTAINTIMEBYLOCALIZINGTHESCENT,WECANDISPLAYDIFFERENTSMELLSTOMULTIPLEUSERSALSO,WECANSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCETHEAMOUNTOFOFTENEXPENSIVEODORANTCOMPAREDWITHSIMPLYDIFFUSINGTHESCENTINTOANENTIREROOM,ASTHEVOLUMEOFTHEAIRSUSTAININGTHEODORANTISSOSMALLTHESYSTEMCANTHUSBERELATIVELYCOSTEFFECTIVEINADDITION,THISSMALLCLUMPOFSCENTEDAIRCANEASILYDISSIPATEINASHORTTIME,WHICHENABLESUSTOWIELDSHORTTERMCONTROLOFTHEOLFACTORYEFFECTTOACHIEVEANOLFACTORYDISPLAYWITHTHESEFEATURES,WENEEDTODELIVERACLUMPOFSCENTEDAIRFROMAPOSITIONNEARTHENOSETHROUGHFREESPACEWEHAVEEXPLOREDTHEPOSSIBILITYOFUSINGAN“AIRCANNON”FORTHISPURPOSEHERE,WEOVERVIEWTHEENTIRESYSTEMDESIGNHOWWEUSETHEAIRCANNONISDESCRIBEDLATERTHEENTIRESYSTEMFIGURE2ISCOMPOSEDOFTHEFOLLOWINGCOMPONENTS?NOSETRACKER?AIRCANNONPLATFORM?AIRCANNON?SCENTGENERATORFIRST,WEHAVETODETECTTHEPOSITIONOFTHEUSER’SNOSEFORTHISPURPOSE,POPULARHEADTRACKINGTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASMAGNETICTRACKERSORMECHANICALTRACKERSCANBEUSEDHERE,HOWEVER,WEAGAINPREFERMETHODSTHATDONOTREQUIRETHEUSERTOWEARANYTHINGTHEREFORE,COMPUTERVISIONBASEDFACETRACKINGWOULDBETHEMOSTSUITABLEAPPROACHONCETHELOCATIONOFAPARTOFTHEHEAD/FACEISMEASURED,ITISEASYTOCALCULATETHEPOSITIONOFTHENOSENEXT,THEPLATFORMONWHICHTHEAIRCANNONISMOUNTEDISCONTROLLEDSOTHATWECANAIMATTHEUSER’SNOSETWODEGREESOFFREEDOMANGLESAZIMUTHANDELEVATIONARECONTROLLEDTODETERMINETHEDIRECTIONOFTHEAIRCANNONITISNOTNECESSARYFORTHESCENTGENERATORTOFILLTHECHAMBERWITHSCENTEDAIRITONLYHASTOSPRAYTHESCENTJUSTBEFORETHEAIRCANNONLAUNCHESACLUMPOFAIRTHUSWECANSENDADIFFERENTSCENTWITHEACHLAUNCHANDCOVERMULTIPLEUSERSWITHASINGLEAIRCANNONANAIRCANNONALSOKNOWNASAVORTEXCANNONISACHAMBERWITHACIRCULARAPERTURE,ANDITISVERYPOPULARINSCIENCEDEMONSTRATIONSFORCHILDRENTHESIMPLESTWAYTOMAKEANAIRCANNONISTOUSEACARDBOARDBOX,CUTTINGOUTAHOLEANDSEALINGTHESEAMSWITHPACKINGTAPEIFWEUSEABOXWHOSEDIMENSIONSARE30CMBY20CMBY20CMWITHAHOLEOFAPPROXIMATELY5CMINDIAMETERANDHITITHARD,ACLUMPOFAIRREACHES510MASIFITWEREANINVISIBLEBULLETIFWEFILLTHEBOXWITHSMOKEANDPUSHITMOREGENTLY,WEOBSERVEASMOKERINGMOVINGSMOOTHLYFORWARDTHESPEEDOFTHESMOKERINGISAPPROXIMATELY50CMTOSEVERALMETERSPERSECONDTHISRINGDEMONSTRATESATOROIDALVORTEXVORTEXRINGGENERATEDBYTHEAIRCANNON,ANDITSHOWSTHATTHEVORTEXCANCARRYPARTICLESTHATEXISTAROUNDTHEAPERTUREWHENTHEAIRCANNONLAUNCHESTHEAIRTHESCHEMATICOFANAIRCANNONANDATOROIDALVORTEXISSHOWNINFIGURE3ITISSAIDTHATTHISVORTEXRINGOCCURSBECAUSEOFTHEDIFFERENCEINVELOCITYATTHEEDGESLOWANDTHECENTERFASTOFTHEAPERTURETHEPRESSUREATTHECENTEROFTHEVORTEXRINGSHAPEISKEPTLOWSOTHATTHEVORTEXKEEPSITSSHAPEFORAWHILETHESIZEOFTHEVORTEXDEPENDSONTHEAPERTURESIZE,WHILETHESPEEDANDREACHINGDISTANCEOFTHEVORTEXPATHDEPENDSONTHEVELOCITYPROFILEOFTHEPUSHINGTIMEVORTEXRINGPUSHCIRCULARAPERTURESUDDENVOLUMEDECREASEVELOCITYDISTRIBUTIONAIREXTRUSIONFIGURE3ANAIRCANNONGENERATINGAVORTEXRINGTRACKINGNOSEDIRECTIONAIMINGATTHENOSEAIRCANNONDELIVERINGSCENTEDAIRBYVORTEXRINGSCAMERAPLATFORMFIGURE2CONCEPTOFPROJECTIONBASEDOLFACTORYDISPLAY45PROCEEDINGSOFTHE2004VIRTUALREALITYVR’0410878270/042000IEEE

簡(jiǎn)介：WATERRESEARCH3620022991–2998REMOVALOFPHOSPHATE,MAGNESIUMANDCALCIUMFROMSWINEWASTEWATERTHROUGHCRYSTALLIZATIONENHANCEDBYAERATIONKAZUYOSHISUZUKI,YASUOTANAKA,TAKASHIOSADA,MIYOKOWAKIWASTERECYCLINGLABORATORY,NATIONALINSTITUTEOFLIVESTOCKANDGRASSLANDSCIENCENILGS,2IKENODAI,KUKIZAKICHO,INASHIKIGUN,IBARAKI3050901,JAPANRECEIVED15FEBRUARY2001RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM25JULY2001ACCEPTED4DECEMBER2001ABSTRACTINORDERTOCONFIRMTHEPOSSIBILITYOFREMOVINGPO4P,MGANDCAFROMSWINEWASTEWATERTHROUGHARTIFICIALCRYSTALLIZATIONBYAERATION,LABORATORYANDPILOTSCALEEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTUSINGACTUALSWINEWASTEWATERTHEPHOFSWINEWASTEWATERINCREASEDUPTOAPPROXIMATELY85WITHCONTINUOUSAERATION,ANDALARGEPARTOFTHESOLUBLEPO4P,MGANDCAWASCRYSTALLIZEDTHEINGREDIENTSOFTHECRYSTALSWEREESTIMATEDASMAPANDHAPACCORDINGTOTHEIRMOLERATIOOFNH4N,PO4P,MGANDCATHESEDIMENTATIONSPEEDOFCRYSTALSINSWINEWASTEWATERWASABOUT3MH?1,ANDOVER90OFTHEMHADSETTLEDAFTERSTANDING1HAPILOTSCALEREACTORWITHTHEDUALFUNCTIONSOFCRYSTALLIZATIONBYAERATIONANDSETTLINGWASOPERATEDCONTINUOUSLYUSINGACTUALSWINEWASTEWATER,WITHAERATIONCONDITIONSOFHRT41HAND26M3AIRH?1M?2CROSSSECTION18M3AIRH?1M?3VOLUMEDURING50DAYSOFOPERATION,PHATTHEAERATIONCOLUMNHELDSTABLEAT80,AND65OFPO4P,51OFMG,AND34OFCAWEREREMOVEDR2002ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSWINEWASTEWATERSCALECRYSTALLIZATIONAERATIONMAGNESIUMAMMONIUMPHOSPHATESETTLING1INTRODUCTIONINMOSTSWINEHUSBANDRYFACILITIESINJAPAN,FAECES,URINEANDTHEWASHINGWATERFROMPIGGERIESARESEPARATEDINTOSOLIDANDLIQUIDFRACTIONSAFTERMECHANICALSOLID–LIQUIDSEPARATIONTHESOLIDFRACTIONISCOMPOSTEDANDUTILIZEDATFARMLANDASAFERTILIZERTHELIQUIDFRACTIONSWINEWASTEWATERISPURIFIEDTHROUGHATREATMENTPROCESSANDDISCHARGEDINTOPUBLICWATERBODIESSUCHASRIVERS,LAKESANDMARSHESSTRICTSTANDARDSFORDISCHARGEDLIVESTOCKWASTEWATERHAVEBEENSETTOPREVENTEUTROPHICATIONOFSUCHPUBLICWATERBODIESTHEREFORE,SWINEFARMSAREFORCEDTOPURIFYSWINEWASTEWATERWITHINTHEVERYSTRICTLIMITSIMPOSEDBYLAWTOCOMPLYWITHTHELAW,SEVERALMETHODSFORTREATMENTOFSWINEWASTEWATERHAVEBEENINVESTIGATEDSUCHASANINTERMITTENTAERATIONPROCESS1–3,ANAEROBICTREATMENTUASBPLUSATRICKLINGFILTERPROCESS4,5,ANDSOMEOFWHICHAREACTUALLYUSEDINPIGGERIESHOWEVER,THEREARESOMEREPORTSCONCERNINGTHEACCUMULATIONOFSCALEINSWINEWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTS5,6SCALEACCUMULATESINPIPESANDPUMPS,ANDSOMETIMESCAUSESSERIOUSTROUBLEATWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTS7INADDITIONTOPO4PANDNH4N,SWINEWASTEWATERALSOCONTAINSHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFMGANDCA8UNDERALKALINECONDITIONS,EQUALMOLESOFMG,PO4PANDNH4NARECRYSTALLIZED,FORMINGSTRUVITEMAGNESIUMAMMONIUMPHOSPHATEMAP,MGNH4PO4?6H2O7CAALSOCRYSTALLIZESWITHPO4ANDFORMS,FOREXAMPLE,HYDROXYAPATITEHAP,CA5OHPO439THESECRYSTALS,ESPECIALLYMAP,ARETHOUGHTTOBETHEMAINCOMPONENTSOFTHESCALEINSWINEWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTS5,6,10THEREFORE,MG,CAANDPO4PCAUSINGTHESCALESHOULDBEREMOVEDINCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL81298388676FAX81298388606EMAILADDRESSSZKAZUAFFRCGOJPKSUZUKI00431354/02/SEEFRONTMATTERR2002ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS004313540100536X