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簡(jiǎn)介：BASEFLOWCONTRIBUTIONTONITRATENITROGENEXPORTFROMALARGE,AGRICULTURALWATERSHED,USAKEITHSCHILLINGA,,YOUKUANZHANGBAIOWAGEOLOGICALSURVEY,109TROWBRIDGEHALL,IOWACITY,IA522421319,USABDEPARTMENTOFGEOSCIENCE/IIHRHYDROSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFIOWA,IOWACITY,IA52242,USARECEIVED10NOVEMBER2003REVISED12MARCH2004ACCEPTED19MARCH2004ABSTRACTNITRATENITROGENEXPORTFROMTHERACCOONRIVERWATERSHEDINWESTCENTRALIOWAISAMONGTHEHIGHESTINTHEUNITEDSTATEANDCONTRIBUTESTOIMPAIRMENTOFDOWNSTREAMWATERQUALITYWEEXAMINEDARARELONGTERMRECORDOFSTREAMFLOWANDNITRATECONCENTRATIONDATA1972–2000TOEVALUATEANNUALANDSEASONALPATTERNSOFNITRATELOSSESINSTREAMFLOWANDBASEFLOWFROMTHERACCOONRIVERCOMBININGHYDROGRAPHSEPARATIONWITHALOADESTIMATIONPROGRAM,WEESTIMATEDTHATBASEFLOWCONTRIBUTESAPPROXIMATELYTWOTHIRDS173KG/HAOFTHEMEANANNUALNITRATEEXPORT261KG/HABASEFLOWTRANSPORTWASGREATESTINSPRINGANDLATEFALLWHENBASEFLOWCONTRIBUTEDMORETHAN80OFTHETOTALEXPORTHEREINWEPROPOSEA‘BASEFLOWENRICHMENTRATIO’BERTODESCRIBETHERELATIONOFBASEFLOWWATERWITHBASEFLOWNITRATELOADSTHELONGTERMRATIOOF123FORTHERACCOONRIVERSUGGESTSPREFERENTIALLEACHINGOFNITRATETOBASEFLOWSEASONALPATTERNSOFTHEBERIDENTIFIEDTHESTRONGLINKBETWEENTHEBASEFLOWNITRATELOADSANDSEASONALCROPNITROGENREQUIREMENTSSTUDYRESULTSDEMONSTRATETHEUTILITYOFASSESSINGTHEBASEFLOWCONTRIBUTIONTONITRATELOADSTOIDENTIFYAPPROPRIATECONTROLSTRATEGIESFORREDUCINGBASEFLOWDELIVERYOFNITRATEQ2004ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSNITRATENITROGENSTREAMDISCHARGEBASEFLOWCHEMICALLOADSHYDROGRAPHAGRICULTURALHYDROLOGY1INTRODUCTIONEXPORTOFNITRATENITROGENNITRATEFROMTHEMIDWESTERNREGIONOFTHEUNITEDSTATESISRECEIVINGINCREASINGATTENTIONDUETOCONCERNSREGARDINGEXCESSIVENUTRIENTENRICHMENTANDEUTROPHICATIONINSTREAMSDODDSANDWELCH,2000USEPA,2000ANDDEVELOPMENTOFHYPOXICCONDITIONSINTHEGULFOFMEXICORABALAISETAL,1996GOOLSBYETAL,1999NITRATEEXPORTFROMTHESTATEOFIOWA,LOCATEDINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEUSCORNBELTREGION,HASBEENIDENTIFIEDASAMAJORCONTRIBUTORTOMISSISSIPPIRIVERPOLLUTANTLOADSAVERAGEANNUALEXPORTOFNITRATEFROMSURFACEWATERINIOWAWASESTIMATEDTORANGEFROMAPPROXIMATELY204,000TO222,000MG,ORABOUT25OFTHENITRATETHATTHEMISSISSIPPIRIVERDELIVERSTOTHEGULFOFMEXICO,DESPITEIOWAOCCUPYINGLESSTHAN5OFITSDRAINAGEBASINSCHILLINGANDLIBRA,2000NITRATEEXPORTFROMTHERACCOONRIVERWATERSHEDINWESTCENTRALIOWAISAMONGTHEHIGHESTINTHEINTERIORUSAVERAGEANNUALNITRATEYIELDFROMTHERACCOONRIVERWATERSHEDWASESTIMATEDTOBE261KG/HA/YEAR,WHICHRANKEDASTHEHIGHESTLOSSOFNITRATEOUTOF4200221694/SEEFRONTMATTERQ2004ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJHYDROL200403010JOURNALOFHYDROLOGY2952004305–316WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JHYDROLCORRESPONDINGAUTHORFAXT13193352754EMAILADDRESSKSCHILLINGIGSBUIOWAEDUKSCHILLINGSEPARATEDINTOBASEFLOWANDSTORMFLOWCOMPONENTSUSINGANAUTOMATEDHYDROGRAPHSEPARATIONPROGRAMSLOTOANDCROUSE,1996ALOCALMINIMUMMETHODWASUTILIZED,WHICHESSENTIALLYCONNECTSTHELOWESTPOINTSONTHEHYDROGRAPHANDPROVIDESESTIMATESOFDAILYBASEFLOWDISCHARGEBETWEENLOCALMINIMUMSBYLINEARINTERPOLATIONSLOTOANDCROUSE,1996DAILYRUNOFFDISCHARGEWASDETERMINEDATEACHSTREAMGAUGESITEBYSUBTRACTINGDAILYBASEFLOWDISCHARGEFROMDAILYSTREAMFLOWDISCHARGEFORPURPOSESOFTHISSTUDY,RUNOFFWASDEFINEDASCONTRIBUTIONSFROMOVERLANDFLOWANDSUBSURFACESTORMFLOWORINTERFLOWFREEZEANDCHERRY,1979WATERQUALITYDATAFORTHERACCOONRIVERWEREOBTAINEDFROMTHEDESMOINESRIVERWATERQUALITYNETWORKOPERATEDBYIOWASTATEUNIVERSITY’SDEPARTMENTOFCIVIL,CONSTRUCTIONANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGANDSUPPORTEDTHROUGHTHEROCKISLANDDISTRICTOFTHEARMYCORPSOFENGINEERSLUTZANDESSER,2002ATOTALOF981GRABSAMPLES,CORRESPONDINGTOAWEEKLYORBIMONTHLYFREQUENCY,WERECOLLECTEDFROMTHERACCOONRIVERFROM1972TO2000ANDANALYZEDBYTHEANALYTICALSERVICESLABORATORYATIOWASTATEUNIVERSITYALLCONCENTRATIONSAREREPORTEDASNITROGENWITHANANALYTICALDETECTIONLIMITOF001MG/LNITRATECOMPRISESAPPROXIMATELY81OFTHETOTALNITROGENEXPORTEDFROMTHERACCOONRIVERGOOLSBYETAL,1999NITRATEDATAFORTHE1972–2000PERIODWERETESTEDFORTEMPORALTRENDSUSINGNONPARAMETRICSEASONALKENDALLTAUSTATISTICSWITHWQSTATPLUSVERSION156NOTRENDSWERESIGNIFICANTATP,005LACKOFTEMPORALTRENDSINNITRATECONCENTRATIONSANDSTREAMFLOWVARIABLESFORTHE1972–2000PERIODINDICATEDTHATTHEENTIREDATASETCOULDBEGROUPEDTOGETHERFORANALYSESNITRATECONCENTRATIONSINSURFACEWATERSAMPLESEXHIBITEDAWIDERANGEOFVALUES,RANGINGFROM170MG/LIN1982AND1990TOSEVERALOCCASIONSLESSTHAN005MG/LIN1977FIG2OFTHE981SAMPLESCOLLECTEDFORNITRATEANALYSISOVERTHE28YEARPERIOD,252,OR26OFTHETOTAL,WEREGREATERTHANTHEMAXIMUMCONTAMINANTLEVELOF10MG/LFORUSDRINKINGWATERSUPPLIESFIG2THEMEANOFALLNITRATEANALYSESWAS68MG/LMOREINFORMATIONRELATEDTONITRATECONCENTRATIONPATTERNSINTHERACCOONRIVERCANBEFOUNDINSCHILLINGANDLUTZ2004FIG1LOCATIONOFRACCOONRIVERWATERSHEDPRECIPITATIONSTATIONSLOCATEDINGUTHRIECENTERANDSTORMLAKETHEUSGEOLOGICALSURVEYGAUGINGSTATIONLOCATEDATVANMETERKSCHILLING,YKZHANG/JOURNALOFHYDROLOGY2952004305–316307

