簡(jiǎn)介：MECHANICALCHARACTERISTICSOFBAMBOOTADASHISHIOYA1,AANDTOSHIKATSUASAHINA1,B1DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,COLLEGEOFINDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGY,NIHONUNIVERSITY121IZUMICHO,NARASHINO,CHIBA2758575,JAPANATSHIOYAGAKUSHIKAIJP,BASAHINATOSHIKATSUNIHONUACJPKEYWORDSBAMBOO,FRACTURETOUGHNESS,ELASTICMODULUS,ATTENUATION,DAMPINGCOEFFICIENT,INVERTEDTORSIONPENDULUM,WATERCONCENTRATIONABSTRACTFRACTURETOUGHNESS,STRESSSTRAINRELATIONANDTHEDAMPINGCHARACTERISTICSOFBAMBOOAREINVESTIGATEDTHEFRACTURETOUGHNESSOFBAMBOOINTEARINGALONGTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONISMEASUREDBYTHEUSEOFNEWLYDEVISEDAPPARATUSINWHICHTHECRACKOPENINGDISPLACEMENTISCONTROLLEDINACONSTANTVELOCITYANDAQUASISTEADYEXTENSIONOFTHECRACKISMAINTAINEDTHESTRESSSTRAINRELATIONOFBAMBOOISEXAMINEDINAREVERSIBLEELASTICRANGEUSINGACONVENTIONALTENSILETESTINTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONREPEATEDTENSILELOADINGTESTSSHOWTHATTHESTRESSSTRAINRELATIONHASASTRONGNONLINEARHYSTERESISANDTHATITCONVERSESTOASTEADYLOOPTHEDAMPINGOFBAMBOOISMEASUREDBYTHEUSEOFINVERTEDTORSIONPENDULUMAPPARATUSTHESPECIMENISTAKENSOTHATDAMPINGOFTWISTINGLONGITUDINALBARISMEASUREDTHEDAMPINGCOEFFICIENTOFBAMBOOISMUCHLARGERTHANTHATOFMETALSTHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFBAMBOOAREEXAMINEDINTERMSOFWATERCONCENTRATIONANDFIBERDENSITYINTHEBAMBOOINTRODUCTIONBAMBOOISONEOFCANDIDATEBIOMATERIALSFORSTRUCTURALUSETHESTRENGTHOFTHEBAMBOOINTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONFIBERDIRECTIONISHIGHERTHANTHATOFMOSTOTHERWOODMATERIALSWITHITSLIGHTNESSANDSTRENGTH,THEBAMBOOHASLARGERSPECIFICSTRENGTHSTRENGTHPERWEIGHTTHANMOSTMETALLICMATERIALSHOWEVER,THEREHAVEBEENFEWRESEARCHESONMECHANICALPROPERTIESOTHERTHANTHEELASTICCONSTANTSANDTHEFRACTURESTRENGTHOFLONGITUDINALDIRECTIONORTHEBENDINGDIRECTIONINTHISSTUDY,MECHANICALPROPERTIESOFBAMBOOAREEXTENSIVELYEXAMINEDUSINGTHREETYPESOFEXPERIMENTSFIRST,CONVENTIONALTENSILETESTISCONDUCTEDFORASTRAIGHTSPECIMENOFBAMBOOLOADINGANDUNLOADINGAREREPEATEDWITHCHANGINGTHEVELOCITYTOOBTAINTHEHYSTERESISCURVETHESECONDTYPEOFTESTISAQUASISTEADYTEARINGALONGTHEFIBERDIRECTIONTOOBTAINTHEFRACTURETOUGHNESSTHETHIRDISAFREEOSCILLATIONTESTINPURETORSIONOBTAININGTHEDAMPINGCHARACTERISTICOFBAMBOOEXPERIMENTMATERIALTHEMATERIALUSEDINTHEEXPERIMENTOFTHISSTUDYISMAOBAMBOOORMOSOBAMBOOACADEMICNAMEPHYLLOSTACHYSEDULIS,MOSTWIDELYSPREADINEASTASIASINCEBAMBOOISABIOMATERIAL,ITSCHARACTERISTICSDIFFERFROMSPECIMENTOSPECIMENINTHISEXPERIMENTALSTUDY,THEPOSITIONATTHEORIGINALMATERIALFROMWHICHTHESPECIMENISTAKENISEXAMINEDITISFOUNDINTHEFOLLOWINGEXPERIMENTSTHATTHEDIFFERENCEOFCHARACTERISTICISSMALLAMONGDATAOFTHESPECIMENSTAKENFROMDIFFERENTHEIGHTPOSITIONSFROMTHEEARTHANDTHEDIFFERENTFACINGDIRECTIONNORTH,SOUTH,EASTANDWESTIFTHESPECIMENISTAKENFROMTHESAMEBAMBOOHOWEVER,ITISFOUNDTHATTHESPECIMENRADIALPOSITIONANDWATERCONTENTHAVESOMEEFFECTONTHEMECHANICALCHARACTERISTICSTHEBAMBOOISAKINDOFCOMPOSITEMATERIALWITHCELLULARFIBERSANDMATRIXTHEFIBERDENSITYOFOUTERSIDEISRICHERTHANTHATOFINNERSIDEFIG1THEWATERCONCENTRATIONINTHESPECIMENISCONTROLLEDBYAGINGFORSEVERALDAYSTOWEEKSKEYENGINEERINGMATERIALSVOLS5255262013PP609612ONLINEAVAILABLESINCE2012/NOV/12ATWWWSCIENTIFICNET?2013TRANSTECHPUBLICATIONS,SWITZERLANDDOI104028/WWWSCIENTIFICNET/KEM525526609ALLRIGHTSRESERVEDNOPARTOFCONTENTSOFTHISPAPERMAYBEREPRODUCEDORTRANSMITTEDINANYFORMORBYANYMEANSWITHOUTTHEWRITTENPERMISSIONOFTTP,WWWTTPNETWHERELISTHECRACKEXTENSIONLENGTHANDEIISTHEBENDINGRIGIDITYOFTHECRACKEDPARTOFBEAMTHEFRACTURETOUGHNESSICKISCALCULATEDBYTHECANTILEVERBEAMTHEORYASBILPEGK22C2IC1????2EXAMPLEOFTHEOBSERVEDLOADDISPLACEMENTISSHOWNINFIG4THECRACKLENGTHLISOBSERVEDBYAVIDEOCAMERATHEOBTAINEDFRACTURETOUGHNESSICKISALSOEXHIBITEDINFIG4FIG3FRACTURETOUGHNESSSPECIMENFIG4LOADTIMERELATIONWITHFRACTURETOUGHNESSDAMPINGTESTSTHEINVERTEDTORSIONPENDULUMAPPARATUSUSEDINTHEEXPERIMENTISSHOWNINFIG5ANEXAMPLEOFATTENUATIONWAVEINFREEOSCILLATIONINTHEEXPERIMENTISSHOWNINFIG6ASSUMINGLINEARSMALLRANGEATTENUATION,THEAMPLITUDEAINAFREEOSCILLATIONISEXPRESSEDAS,????FTFTAA??2COSEXP0??,3WHERE0AISTHEINITIALAMPLITUDEAT0?T,FISTHEFREQUENCYAND?ISTHEDAMPINGCOEFFICIENTPERUNITWAVELENGTHTIMETHEPEAKPROFILEAMPLITUDEISFITTEDTOLOGARITHMICCURVE,ANDTHEDAMPINGCOEFFICIENT?ISOBTAINEDBYTHELOGARITHMICDECAYTHEEXPERIMENTWASCONDUCTEDINTHEFREQUENCYRANGEFROM013TO076HZTHEOBTAINEDDAMPINGCOEFFICIENTPERUNITWAVELENGTHISALMOSTUNCHANGEDINTHISRANGE,CONFIRMINGTHATTHEDAMPINGISPROPORTIONALTOTHESTRAINVELOCITY0501001500040020002004TIME，T，SECANGLEOFTWIST，Θ，RADFIG5INVERTEDTORSIONPENDULUMAPPARATUSFIG6ATTENUATIONCURVEINTORSIONOSCILLATIONTHESPECIMENSARETAKENFROMSEVERALRADIALPOSITIONSINTHESAMEBAMBOOBAR,INORDERTOEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFFIBERDENSITYTHEOBTAINEDDAMPINGCOEFFICIENTOFBAMBOOFROMDIFFERENTRADIUSISSHOWNINTERMSOFFIBERDENSITYINFIG7ITISFOUNDTHATTHEDAMPINGINCREASESASTHEFIBERDENSITYKEYENGINEERINGMATERIALSVOLS525526611