25CHEMICALANALYSISSWINEWASTEWATERWASCENTRIFUGEDAT3000RPMFOR10MIN,ANDSOLUBLECOMPONENTSWEREANALYZEDTODETERMINETHECRYSTALLIZEDCOMPONENTS,5NHCLWASADDEDTOTHESWINEWASTEWATERATAFINALCONCENTRATIONOF01NTODISSOLVETHECRYSTAL,ANDWASCENTRIFUGEDAT3000RPMFOR10MINAFTERSTANDING30MINTHESUPERNATANTWASANALYZEDFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHESOLUBLEPLUSCRYSTALLIZEDCOMPONENTSTHECONCENTRATIONSOFTHECRYSTALLIZEDCOMPONENTSWERECALCULATEDASTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHESEAMOUNTSPO4P,NH4N,MGANDCAWEREMEASUREDUSINGASTANDARDMETHOD17TOTALNANDTOTALPWEREMEASUREDBYAFLOWINJECTIONANALYZERSANUKIINDUSTRIAL,TOTALNWASMEASUREDFROMTHEABSORBANCEAT220NMUNDERHCLACIDCONDITIONSAFTERDIGESTIONWITHPOTASSIUMPEROXODISULFATEAT1401C,ANDTOTALPWASMEASUREDFROMTHEABSORBANCEAT880NMBYTHEMOLYBDENUMBLUEMETHODAFTERDIGESTIONWITHPOTASSIUMPEROXODISULFATEAT1201CTHEICWASMEASUREDUSINGICANALYZERTOC500ANALYZER,SHIMADZU3RESULTSANDDISCUSSION31BATCHEXPERIMENTSFORCRYSTALLIZATIONBYAERATIONTHEWATERQUALITYOFTHESWINEWASTEWATERUSEDFORTHEEXPERIMENTSISSUMMARIZEDINTABLE1SAMPLINGWASDONE3–4TIMESEACHMONTHFORATOTALOF34TIMESBETWEENDECEMBER1999ANDOCTOBER2000THEMOLERATIOOFSOLUBLECOMPONENTSPO4PNH4NMGCA10750907WASTHOUGHTTOBESUITABLEFORCRYSTALFORMATION8ASSHOWNINFIG1A,BYAERATIONWITH13M3H?1M?216M3H?1M?3THEPHOFSWINEWASTEWATERINCREASEDFROM70TO80IN05H,ANDREACHED85ATTHEENDOFTHEPERIODTHECONCENTRATIONOFIC,THEINDICATOROFCO2,INSWINEWASTEWATER,WASDECREASEDREMARKABLY,BECAUSEOFTHESTRIPPINGOFCO2FROMWASTEWATERBYAERATIONFIG1BTHECONCENTRATIONSOFSOLUBLEPO4P,MGANDCAINSWINEWASTEWATERWEREALSODECREASEDREMARKABLYWITHTHERISEINPHFIG1CTHISDECREASEWASCAUSEDBYTHECRYSTALLIZATIONOFSOLUBLEPO4P,MGANDCATHECHANGESINTHECONCENTRATIONSOFSOLUBLEANDCRYSTALLIZEDFORMSOFPO4P,MGANDCABEFOREANDAFTER3HOFAERATIONAREINDICATEDINFIG2A–CMOSTOFTHESECOMPONENTSEXISTEDINSOLUBLEFORMBEFOREAERATION,BUTAFTER3HOFAERATION,MOSTWERECONVERTEDINTOTHECRYSTALLIZEDFORMTWOHOURSARETHOUGHTTOBEENOUGHFORANAERATIONPERIODFORCRYSTALLIZATIONINSWINEWASTEWATER,BECAUSETHECONCENTRATIONSOFSOLUBLEPO4P,MGANDCAINSWINEWASTEWATERWEREDECREASEDREMARKABLYFORTHE2HAFTERBEGINNINGAERATION,BUTTHEREWEREONLYMINIMALCHANGESINTHECONCENTRATIONSOFTHESECOMPONENTSAFTER2HFIG1CASSHOWNINTABLE2,REDUCEDAERATIONOF65M3H?1M?279M3H?1M?3WASNOTENOUGHTOEITHERRAISEPHORCRYSTALLIZEPO4PONTHEOTHERHAND,AERATIONASHIGHAS31M3H?1M?238M3H?1M?3WOULDINDUCEHIGHPH87,BUTTHEEFFICIENCYOFPO4PCRYSTALLIZATIONWASALMOSTTHESAMEASFORTHECASEOFAERATIONWITH13M3H?1M?216M3H?1M?3THEREFORE,AERATIONWITHTABLE1P,N,MGANDCACONCENTRATIONSOFSWINEWASTEWATERFROMTHENILGSPIGGERYCOMPONENTSMEANN?34MMOLL?1MGL?1SDMIN–MAXPCRYSTALLIZEDPO4P07220300–17SOLUBLEPO4P521611035–78OTHERP04120300–10TOTAL631951146–78NCRYSTALLIZEDNH4N22313300–101SOLUBLENH4N3954314206–638OTHERN771085000–159TOTAL49682110305–650MGCRYSTALLIZEDMG04100500–09SOLUBLEMG491190932–69TOTAL531291034–72CACRYSTALLIZEDCA13520703–36SOLUBLECA341360622–48TOTAL471880931–77PH670262–72KSUZUKIETAL/WATERRESEARCH3620022991–29982993

簡(jiǎn)介：第38卷第6期上海師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)自然科學(xué)版VOL38,NO62009年12月JOURNALOFSHANGHAINORMALUNIVERSITYNATURALSCIENCESDEC,2009PRICINGMODELSFORDEFAULTRISKYEUROPEANOPTIONSFUYI,ZHANGJI2ZHOU,WANGYANGMATHEMATICSANDSCIENCECOLLEGE,SHANGHAINORMALUNIVERSITY,SHANGHAI200234,CHINAABSTRACTWEESTABLISHTHEMODELSFOROPTIONSWITHCONSTANTANDVARIABLERATEPARAMETERANEXPLICITPRICINGFORMU2LAFORTHEMODELSISOBTAINEDBYTHEMETHODOFPDEWEALSOSETUPTHEMODELFORTHEOPTIONWITHSTOCHASTICRATEPA2RAMETER,ANDTHEMONTECARLOMETHODISUSEDFORTHEMODELKEYWORDSCREDITRISKEUROPEANOPTIONPDEMONTECARLOCLCNUMBERO23DOCUMENTCODEAARTICLEID10002513720090620573207RECEIVEDDATE2009206210FOUNDATIONITEMNATIONALBASICRESEARCHPROGRAMOFCHINA2007CB814903THESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYCOMMISSIONOFSHANGHAIMUNICIPALITYGRANT075105118LEADINGACADEMICDISCIPLINEPROJECTOFSHANGHAINORMALUNIVERSITYDZL707SCIENTIFICRESEARCHPROJECTOFSHANGHAINORMALUNIVERSITYSK200933,SK200812BIOGRAPHYFUYI1980,MALE,LECTURER,MATHEMATICSANDSCIENCECOLLEGE,SHANGHAINORMALUNIVERSITY1INTRODUCTIONGENERALLY,OPTIONSHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDTHEFINANCIALDERIVATIVEWITHOUTCREDITRISKBECAUSETHEMARGINSYSTEMPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINAVOIDINGTHERISKHOWEVER,THEREISNOMARGINSYSTEMINTHEOVERTHECOUNTERMARKETSTHEHOLDERSHAVETOFACEWITHTHEPOTENTIALCREDITRISKTHATTHEOPTIONWRITERSDONOTDISCHARGETHEIRCONTRACTUALOBLIGATIONSATMATURITYTHUSTHECREDITRISKSHOULDBETAKENINTOACCOUNTWHENWEDECIDETHEPRICEOFTHISKINDOFOPTIONSTHEREAREGENERALLYTWOAPPROACHESTOMODELTHECREDITRISKTHEFIRSTAPPROACHISTHESTRUCTURALMODELSINWHICHDEFAULTISDETERMINEDBASEDONTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEASSETSANDTHELIABILITIESOFTHEFIRMEXAMPLESOFTHISAPPROACHBEGINWITHBLACKANDSCHOLES1ANDMERTON10INTHEIRMODEL,THEYPOSITASINGLEPOINTDEFAULTBOUNDARY,ANDDEFAULTCANONLYHAPPENATMATURITYTOIMPROVETHISMODEL,BLACKANDCOX2ALLOWDEFAULTTOOCCURATANYTIMELONGSTAFFANDSCHWARTZ8EXTENDTHERISKYDEBTMODELOFBLACKANDCOXTOALLOWSTOCHASTICINTERESTRATESTOFOLLOWTHEORNSTEIN–UHLENBECKPROCESSTHESECONDAPPROACHISTHEREDUCEDFORMMODELSINWHICHTHEDEFAULTPROCESSISREGARDEDASTHEEXOGENOUSPOISSONPROCESSTHEREDUCEDFORMMODELWASFIRSTINTRODUCEDBYJARROWANDTURNBULLIN19925INTHISMODEL,THEFIRSTTIMEOFBANKRUPTCYWHICHISEXPONEN2TIALLYDISTRIBUTEDWITHANINTENSITYPARAMETERRESULTSINAJUMPPROCESSLONGSTAFFANDSCHWARTZ9REGARDEDDE2FAULTSPREADSASMEANREVERTINGPROCESSTHEMODELINJARROWETAL6ISTHEFIRSTMODELTHATINCORPORATESTHECREDITRATINGINFORMATIONINTOVALUATIONMETHODOLOGYDUFFIEANDLANDO3CONSIDEREDTHEHAZARDRATEPROCESSAFUNCTIONOFTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRM,CONDITIONALONACCOUNTINGDATATHEDEFAULTABLECLAIMISDISCOUNTEDATADE2FAULTADJUSTEDSHORTTERMINTERESTRATEFORTHERISKNEUTRALIN4INTHISPAPER,OURWORKISBASEDONREDUCEDFORMMODELSTHEMAINADVANTAGEOFTHISAPPROACHISITSCOMPUTATIONALTRACTABILITYBECAUSEITISRESTRICTEDWITHINOBSERVABLEVARIABLESINCONTRASTTOSTRUCTURALMODELS第6期傅毅,張寄洲,王楊違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的歐式期權(quán)定價(jià)模型D1ΣTTSEE122THEMODELWITHVARIABLERATEPARAMETERΛT221BASICASSUMPTIONSTHEDEFAULTEVENTFOLLOWSANINHOMOGENEOUSPOISSONPROCESSINGENERAL,THERATEPARAMETERMAYCHANGEOVERTIMEINTHISCASE,THEGENERALIZEDRATEFUNCTIONISGIVENASΛTNOWTHEEXPECTEDNUMBEROFEVENTSINT,TDTISΛT,TDT∫TTDTΛTDTTHUS,THENUMBEROFEVENTSINTHETIMEINTERVALT,TDT,GIVENASNTDTNT,FOLLOWSAPOISSONDISTRIBUTIONWITHASSOCIATEDPARAMETERΛT,TDTPNTDTNTKEΛT,TDTΛT,TDTKK,K0,1,2222ESTABLISHANDSOLVEEQUATIONSIMILARLY,WEESTABLISHTHEEQUATIONBYTHEHEDGEOFTHEPORTFOLIOBECAUSEΛTISTIMEDEPENDENT,WECANGETΛT,TDT∫TTDTΛTDTΛTDT,PNTDTNT1EΛT,TDTΛT,TDT1ΛTDTTHEN,1ΛTDT5V5T12Σ2S252V5S2DT5V5SDSΔDSΛTDTVRVΔSDTTHEREFORE,THECALLOPTIONFUNCTIONSATISFIES5V5T12Σ2S252V5S2RS5V5SRΛTV00≤S∞,0≤TTVS,TSK2TOSOLVETHEEQUATION,LETUVEΒTANDYSEΑT,WHEREΑTRTTANDΒTRTT∫TTΛTDTTHENTHEEQUATION2BECOMES5U5TΣ22Y252U5Y200≤Y∞,0≤TTUTTYK3LETXLNYTHENWEOBTAINBY3THAT5U5ΤΣ2252U5X2Σ225U5X0UΤ0EXK,4LETUWEΣ28Τ12XTHENTHEABOVEEQUATION4ISREWRITTENAS5W5ΤΣ2252W5X20WΤ0EX2EXK5CONSEQUENTLY,THESOLUTIONOF5ISVSE∫TTΛTDTND1KERTT∫TTΛTDTND2,WHERE575