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簡(jiǎn)介：地理信息系統(tǒng)在城市規(guī)劃和管理的應(yīng)用以馬來(lái)西亞為例地理信息系統(tǒng)在城市規(guī)劃和管理的應(yīng)用以馬來(lái)西亞為例摘要摘要20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)，馬來(lái)西亞正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)快速的城市化變革，并成為在亞洲地區(qū)最發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家之一。城市化有助于經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，但如果不加控制，會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)和自然環(huán)境產(chǎn)生消極影響。伴隨著地理信息技術(shù)（GIT）的發(fā)展，它正不斷影響著城市和區(qū)域規(guī)劃，當(dāng)務(wù)之急就是更好地把地理信息技術(shù)納入到城市規(guī)劃的決策和管理中去,并依賴于實(shí)時(shí)的空間模型GIT去提供解決城市問(wèn)題的方案與決策。城市和鄉(xiāng)村規(guī)劃法1976年法案和最新2001年修訂的發(fā)展計(jì)劃，需要依據(jù)城市自身的發(fā)展情況不斷更新，才能為目前城市的發(fā)展提供框架和導(dǎo)向。集成地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）為此提供了一個(gè)工具，它能夠使人更清晰地理解規(guī)劃問(wèn)題和規(guī)范規(guī)劃方案以提高城市規(guī)劃和管理的質(zhì)量。本文將闡述如何把GIS運(yùn)用到戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃與提高管理上。舉例說(shuō)明地理信息系統(tǒng)的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃用途，在高一級(jí)的比如有關(guān)國(guó)家物質(zhì)規(guī)劃、區(qū)域規(guī)劃和國(guó)家結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)劃，而在地方一級(jí)比如地理信息系統(tǒng)一體化，地方規(guī)劃和分區(qū)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。本文也將突出在控制城市管理用途上地理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。地理信息系統(tǒng)最主要的是提供了一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的平臺(tái)，在決策者規(guī)劃支持系統(tǒng)（PSS）與決策支持系統(tǒng)（DSS）的主要組成部分起著重要作用。最后本文對(duì)一些數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)，分析技術(shù)，規(guī)劃和管理框架，其中包含了對(duì)地理信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行討論。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞發(fā)展規(guī)劃，地理信息系統(tǒng)，規(guī)劃支持系統(tǒng)和決策支持系統(tǒng)1010．簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介發(fā)展在大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國(guó)家已成為一個(gè)全球性的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)榭焖俚某鞘谢M(jìn)程已不能再被控制。由于不加控制和難以管理的發(fā)展，生存環(huán)境和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面顯然受到最大的影響。顯然，規(guī)劃制度對(duì)于管理和控制發(fā)展上具有重要作用。目前，信息技術(shù)（GIT）在馬來(lái)西亞大大影響了城市和區(qū)域規(guī)劃的性質(zhì)，從而在有關(guān)的城市地區(qū)幫助改善決策、規(guī)劃和管理。城市和鄉(xiāng)村規(guī)劃法令，1976年與2001年最新修正法（ACT172），體現(xiàn)了在發(fā)展規(guī)劃過(guò)程中對(duì)地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）的關(guān)注，特別是在制訂發(fā)展計(jì)劃中。對(duì)已經(jīng)納入發(fā)展計(jì)劃執(zhí)行情況的劃統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)，如就業(yè)和住房，還有確定土地利用方式也至關(guān)重要，很明顯的，這些都緊密的聯(lián)系在一起。從根本上講，地理信息系統(tǒng)能夠支持所有的空間數(shù)據(jù)處理階段，包括手工或半自動(dòng)化的數(shù)字化，數(shù)字化檢查和數(shù)據(jù)，數(shù)字地圖邊緣的文件和信息輸出到圖形硬拷貝設(shè)備或繪圖儀匹配的編輯。