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SYMBOLSS0AND–S1ARESENTFROMSUBCHANNELSKANDLOFTHESAMEOFDMBLOCKTHROUGHTRANSMITTINGANTENNA1SIMILARLYSYMBOLSS1ANDS0ARESENTFROMSUBCHANNELSKANDLOFTHESAMEOFDMBLOCKBUTTHROUGHTRANSMITTINGANTENNA2HOWEVER,THISSIMPLESFCODINGAPPROACHCANONLYACHIEVESPACEDIVERSITYGAIN,WHEREASTHEMAXIMUMDIVERSITYGAININMIMOOFDMSYSTEMWILLEQUALTONMD6WHEREDISNUMBEROFCOHERENCEBANDWIDTHSRESEARCHISGOINGONINIMPROVINGABOVEPARAMETERIVEQUALIZATIONTHEINTERSYMBOLINTERFERENCEISICAUSEDBYMULTIPATHMIMOCHANNELSDISTORTSTHEMIMOOFDMTRANSMITTEDSIGNALWHICHCAUSESBITERRORSATRECEIVERTOMINIMIZETHISISIEQUALIZATION13ISNEEDEDEQUALIZERMINIMIZESTHEERRORBETWEENACTUALOUTPUTANDDESIREDOUTPUTBYCONTINUOUSUPDATINGITSFILTERCOEFFICIENTSEQUALIZATIONCANBEDONEINBOTHTIMEANDFREQUENCYDOMAINEQUALIZATIONINFREQUENCYDOMAINISSIMPLERTOUSEASCOMPAREDTOTIMEDOMAININTHISPAPERVARIOUSEQUALIZERSLIKEZFE,DFEANDMLDETECTIONAREIMPLEMENTEDINFREQUENCYDOMAINANDTHEIRPERFORMANCEEVALUATIONISDONEINTERMSOFBITERRORRATESBERAZEROFORCINGZFEQUALIZATIONINZFEQUALIZER14THECOEFFICIENTSARECHOSENTOFORCETHESAMPLESOFTHECOMBINEDCHANNELANDEQUALIZERIMPULSERESPONSETOZEROTHECOMBINEDRESPONSEOFTHECHANNELWITHTHEEQUALIZERISGIVENBY“10”HCH?F?HEQ?F??110WHEREHCHFISFOLDEDFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFTHEMIMOCHANNELANDHEQFISFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFEQUALIZEREQUATIONS7AND8SHOWTHECOMBINEDMIMOOFDMSYMBOLSATRECEIVER1AND2ZFEQUALIZERCANBEREALIZEDBYMULTIPLYINGTHE7AND8BYVECTOR1/HKWHEREHKISTHENORMALIZEDMIMOCHANNELVECTORWHICHCANBEFORMEDASSHOWNIN“11”H?H???H????H???H???11INTHISCASE,THEEQUALIZERFILTERCOMPENSATESFORTHECHANNELINDUCEDISIASWELLASTHEISIBROUGHTABOUTBYTHETRANSMITTERANDRECEIVERFILTERSZEROFORCINGFILTERDESIGNEDUSINGTHEEQUATIONABOVEDOESNOTELIMINATEALLISIBECAUSETHEFILTERISOFFINITELENGTHBDECISIONFEEDBACKEQUALIZERDFEINDFE15ONCEANINPUTSYMBOLHASBEENDETECTED,THEISITHATITINDUCESONFUTURESYMBOLSISESTIMATEDANDSUBTRACTEDOUTBEFOREDETECTIONOFSUBSEQUENTSYMBOLSDFEISREALIZEDINDIRECTTRANSVERSALFORMWHICHCONSISTSOFFEEDFORWARDFILTERFFFANDAFEEDBACKFILTERFBFASSHOWNINFIG2THEFBF15ISDRIVENBYDECISIONONTHEOUTPUTOFTHEDETECTOR,ANDITSCOEFFICIENTSAREADJUSTEDTOCANCELOUTTHEISIONTHECURRENTSYMBOLFROMPASTDETECTEDSYMBOLSRLSRECURSIVELEASTSQUARESALGORITHMISUSEDFORDETERMININGTHECOEFFICIENTOFANADAPTIVEFILTER16RLSALGORITHMUSESINFORMATIONFROMALLPASTINPUTSAMPLESTOESTIMATETHEAUTOCORRELATIONMATRIXOFTHEINPUTVECTORTODECREASETHEINFLUENCEOFINPUTSAMPLES,AWEIGHTINGFACTORFORTHEINFLUENCEOFEACHSAMPLEISUSEDFIRSTPROCESSISTHEFILTERINGINWHICHRLSCOMPUTESTHEOUTPUTOFALINEARFILTERINRESPONSETOANINPUTSIGNALANDGENERATESANESTIMATIONERRORSECONDISTHEADJUSTMENTOFPARAMETERSOFTHEFILTERINACCORDANCEWITHTHEESTIMATIONERRORRECONSIDEREQUATION3ANDMULTIPLYITWITHWEIGHTVECTOR??YIELDS“12”R?N??W?H?N?C?N?12EQUATION12DESCRIBESTHEFILTERINGPORTIONOFTHEALGORITHMTRANSVERSALFILTERISEXCITEDTOCOMPUTEERRORESTIMATESGIVENBY“13”ALLSUBSCRIPTSAREOMITTEDFORSIMPLIFICATIONE?N??D?N??R?N?13WHERED?N?ISTHEDESIREDRESPONSEANDISGIVENBY“14”EQUATION15DESCRIBESTHEADAPTIVEOPERATIONINWHICHTHETAPWEIGHTVECTORISUPDATEDBYINCREMENTINGITSOLDVALUEBYANAMOUNTEQUALTOTHECOMPLEXCONJUGATEOFTHEESTIMATIONERRORTABLEISPACETIMESCHEMEFOR21SYSTEMTRANSMITTERANTENNA1TRANSMITTERANTENNA2TIMETS0S1TIMETTS1S0TABLEIIISFCODINGFORTWOTRANSMITANTENNAOFDMSUBCHANNELKLTRANSMITTINGANTENNA1S0S1TRANSMITTINGANTENNA2S1S0TABLEIIRECEIVEDSIGNALSATTWORECEIVERSRECEIVERANTENNA1RECEIVERANTENNA2TIMET??????TIMETT??????∑FIGURE2SCHEMATICOFDECISIONFEEDBACKEQUALIZERTRANSVERSALFILTERADAPTIVEWEIGHTALGORITHMINPUTVECTORDESIREDRESPONSE522

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簡(jiǎn)介：LIUETAL/JZHEJIANGUNIVSCIA200897900906900CALCULATIONSOFPLASTICCOLLAPSELOADOFPRESSUREVESSELUSINGFEAPENGFEILIU?,JINYANGZHENG??,LIMA,CUNJIANMIAO,LINLINWUINSTITUTEOFCHEMICALMACHINERYANDPROCESSEQUIPMENT,ZHEJIANGUNIVERSITY,HANGZHOU310027,CHINA?EMAILPFLIU1980YAHOOCOMJYZHZJUEDUCNRECEIVEDJAN9,2008REVISIONACCEPTEDAPR2,2008ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPROPOSESATHEORETICALMETHODUSINGFINITEELEMENTANALYSISFEATOCALCULATETHEPLASTICCOLLAPSELOADSOFPRESSUREVESSELSUNDERINTERNALPRESSURE,ANDCOMPARESTHEANALYTICALMETHODSACCORDINGTOTHREECRITERIASTATEDINTHEASMEBOILERPRESSUREVESSELCODEFIRST,AFINITEELEMENTTECHNIQUEUSINGTHEARCLENGTHALGORITHMANDTHERESTARTANALYSISISDEVELOPEDTOCONDUCTTHEPLASTICCOLLAPSEANALYSISOFVESSELS,WHICHINCLUDESTHEMATERIALANDGEOMETRYNONLINEARPROPERTIESOFVESSELSSECOND,ASTHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFVESSELSAREASSUMEDTOBEELASTICPERFECTLYPLASTIC,THELIMITLOADANALYSISISPERFORMEDBYEMPLOYINGTHENEWTONRAPHSONALGORITHM,WHILETHELIMITPRESSUREOFVESSELSISOBTAINEDBYTHETWICEELASTICSLOPEMETHODANDTHETANGENTINTERSECTIONMETHODRESPECTIVELYTOAVOIDEXCESSIVEDEFORMATIONFINALLY,THEELASTICSTRESSANALYSISUNDERWORKINGPRESSUREISCONDUCTEDANDTHESTRESSSTRENGTHOFVESSELSISCHECKEDBYSORTINGTHESTRESSRESULTSTHERESULTSARECOMPAREDWITHTHOSEOBTAINEDBYEXPERIMENTSANDOTHEREXISTINGMODELSTHISWORKPROVIDESAREFERENCEFORTHESELECTIONOFTHEFAILURECRITERIAANDTHECALCULATIONOFTHEPLASTICCOLLAPSELOADKEYWORDSPLASTICCOLLAPSELOAD,PRESSUREVESSEL,FINITEELEMENTANALYSISFEA,DESIGNBYANALYSISDBADOI101631/JZUSA0820023DOCUMENTCODEACLCNUMBERTH12INTRODUCTIONTHEOBJECTIVEOFPRESSUREVESSELDESIGNBYANALYSISDBAISTOPREVENTVARIOUSPOSSIBLEFAILURESANDTOENSURESAFEOPERATIONOFVESSELSTHISISPRACTICALLYREALIZEDBYLIMITINGTHESTRESSES,STRAINSANDDESIGNLOADSOFVESSELSWITHINTHEALLOWABLEVALUESAFTERTHEFAILUREMODESOFVESSELSAREDETERMINEDHOWEVER,UNDEREXCESSIVESTATICINTERNALPRESSURE,THEVESSELSMAYEXPERIENCEGROSSPLASTICDEFORMATIONANDEVENTUALLYCOLLAPSECURRENTLY,SEVERALINTERNATIONALCODESOFPREVENTINGTHEPLASTICINSTABILITYINDBAHAVEBEENDEVELOPED,SUCHASTHEASME2007CODEANDTHEEN1344532002CODEAMONGTHEM,THEASMECODEPROPOSESTHREECRITERIATOPREVENTTHEPLASTICINSTABILITYOFVESSELSTHEELASTICSTRESSANALYSISCRITERION,THELIMITLOADANALYSISCRITERIONANDTHEELASTICPLASTICSTRESSANALYSISCRITERIONINTHEELASTICSTRESSANALYSIS,THECALCULATEDSTRESSESARECLASSIFIEDINTOTHEPRIMARY,SECONDARYANDPEAKSTRESSES,WHICHAREALLLIMITEDBYINTRODUCINGTHEALLOWABLEVALUESTHELIMITLOADANALYSISASSUMESTHEELASTICPERFECTLYPLASTICMATERIALPROPERTYANDSMALLDEFORMATIONOFVESSELS,BUTNOGROSSPLASTICDEFORMATIONTHETWICEELASTICSLOPEMETHODPROPOSEDBYTHEASME2007CODEANDTHETANGENTINTERSECTIONMETHODPROPOSEDBYTHEEN1344532002CODEAREEMPLOYEDTODETERMINETHELIMITLOADSOFVESSELSBASEDONTHEDERIVEDPRESSUREDEFORMATIONPARAMETERCURVESITISNOTEASYTOSELECTASUITABLEDEFORMATIONPARAMETERESPECIALLYWHENMULTIPLELOADSAREACTINGONTHEVESSELSINCONTRAST,THEELASTICPLASTICSTRESSANALYSISWHICHDIRECTLYTAKESINTOACCOUNTTHEACTUALMATERIALANDGEOMETRYNONLINEARPROPERTIESOFVESSELS,MAYRESULTINGROSSPLASTICDEFORMATIONSBEFORESTRUCTURALPLASTICCOLLAPSEINTHISCASE,THEMECHANICALBEHAVIORSOFVESSELSANDTHELOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFVESSELSINTHEELASTICPLASTICSTRESSANALYSISAREMOREPRACTICALTHANTHOSEINOTHERTWOMETHODSTHEREFORE,ITISIMPORTANTJOURNALOFZHEJIANGUNIVERSITYSCIENCEAISSN1673565XPRINTISSN18621775ONLINEWWWZJUEDUCN/JZUSWWWSPRINGERLINKCOMEMAILJZUSZJUEDUCN?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORPROJECTNOS2006BAK04A0202AND2006BAK02B0208SUPPORTEDBYTHENATIONALKEYTECHNOLOGYR2ΔY0ATTHEBOTTOMHEADFACEOFTHECYLINDER3ΔX0ATANYNODETOELIMINATETHERIGIDBODYDISPLACEMENTOFTHESTRUCTURETHEMATERIAL16MNRISCONSIDEREDTOBEISOTROPICANDELASTICPLASTICITSMECHANICALPROPERTIESARELISTEDINTABLE1WANGETAL,2000ELASTICPLASTICSTRESSANALYSISACCORDINGTOTHEREMBERGOSGOODPOWERHARDENINGMODEL,THEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEMATERIAL16MNRCANBEEXPRESSEDASWANGETAL,2000Ε/Ε0Σ/Σ0Σ/Σ0N,1WHEREΕ0164310?3,Σ0300MPAANDN9ARETHECHARACTERISTICSTRAIN,STRESSANDTHEHARDENINGEXPONENT,RESPECTIVELYINTHEFINITEELEMENTPREPROCESSING,THETRUESTRESSSTRAINCURVEAFTERPLASTICDEFORMATIONISFITTEDBYIMPORTING50DISCRETESTRESSSTRAINPOINTSTOTHEANSYSAPDLSOFTWARETHECONSTITUTIVERELATIONSHIPOFMATERIALISSHOWNINFIG3THEELASTICPLASTICSTRESSANALYSISOFTHESTRUCTUREUNDERINTERNALPRESSURECANBECONDUCTEDUSINGTHENEWTONRAPHSONITERATIVEALGORITHMHOWEVER,FORTHESUDDENPLASTICCOLLAPSEOFTHESTRUCTURE,THISMETHODCANNOTFURTHERTRACKTHELOADPATHANDBECOMESINVALIDBECAUSETHEINTEGRATEDSTRUCTURALSTIFFNESSMATRICESOFTHESTRUCTUREATTHEPLASTICCOLLAPSEPOINTARESINGULAR,ASSHOWNINFIG4TOSOLVETHISPROBLEM,THEARCLENGTHALGORITHMISADOPTEDTOTRACKTHENONLINEARPOSTNECKINGPATHANDTOCALCULATETHEPLASTICCOLLAPSELOADOFTHESTRUCTURE,ASSHOWNINFIG5THISMETHODISORIGINALLYPROPOSEDBYWEMPNER1971ANDRIKS1979,ANDFURTHERIMPROVEDBYRAMM1981ANDCRISFIELD1983TOHANDLEZEROANDNEGATIVETANGENTSTIFFNESSES,THEARCLENGTHALGORITHMMULTIPLIESTHEINCREMENTALLOADBYALOADFACTORΛ,WHEREΛI(xiàn)SBETWEEN?1AND1THISEXTRAUNKNOWNVARIABLEΛALTERSTHEFINITEELEMENTEQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONTOKTUΛFA?FNR,WHEREFAISTHEEXTERNALFORCEANDFNRISTHEINTERNALNONBALANCEABLEFORCETODEALWITHTHIS,THEARCLENGTHMETHODIMPOSESANOTHERCONSTRAINT,WHICHISSTATEDAS22,NURΛΔ2WHEREΔUISTHEDISPLACEMENTINCREMENTANDRISTHEARCLENGTHRADIUSTABLE1MECHANICALPROPERTIESOF16MNRPARAMETERVALUEYOUNG’SMODULUSMPA205105POISSON’SRATIO03YIELDINGSTRENGTHMPA350TENSILESTRENGTH530FAILURESTRAIN0248FUSTIFFNESSMATRIXISSINGULARFIG4NEWTONRAPHSONITERATIVEALGORITHMΛΛNΛI(xiàn)1I1IΔΛΔUI″ΔUI′ΔUNUNCONVERGEDSOLUTIONATSUBSTEPNUN1CONVERGEDSOLUTIONSPHERICALARCATSUBSTEPNFIG5ARCLENGTHALGORITHMRIKS,1979FIG3STRESSSTRAINCURVEOFTHEMATERIAL16MNR00050100150200250100200300400500STRESSMPASTRAIN

簡(jiǎn)介：JOURNALOFCONTROLTHEORYANDAPPLICATIONS20075183–88DOI101007/S1176800552586NEUROFUZZYGENERALIZEDPREDICTIVECONTROLOFBOILERSTEAMTEMPERATUREXIANGJIELIU1,JIZHENLIU1,PINGGUAN21DEPARTMENTOFAUTOMATION,NORTHCHINAELECTRICPOWERUNIVERSITY,BEIJING102206,CHINA2DEPARTMENTOFAUTOMATION,BEIJINGINSTITUTEOFMACHINERY,BEIJING100085,CHINAABSTRACTPOWERPLANTSARENONLINEARANDUNCERTAINCOMPLEXSYSTEMSRELIABLECONTROLOFSUPERHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATUREISNECESSARYTOENSUREHIGHEFFICIENCYANDHIGHLOADFOLLOWINGCAPABILITYINTHEOPERATIONOFMODERNPOWERPLANTANONLINEARGENERALIZEDPREDICTIVECONTROLLERBASEDONNEUROFUZZYNETWORKNFGPCISPROPOSEDINTHISPAPERTHEPROPOSEDNONLINEARCONTROLLERISAPPLIEDTOCONTROLTHESUPERHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATUREOFA200MWPOWERPLANTFROMTHEEXPERIMENTSONTHEPLANTANDTHESIMULATIONOFTHEPLANT,MUCHBETTERPERFORMANCETHANTHETRADITIONALCONTROLLERISOBTAINEDKEYWORDSNEUROFUZZYNETWORKSGENERALIZEDPREDICTIVECONTROLSUPERHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATURE1INTRODUCTIONCONTINUOUSPROCESSINPOWERPLANTANDPOWERSTATIONARECOMPLEXSYSTEMSCHARACTERIZEDBYNONLINEARITY,UNCERTAINTYANDLOADDISTURBANCE1,2THESUPERHEATERISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHESTEAMGENERATIONPROCESSINTHEBOILERTURBINESYSTEM,WHERESTEAMISSUPERHEATEDBEFOREENTERINGTHETURBINETHATDRIVESTHEGENERATORCONTROLLINGSUPERHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATUREISNOTONLYTECHNICALLYCHALLENGING,BUTALSOECONOMICALLYIMPORTANT3FROMFIG1,THESTEAMGENERATEDFROMTHEBOILERDRUMPASSESTHROUGHTHELOWTEMPERATURESUPERHEATERBEFOREITENTERSTHERADIANTTYPEPLATENSUPERHEATERWATERISSPRAYEDONTOTHESTEAMTOCONTROLTHESUPERHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATUREINBOTHTHELOWANDHIGHTEMPERATURESUPERHEATERSPROPERCONTROLOFTHESUPERHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATUREISEXTREMELYIMPORTANTTOENSURETHEOVERALLEFFICIENCYANDSAFETYOFTHEPOWERPLANTITISUNDESIRABLETHATTHESTEAMTEMPERATUREISTOOHIGH,ASITCANDAMAGETHESUPERHEATERANDTHEHIGHPRESSURETURBINE,ORTOOLOW,ASITWILLLOWERTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEPOWERPLANTITISALSOIMPORTANTTOREDUCETHETEMPERATUREFLUCTUATIONSINSIDETHESUPERHEATER,ASITHELPSTOMINIMIZEMECHANICALSTRESSTHATCAUSESMICROCRACKSINTHEUNIT,INORDERTOPROLONGTHELIFEOFTHEUNITANDTOREDUCEMAINTENANCECOSTSASTHEGPCISDERIVEDBYMINIMIZINGTHESEFLUCTUATIONS,ITISAMONGSTTHECONTROLLERSTHATAREMOSTSUITABLEFORACHIEVINGTHISGOALTHEMULTIVARIABLEMULTISTEPADAPTIVEREGULATORHASBEENAPPLIEDTOCONTROLTHESUPERHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATUREINA150T/HBOILER3,ANDGENERALIZEDPREDICTIVECONTROLWASPROPOSEDTOCONTROLTHESTEAMTEMPERATURE4ANONLINEARLONGRANGEPREDICTIVECONTROLLERBASEDONNEURALNETWORKSISDEVELOPEDIN5TOCONTROLTHEMAINSTEAMTEMPERATUREANDPRESSURE,ANDTHEREHEATEDSTEAMTEMPERATUREATSEVERALOPERATINGLEVELSTHECONTROLOFTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREANDTEMPERATUREBASEDONANONLINEARMODELTHATCONSISTSOFNONLINEARSTATICCONSTANTSANDLINEARDYNAMICSISPRESENTEDIN6FIG1THEBOILERANDSUPERHEATERSTEAMGENERATIONPROCESSFUZZYLOGICISCAPABLEOFINCORPORATINGHUMANEXPERIENCESVIATHEFUZZYRULESNEVERTHELESS,THEDESIGNOFFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERSISSOMEHOWTIMECONSUMING,ASTHEFUZZYRULESAREOFTENOBTAINEDBYTRIALSANDERRORSINCONTRAST,NEURALNETWORKSNOTONLYHAVETHEABILITYTOAPPROXIMATENONLINEARFUNCTIONSWITHARBITRARYACCURACY,THEYCANALSOBETRAINEDFROMEXPERIMENTALDATATHENEUROFUZZYNETWORKSNFNSDEVELOPEDRECENTLYHAVETHEADVANTAGESOFMODELTRANSPARENCYOFFUZZYLOGIC,ANDLEARNINGCAPABILITYOFNEURALNETWORKS7THENFNSHAVEBEENUSEDTODEVELOPSELFRECEIVED14OCTOBER2005REVISED14OCTOBER2006THISWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYTHENATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFBEIJINGNO4062030,NATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINANO50576022,69804003,SCIENTIFICRESEARCHCOMMONPROGRAMOFBEIJINGMUNICIPALCOMMISSIONOFEDUCATIONKM200611232007XLIUETAL/JOURNALOFCONTROLTHEORYANDAPPLICATIONS20075183–88853NEUROFUZZYNETWORKGENERALIZEDPREDICTIVECONTROLTHEGPCISOBTAINEDBYMINIMIZINGTHEFOLLOWINGCOSTFUNCTION10,JEN?JDQJ?YTJ?YRTJ2M?J1ΛJΔUTJ?12,7WHEREQJANDΛJARERESPECTIVELYTHEWEIGHTINGFACTORSFORTHEPREDICTIONERRORANDTHECONTROL,YRTJISTHEJTHSTEPAHEADREFERENCETRAJECTORY,DISTHEMINIMUMCOSTINGHORIZON,NANDMARERESPECTIVELYTHEMAXIMUMCOSTINGHORIZONFORTHEPREDICTIONERRORANDTHECONTROLTHECONTROLCOMPUTEDFROMTHENFGPCISTHEWEIGHTEDSUMOFTHECONTROLOBTAINEDFROMPLOCALGPCCONTROLLERSΔUTP?I1ΑIΔUIT,8WHEREΔUITISTHECONTROLINTHEITHREGION,ΑIXISDEFINEDPREVIOUSLYIN4NOTETHATTHEWEIGHTSINTHENFGPCAREIDENTICALTOTHATINTHENFNTHATMODELSTHEPROCESSSINCESWITCHINGBETWEENLOCALGPCCONTROLLERSINTHENFGPCINVOLVESFUZZYLOGICS,ITCANBEINTERPRETEDNOTONLYASAFUZZYCONTROLLER,BUTALSOASAFUZZYSUPERVISORTHECONTROLCANBESMOOTHIFTHEWEIGHTSΑIXARESUITABLYSELECTEDFROMTHENFN6ANDTHECONTROL8,JGIVENBY7CANBEREWRITTENASJEN?JDQJP?I1ΑI?YITJ?YRTJ2M?J1ΛJP?I1ΑIΔUITJ?129THECOSTFUNCTIONISSIMPLIFIEDFIRSTUSINGTHECAUCHYINEQUALITYSINCEP?I1ΑI?YITJ?YRTJ2?PP?I1ΑI?YITJ?YRTJ2,HENCEP?I1ΑIΔUITJ?12?PP?I1ΑIΔUITJ?1210EQUATION10IMPLIESTHATTHESUMOFTHEWEIGHTEDSQUAREDERRORSCANBEANUPPERBOUNDOFTHECOSTFUNCTIONJREWRITING9GIVESEN?JDP?I1QJΑI?YTJ?YRTJ2M?J1P?I1ΛJΑIΔUITJ?12EP?I1ΑI2N?JDQJ?YITJ?YRTJ2P?I1ΑI2M?J1ΛJΔUITJ?12P?I1ΑI2JI,11WHEREJIEN?JDQJ?YITJ?YRTJ2M?J1ΛJΔUITJ?1212EQUATION11SHOWSTHATMINIMIZINGJIISESSENTIALLYTHESAMEASTHATOFMINIMIZINGJFROM12,ASETOFLOCALGENERALIZEDPREDICTIVECONTROLLERSISOBTAINED,WHICHFORMSPARTOFTHENFGPCTHELOCALGPC10ISGIVENBY,ΔUITGTIQIGIΛI(xiàn)?1GTIQIYRT1?FIΔUIT?1?SIZ?1YIT,13WHEREYRT1?YRT1,?YRT2,,?YRTNT,ΔUITΔUIT,ΔUIT1,,ΔUITM?1T,ΔUIT?1ΔUIT?NB,ΔUIT?NB1,,ΔUIT?1T,SIZ?1SI1Z?1,SI2Z?1,,SINZ?1TSIZ?1ANDRIZ?1SATISFYTHEDIOPHANTINEEQUATION1ˉAIZ?1RIJZ?1Z?JSIJZ?1,14ANDGIJZ?1BIZ?1RIJZ?1GIJ,0GIJ,1Z?1GIJ,NBJ?1Z?NBJ?1,15AQIDIAGQI1,QI2,,QIN,15BΛI(xiàn)DIAGΛI(xiàn)1,ΛI(xiàn)2,,ΛI(xiàn)M,15CGTI???????GI1,0GI2,1GIN,N?1GI1,0GIN?1,N?20GIN?M1,N?M???????,15DFI???????GI1,NBGI1,NB?1GI1,2GI1,1GI2,NB1GI2,NBGI2,3GI2,2GIN,NBN?1GIN,NBN?2GIN,N1GIN,N???????15ETHEOPTIMIZEDMSTEPSAHEADCONTROLISCOMPUTED,ANDONLYTHEFIRSTSTEPAHEADCONTROLISIMPLEMENTED,USINGARECEDINGHORIZONPRINCIPLE10,GIVINGΔUITDTI1YRT1?FIΔUIT?1?SIZ?1YIT,16