簡(jiǎn)介：STEPRESPONSEOFASINGLEPASSCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERWITHVARIABLEINLETTEMPERATURESANDMASSFLOWRATESKARTHIKSILAIPILLAYARPUTHURPTINDOKORDSATBK,CITEUREUP,INDONESIA16810STEPHENAIDEMTENNESSEETECHUNIVERSITY,COOKEVILLE,TN38574THESTEPRESPONSEOFASINGLEPASSCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERWITHVARIABLEINLETTEMPERATURESANDMASSFLOWRATESWASDETERMINEDINEVERYINSTANCE,THEENERGYBALANCEEQUATIONSWERESOLVEDUSINGANIMPLICITCENTRALFINITEDIFFERENCEMETHODNUMERICALPREDICTIONSWEREOBTAINEDFORCASESWHEREBOTHTHEMINIMUMORMAXIMUMCAPACITYRATEFLUIDSWERESUBJECTEDTOSTEPCHANGESININLETTEMPERATURE,COUPLEDWITHSTEPMASSFLOWRATECHANGESOFTHEFLUIDSLIKEWISE,PERFORMANCECALCULATIONSWERECONDUCTEDFORHEATEXCHANGERSOPERATINGINITIALLYATSTEADYSTATE,WHERESTEPFLOWRATECHANGESOFTHEMINIMUMANDMAXIMUMCAPACITYRATEFLUIDSWEREIMPOSEDINTHEABSENCEOFANYTEMPERATUREPERTURBATIONSBECAUSEOFTHESTORAGEOFENERGYINTHEHEATEXCHANGERWALL,ANDFINITEPROPAGATIONTIMESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEINLETPERTURBATIONS,THEOUTLETTEMPERATURESOFBOTHFLUIDSDONOTRESPONDINSTANTANEOUSLYAPARAMETRICSTUDYWASCONDUCTEDBYVARYINGTHEDIMENSIONLESSPARAMETERSGOVERNINGTHETRANSIENTRESPONSEOFTHEHEATEXCHANGEROVERAREPRESENTATIVERANGEOFVALUESDOI101115/14007206INTRODUCTIONTHEDESIGNOFAHEATEXCHANGERPRESUMESACCURATEKNOWLEDGEOFFLUIDINLETTEMPERATURESANDFLOWRATESHOWEVER,INMANYINSTANCES,AHEATEXCHANGERDOESNOTOPERATEATTHEDESIGNPOINTUNDERTHOSECIRCUMSTANCES,ITISNECESSARYTOPREDICTHEATEXCHANGERPERFORMANCEATOFFDESIGNCONDITIONSHEATEXCHANGERSDONOTINSTANTANEOUSLYRESPONDTOCHANGESINTHEINLETFLUIDTEMPERATURESANDMASSFLOWRATES,ANDAFINITETIMEISREQUIREDFORTHEHEATEXCHANGERTOSTABILIZEFROMSUCHVARIATIONSPERTURBATIONSININLETFLUIDTEMPERATURESANDFLOWRATESWILLCAUSEDISTURBANCESINTHERESPONSEOFTHEHEATEXCHANGER,ANDTHESEMAYINTRODUCEUNDESIRABLECONSEQUENCESTOTHEPROCESSSYSTEMTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFATRANSIENTFINITEDIFFERENCESENSIBLEPERFORMANCEMODELFORASINGLEPASSCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERVARIATIONSOFTHEINLETFLUIDTEMPERATURESANDMASSFLOWRATESASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEARECONSIDEREDTHEPAPERDETAILSTHEPERTINENTGOVERNINGEQUATIONSANDPRESENTSTHERESULTSFORVARIOUSCASESFURTHERMORE,TOVALIDATETHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEMODEL,THERESULTSOBTAINEDFROMTHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEMODELFORLARGETIMESWHEREASTEADYSOLUTIONISEXPECTEDARECOMPAREDWITHPREDICTIONSFROMASTEADYPERFORMANCEMODELTHEREAREAGREATNUMBEROFREFERENCESAVAILABLEINTHELITERATUREPERTAININGTOTRANSIENTHEATEXCHANGERPERFORMANCEMODELINGONLYTHEMOSTPERTINENTREFERENCESAREDISCUSSEDHEREINSPIGAANDSPIGA1STUDIEDTHETWODIMENSIONALTRANSIENTBEHAVIOROFGASTOGASCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERSBYSOLVINGTHETHERMALBALANCEEQUATIONBYANALYTICALMETHODSSPIGAANDSPIGA2PROVIDEDNONDIMENSIONALSOLUTIONSFORTRANSIENTTEMPERATUREANALYSISOFDIRECTTRANSFERCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERSSPIGAANDSPIGA3STUDIEDTHESTEPRESPONSEOFASINGLEPASSCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERWITHFINITEWALLCAPACITANCEMISHRAETAL4NUMERICALLYINVESTIGATEDTHETRANSIENTBEHAVIOROFCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERSWITHLONGITUDINALCONDUCTIONANDAXIALDISPERSIONFORSTEP,RAMP,ANDEXPONENTIALHOTFLUIDINLETTEMPERATUREPERTURBATIONSMISHRAETAL5DEVELOPEDANUMERICALSCHEMEFORSTUDYINGTHETRANSIENTBEHAVIOROFCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERSHAVINGFINITEWALLCAPACITANCEFORPERTURBATIONSINBOTHTEMPERATUREANDFLOWTHEEXPLICITFINITEDIFFERENCEAPPROACHWASUSED,ANDTHERESULTSWEREPRESENTEDFORSTEP,RAMP,EXPONENTIAL,ANDSINUSOIDALVARIATIONINTHEHOTFLUIDINLETTEMPERATUREDWIVEDIANDDAS6PRESENTEDATRANSIENTMODELTOANALYZETHETRANSIENTRESPONSEOFPLATEHEATEXCHANGERSSUBJECTEDTOASTEPFLOWVARIATIONMISHRAETAL7ANALYZEDTHEEFFECTSOFTEMPERATUREANDFLOWNONUNIFORMITIESONTHETRANSIENTRESPONSEOFCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERSTRANSIENTPERFORMANCEMODELTHECURRENTSTUDYDIRECTLYFOLLOWSFROMTHEWORKPRESENTEDINREF5FIGURE1DEPICTSASCHEMATICREPRESENTATIONOFTHESINGLEPASSCROSSFLOWHEATEXCHANGERCONSIDEREDINTHISSTUDYFLUID‘A’ANDFLUID‘B’EXCHANGEHEATTHROUGHASEPARATINGSOLIDWALL,ANDTHEFLOWDIRECTIONOFBOTHFLUIDSISNORMALTOONEANOTHERINGENERAL,THEDESIGNATIONOFTHE‘A’FLUIDOR‘B’FLUIDISCOMPLETELYARBITRARYHOWEVER,INTHISPAPER,ITISCONVENIENTTODEFINETHE‘A’FLUIDSUCHTHATITHASACAPACITYRATELESSTHANOREQUALTOTHATOFTHE‘B’FLUIDITISPROPOSEDTHATEITHERFLUIDCANEXPERIENCEACHANGEININLETTEMPERATUREAND/ORMASSFLOWRATEINORDERTOCONSIDERAMANAGEABLENUMBEROFCASES,THEPRESENTPAPERISRESTRICTEDTOSITUATIONSWHEREONEFLUIDUNDERGOESCHANGESININLETFLUIDCONDITIONSWHILETHEINLETCONDITIONSOFTHEOTHERFLUIDAREPRESUMEDTOREMAINCONSTANTINTIMETHATCONSTRAINTNEEDNOTBEIMPOSED,ANDREF8CONSIDERSANUMBEROFOTHERINSTANCESWHERETRANSIENTINLETCONDITIONSOFBOTHFLUIDSVARYSIMULTANEOUSLYADDITIONALASSUMPTIONSMADEINTHISSTUDY,CONSISTENTWITHTHOSEOUTLINEDINREF5,AREASFOLLOWSITHETHERMOPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFBOTHTHEFLUIDSANDWALLSARECONSTANTANDUNIFORM,IIBOTHFLUIDSAREUNMIXEDINTHEGIVENPASS,IIITHEREISNOPHASECHANGEINTHEFLUIDS,IVTHEREISNOINTERNALHEATGENERATIONINEITHERFLUID,VTHEHEATEXCHANGERDOESNOTEXCHANGEHEATWITHTHESURROUNDINGS,VITHETEMPERATUREOFBOTHFLUIDSDOESNOTVARYINADIRECTIONNORMALTOTHESEPARATINGSOLIDWALL,INDICATINGTHATTHEFLUIDANDWALLTEMPERATUREVARIATIONSARETWODIMENSIONAL,VIITHEFILMHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENTISSOLELYAFUNCTIONOFFLUIDVELOCITYANDCHANGESWITHTIMEASTHEFLOWRATESIMULTANEOUSLYCHANGES,ANDVIIITHEEFFECTSOFFOULINGRESISTANCESARENEGLIGIBLETHECAPACITYRATERATIOCANBEEXPRESSEDASCR?D_MCTAD_MCTB?1E1THEHEATTRANSFERRESISTANCERATIOISDEFINEDINTERMSOFTHECONVECTIONHEATTRANSFERENVIRONMENTSONEITHERSIDEOFTHEEXCHANGERWALL,SUCHTHATR?DHATBDHATA2PERREF5,THEFLOWPERTURBATIONCANBEEXPRESSEDBYDEFININGTHERATIOOFMASSFLOWRATEATANYTIMETTOTHATATINITIALTIMELEVELSUCHTHATCA?