以下是一個(gè)信息系統(tǒng)的主要功能1）在敘事的功能信息應(yīng)有助于說(shuō)明情況2）在認(rèn)知功能信息系統(tǒng)也有助于改善提供關(guān)鍵因素，并加以分析，可以在城市和區(qū)域問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)上使用城市和區(qū)域建模和其他變量的統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù)3）規(guī)范性功能信息系統(tǒng)也有助于通過(guò)減少已知的后果或減少對(duì)已采取或即將采取的行動(dòng)的后果的不確定性行動(dòng)的成本改善行動(dòng)。新出現(xiàn)的城市問(wèn)題，規(guī)劃部門將會(huì)提高其能力和管理這些問(wèn)題的有效性。城市系統(tǒng)再也不能簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)待土地使用和交通概念來(lái)界定。該規(guī)劃的城市系統(tǒng)的概念必須擴(kuò)大到包括社會(huì)，政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)變數(shù)。對(duì)這些問(wèn)題都必須解決的問(wèn)題混合在一起，創(chuàng)建了實(shí)驗(yàn)情況，即許多替代品必須受到審判，組合，改進(jìn)和分析測(cè)試，并受到公眾的討論。因此，應(yīng)用地理信息系統(tǒng)是堅(jiān)持引進(jìn)和城市規(guī)劃方面的管理。后來(lái)，眾所周知，地理信息系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)提供了一種工具，它可以有助于把更清晰的規(guī)劃問(wèn)題的真正理解以及規(guī)范性規(guī)劃方案，以提高城市規(guī)劃和管理（YAAKUP，1991）的質(zhì)量。3131地理信息系統(tǒng)和空間規(guī)劃地理信息系統(tǒng)和空間規(guī)劃在規(guī)劃方面的分析上，大多資料都來(lái)自印刷的地圖、實(shí)地調(diào)查、航空攝影和衛(wèi)星圖像。地理信息系統(tǒng)把從來(lái)源于多種數(shù)據(jù)格式的數(shù)據(jù)集成在一起，它們具有共同的地理參照，從而提供了最新資料（格里姆肖，1988年庫(kù)爾森和BROMLEY，1990）。在解決數(shù)據(jù)的空間參照方面，地理信息系統(tǒng)一直被認(rèn)為是最適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q辦法。將地理信息系統(tǒng)運(yùn)用于決策計(jì)劃過(guò)程，引用爾金斯（1972），他認(rèn)為最好的規(guī)劃必將通過(guò)更好的信息，更好的信息流通，必然會(huì)是一個(gè)信息系統(tǒng)。

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簡(jiǎn)介：885FROMWATERENTRYTOLOCKENTRYXUENONGCHEN11INSTITUTEFORNUCLEARANDENERGYTECHNOLOGIES,KARLSRUHEINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYPOBOX3640,D76021KARLSRUHE,GERMANYEMAILXUENONGCHENKITEDUABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,THESHIPLOCKENTRYPROBLEMISSTUDIED,WHICHISPHYSICALLYSIMILARTO,BUTNUMERICALLYDIFFERENTFROM,THEWATERENTRYPROBLEMSIMULATEDBYTHEAUTHOR25YEARSAGOUNDERTHEINSTRUCTIONOFPROFHEAONEDIMENSIONALUNSTEADYHYDRAULICNARROWCHANNELMODELFORTHEFLOWCOUPLEDTOTHESHIPSMOTIONINSURGE,HEAVEANDPITCHISFORMULATEDANDNUMERICALLYIMPLEMENTEDTHECALCULATEDSHIPMOTIONSWEREVALIDATEDBYCOMPARISONWITHMODELEXPERIMENTSCARRIEDOUTINTHEDUISBURGSHALLOWWATERTANKTHEVISCOUSEFFECTSAREFURTHERTAKENINTOACCOUNTINORDERTOINVESTIGATETHESCALEEFFECTINTHEEXPERIMENTALMODELINGINAFRAMEWORKOFNEWLOCKPROJECTOFPANAMACANALTHUS,THEEXPERIMENTALLYVALIDATEDMODELISAPPLIEDTOOPTIMIZETHELOCKENTRYTIMEBYCHANGINGTHETRUSTCOURSEINTHEFULLSCALECASEKEYWORDSWATERENTRYSHIPLOCKENTRYFREESURFACEMOTIONSHIPMOTIONDYNAMICFLUIDRIGIDBODYCOUPLING1INTRODUCTIONTWENTYFIVEYEARSAGO,UNDERTHEINSTRUCTIONOFPROFESSORYOUSHENGHE,THEAUTHORWASFINISHEDWITHHISMASTERDEGREETHESIS1ONTHETOPICOF3DNUMERICALSIMULATIONOFWATERENTRYPROBLEMAKEYNATUREOFTHISPROBLEMISASTRONGINTERACTIONBETWEENRIGIDBODYANDFREESURFACEMOTIONSASARIGIDBODYAMISSILECRASHESINTOWATER,ITMAKESAREMARKABLEFREESURFACEMOTIONANDITEXPERIENCESBYREACTIONAHUGEMOMENTUMTHATBRAKESITSFORWARDMOTIONORALTERSITSMOTIONDIRECTIONINCASEOFASYMMETRICALENTRYTODAY,INTHEPROFESSORHE’SEIGHTIETHBIRTHDAYSYMPOSIUM,THEAUTHORWOULDLIKETOINTRODUCEANOTHERPROBLEM,WHICHCOMESFROMATOTALLYDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONFIELD,BUTHASAVERYSIMILARPHYSICALNATURETOTHEWATERENTRYPROBLEM,NAMELY,SHIPLOCKENTRYASTHESHIPBEGINSTOENTERTHELOCK,BECAUSEOFTHESUDDENNARROWNESSORSHALLOWNESSOFTHELOCK,THESHIPPUSHESAMASSOFWATERAHEAD,SOTHATABOREISGENERATEDINTHELOCKBYTHEWAYOFREACTIONTHESHIPSUFFERSANIMPACT,DECREASINGITSFORWARDSPEEDENORMOUSLYANDCAUSINGREMARKABLEPITCHANDHEAVEMOTIONSITHASREALLYTHESAMENATUREASTHEWATERENTRYPROBLEM,WHEREAGAINTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENRIGIDBODYANDFREESURFACEISINTHEFOREGROUNDINTHISPAPERTHEPROBLEMOFSHIPMOTIONSINTOORWITHINAVERYNARROWLOCK,NOTONLYRESTRICTEDBYTHELOCKENTRY,ISSTUDIEDWITHSPECIALATTENTIONTOTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENSHIPMOTIONANDSHIPWAVESANDMOREOVERTOTHEVISCOUSEFFECTSOFFLOWBLOCKAGEANDFRICTIONAONEDIMENSIONALUNSTEADYHYDRAULICNARROWCHANNELMODELFORTHEFLOWCOUPLEDTOTHESHIPSMOTIONINSURGE,HEAVEANDPITCHISFORMULATEDANDNUMERICALLYIMPLEMENTEDALTHOUGHTHEFIRSTNUMERICALEXAMPLEOFSHIPENTRYINTOALOCKWASVALIDATEDBYMODELEXPERIMENTSCARRIEDOUTINTHEDUISBURGSHALLOWTANK2,BYAPPLYINGAPRIMITIVETRIALANDERRORVISCOUSCOEFFICIENT3,ANEWPHYSICALVISCOUSMODELISNEEDEDANDDEVELOPEDINTHISPAPERTHEACCURATEPREDICTIONOFSUCHMOTIONS,ESPECIALLYTHESHIPENTRYSPEEDANDTIME,ISOFGREATPRACTICALRELEVANCE,NOTONLYFROMTHETECHNICALPOINTOFVIEW,BUTALSOFROMTHEECONOMICALPOINTOFVIEWHOWEVER,ITISVERYDIFFICULTTOEXTENDTHEMODELSCALEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSTOTHEREALSCALEONESUNDERTHEFROUDESIMILARITY,BECAUSETHEFLUIDVISCOSITYPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHISUNSTEADYFLOWANDCANNOTBEFULLYTAKENINTOACCOUNTSIMPLYBYANADDITIONOFANOVERALLREYNOLDSDEPENDENTVISCOUSRESISTANCETOTHEPRESSUREONE887LOCALFRICTIONONTHECANALSIDEWALLSANDTHESHIPHULLSURFACEITHASADOMINANTEFFECT,BUTTHEMODELINGTHATWASAPPLIEDINTHEPAST3,WASQUITEPRIMITIVEANDITSVALUEWASDETERMINEDBYTRIALANDERRORINTHENUMERICALCALCULATIONTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHISLOCALFRICTIONMODELISTHEMAINEFFORTOFTHISPAPER,WHICHWILLBEDESCRIBEDINTHENEXTSECTIONTHEΑ2TERMREPRESENTSASMALLVISCOUSWAVEDAMPINGANDMAYBENEGLECTEDBYVIRTUEOFSYMMETRYONLYTHREEDEGREESOFFREEDOMSURGE,HEAVEANDPITCHARECONSIDEREDTHERELEVANTHYDRODYNAMICFORCESFX,FZANDTHEMOMENTMYDUETOTHEPRESSURE6ACTINGONTHESHIPAREEXPRESSEDINDETAILIN3THERIGIDBODYDYNAMICEQUATIONOFTHESHIPSURGEMOTIONREADS22DDXFMFTRTΞ?,7WHERETISTHEPROPELLERTHRUSTANDRFTHEHULLFRICTIONALRESISTANCEINCURRENTCALCULATIONSTHETHRUSTT,ASAFUNCTIONOFTIME,ISASSUMEDTOBEKNOWNHOWEVER,ITISAFUNCTIONTOBEOPTIMIZED,EGFORAMINIMALENTRYTIMEALOCALFRICTIONALRESISTANCEMODELISDEVELOPEDBASEDONTHEPRANDTLTURBULENTVELOCITYPROFILETHISISANESSENTIALPARTINTHEVISCOUSMODELANDANEWDEVELOPMENTINCOMPARISONWITHTHEVISCOUSRESISTANCECORRELATIONUSEDIN3,IETHEITTC1957FORMULAWITHSOMEEMPIRICALVELOCITYINCREASECORRECTIONDUETOTHERESTRICTEDWATEREFFECTTHERIGIDBODYDYNAMICEQUATIONSOFTHESHIPHEAVEANDPITCHMOTIONSREAD22DDZSMFT,22D,DYYGYGJMTΘ8BYSUBSTITUTINGTHEPRESSUREINTEGRALOFFZANDMY’GINTOABOVEEQUATIONSACOMPACTFORMOFHEAVEANDPITCHEQUATIONSCANBERENDEREDAS2SINK2DD0DDSWWSSMGASMITTΑΡΘ92TRIM2DD0DDTWWJGIMSITTΘΘΑΡΘ10WITHYYGJJFORSIMPLICITY,SΑANDTΑASEMPIRICALDAMPINGCOEFFICIENTSFORSINKAGEANDTRIM,RESPECTIVELY,THESTATICWATERPLANEINTEGRALS/2/2DLWLABXX?∫,/2/2DLWGLMXXBXX??∫,/22/2DLWGLIXXBXX??∫,ANDDYNAMICAUXILIARYINTEGRALS/2SINK/2,D,LLITXTBXXΖ?∫/2TRIM/2,DLGLITXXXTBXXΖ??∫3VISCOUSTURBULENCEMODELTHEGAPFLOWBETWEENTHESHIPHULLANDTHELOCKWALLISSIMILARTOCOUETTEPOISEUILLESHEARFLOW,IFITWOULDBELAMINARFORTHEORETICALUNDERSTANDINGACYLINDRICALLAMINARCOUETTEPOISEUILLEFLOWSOLUTIONISUSEFUL,WHICHINDEEDCANBEDERIVEDANALYTICALLYNEVERTHELESSTHEFLOWHEREBOTHINTHEMODELANDREALSCALESISTURBULENTTHEREFOREAMOREREALISTICTURBULENCEMODELSHOULDBEAPPLIEDHEREINTHENEXTSUBSECTIONSFOLLOWINGISSUESARE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簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯學(xué)院理學(xué)院專業(yè)班級(jí)環(huán)境工程0902班學(xué)生姓名王旭學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)090704038指導(dǎo)教師王新提交時(shí)間2013年3月19日外文翻譯1伊斯坦布爾地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題及補(bǔ)救建議伊斯坦布爾地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題及補(bǔ)救建議摘要摘要許多地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問(wèn)題不可避免地成為城市生活的重要部分。這些問(wèn)題可歸類為開挖肥料的運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存、交通堵塞、噪音污染、震動(dòng)、成堆的灰塵和泥漿以及物資不足。雖然這些問(wèn)題引起很多困難，對(duì)于一個(gè)像伊斯坦布爾這樣的城市，最亟待解決的問(wèn)題是開挖的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)槠渌幌盗袉?wèn)題都是由此引起的。此外，這些問(wèn)題受環(huán)境和地域限制并具有周期性，他們隨工程項(xiàng)目開始和結(jié)束而出現(xiàn)和消失。最近，伊斯坦布爾有9條地鐵項(xiàng)目在施工，總長(zhǎng)約有73KM，另外，將有超過(guò)200KM的地鐵線會(huì)在不久的將來(lái)動(dòng)工。