簡(jiǎn)介：HIGHHYDROSTATICPRESSUREPROCESSINGOFSEAFOODERROLVRAGHUBEERAVURETECHNOLOGIESSEPTEMBER2007CODESHIGHPRESSURE,SHELLFISH,CRUSTACEANS,SHELLFISH,MICROBIOLOGY,PROTEINSABSTRACTHIGHPRESSUREPROCESSINGHPPTECHNOLOGYISGAININGREMARKABLEPRESENCEINTHESEAFOODINDUSTRYASANONTHERMALTECHNOLOGYFORCONTROLLINGMICROORGANISMSANDIMPROVINGTHEPROCESSINGOFSHELLFISHANDCRUSTACEANSTHECONVENTIONALAPPLICATIONOFTHETECHNOLOGYWASPRIMARILYFORTHEINACTIVATIONOFMICROORGANISMSFORFOODSAFETYANDSHELFLIFEEXTENSIONBENEFITSHOWEVER,MORERECENTLYANUMBEROFTHEECONOMICDRIVERSHAVEBEENIMPORTANTFORTHECOMMERCIALADOPTIONOFHPPBYSEAFOODPROCESSORSTHETECHNOLOGY,PARTICULARLYINTHELOBSTERANDCRABINDUSTRIES,PROVIDESTHEOPPORTUNITYTOMARKETFRESH,SHUCKEDLOBSTERANDCRABMEATWITHOUTTHEUSEOFHEATADDITIONALLY,THISPROCESSINCREASESMEATRECOVERYBYASMUCHAS50OVERTRADITIONALCOOKINGMETHODS,IMPROVESPRODUCTWEIGHTBYASMUCHAS10FROMTHENATURALHYDRATIONOFPROTEINS,ANDIMPROVESPRODUCTQUALITYSHELLFISHPROCESSORSAREUSINGHPPTORELEASETHEMEATFROMSHELLSALLOWINGFORHUGEREDUCTIONINTHEDIRECTANDINDIRECTCOSTSOFMANUALLABORBYMORETHAN50THEUSEOFHPPFORSHUCKINGISGENERALLYDONEATPRESSURESBETWEEN2500AND4000BARS250TO400MPAFORRELATIVELYSHORTEXPOSURETIMESOF1TO3MINUTESWHICHSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEPRODUCTTHROUGHPUTOFPROCESSINGPLANTSINADDITIONTOTHEIMPROVEDMICROBIOLOGICALQUALITYOFHPPSEAFOOD,THEREISANIMPROVEMENTINANUMBEROFORGANOLEPTICALPROPERTIESTHATHAVERESULTEDINANINCREASEDDEMANDINTHEMARKETFORTHESEPRODUCTSINTRODUCTIONFIGURE5SECOND,WITHTRADITIONALCOOKINGMETHOD,THEPROTEINDEHYDRATESRESULTINGINLOSSINWEIGHT,WHEREASWITHHPP,THEOPPOSITEOCCURS,IEHYDRATIONOFTHERAWPROTEINTHEAVERAGETOTALWEIGHTPERCENTAGERECOVEREDINTRADITIONALCOOKEDMAINELOBSTERIS25OFTOTALBODYWEIGHTCOMPAREDTOANAVERAGEOF43INHPPSHUCKEDLOBSTERFIGURE3AMORESIGNIFICANTINCREASEINYIELDWASSEENINSOFTSHELLEDRECENTMOLTSANIMALSWITHA45RECOVERYCOMPAREDTO22FROMCOOKINGFIGURE3THEHPPCONDITIONSWERECHANGEDTOIMPROVETHETEXTURALQUALITYOFTHEMEATFROMTHESOFTSHELLEDLOBSTERWHICHISGENERALLYLESSDESIRABLEWHENPROCESSEDBYCOOKINGSIMILARLY,FORCRABSBLUE,DUNGENESS,ALASKANKING,ANDGOLDENMEANRECOVEREDWEIGHTIS19OFTOTALBODYBYTRADITIONALCOOKINGMETHODSWHEREAS,HPPINCREASESTHEPERCENTAGETOANAVERAGEOF35FIGURE4MEATSEPARATIONSHUCKINGHPPISBECOMINGWELLESTABLISHEDASAPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYFORTHESHUCKINGOFSHELLFISHANDCRUSTACEANSTHECOMMERCIALSUCCESSOFOYSTERSHUCKINGBYHPPISWELLKNOWNWITHANUMBEROFCOMPANIESINTHEUSANDELSEWHEREIMPLEMENTINGTHETECHNOLOGYOVERTHELAST5YEARSTHESAMEEFFICACYINSHUCKINGSHELLFISHMEATFROMTHEIRSHELLSISSEENINMUSSELS,CLAMS,SCALLOPS,CRABS,ANDLOBSTERSFIGURES12INADDITIONTOTHEDESTRUCTIONOFPATHOGENICMICROORGANISMS,HPPSHUCKINGOFSHELLFISHANDCRUSTACEANSOFFERSTHEPROCESSORANUMBEROFECONOMICALADVANTAGESINCLUDINGTHEFOLLOWING?LIMITED/ORNONEEDFORSHUCKINGLABOR?100MEATRECOVERY?NOPHYSICALDAMAGEOFMEATFROMSHUCKINGKNIVES?INCREASEDYIELDWEIGHTFROMHYDRATIONOFRAWPROTEIN?IMPROVEMENTOFPRODUCTQUALITY?NEWMARKETSFORRAWLOBSTERANDCRABMEATS,PARTICULARLYTHESUSHIINDUSTRYTHESEECONOMICALADVANTAGESHAVEBEENTHEPRIMARYATTRACTIONFORPROCESSORSTOHPPTECHNOLOGY

簡(jiǎn)介：JOURNALOFELECTRONICCOMMERCERESEARCH,VOL2,NO4,2001PAGE157AFRAMEWORKFORANALYZINGTHEPOTENTIALBENEFITSOFINTERNETMARKETINGMELODYYKIANGINFORMATIONSYSTEMSDEPARTMENTCOLLEGEOFBUSINESSADMINISTRATIONCALIFORNIASTATEUNIVERSITY,LONGBEACHMKIANGCSULBEDUROBERTTCHIINFORMATIONSYSTEMSDEPARTMENTCOLLEGEOFBUSINESSADMINISTRATIONCALIFORNIASTATEUNIVERSITY,LONGBEACHRCHICSULBEDUABSTRACTTHEINTERNETHASPROVIDEDARAREOPPORTUNITYESPECIALLYFORSMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESITMOVESORGANIZATIONSBEYONDTHEPHYSICALCONSTRAINTSOFTHEIRTRADITIONALDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSANDCREATESAWORLDWIDEVIRTUALCOMMUNITYINWHICHSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDCOMPANIESCANCOMPETEWITHLARGEENTERPRISESINTHISRESEARCH,WEFOCUSONTHEUSEOFTHEINTERNETASAVIRTUALSTOREFRONTWHEREPRODUCTSAREOFFEREDDIRECTLYTOCUSTOMERSOURCONTENTIONISTHATPRODUCTCHARACTERISTICSPLAYAMAJORROLEINTHESUCCESSFULNESSOFITSMARKETINGONTHEINTERNETWEREVIEWEDBENEFITSOFONLINEMARKETINGALONGTHREECHANNELFUNCTIONSANDIDENTIFIEDFACTORSTHATIMPACTTHEUSEOFONLINEMARKETINGAPPROACHAFRAMEWORKISPROPOSEDTOHELPEVALUATETHECHANCEFORACOMPANYTOSUCCEEDINECOMMERCEDATAOFFAILEDETAILERSINTHELASTTWOYEARSWERECOLLECTEDANDANALYZEDUSINGTHEPROPOSEDFRAMEWORKKEYWORDSINTERNETMARKETING,PRODUCTCATEGORY,ECOMMERCE,ETAILING1INTRODUCTIONTHETREMENDOUSGROWTHOFTHEINTERNETHASCREATEDOPPORTUNITIESFORCONSUMERSANDFIRMSTOPARTICIPATEINANONLINEGLOBALMARKETPLACETHEINTERNETHASPROVIDEDARAREOPPORTUNITYESPECIALLYFORSMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESITMOVESORGANIZATIONSBEYONDTHEPHYSICALCONSTRAINTSOFTHEIRTRADITIONALDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSANDCREATESAWORLDWIDEVIRTUALCOMMUNITYINWHICHSMESCANCOMPETEWITHLARGEENTERPRISESTHEPOTENTIALOFTHEINTERNETASACOMMERCIALMEDIUMANDMARKETHASBEENWIDELYDOCUMENTEDINAVARIETYOFPUBLICATIONSHAFFMANETAL,1995JARVENPAAITMATCHESBUYERSANDSELLERSINAMORECOSTEFFECTIVEMANNERCOMPAREDWITHTRADITIONALADVERTISINGANDMARKETINGWHILETRANSACTIONSARETAKINGPLACEONTHEINTERNET,THECURRENTLEVELOFCOMMERCEISSMALLRELATIVETOOVERALLCOMMERCEINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEPHENOMENALGROWTHOFTHEINTERNETCOMMUNITYHASBEGUNTOALTERTHEWAYBUYERSANDSELLERSEXCHANGEINFORMATIONANDTHESTRUCTUREOFDISTRIBUTIONITBREAKSTHROUGHTHEPHYSICALBARRIERSTRADITIONALLYPLACEDONCOMMERCEANDMOVESFIRMSTOANEWCOMMERCIALMARKETPLACEINADDITION,THEOPPORTUNITYFORBUYERSTOEXAMINEORTESTTHEPRODUCTORSERVICEANDINTERACTWITHTHESELLERTORECEIVEADDITIONALINFORMATIONORSUPPORTCANBEPROVIDEDTHROUGHTHEONLINESERVICEWHILEMANYSUCCESSFULCASESOFTHEONLINEMARKETINGAPPROACHHAVEBEENRECORDEDINELECTRONICCOMMERCELITERATURE,AHANDFULOFFAILEDCASESHAVEALSOBEENREPORTEDALTHOUGHTHEHISTORYOFELECTRONICCOMMERCEISNOTLONG,ESPECIALLYTHEUSEOFTHEINTERNETASAVIRTUALSTOREFRONT,WEBELIEVELESSONSCANBELEARNEDFROMPREVIOUSCASESJOURNALOFELECTRONICCOMMERCERESEARCH,VOL2,NO4,2001PAGE159TECHNOLOGYPETERSON,ETAL,1997THECOMMUNICATIONALSOHELPSWITHIDENTIFYINGPROSPECTSEBLING,2001,SALESANDRELATIONSHIPBUILDINGGINOVSKY,2001,ANDDEEPENINGCUSTOMERLOYALTYKRANZLEY,2001ANOTHERFACTORTHATMAYBECONSIDERADVANTAGEOUSTOCERTAINTYPESOFPRODUCTS,BUTDISADVANTAGEOUSTOOTHERS,ISTHEFACTTHATTHEREISNOACTUALFACETOFACECONTACTINVOLVEDINTHEINTERNETCOMMUNICATIONFORTHETYPESOFPRODUCTSTHATRELYHEAVILYONBUILDINGPERSONALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENBUYERSANDSELLERSSUCHASTHESELLINGOFLIFEINSURANCE,ANDTHETYPEOFPRODUCTSTHATREQUIRESPHYSICALEXAMINATION,INTERNETMARKETINGMAYBELESSAPPROPRIATEONTHEOTHERHAND,THETYPESOFPRODUCTSTHATPEOPLEFEELEMBARRASSEDTOPURCHASEATTRADITIONALRETAILSTORESSUCHASPORNOGRAPHYTENDTOSELLWELLONLINETRANSACTIONCHANNELGENERATESALESACTIVITIESTHEINTERNETOFFERSSMALLBUSINESSESMANYPOTENTIALBENEFITSTOHELPTHEMCOMPETEMOREEFFECTIVELYAGAINSTLARGERCOMPANIESWITHIMPROVEDVISIBILITYFOREXAMPLE,SMALLCOMPANIESTHATPLAYINNICHEMARKETSIE,SELLSPECIALIZEDORUNIQUEPRODUCTSORSERVICESINWHICHBUYERSANDSELLERSARESMALLANDGEOGRAPHICALLYDISPERSED,CANUSETHEINTERNETTOREACHAMUCHBIGGERCUSTOMERBASEWELLNER,2000ONESUCCESSFULCASEISTHEVIRTUALVINEYARDS,AWINEANDSPECIALTYFOODSHOPTHATEXISTSONLYONTHEINTERNETWWWVIRTUALVINCOMCROSSSELLINGOPPORTUNITIESOFFEREDBYTHEINTERNETHASGREATPOTENTIALFORGENERATINGMORESALESTRANSACTIONSEICHHORNANDHELLEIS,1997THEINTERNETCANALSOEASETRANSACTIONPROCESSING,ESPECIALLYFORHANDLINGCOMPLEXORDERSANDREWSANDTRITES,1997,THEREBYREDUCINGPAPERWORK,INCREASINGEFFICIENCYLONG,1997,REPLACINGPROFESSIONALSTASKSSANDILANDS,1997,HENCEREDUCINGTHETRANSACTIONCOSTMCKIM,1997THEONLINEPAYMENTSYSTEMMINIMIZESTHEPROCESSINGFEEANDALLOWSFORSMALLFEETRANSACTIONSFORMICROSERVICESTHISISESPECIALLYADVANTAGEOUSFORSMESBECAUSEMOSTOFTHEIRBUSINESSISGENERATEDFROMLOWVOLUMEORDERS,ALLOWINGTHEMTOBETTERCOMPETEWITHLARGECAPCOMPANIESFORBUSINESSTOBUSINESSTRANSACTIONS,SHORTENINGTHEPROCESSINGTIMEALSOMEANSTHEBUYERCANMAINTAINALOWERINVENTORYLEVELANDREDUCEOTHERRELATEDOVERHEADFORHANDLINGEXCESSIVEINVENTORYTHEINTERNETALLOWSFORQUICKADJUSTMENTTOMARKETCONDITIONSWHICHMEANSITISPOSSIBLETOCUSTOMIZEPROMOTIONANDSALESTOINDIVIDUALCUSTOMERSHAWN,1996,ALLOWINGFORFLEXIBLEPRICINGEG,PERMITSPRICESTOCHANGEFASTERTHERELATIVELYLOWENTRYANDESTABLISHMENTCOSTSFORSELLERSGETTINGINTOONLINEMARKETINGISANOTHERIMPORTANTREASONFORCONSIDERINGTHEINTERNETASANALTERNATIVECHANNELFORSMESPETERSON,ETAL,1997DISTRIBUTIONCHANNELPHYSICALEXCHANGEOFPRODUCTS/SERVICESONLINEMARKETINGOF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簡(jiǎn)介：INTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200016739–747?2000SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITEDAUTOMATEDASSEMBLYMODELLINGFORPLASTICINJECTIONMOULDSXGYE,JYHFUHANDKSLEEDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDPRODUCTIONENGINEERING,NATIONALUNIVERSITYOFSINGAPORE,SINGAPOREANINJECTIONMOULDISAMECHANICALASSEMBLYTHATCONSISTSOFPRODUCTDEPENDENTPARTSANDPRODUCTINDEPENDENTPARTSTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHETWOKEYISSUESOFASSEMBLYMODELLINGFORINJECTIONMOULDS,NAMELY,REPRESENTINGANINJECTIONMOULDASSEMBLYINACOMPUTERANDDETERMININGTHEPOSITIONANDORIENTATIONOFAPRODUCTINDEPENDENTPARTINANASSEMBLYAFEATUREBASEDANDOBJECTORIENTEDREPRESENTATIONISPROPOSEDTOREPRESENTTHEHIERARCHICALASSEMBLYOFINJECTIONMOULDSTHISREPRESENTATIONREQUIRESANDPERMITSADESIGNERTOTHINKBEYONDTHEMERESHAPEOFAPARTANDSTATEEXPLICITLYWHATPORTIONSOFAPARTAREIMPORTANTANDWHYTHUS,ITPROVIDESANOPPORTUNITYFORDESIGNERSTODESIGNFORASSEMBLYDFAASIMPLIFIEDSYMBOLICGEOMETRICAPPROACHISALSOPRESENTEDTOINFERTHECONFIGURATIONSOFASSEMBLYOBJECTSINANASSEMBLYACCORDINGTOTHEMATINGCONDITIONSBASEDONTHEPROPOSEDREPRESENTATIONANDTHESIMPLIFIEDSYMBOLICGEOMETRICAPPROACH,AUTOMATICASSEMBLYMODELLINGISFURTHERDISCUSSEDKEYWORDSASSEMBLYMODELLINGFEATUREBASEDINJECTIONMOULDSOBJECTORIENTED1INTRODUCTIONINJECTIONMOULDINGISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPROCESSFORMANUFACTURINGPLASTICMOULDEDPRODUCTSTHENECESSARYEQUIPMENTCONSISTSOFTWOMAINELEMENTS,THEINJECTIONMOULDINGMACHINEANDTHEINJECTIONMOULDTHEINJECTIONMOULDINGMACHINESUSEDTODAYARESOCALLEDUNIVERSALMACHINES,ONTOWHICHVARIOUSMOULDSFORPLASTICPARTSWITHDIFFERENTGEOMETRIESCANBEMOUNTED,WITHINCERTAINDIMENSIONLIMITS,BUTTHEINJECTIONMOULDDESIGNHASTOCHANGEWITHPLASTICPRODUCTSFORDIFFERENTMOULDINGGEOMETRIES,DIFFERENTMOULDCONFIGURATIONSAREUSUALLYNECESSARYTHEPRIMARYTASKOFANINJECTIONMOULDISTOSHAPETHEMOLTENMATERIALINTOTHEFINALSHAPEOFTHEPLASTICPRODUCTTHISTASKISFULFILLEDBYTHECAVITYSYSTEMTHATCONSISTSOFCORE,CAVITY,INSERTS,ANDSLIDER/LIFTERHEADSTHEGEOMETRICALSHAPESCORRESPONDENCEANDOFFPRINTREQUESTSTODRJERRYYHFUH,DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDPRODUCTIONENGINEERING,NATIONALUNIVERSITYOFSINGAPORENUS,10KENTRIDGECRESCENT,SINGAPORE119260EMAILMPEFUHYH?NUSEDUSGANDSIZESOFACAVITYSYSTEMAREDETERMINEDDIRECTLYBYTHEPLASTICMOULDEDPRODUCT,SOALLCOMPONENTSOFACAVITYSYSTEMARECALLEDPRODUCTDEPENDENTPARTSHEREINAFTER,PRODUCTREFERSTOAPLASTICMOULDEDPRODUCT,PARTREFERSTOTHECOMPONENTOFANINJECTIONMOULDBESIDESTHEPRIMARYTASKOFSHAPINGTHEPRODUCT,ANINJECTIONMOULDHASALSOTOFULFILANUMBEROFTASKSSUCHASTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFMELT,COOLINGTHEMOLTENMATERIAL,EJECTIONOFTHEMOULDEDPRODUCT,TRANSMITTINGMOTION,GUIDING,ANDALIGNINGTHEMOULDHALVESTHEFUNCTIONALPARTSTOFULFILTHESETASKSAREUSUALLYSIMILARINSTRUCTUREANDGEOMETRICALSHAPEFORDIFFERENTINJECTIONMOULDSTHEIRSTRUCTURESANDGEOMETRICALSHAPESAREINDEPENDENTOFTHEPLASTICMOULDEDPRODUCTS,BUTTHEIRSIZESCANBECHANGEDACCORDINGTOTHEPLASTICPRODUCTSTHEREFORE,ITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATANINJECTIONMOULDISACTUALLYAMECHANICALASSEMBLYTHATCONSISTSOFPRODUCTDEPENDENTPARTSANDPRODUCTINDEPENDENTPARTSFIGURE1SHOWSTHEASSEMBLYSTRUCTUREOFANINJECTIONMOULDTHEDESIGNOFAPRODUCTDEPENDENTPARTISBASEDONEXTRACTINGTHEGEOMETRYFROMTHEPLASTICPRODUCTINRECENTYEARS,CAD/CAMTECHNOLOGYHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYUSEDTOHELPMOULDDESIGNERSTODESIGNTHEPRODUCTDEPENDENTPARTSTHE?