_M0A_MACB?_M0B_M0B3ASSUMINGFULLYDEVELOPEDTURBULENTFLOW,THEHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENTISPROPORTIONALTOMASSFLOWRATETHEREFORE,THEHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENTATANYTIMETISDEFINEDAS5H0A?CBAHA4MANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDDECEMBER15,2011FINALMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDJUNE14,2012PUBLISHEDONLINEOCTOBER12,2012ASSOCEDITORARUNMULEYJOURNALOFTHERMALSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSDECEMBER2012,VOL4/0445011COPYRIGHTVC2012BYASMEDOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//THERMALSCIENCEAPPLICATIONASMEDIGITALCOLLECTIONASMEORG/ON03/11/2013TERMSOFUSEHTTP//ASMEORG/TERMSOBJECTIVEOFTHESTEADYPERFORMANCEMODELISTOSERVEASANINPUTFORTHOSECASESCONSIDEREDINTHISSTUDYWHERETHEHEATEXCHANGEREXPERIENCESCHANGESINTHEINLETFLUIDMASSFLOWRATES,INTHEABSENCEOFTEMPERATUREINLETVARIATIONSREFERRINGTOREF8,IFTHE‘A’FLUIDISTREATEDASTHEMINIMUMCAPACITYRATEFLUIDAFTERAMASSFLOWRATECHANGEHASOCCURRED,THESTEADYSTATETEMPERATURESOFTHEFLUIDSANDTHESOLIDHEATEXCHANGERWALLATSUCCESSIVEGRIDLOCATIONSAREDETERMINEDBYEMPLOYINGTHEFOLLOWINGFINITEDIFFERENCEEQUATIONSREFERTOFIG1TAIT1JDT?1?A1?CRDT1TA1TCRDTTAIJDTT2A1TA1TCRDTTBIJDT23TBIJT1DT?1TA1?CRDT1TA1TCRDTTBIJDTT2ACR1TA1TCRDTTAIJDT24TWIJDT?CBADCBATRCBBTTAIJDTTRCBBDCBATRCBBTTBIJDT25WHEREA?NTU2N26LIKEWISE,IFTHE‘A’FLUIDISTREATEDASTHEMAXIMUMCAPACITYRATEFLUIDAFTERTHEFLOWRATEDISTURBANCE,THESTEADYSTATETEMPERATURESOFTHEFLUIDSATSUCCESSIVEGRIDLOCATIONSAREDETERMINEDBYUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGEXPRESSIONS8TAIT1JDT?2ACR1TA1TCRDTTBIJDTT1TA1?CRDT1TA1TCRDTTAIJDT27TBIJT1DT?1?A1?CRDT1TA1TCRDTTBIJDTT2A1TA1TCRDTCRTAIJDT28INTHISINSTANCE,THESTEADYSTATEWALLTEMPERATUREATANYGRIDLOCATIONISAGAINGIVENBYEQ25EQUATIONS23–28ARESOLVEDSUBJECTTOTHESAMEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSTHATWEREEMPLOYEDINTHETRANSIENTANALYSISTHEABOVEEQUATIONSAREEMPLOYEDTOCALCULATETHEFLUID‘A’ANDTHEFLUID‘B’STEADYSTATETEMPERATUREATSUCCESSIVEGRIDLOCATIONSTHEOUTLETTEMPERATURESARETHEREINAVERAGEDTOYIELDTHESTEADYHEATEXCHANGERPERFORMANCERESULTSBASEDONTHECONCEPTSANDTHEEQUATIONSDESCRIBEDINTHE‘TRANSIENTPERFORMANCEMODEL’AND‘STEADYPERFORMANCEMODEL’SECTIONS,AMODELISDEVELOPEDTOSTUDYANDVALIDATETHETRANSIENTFINITEDIFFERENCESENSIBLESINGLEPASSHEATEXCHANGERPERFORMANCETHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEOFTHEHEATEXCHANGERISSTUDIEDOVERARANGEOFPARAMETERS,ANDTHESTEADYSTATERESULTSOBTAINEDFROMTHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEMODELARECOMPAREDWITHTHERESULTSFROMTHESTEADYPERFORMANCEMODELINTHELIMITAST1THESALIENTOBSERVATIONSPERTAININGTOEACHCASEAREDISCUSSEDBELOWFIGURE2DEPICTSTHEMEANFLUIDEXITTEMPERATURESFROMTHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEMODELPLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONOFDIMENSIONLESSTIMEDUETOASTEPTEMPERATURECHANGEOFTHE‘A’FLUIDINLETTEMPERATUREATDIFFERENTOVERALLNUMBEROFTRANSFERUNITSNTUVALUES,WHEREE?R?1,V?0,CA?CB?1INTHISCASE,ITISASSUMEDTHATBOTHTHEFLUIDSHAVEASTEADYMASSFLOWRATETHERESULTSFROMTHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEMODELARECOMPAREDWITHTHEANALYTICALRESULTSPRESENTEDINREF1THEFLUIDTEMPERATURESFROMREF1AREPRESENTEDASDISCRETEPOINTSANDTHETEMPERATURESDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSIENTFINITEDIFFERENCEMODELARESHOWNASSOLIDLINESFIGURE2DEPICTSEXCELLENTAGREEMENTBETWEENTHERESULTSOBTAINEDFROMTHECURRENTFINITEDIFFERENCEAPPROACHANDTHERESULTSOBTAINEDTHROUGHANALYTICALAPPROACH1,THUSPROMOTINGCONFIDENCEINTHETRANSIENTFINITEDIFFERENCEPERFORMANCEMODELFIGURES3AND4DEPICTTHEMEANFLUIDEXITTEMPERATURESCALCULATEDFROMTHETRANSIENTPERFORMANCEMODELPLOTTEDASAFUNCTIONFIG3MEANFLUIDEXITTEMPERATUREOFTHE‘A’FLUIDDUETOASTEPCHANGEOFTHE‘A’FLUIDINLETTEMPERATURECOUPLEDWITHASTEPFLOWRATECHANGEOFTHE‘A’FLUIDINITIALLYE?R?V?NTU?1CB?1FIG4MEANFLUIDEXITTEMPERATUREOFTHE‘B’FLUIDDUETOASTEPCHANGEOFTHE‘A’FLUIDINLETTEMPERATURECOUPLEDWITHASTEPFLOWRATECHANGEOFTHE‘A’FLUIDINITIALLYE?R?V?NTU?1ANDCB?1FIG2MEANFLUIDEXITTEMPERATUREOFTHE‘A’AND‘B’FLUIDSDUETOASTEPTEMPERATURECHANGEOFTHE‘A’FLUIDINLETTEMPERATUREER1,V0,CACB1JOURNALOFTHERMALSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSDECEMBER2012,VOL4/0445013DOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//THERMALSCIENCEAPPLICATIONASMEDIGITALCOLLECTIONASMEORG/ON03/11/2013TERMSOFUSEHTTP//ASMEORG/TERMS

簡(jiǎn)介：第1頁(yè)共45頁(yè)基于單片機(jī)的步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)摘要步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)由于用其組成的開(kāi)環(huán)系統(tǒng)既簡(jiǎn)單、廉價(jià)，又非?？尚?，因此在打印機(jī)等辦公自動(dòng)化設(shè)備以及各種控制裝置等眾多領(lǐng)域有著極其廣泛的應(yīng)用。本文介紹的是一種基于單片機(jī)的步進(jìn)電機(jī)的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)，用匯編語(yǔ)言編寫出電機(jī)的正轉(zhuǎn)、反轉(zhuǎn)、加速、減速、停止程序，通過(guò)單片機(jī)、電機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)芯片ULN2004以及相應(yīng)的按鍵實(shí)現(xiàn)以上功能，并且步進(jìn)電機(jī)的工作狀態(tài)要用相應(yīng)的發(fā)光二極管顯示出來(lái)。本文內(nèi)容介紹了步進(jìn)電機(jī)以及單片機(jī)原理、該系統(tǒng)的硬件電路、程序組成，同時(shí)對(duì)軟、硬件進(jìn)行了調(diào)試，同時(shí)介紹了調(diào)試過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題以及解決問(wèn)題的方法。該設(shè)計(jì)具有思路明確、可靠性高、穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)，通過(guò)調(diào)試實(shí)現(xiàn)了上述功能。關(guān)鍵詞步進(jìn)電機(jī)；脈寬調(diào)制；驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)；單片機(jī)；轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)第3頁(yè)共45頁(yè)目錄序言????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1第1章緒論??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????211課題研究的目的和意義??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????212國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????213論文的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????3第2章步進(jìn)電機(jī)與單片機(jī)簡(jiǎn)介??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????421步進(jìn)電機(jī)介紹??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????4211步進(jìn)電機(jī)概述????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????4212步進(jìn)電機(jī)的工作原理????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????6213步進(jìn)電機(jī)的分類與選擇????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????822步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)介紹??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????9221步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????9222步進(jìn)電機(jī)繞組的電氣特性??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1023單片機(jī)原理????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11231單片機(jī)原理概述???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11232單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????12233AT89C51簡(jiǎn)介??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????13第3章系統(tǒng)整體硬件結(jié)構(gòu)????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1731系統(tǒng)整圖????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1732電源部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1833按鍵部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1834驅(qū)動(dòng)部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1935狀態(tài)指示部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2036時(shí)鐘部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????20第4章系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì)??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2141系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)軟硬件環(huán)境????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2142系統(tǒng)主程序????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2143查鍵部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2244前進(jìn)部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2245后退部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2346加速部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2447減速部分????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????25第5章系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試與檢測(cè)??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????26

簡(jiǎn)介：OCT．2008，VOLUME2，NO．10SERIALNO．11JOURNALOFAGRICULTURALSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY，ISSN19391250，USAQUANTITATIVEDETERMINATIONOFPOLYSACCHARIDEINCURCUMAWENYUJIN，ATRADITIONALCHINESEMEDICINE，BYAPHENOLSULFURICACIDMETHODSHAOQINGSONGIHURUNHUAILFLSCHOOLOFFORESTRYANDBIOTECHNOLOGY,ZHEJIANGFORESTRYUNIVERSITY,HANGZHOU31130CHINA；2．COLLEGEOFHORTICULTURE．NANJINGAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY,NAMING210095,CHINA．ABSTRACTCURCUMAWENYUJINHASBEENWIDELYUSEDASATRADITIONALMEDICINEINCHINA．INTHISPAPERASTRATEGYFORTHEQUANTITATIVEDETERMINATIONOFTHEPOLYSACCHARIDEBYAPHENOLSULFURICACIDMETHODWASDESCRIBED．INVOLVEDINTHREEFACTORS，5％PHENOLVOLUME，H2504VOLUME，ANDTEMPERATUREOFWATERBATH，WEADOPTEDTHEL93ORTHOGONALARRAYDESIGNTOGAINTHEOPTIMALCOLORIMETRICMETHOD．3．0MLOFPOLYSACCHARIDESOLUTION，1．0ML，5％PHENOLAND7．0MLH2804WEREMIXEDWITHCONSTANTSTIRRINGINAGLASSVESSEL，ANDTHENKEPTINAWATERBATHAT40℃．AFTERCOOLINGTOROOMTEMPERATUREFOR20MIN，THEABSORBANCEVALUESWERERECORDEDBYTHEUV一2501PCSPECTROMETERATTHEWAVELENGTHRANGEOF485NM．THEPOLYSACCHARIDECONTENTINCURCUMAWENYUJINWERE3．21％．3．23％，3．20％3．18％3．22％AND2．38％RESPECTIVELY．AILRESULTSSHOWEDTHATTHISMETHODWASADEQUATE，VALIDANDAPPLICABLE，MAYBEAPPLIEDTOTHEDETERMINATIONOFOTHERBACTERIALPOLYSACCHARIDEASWEL1．KEYWORDSQUANTITATIVEDETERMINATION；APHENOLSULFURICACIDMETHOD；ORTHOGONALARRAYDESIGN；POLYSACCHARIDE；CURCUMAWENYUJIN1．INTRODUCTIONCURCUMAWENYUJINY．H．CHENETC．LINGCHINESENAME“WENYUJIN”ISATRADITIONALMEDICINALPLANTINCHINA．ANDITSROOTISSPECIFIEDASHERBALMEDICINEINCHINESEPHARMACOPOEIA,NAMELYRADIXCURCUMAE，ISOFWIDEMEDICINALVALUEL．THEUSAGEOFCURCUMAWENY“，INWASFIRSTRECORDEDINYAOXINGLUNIN’ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTHISPROJECTWASSUPPORTEDBYTHENATURALSCIENCEDEVCLOPMENTFOUNDATIONOFZHEJIANGFORESTRYUNIVERSITYNO．235L000298．WETHANKLIHONG．WANFORTHEHELPINCOLLECTINGTHESAMPLES．PROFESSORL0ULUHUANFORTHEHELPINTHEAUTHENTICATIONOFCURCUMAWENYUJINCHENY．H．．ETLINGC．．YEWEN．WENFORASSISTANCEWITHTHEEXPERIMENTS．SHA0QING．SONG．PH．DLECTURER；RESEARCHFIELDTRADITIONALCHINESEMEDICINE．E．MAILSQSZJFCL26．CORN．627649B?CTHEDESCRIBEDFUNCTIONSWERETOREMOVEBLOODSTASISANDTOALLEVIATEPAIN1．NOWITHASBEENUSEDTOTREATHEPATITIS，MENSTRUALDISORDERS，ANDEPILEPSY，ANDTHISHERBCANALSOBEPREPAREDASADECOCTIONINMANYCHINESEFAMILIESASHEALTHFOODSUPPLEMENTSI～1．INRECENTYEARS，PLANTPOLYSACCHARIDEHASBEENREGARDEDASANIMPORTANTCLASSOFBIOLOGICALRESPONSEMODIFIERS．THELITERATUREI_】SHOWEDTHATDHENOLICPIGMENT，ESSENTIALOILANDPOLYSACCHARIDEARETHEMAINCONSTITUENTSINCURCUMAWENYUJIN．THEPOLYSACCHARIDEFRACTIONSOBTAINEDFROMCURCUMAWENYUJINEXHIBITANTITUMORANDANTIOXIDANTACTIVITIES．INTHISPAPER,WEUSEDSUPERSONICWAVETOEXTRACTCURCUMAWENYUJINPOLYSAEEHARIDE．POLYSACEHARIDEWASDETERMINEDBYAPHENOLSULFURICACIDMETHOD，USINGDGLUCOSEASSTANDARD們．AMONGMANYCOLORIMETRICMETHODSFORPOLYSACCHARIDEDETERMINATION，THEPHENOLSULFURICACIDMETHOD【78LISTHEEASIESTANDMOSTRELIABLEMETHOD．THEPHENOLSULFURICACIDMETHODISUSEDWIDELYBECAUSEOFITSSENSITIVITYANDSIMPLICITY．OTHERMETHODSUSINGANTHRONEI91．ORCINOL10】，ORRESORCINOLIL1LCANBEASSENSITIVEBUTARENOTASCONVENIENT．SINCEVARIOUSPARAMETERSPOTENTIALLYAFFECTTHECOLORIMETRIC，THEOPTIMIZATIONOFTHEEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSWASACRITICALSTEP．INVOLVEDINTHREEFACTORS．5％PHENOLVOLUME，H2SO4VOLUMEANDTEMPERATUREOFWATERBATH，WEADOPTEDTHEL93’ORTHOGONALARRAYDESIGNTOGAINTHEOPTIMALCOLORIMETRICMETHOD．3．0MLOFPOLYSACCHARIDESOLUTION，1．0ML，5％PHENOLAND7．0MLH2804WEREMIXEDWITHCONSTANTSTIRRINGINAGLASS59QUANTITATIVEDETERMINATIONOFPOIYSACCHARIDEINCURCUMAWENYUJIN，ATRADITIONALCHINESEMEDICINE，BYAPHENOLSULFURICACIDMETHOD2．5STATISTICALANALYSISTHEDATAOBTAINEDWEREANALYZEDSTATISTICALLYBYANOVAMETHODSPSSVERSION13．01．3．RESULTANDDISCUSSION3．1DETERMINATIONOFMAXIMUMABSORPTIONPEAKMAXIMUMABSORPTIONPEAKWEREDETERMINEDBYMETHODOFHABIBI，MAHROUZ，VIGNON，2005【L3】WITHSOMESLIGHTMODIFICATION．3．0MLOFSTANDARDGLUCOSEDILUTIONSOLUTION，1．0ML，5％PHENOLAND7．0MLH2S04WEREMIXEDWITHCONSTANTSTIRRINGINAGLASSVESSE1．ANDTHENKEPTINAWATERBATHAT4O℃．