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????FIG1ASSEMBLYSTRUCTUREOFANINJECTIONMOULDAUTOMATEDASSEMBLYMODELLING741BASEDONAUTOCAD,ITCOULDONLYACCOMMODATEWIREFRAMEANDSIMPLESOLIDMODELS3REPRESENTATIONOFINJECTIONMOULDASSEMBLIESTHETWOKEYISSUESOFAUTOMATEDASSEMBLYMODELLINGFORINJECTIONMOULDSARE,REPRESENTINGAMOULDASSEMBLYINCOMPUTERS,ANDDETERMININGTHEPOSITIONANDORIENTATIONOFAPRODUCTINDEPENDENTPARTINTHEASSEMBLYINTHISSECTION,WEPRESENTANOBJECTORIENTEDANDFEATUREBASEDREPRESENTATIONFORASSEMBLIESOFINJECTIONMOULDSTHEREPRESENTATIONOFASSEMBLIESINACOMPUTERINVOLVESSTRUCTURALANDSPATIALRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENINDIVIDUALPARTSSUCHAREPRESENTATIONMUSTSUPPORTTHECONSTRUCTIONOFANASSEMBLYFROMALLTHEGIVENPARTS,CHANGESINTHERELATIVEPOSITIONINGOFPARTS,ANDMANIPULATIONOFTHEASSEMBLYASAWHOLEMOREOVER,THEREPRESENTATIONSOFASSEMBLIESMUSTMEETTHEFOLLOWINGREQUIREMENTSFROMDESIGNERS1ITSHOULDBEPOSSIBLETOHAVEHIGHLEVELOBJECTSREADYTOUSEWHILEMOULDDESIGNERSTHINKONTHELEVELOFREALWORLDOBJECTS2THEREPRESENTATIONOFASSEMBLIESSHOULDENCAPSULATEOPERATIONALFUNCTIONSTOAUTOMATEROUTINEPROCESSESSUCHASPOCKETINGANDINTERFERENCECHECKSTOMEETTHESEREQUIREMENTS,AFEATUREBASEDANDOBJECTORIENTEDHIERARCHICALMODELISPROPOSEDTOREPRESENTINJECTIONMOULDSANASSEMBLYMAYBEDIVIDEDINTOSUBASSEMBLIES,WHICHINTURNCONSISTSOFSUBASSEMBLIESAND/ORINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSTHUS,AHIERARCHICALMODELISMOSTAPPROPRIATEFORREPRESENTINGTHESTRUCTURALRELATIONSBETWEENCOMPONENTSAHIERARCHYIMPLIESADEFINITEASSEMBLYSEQUENCEINADDITION,AHIERARCHICALMODELCANPROVIDEANEXPLICITREPRESENTATIONOFTHEDEPENDENCYOFTHEPOSITIONOFONEPARTONANOTHERFEATUREBASEDDESIGN10ALLOWSDESIGNERSTOWORKATASOMEWHATHIGHERLEVELOFABSTRACTIONTHANTHATPOSSIBLEWITHTHEDIRECTUSEOFSOLIDMODELLERSGEOMETRICFEATURESAREINSTANCED,SIZED,ANDLOCATEDQUICKLYBYTHEUSERBYSPECIFYINGAMINIMUMSETOFPARAMETERS,WHILETHEFEATUREMODELLERWORKSOUTTHEDETAILSALSO,ITISEASYTOMAKEDESIGNCHANGESBECAUSEOFTHEASSOCIATIVITIESBETWEENGEOMETRICENTITIESMAINTAINEDINTHEDATASTRUCTUREOFFEATUREMODELLERSWITHOUTFEATURES,DESIGNERSHAVETOBECONCERNEDWITHALLTHEDETAILSOFGEOMETRICCONSTRUCTIONPROCEDURESREQUIREDBYSOLIDMODELLERS,ANDDESIGNCHANGESHAVETOBESTRICTLYSPECIFIEDFOREVERYENTITYAFFECTEDBYTHECHANGEMOREOVER,THEFEATUREBASEDREPRESENTATIONWILLPROVIDEHIGHLEVELASSEMBLYOBJECTSFORDESIGNERSTOUSEFOREXAMPLE,WHILEMOULDDESIGNERSTHINKONTHELEVELOFAREALWORLDOBJECT,EGACOUNTERBOREHOLE,AFEATUREOBJECTOFACOUNTERBOREHOLEWILLBEREADYINTHECOMPUTERFORUSEOBJECTORIENTEDMODELLING11,12ISANEWWAYOFTHINKINGABOUTPROBLEMSUSINGMODELSORGANISEDAROUNDREALWORLDCONCEPTSTHEFUNDAMENTALENTITYISTHEOBJECT,WHICHCOMBINESBOTHDATASTRUCTURESANDBEHAVIOURINASINGLEENTITYOBJECTORIENTEDMODELSAREUSEFULFORUNDERSTANDINGPROBLEMSANDDESIGNINGPROGRAMSANDDATABASESINADDITION,THEOBJECTORIENTEDREPRESENTATIONOFASSEMBLIESMAKESITEASYFORA“CHILD”O(jiān)BJECTTOINHERITINFORMATIONFROMITS“PARENT”FIGURE2SHOWSTHEFEATUREBASEDANDOBJECTORIENTEDHIERARCHICALREPRESENTATIONOFANINJECTIONMOULDTHEREPRESENTATIONISAHIERARCHICALSTRUCTUREATMULTIPLELEVELSOFABSTRACTION,FROMLOWLEVELGEOMETRICENTITIESFORMFEATURETOHIGHLEVELSUBASSEMBLIESTHEITEMSENCLOSEDINTHEBOXESREPRESENT“ASSEMBLYOBJECTS”SUBFAS,PARTSANDFFSTHESOLIDLINESREPRESENT“PARTOF”RELATIONANDTHEDASHEDLINESREPRESENTOTHERRELATIONSHIPSSUBASSEMBLYSUBFACONSISTSOFPARTSPARTSAPARTCANBETHOUGHTOFASAN“ASSEMBLY”O(jiān)FFORMFEATURESFFSTHEREPRESENTATIONCOMBINESTHESTRENGTHSOFAFEATUREBASEDGEOMETRICMODELWITHTHOSEOFOBJECTORIENTEDMODELSITNOTONLYCONTAINSTHE“PARTOF”RELATIONSBETWEENTHEPARENTOBJECTANDTHECHILDOBJECT,BUTALSOINCLUDESARICHERSETOFSTRUCTURALRELATIONSANDAGROUPOFOPERATIONALFUNCTIONSFORASSEMBLYOBJECTSINSECTION31,THEREISFURTHERDISCUSSIONONTHEDEFINITIONOFANASSEMBLYOBJECT,ANDDETAILEDRELATIONSBETWEENASSEMBLYOBJECTSAREPRESENTEDINSECTION3231DEFINITIONOFASSEMBLYOBJECTSINOURWORK,ANASSEMBLYOBJECT,O,ISDEFINEDASAUNIQUE,IDENTIFIABLEENTITYINTHEFOLLOWINGFORMOOID,A,M,R1WHEREOIDISAUNIQUEIDENTIFIEROFANASSEMBLYOBJECTOAISASETOFTHREETUPLES,T,A,VEACHAISCALLEDANATTRIBUTEOFO,ASSOCIATEDWITHEACHATTRIBUTEISATYPE,T,ANDAVALUE,VMISASETOFTUPLES,M,TC1,TC2,,TCN,TCEACHELEMENTOFMISAFUNCTIONTHATUNIQUELYIDENTIFIESAMETHODTHESYMBOLMREPRESENTSAMETHODNAMEANDMETHODSDEFINEOPERATIONSONOBJECTSTHESYMBOLTCIIFIG2FEATUREBASED,OBJECTORIENTEDHIERARCHICALREPRESENTATION