ATIERCOOLINGTOROOMTEMPERATUREFOR20MIN，THEABSORBANCEVALUESWERERECORDEDBYTHEUV一2501PCSPECTROMETERATTHEWAVELENGTHRANGEOF300600NM．ATTHESAMETIME，3．0MLDISTILLEDWATERWASMEASUREDASBLANKCONTROLACCORDINGTOIDENTICALWAY．FROMTHEABSORBANCEVALUESANDWAVELENGTHSPECTROGRAM，WECOULDOBSERVETHEMAXIMUMABSORPTANCEPEAKAT485NM．THEREFORE，WECHOSE485AMASTHEOPTIMALMEASUREWAVELENGTHTORAISEMEASUREPRECISION．3．2DRAWINGOFTHESTANDARDCURVEOFGLUCOSEACONCENTRATIONOF20，40，60，80，100GG／MLGLUCOSESOLUTIONSWEREPREPARED，RESPECTIVELY，SUCK3．0MLSTANDARDSOLUTIONACCURATELYANDPUTITINAGLASSVESSE1．1．0ML．5％PHENOLAND7．0MLH2SO4WEREMIXEDWITHCONSTANTSTIRRINGANDTHENKEPTINAWATERBATHAT40“C．AFTERCOOLINGTOROOMTEMPERATUREFOR20MIN，THEABSORBANCEVALUESWERERECORDEDBYTHEUV一2501PCSPECTROMETERATTHEWAVELENGTHOF485ARIA．3．0MLOFREAGENTBLANKWASUSEDASBLANKCONTROLACCORDINGTOIDENTICALWAY．STANDARDCURVEOFGLUCOSECOULDBEDRAWN．REGRESSIONEQUATIONA0．0072C0．0255；R2O．9988．RESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHEREEXISTINGAGOODLINEARITYBETWEENGLUCOSECONCENTRATIONANDABSORT}ANCEWITHINTHECONCENTRATIONRANGEOF20100GG／ML．3．3OPTIMIZATIONOFTHECOLORIMETRICMETHODTHEL93’ORTHOGONALARRAYSDESIGNWASCHOSENFORPERFORMINGTHEEXPERIMENTALDESIGN．THEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEDESIGNPARAMETERSWASNEGLECTEDINTHEPRESENTSTUDY．HOWEVER，THESEQUENCEINWHICHTHEEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTWASRANDOMIZEDTOAVOIDANYKINDOFPERSONALORSUBJECTIVEBIAS，WHICHCOULDBECONSCIOUSORUNCONSCIOUS．FORTHREEPARAMETERSATTHREELEVELSEACH，THETRADITIONALFULLFACTORIALDESIGNWOULDREQUIRE3’，OR27EXPERIMENTS．HOWEVER，INL93ORTHOGONALARRAYSDESIGN，THEREQUIREDEXPERIMENTSWEREONLY9TABLE3．TABLE3L933ORTHOG0NALARRAYSDESIGN6L

簡(jiǎn)介：??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

簡(jiǎn)介：PREDICTIONOFINFILTRATIONRATESTHROUGHANAUTOMATICDOORGEORGIOSHVATISTASA,DEKANGCHENB,,TZUFANGCHENA,SUILINAADEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,CONCORDIAUNIVERSITY,MONTREALQUEBEC,CANADABCANARAILCONSULTANTSINC,MONTREALQUEBEC,CANADARECEIVED16NOVEMBER2005ACCEPTED5JUNE2006AVAILABLEONLINE27JULY2006ABSTRACTANEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONONINFILTRATIONRATETHROUGHAUTOMATICDOORWAYSWASCONDUCTEDINANEXPERIMENTALROOMWITHTHREEAUTOMATICDOORSTHEEXPERIMENTALINFILTRATIONRATETESTEDWASUPTO617M3/H,WHICHWASEQUIVALENTTOTHEOUTDOORAIROCCUPYINGABOUT47OFTHEOUTDOORAIRSUPPLIEDTOTHEROOMTHERESULTOFTHEINFILTRATIONRATEINCREASESWITHANINCREASEOFINDOOR–OUTDOORTEMPERATUREDIFFERENCEBASEDONTHEUNBALANCEDSUPPLYRETURNAIRFLOWINAHVACSYSTEM,THETOTALINFILTRATIONRATEWASCORRECTEDWITHTHECOMBINEDCOUNTERANDEXFILTRATIONAIRFLOWANDTHEAIRLOCKEXCHANGETODEVELOPARELIABLECORRELATIONTHISCORRELATIONENABLESTHEPREDICTIONOFTHEINFILTRATIONRATETHROUGHANAUTOMATICDOORWITHTHECYCLINGOFTHEDOOROPENINGANDCLOSINGTHEDIFFERENCEOFTHECALCULATEDRESULTOF580M3/HOFTHEINFILTRATIONRATEINCOMPARISONWITHTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTOF617M3/HISABOUT6FORTHEINDOORANDOUTDOORTEMPERATURESOF18?CAND?1?C,RESPECTIVELYWHENTHEOUTDOORTEMPERATURERISESFROM?1?CTO4?C,THEINFILTRATIONRATECALCULATEDCHANGESFROM580M3/HTO466M3/H?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSTESTINGMODELINGINFILTRATIONAUTOMATICDOOR1INTRODUCTIONAUTOMATICDOORSAREUSUALLYINSTALLEDINCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSORURBANMASSTRANSPORTATION,SUCHASBUSESANDLIGHTRAILWAYVEHICLES,FORCUSTOMERSTOPASSTHROUGHTHEDOORSWHENTHEDOOROPENS,SIGNIFICANTAIRINFILTRATESTHROUGHTHEDOORWAY,WHICHREPRESENTSANEXTRACOOLINGORHEATINGLOADTHEEVALUATIONOFTHEEXTRALOADISVERYCRUCIALBECAUSEITCANBEVARIEDUPTO15–20OFTHETOTALLOADINGUNDERTHECONDITIONOFALARGEINDOOR–OUTDOORTEMPERATUREDIFFERENCEMOSTOFTHECORRELATIONSANDCHARTSTODETERMINETHEDOORINFILTRATIONFORCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSWEREOBTAINEDFROMEXPERIMENTALSTUDIES,ANDEXPRESSEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHETRAFFICRATEINDICATINGPERSONSPASSINGTHEDOORPERHOUR3,4THEBASICCONSIDERATIONUSEDTHEREWASTHATADOORCOMPLETEDONECYCLINGOFOPENINGANDCLOSINGWHENONEPERSONPASSEDTHEDOORHOWEVER,IFMANYPEOPLEPASSTHEDOORSIMULTANEOUSLYWHENTHEDOOROPENS,THEABOVECALCULATIONMETHODCANNOTBEUSEDDIRECTLYTHEINFILTRATIONRATETHROUGHADOORWAYISCLOSELYRELATEDTOTHEINDOOR–OUTDOORTEMPERATUREDIFFERENCE,THEWIND,THEDOORTYPEANDSIZE,THEDOOROPENTIMEANDTHEEXFILTRATIONRATEETCTHEINDOOR–OUTDOORTEMPERATUREDIFFERENCEDRIVESTHECOUNTERAIRFLOWATTHEDOORWAYDUETOTHEAIRDENSITYDIFFERENCEACROSSTHEOPENDOORTHEHIGHDENSITYAIRHAVINGALOWERTEMPERATUREFLOWSTHROUGHTHELOWERPARTOFTHEDOOR,ANDTHELOWDENSITYAIRHAVINGAHIGHERTEMPERATUREFLOWSTHROUGHTHETOPPARTOFTHEDOORTHEREFORE,ANEUTRALLEVELMUSTEXISTATAPOSITIONOFTHEDOORHEIGHTWHERETHEAIRVELOCITYANDFLOWRATEAREEQUALTOZEROBROWNANDSOLVASON6STUDIEDTHEHEATANDMASSTRANSFERRATESBETWEENTWOROOMSWITHDIFFERENTTEMPERATURESTHROUGHDIFFERENTRECTANGULAROPENINGSHAVINGTHEIRDIMENSIONSOF600600,6001200,900900AND12001200THEYREASONABLYASSUMEDTHATTHENEUTRALLEVELLOCATEDATTHEMIDHEIGHTOFTHEOPENING,ANDDERIVEDANEXPRESSIONFROM13594311/SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JAPPLTHERMALENG200606002CORRESPONDINGAUTHORPRESENTADDRESS5THFLOOR,NO100,HSINYIROADSEC5,TAIPEI,TAIWAN110TEL886237252504FAX886287251597EMAILADDRESSDEKANGCGMAILCOMDCHENWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/APTHERMENGAPPLIEDTHERMALENGINEERING272007545–550TOTALOUTDOORAIR1232M3/HTOTALRETURNAIR2990M3/HTOTALSUPPLYAIR4222M3/HTHESUMOFTHEOUTDOORAIRANDRETURNAIRFOURTEENTHERMOCOUPLESOF1MABOVETHEFLOORWEREUSEDTODETERMINETHEAVERAGETEMPERATURETIINTHEROOMFIG1THETOTALPOWERCONSUMPTIONWASMEASUREDBYAPOWERMETERANDTHEAVERAGEOUTDOORTEMPERATURETOWASALSORECORDEDTHESIGNALSFROMTHETHERMOCOUPLESANDTHEPOWERMETERWERECONNECTEDTOACOMPUTERDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMDURINGTHETEST,THEAVERAGEOUTDOORTEMPERATURETOMAINTAINEDAT?1?CTHEAVERAGETEMPERATUREINTHEROOMREACHEDTOASTABLEVALUETIWHENTHEHVACUNITWASRUNFORABOUTFOURHOURSALLTHEDOORSWERECLOSEDINTHISSTAGETHENTHETHREEDOORSOPERATEDOPEN/CLOSECYCLINGATTHESAMEFREQUENCYTHETIMELENGTHSOFANOPEN/CLOSECYCLINGWEREASFOLLOWSOPENINGTIME25SFULLOPENTIME175SCLOSINGTIME25SFULLCLOSETIME1175STHEAVERAGETEMPERATUREINTHEROOMWOULDFIRSTDECREASE,ANDTHENTENDTOASTABLEVALUETS,THATWASLOWERTHANTHERECORDEDINITIALAVERAGETEMPERATURETITHEINPUTPOWERTOTHEBASEBOARDHEATERSWASADJUSTEDTOINCREASEAVALUEOFDWSOTHATTHEAVERAGETEMPERATUREINTHEROOMRETURNEDTOTHEINITIALVALUETITHEREFORE,THEINFILTRATIONRATE,QIN,COULDBECALCULATEDBYFOLLOWINGEQUATIONQIN?DWQOCPODTI?TSTD1T3ANALYSISANDDISCUSSIONASIGNIFICANTINFILTRATIONRATETHROUGHTHEDOORSWASFOUNDINTHEEXPERIMENTASSHOWNINFIG2THEINFILTRATIONRATEMEASUREDWASFROM512M3/HTO617M3/HTHEINFILTRATIONRATEINCREASESALMOSTLINEARLYWITHTHEINCREASEOFTHEINDOOR–OUTDOORTEMPERATUREDIFFERENCEDTANEXPRESSIONGIVENBYKIELANDWILSON1FORTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEINFILTRATIONRATETHROUGHADOORWAYWASQIN?KWH3GHDQ?Q??05D2TWHERE?QWASTHEAVERAGEAIRDENSITYANDWASDEFINEDAS?Q?QITQO2D3TANEXPERIMENTALCORRELATIONFORTHEORIFICECOEFFICIENTKOBTAINEDBYKIELANDWILSON1WASK?04T00045DTD4TTHECALCULATEDINFILTRATIONRATEQINOBTAINEDFROMEQS2–4ISABOUT53HIGHERTHANTHEPRESENTEXPERIMENTALDATAASSHOWNINFIG2HVACSYSTEMSINSOMECOMMERCIALBUILDINGSAREUNBALANCEDFORTHEAIRSUPPLYANDRETURNASSHOWNINFIG3THEAMOUNTOFCONDITIONEDAIRSUPPLIEDFROMAHVACUNITISTHESUMOFTHERETURNAIRANDTHEOUTDOORAIRIFTHEEXFILTRATIONTHROUGHCRACKSISNEGLIGIBLE,THEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHESUPPLYANDRETURNAIRFLOWRATESISEQUALTOTHEEXFILTRATESTHROUGHTHEDOORSTHEEXFILTRATIONRATEISUPTOABOUT30OFTHESUPPLYAIRINSOMEDESIGNS,WHICHWILLAFFECTTHEINFILTRATIONRATETHROUGHTHEDOORTHEAIRFLOWATADOORWAYCANBECONSIDEREDASANOVERLAPOFTWOFLOWSTHECOUNTERAIRFLOWANDTHEEXFILTRATIONAIRFLOWASSUMINGTHATTHENEUTRALLEVERISATTHEMIDHEIGHTOFTHEDOORANDSEPARATESTHECOUNTERAIRFLOW,ANDTHATTHEEXFILTRATIONAIRFLOWISUNIFORMLYDISTRIBUTEDONTHEDOORSURFACEASSHOWNINFIG4AANDB,RESPECTIVELYFIG4CILLUSTRATESTHECOMBINEDTWOAIRFLOWSATTHEDOORWAYTHENEUTRALLEVELFORTHECOMBINEDAIRFLOWMOVESDOWNWARD,WHICHRESULTSINAREDUCTIONOFTHECROSSSECTIONALAREAOFTHEINFILTRATIONAIRFLOWFROMFIG4,ACORRELATIONCANBEWRITTENASHH2?VMAX?VEXVMAXD5TBROWNANDSOLVASON6GAVETHEVELOCITYPROFILEALONGTHEHEIGHTOFTHEDOORV?FFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFI2GDQ?QZSD6TFORTHEMAXIMUMINFILTRATIONAIRVELOCITYVMAXATTHEBOTTOMOFDOOR,THEABOVEEQUATIONBECOMESVMAX?FFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIGHDQ?QSD7T200300400500600700800900100017175181851919520INDOOROUTDOORTEMPERATUREDIFFERENCE,°CINFILTRATIONRATE,M3/HREQS1415KIELWILSON1989PRESENTEXPERIMENTFIG2INFILTRATIONRATETHROUGHTHEDOORSGHVATISTASETAL/APPLIEDTHERMALENGINEERING272007545–550547

簡(jiǎn)介：DEVELOPMENTOFAFULLYIMPLANTABLEWIRELESSPRESSUREMONITORINGSYSTEMROBERTTANITREPRESENTSTHEFIRSTSTEPINDEVELOPINGAUBIQUITOUSSENSINGPLATFORMFORTELEMEDICINEANDREMOTEPATIENTMONITORINGKEYWORDSMEMSPRESSURESENSORIMPLANTABLEPATIENTMONITORINGTELEMETRYTELEMEDICINEBLADDERWIRELESS1INTRODUCTIONTHEREHASBEENSIGNIFICANTINTERESTINTHEMEDICALCOMMUNITYINTELEMEDICINEANDREMOTEPATIENTMONITORINGATHOMEANDINTHEHOSPITALFIELDANDGRIGSBY2002CURRENTPATIENTMONITORINGINSTRUMENTATIONANDPRACTICESCANBECUMBERSOMEANDRESTRICTIVEFOREXAMPLE,INTHEINTENSIVECAREUNIT,BLOODPRESSUREMONITORINGCANBEMONITOREDCONTINUOUSLYWITHANARTERIALLINETHISISACATHETERTHATISPLACEDINTHEARTERY,ANDANEXTERNALTRANSDUCERDETECTSTHEPRESSURETHELIMITATIONSOFTHISARETHATTHEACCURACYISHIGHLYVARIABLE,ANDTHEPATIENTISOFTENSEDATEDTOPREVENTHIMFROMINJURINGHIMSELFFROMMOVEMENTONTHEOTHERHAND,INSTANDARDFLOORCARE,WHILECOMPLETELYNONINVASIVEANDBURDENFREETOTHEPATIENT,STANDARDBLOODPRESSUREMEASUREMENTSWITHACUFFARENONCONTINUOUSPOINTMEASUREMENTSTYPICALLYTAKENEVERY2–12HTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCRITICALVITALSIGNSBETWEENMEASUREMENTSCOULDBEMISSEDCURRENTLY,THEREISNODEVICEWHICHPROVIDESCLINICIANSWITHCONTINUOUSMONITORINGOFVITALSIGNSWITHOUTBEINGEXTREMELYINVASIVEAND/ORCUMBERSOMEADEVICECAPABLEOFCONTINUOUSANDREALTIMEMEASUREMENTANDMONITORINGWITHOUTSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCINGTHEPATIENT’SCOMFORTORRESTRICTINGHISMOVEMENTWOULDFILLTHEGAPSINPERFORMANCEANDCOMFORTBETWEENINTENSIVEANDSTANDARDCAREASIMPLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONISTOUTILIZEIMPLANTABLEMICROSYSTEMSUTILIZINGWIRELESSTELEMETRYWIRELESSTELEMETRYFREESTHEPATIENTFROMBEINGTETHEREDTOLARGEHOSPITALMONITORSANDCANPARTICIPATEINAHOSPITALSENSORNETWORK,WHICHCOULDINCREASEMONITORINGEFFICIENCYBIOMEDMICRODEVICES200911259–264DOI101007/S1054400892321RTANCKLINJSCHMIDTDEPARTMENTOFBIOENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,LOSANGELES,CA90095,USAEMAILSCHMIDTSEASUCLAEDUTMCCLUREPSCHULAMDEPARTMENTOFUROLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,LOSANGELES,CA90095,USADJEAMSRIVASTAVADEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,LOSANGELES,CA90095,USAFDABIRITMASSEYMSARRAFZADEHDEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERSCIENCE,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,LOSANGELES,CA90095,USACDMONTEMAGNOCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFCINCINNATI,CINCINNATI,OH45221,USATATIONNUSIL2008THEPDMSWASMIXEDINA101ELASTOMERBASETOCURINGAGENTRATIOANDDEGASSEDUNDERVACUUMONCEINTHEMOLD,THEPDMSWASALLOWEDTOCUREFOR～24HATROOMTEMPERATURETHEFINALDIAMETEROFTHEMOLDEDTIPOFTHECATHETERLEADMEASUREDABOUT12FRENCH4MM22SENSORNODETHESENSORNODECONSISTSOFTHREECOMPONENTSAMPLIFYINGELECTRONICS,MICROCONTROLLERANDWIRELESSTRANSMITTER,ANDTHEBATTERYTHEFREEENDOFTHECATHETERLEADISSOLDEREDONTOACUSTOMDESIGNEDCIRCUITBOARDONTHISCIRCUITBOARDAREAQUADMICROPOWER,SINGLESUPPLYOPERATIONALAMPLIFIERTEXASINSTRUMENTSTLV2764,A25VVOLTAGEREGULATORCHIPANALOGDEVICESREF192,ANDASINGLEPOLE,DOUBLETHROWSPDTMAGNETICREEDSWITCHTOTURNTHEDEVICEONANDOFFHAMLINLIN2007THEVOLTAGEREGULATORCHIPSETSTHESUPPLYVOLTAGEPOWERINGTHEDEVICEANDOTHERELECTRONICSTO25VTOPREVENTANYVARIATIONSINSIGNALFROMTHEPRESSUREDIEDUETOVARIATIONSINBATTERYVOLTAGETHEOPERATIONALAMPLIFIERSWERECONFIGUREDTONULLANYOFFSETFROMTHESENSORBRIDGEANDAMPLIFYTHEBRIDGEVOLTAGEBYAFACTOROF300THEPHYSIOLOGICALLYRELEVANTPRESSUREMEASUREMENTRANGEWAS15PSIGAUGEPRESSURE,ANDWITHTHEDEVICESENSITIVITY,SUPPLYVOLTAGE,ANDAMPLIFICATION,THEDEVICEOUTPUTWAS12V/PSIAND18VFORTHEPHYSIOLOGICALPRESSURERANGETHEOUTPUTOFTHEAMPLIFYINGCIRCUITWASCONNECTEDTOTHEMICROCONTROLLERANDWIRELESSTRANSMITTERMICA2DOTCROSSBOWMPR510CA,HEREAFTERREFERREDTOASTHEDOTMOTE,WHICHTRANSMITSAT433MHZWEPROGRAMMEDTHEMICROCONTROLLERTOACQUIREANDTRANSMITDATAWHILEMAXIMIZINGBATTERYLIFEINTHREEWAYSFIRST,THEMICROCONTROLLERPULSESTHESENSORFORONLY30ΜSEACHMEASUREMENTCYCLE,AFTERWHICHTHEENTIREDEVICEGOESINTOSLEEPMODESECOND,THEMEASUREMENTSARETAKENONLYONCEPERSECONDFINALLY,SINCETHEGREATESTPOWERDRAWCOMESFROMTRANSMISSION,THESAMPLEDDATAISSTOREDLOCALLYONTHEDOTMOTEANDISTRANSMITTEDEVERY30MEASUREMENTSLINETAL2007THESETECHNIQUESREDUCETHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONFROM3MJPERMEASUREMENTTO625ΜJLIN2007LINETAL2007THEBATTERYUSEDISA37V,850MAHLITHIUMPOLYMERBATTERYBATTERIESAMERICATHEDEVICEWASOBSERVEDTOHAVEALIFETIMEOF387,300MEASUREMENTSOR4DAYSATTHISSAMPLINGRATEBEFORETHEBATTERYVOLTAGEDROPPEDBELOWTHESUPPLYVOLTAGEOFTHEDEVICEONCEFULLYFABRICATED,THESENSORNODEWASWRAPPEDIN25ΜMTHICKLOWDENSITYPOLYETHYLENELDPE,PLASTICSHEETINGSUPPLYANDCOMPRESSIONMOLDEDINPDMSAFTERWARDS,THEDEVICEWASDIPPEDINTOPDMSFORASECONDSILICONELAYERTOPLUGANYHOLESINTHEFIRSTPDMSLAYERDURINGANDAFTERTHEPACKAGINGPROCESS,THEBATTERYCANNOTBECHARGEDORREPLACED,SONEODYMIUMMAGNETSWERESTACKEDONTOPOFTHEMOLDTOACTIVATETHEMAGNETICSWITCHANDTURNOFFTHEDEVICEWHILEITCUREDFOR24H23WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONTHEDOTMOTECOMMUNICATESWITHACOMPLEMENTARYRECEIVERSTATIONCROSSBOWMIB510CA,WHICHISCONNECTEDTOACOMPUTERTHEDOTMOTESENDSDATAINAHEXFORMATTHATINCLUDESATIMESTAMP,AUNIQUEIDTAG,THEREMAININGBATTERYVOLTAGE,ANDTHEAMPLIFIEDPRESSUREDATALABVIEWNATIONALINSTRUMENTSWASPROGRAMMEDTOREADANDCONVERTTHEDATAPACKETS,WHICHARESTOREDINATEXTFILEANDGRAPHEDINREALTIME24INVITROTESTSONCEFABRICATIONOFEACHCATHETERLEADWASCOMPLETED,THELEADALONEWASTESTEDANDCHARACTERIZEDBYPLACINGITINASEALEDPRESSURECHAMBERBINKSITWASELECTRICALLYCONNECTEDTOWIRESTHREADEDTHROUGHTHELIDOFTHEPRESSURECHAMBERTHELEADWASEXTERNALLYPOWEREDAGILENTE3630AANDTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEWASREADBYAHIGHPRECISIONMULTIMETERKEITHLEY2000THEPRESSUREWASHELDCONSTANTATATMOSPHERICPRESSUREFOR30MINWHILETHEFIG2ARTIST’SRENDITIONOFCATHETERLEADTIPASHOWSTHELEADTIPUNPACKAGEDACOMMERCIALPRESSUREDIEISAFFIXEDANDWIREBONDEDONTOAPCBSUBSTRATEFOURPT–IRWIRESFEDTHROUGHTHECATHETERARESOLDEREDONTOTHEPCBBDEPICTSTHELEADAFTERPACKAGINGAGOLDLIDCOVERSANDPROTECTSTHECHIPANDWIREBONDSCELLOPHANEISWRAPPEDAROUNDTHELEADPDMSISMOLDEDAROUNDITTOMAKEITBIOCOMPATIBLEBIOMEDMICRODEVICES200911259–264261

簡(jiǎn)介：PROCEDIAENGINEERING9720141442–145118777058?2014THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/30/SELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHEORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFGCMM2014DOI101016/JPROENG201412426SCIENCEDIRECTAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM12THGLOBALCONGRESSONMANUFACTURINGANDMANAGEMENT,GCMM2014WEARBEHAVIOROFHARDFACINGSONROTARYTILLERBLADESAMARDEEPSINGHKANGA,GURMEETSINGHCHEEMAA,SHIVALISINGLABABHAIGURDASINSTITUTEOFENGINEERINGGASTUNGSTENARCWELDINGPINONDISKABRSAIVEWEAR1INTRODUCTIONABRASIVEWEARISAMAJORCAUSEFORTHEPREMATUREFAILUREOFMANYAGRICULTURALGROUNDTOOLSESPECIALLYENGAGEDINSOMEDRYLANDAGRICULTURALAREASHEAVYAGRICULTURALEQUIPMENTOPERATORSANDFARMERSALWAYSFACEDWITHTHEFREQUENTCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL919463118859FAX00000000000EMAILADDRESSAMARDEEPKANGGMAILCOM?2014THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/30/SELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHEORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFGCMM20141444AMARDEEPSINGHKANGETAL/PROCEDIAENGINEERING9720141442–1451FIGURE1LEADINGEDGESOFTHETILLERBLADESHARDFACEDWITH5HCR,8HCR,12HCR,75HCRABEFOREGRINDINGBAFTERGRINDINGTABLE2WELDINGPARAMETERSUSEDINTHETESTPARAMETERSHARDFACINGALLOYS5HCR8HCR12HCR75HCRELECTRODEDIAMETERMM4444ARCVOLTAGEV240240240240WELDINGCURRENTAC/DCAMP169/AC144/DC1125/DC1155/DC1WELDINGSPEEDMM/MIN626575801251306570GASFLOWRATELPM15101010DEPOSITIONRATEKG/H34423847GASPRESSUREKG/CM225252525TYPEOFGASARGONARGONARGONARGONTUNGSTENELECTRODEDIAMETERMM24242424TABLE3CHEMICALCOMPOSITIONOFFOURHARDFACINGALLOYSBYWTHARDFACINGELECTRODECHEMICALCOMPOSITIONWTOFHARDFACINGALLOYSCSIMNCRMOPSVFE5HCR070450450807BALANCE8HCR040506805BALANCE12HCR0800104812002100306BALANCE75HCR0506017504003BALANCETHETYPICALWELDINGPARAMETERSUSEDINTHEPRESENTSTUDYAREGIVENINTABLE2THESEPARAMETERSWEREKEPTWITHINTHERANGEASSPECIFIEDBYTHEMANUFACTURERSANDTHESIZESOFTHEELECTRODESUSEDWEREOF4MMDIAMETERSIZETHEHARDFACINGALLOYSWITHHIGHCONTENTOFCHROMIUMWERESELECTEDSINCETHEHIGHCHROMIUMCONTENTEXHIBITSTHEMINIMUMABRASIVEWEARRATEASSTATEDBYKUMARETAL6THEMAJORCHARACTERISTICFEATUREOFFEREDBYMANUFACTURERS

簡(jiǎn)介：1PREHISTORYTOEARLYCIVILIZATIONS13PREHISTORICINTERIORS13ARCHEOLOGICALEVIDENCE13THEFIRSTSHELTERS13DOLMENSANDBARROWS14EVIDENCEFROMTRIBALCULTURES15PATTERNANDDESIGN17THEFIRSTPERMANENTSETTLEMENTS18MESOPOTAMIASUMERIA19PRECOLUMBIANAMERICA20NORTHAMERICA20CENTRALAMERICA21SOUTHAMERICA24ANCIENTEGYPT26GEOMETRYANDPROPORTION26EGYPTIANTEMPLESANDHOUSES27EGYPTIANFURNITUREANDOTHERINTERIORFURNISHINGS282CLASSICALCIVILIZATIONSGREECEANDROME31MINOANANDMYCENAEANCULTURES31KNOSSOS31MYCENAEANDTIRYNS32GREECE32THETEMPLE33SECULARINTERIORS36INSIGHTSTHEGROWTHOFATHENS38ROME38ARCHES,VAULTS,ANDDOMES38AMPHITHEATERSANDBATHS41TEMPLES41INSIGHTSTHECOSTOFLIVINGINANCIENTROME42SECULARBUILDINGS43FURNITUREANDOTHERINTERIORFURNISHINGS44THELEGACYOFROMETECHNOLOGY463EARLYCHRISTIAN,BYZANTINE,ANDROMANESQUE49EARLYCHRISTIANDESIGN49BYZANTINEDESIGN51RAVENNA51INSIGHTSTHERAVENNAMOSAICS52CONSTANTINOPLE52HAGIASOPHIA53SECULARBUILDINGS55EARLYMEDIEVALTHE“DARKAGES”55THEROMANESQUESTYLE56CHURCHES57GERMANY57ITALY58FRANCE59ENGLAND60SCANDINAVIA60FORTRESSESANDCASTLES61MONASTERIESANDABBEYS62INSIGHTSTHEABBEYATCLUNY63HOUSES64FURNITUREANDOTHERINTERIORFURNISHINGS65SPANISHROMANESQUE674ISLAMICANDASIANTRADITIONS69ISLAMICINFLUENCE69MOSQUESANDPALACES70ISLAMICINFLUENCEINSPAIN73THEMOSQUEINSPAIN73ISLAMICFURNISHINGS74INDIAANDPAKISTAN77BUDDHIST,HINDU,ANDJAINARCHITECTURE77HINDURELIGIOUSANDSECULARBUILDINGS79JAINARCHITECTURE80NORTHERNANDSOUTHERNSTYLESOFTEMPLE81ISLAMICINFLUENCEININDIA81INSIGHTSBERNIER’SACCOUNTOFTHETAJMAHAL82INDIANFURNISHINGS85WESTERNINFLUENCE86CAMBODIA86THAILAND88INDONESIA88CHINA89CHINESEARCHITECTURE89CHINESEFURNISHINGS92KOREA94JAPAN95JAPANESEFURNISHINGS995THELATERMIDDLEAGES101ELEMENTSOFGOTHICSTYLE101NEWCONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES102GOTHICCATHEDRALSANDCHURCHES105FRANCE106ENGLAND109PREFACE10CONTENTS5FTOCINDD511/4/201394851PM