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簡(jiǎn)介：TECHNICALNOTEMONITORINGOFSULFATEREDUCINGBACTERIAINACIDWATERFROMURANIUMMINESJSBENEDETTO,SKDEALMEIDA,HAGOMES,RFVAZOLLER,ACQLADEIRACENTRODEDESENVOLVIMENTODATECNOLOGIANUCLEARCDTN/CNEN,RPROFMA′RIOWERNECKS/N,CAMPUSDAUFMG,PAMPULHA,30123970BH,MG,BRAZILRECEIVED3MAY2005ACCEPTED24AUGUST2005AVAILABLEONLINE17OCTOBER2005ABSTRACTONEOFTHEMOSTSERIOUSENVIRONMENTPROBLEMSCREATEDBYTHEMININGINDUSTRYISACIDMINEDRAINAGEINONEPLANTOFNUCLEARINDUSTRIESOFBRAZILINB,THISPROBLEMISAMATTEROFCONCERNTHEPRESENCEOFIRONSULFITES,SUCHASPYRITE,GENERATESWATERWITHACIDITYABOVETHELEVELSALLOWEDBYTHELEGISLATIONANDTHEREFORE,INAPPROPRIATEFORRELEASINGSTRAIGHTINTOTHEENVIRONMENTTHEINDUSTRYMAINTAINAHIGHCOSTTREATMENTINACIDWATERFROMMINESANDWASTEDISPOSALWHICHCONSISTSINNEUTRALIZINGANDPRECIPITATINGHEAVYMETALSTHETREATMENTOFACIDWATERUSINGSULFATEREDUCINGBACTERIASRBHASBEENUSEDINOTHERCOUNTRIESWITHQUITEGOODTECHNICALRESULTSASWELLASECONOMICALADVANTAGESANDTHUS,THEOBJECTOFTHISRESEARCHASEASONALSTUDYWASCARRIEDOUTONTHESULFATEREDUCINGBACTERIAPRESENTINTHELIQUIDEFFLUENTDISCHARGEDFROMTWOWASTESDISPOSALOFTHEURANIUMMINE,INPHASEOFDECOMMISSION,INPOC?OSDECALDASTHISSTUDYSHOWSTHEPRESENCEOFSRBINTHEANALYZEDENVIRONMENTAL,ASWELLASSOMEFACTORSTHATARERELATEDWITHTHEAMOUNTOFSRBPRESENTS,SUCHASDISSOLVEDOXYGEN,PHANDORGANICMATTER?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSULFATEREDUCINGBACTERIAACIDMINEDRAINAGE1INTRODUCTIONONEOFTHEMOSTSERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSCREATEDBYTHEMININGINDUSTRYISACIDMINEDRAINAGEINONEPLANTOFNUCLEARINDUSTRIESOFBRAZILINB,THISPROBLEMISAMATTEROFCONCERNINTHATUNITTHEURANIUMOREWASPROCESSEDUNTIL1995ANDGENERATEDABIGAMOUNTOFBARRENOREWITHU3O8LOWERTHAN200PPMTHESEBARRENORESWEREDEPOSITEDINLARGENEIGHBORINGAREASFROMTHEMININGREGION,INWASTEROCKPILESTHESULFITEMINERALSPRESENTINTHESEAREAS,INCLUDINGPYRITE,GENERATEDHIGHACIDITYWATERWITHRADIONUCLIDESELEMENTSURANIUM,THORIUMANDRADIUMANDSTABLEELEMENTSMANGANESE,ZINC,FLUORITE,IRON,ETCTHELEVELOFTHESEELEMENTSWEREABOVETHEENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATIONCONTENTRESOLUC?A?OCONAMA,2005ACTUALLYTHETREATMENTINVOLVESCHEMICALPRECIPITATIONANDANYINTERRUPTIONLEADSTOANINCREASINGPOLLUTIONONTHEAQUATICSYSTEMCIPRIANI,2002THETREATMENTOFACIDWATERUSINGSULFATEREDUCINGBACTERIASRBHAVEBEENUSEDINOTHERCOUNTRIESWITHQUITEGOODTECHNICALASWELLASECONOMICALRESULTSSRBAREUSEFULTOABATEACIDMINEDRAINAGEAMDDUETOTWOFUNDAMENTALREASONSFIRSTLYBECAUSEOFTHEIRCAPACITYTOREDUCESULFATETOSULFITETHESESULFITESREACTADDITIONALLYWITHCERTAINMETALSDISSOLVEDINTHECONTAMINATEDWATERS,SUCHASCOPPER,IRONANDZINC,FORMINGINSOLUBLEPRECIPITATESONTHEOTHERHAND,THESYSTEMACIDITYISREDUCEDBYTHEIROWNACTIONOFSULFATEREDUCTIONSANDBYTHECARBONMETABOLISMOFTHEBACTERIAGARCIAETAL,2001INTHISCONTEXTTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTUDYCONSISTEDINSEASONALDIAGNOSTICOFTHESULFATEREDUCINGBACTERIAPRESENTINTHEAQUIFERSYSTEMOFTHEINBINDUSTRYCOMPLEXINCALDAS,BRAZIL08926875/SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMINENG200508012CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL553134993316FAX553134993399EMAILADDRESSESJSBCDTNBRJSBENEDETTO,SKACDTNBRSKDEALMEIDA,HGOMESCNENGOVBRHAGOMES,VAZOLLERUOLCOMBRRFVAZOLLER,ACQLCDTNBRACQLADEIRATHISARTICLEISALSOAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MINENGMINERALSENGINEERING1820051341–1343THEMEDIUMVALUESOFSBRINWATERSAMPLESWERELOWASWECANSEEINTABLE2SOMESTUDIESSHOWEDTHATHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFHEAVYMETALSANDLOWPHVALUES30–35ARELIMITINGFACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHESRBINCREASINGACIDWATERFROMMINEFRO¨MMICHENETAL,2004GARCIAETAL,2001THELOWESTPHVALUEBELOW35WASMEASUREDDURINGTHEMONTHSOFMARCHANDAPRILANDHIGHERNUMBEROFSRB28MPNML?1WASDETECTEDINFEBRUARYINWR8SITEWHENTHEWATERPHWASHIGHER52ANAEROBICREACTORSSTUDIESFORTHEMETALSANDSULFITESREMOVINGFROMMINEACIDWATERHAVESHOWNHIGHSRBINCREASING,FROM40107TO80108BACTERIAML?1ONACIDMEDIUMMAINLYDUETOORGANICMATTERENRICHMENTINTHESESYSTEMSJONGANDPARRY,2003ACCORDINGTOEXPECTEDRESULTS,THEHIGHESTVALUESOFSRBWEREDETECTEDINTHEPERIODBETWEENFEBRUARYANDAUGUSTINWATERSAMPLESCOLLECTED125MOFDEPTHINTHEPM,WHEREITWASALSODETECTEDTHELOWESTOXYGENCONCENTRATIONSALONGTHEPERIODTHEDISSOLVEDOXYGENVALUESMEASUREDINBOTTOMSAMPLESOFTHEMINELAKEUTMCHANGEDFROM40TO101MGO2L?1ANDWEREACCORDINGTOTHEVALUESOBTAINEDBYMEIERETAL2004USINGSEDIMENT/WATERINTERFACESAMPLESOFACIDWATERFROMLUSATIAGERMANYTHEVALUESOFSRBASWELLASMOSTOFITSOCCURRENCESINTHESEDIMENTSAMPLESINTHETHREESAMPLINGSITESWEREHIGHERIFCOMPAREDWITHWATERSAMPLESALONGTHEYEARTHISWASEXPECTEDASLOWERCONCENTRATIONSOFDISSOLVEDOXYGENWEREFOUNDINTHESEDIMENTANDHIGHERCONCENTRATIONSOFAVAILABLEORGANICMATTERFORTHEPOPULATIONSOFSRBWEREFOUNDINTHESEDIMENTSAMPLESTHESERESULTSAREONAPARWITHDIFFERENTSTUDIESCONDUCTEDWITHACIDWATERFROMMINE4CONCLUSIONTHERESULTSOBTAINEDFROMTHEMICROBIOLOGICALVARIABLESPRESENTEDSEASONALVARIATIONINTHETHREEPOINTSEVALUATEDTHERESULTSSHOWEDTHATSRBWASPRESENTINWATERSAMPLESPRESENTINGLOWPHVALUESANDHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFHEAVYMETALS,ASWELLASINSAMPLESWITHHIGHOXYGENLEVELSTHESEDIMENTWASTHEPREFERENTIALPLACEFORSRBOCCURRENCEANDWR8SITEPRESENTEDTHEHIGHESTVALUESOFSRBDETECTEDINTHATEXPERIMENTALSTUDYACKNOWLEDGMENTSTHEAUTHORSAREGRATEFULTOFAPEMIGFUNDAC?A?ODEAMPAROAPESQUISADOESTADODEMINASGERAISFORTHEFINANCIALSUPPORTREFERENCESCIPRIANI,M,2002MITIGAC?A?ODOSIMPACTOSSO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