正在施工的項(xiàng)目將產(chǎn)生約1200萬(wàn)M3的工程垃圾。本文將分析由地鐵建設(shè)帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題，主要是開挖廢料的問(wèn)題，并對(duì)補(bǔ)救辦法提出建議。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞環(huán)境問(wèn)題地鐵開挖廢物處理開挖廢料簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介現(xiàn)如今，城市的大面積擴(kuò)張要求交通設(shè)施快速增長(zhǎng)。因此，全世界，特別是在人口超過(guò)30萬(wàn)40萬(wàn)的城市，軌道交通逐漸被認(rèn)為是最終的解決辦法。正因如此，地鐵和輕軌上的大規(guī)模投資是必然的。整個(gè)軌道交通系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)包括地表建設(shè)、明挖隧道開挖、鉆孔隧道開挖、地下建筑的改造和隧道建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。這些都會(huì)影響周圍的環(huán)境并在自來(lái)水、天然氣、排污和電話線等方面影響市民的日常生活。地鐵建設(shè)影響環(huán)境的一個(gè)原因是開挖產(chǎn)生的大量垃圾，而且大部分開挖垃圾都是泥土。工程垃圾的處理是關(guān)鍵，負(fù)責(zé)儲(chǔ)存和回收利用這些工程廢料的人員承受著非常大的壓力，廢物處理也因此成為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的研究分支。關(guān)于這些垃圾的銷毀、回收利用和儲(chǔ)存的研究已經(jīng)開展了很多泥土（VLACHOS1975HUANG等人2001WINKLER2005HUANG等人2006KHAN等人1987BOADIANDKUITUNEN2003STAUDTANDSCHROLL1999WANG2001OKUDAANDTHOMSON2007YANGANDINNES2007）、有機(jī)物（EDWARDS等人1998,JACKSON2006DEBRA等人1991AKHTARANDMAHMOOD1996BRUUN等人2006MINH等人2006）、塑料（IDRIS等人2004KARANIANDSTANJEWASIKIEWITZ2007ALI等人2004NISHINO等人2003VASILE等人2006KATO等人2003KASAKURA等人1999HAYASHI等人2000）、油脂（AHUMADA等人2004ALMASRIANDSUMAN2003）、耕地（GARNIER等人1998MOHANTY2001）、放射性物質(zhì)（ROCCOANDZUCCHETTI1997WALKER等人2001ADAMOV等人1992KRINITSYN等人2003）。目前，包括沙子、石頭、砂礫、水泥、磚頭、瓷磚在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)材料被建筑部門用作主要的建筑成分。所有這些材料都是從現(xiàn)有的自然資源中生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的，具有固有的特性，并因不斷的開采而對(duì)環(huán)境造成危害。另外，建筑材料的價(jià)格正在逐漸上漲，在土耳其，近幾年的建筑材料的價(jià)格一直在上漲。因此，為減輕環(huán)境破壞和減緩原材料價(jià)格的過(guò)渡上漲，在建筑工程中循環(huán)利用開挖廢料和拆遷廢料（DW）是非常重要的。一些國(guó)家的開挖廢料

簡(jiǎn)介：JOURNALOFZHEJIANGUNIVERSITYSCIENCEAISSN1673565XPRINT；ISSN18621775ONLINEWWW．ZJU．EDU．CN位US；WVCW．SPDNGERIINK．COMEMAILJZUSZJU．EDU．∞LINETA1．／JZHEJIANGUNIVSCIA20089F5J6246321、‘SIMULATIONAND,PTIMALCONTROLSTRATEGYDYNAMICULATIONANOPTIMALCONTROLSTRATECYFORAPARALLELHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATOR★XIAOLINT，SHUANG．XIAPAN，DONG．YUNWANGSTATEKEYLABORATORYOFFLUIDPOWERTRANSMISSIONANDCONTROL,ZHEJIANGUNIVERS咖HANGZHOU31002LCHINA’E．MAILLINXIAOL2163．COMRECEIVEDOCT．16，2007；REVISIONACCEPTEDJAN．28，2008；PUBLISHEDONLINEAPR．15，2008?！魏賻?；宣蔫苗篇罱船M蕊ABSTRACTTHEPRIMARYFOCUSOFTHISSTUDYISTOINVESTIGATETHECONTROLSTRATEGIESOFAHYBRIDSYSTEMUSEDINHYDRAULICEXCAVATORS．FIRST．THESTRUCTUREANDEVALUATIONTARGETOFHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATORSAREANALYZED．TLLENTHEDYNAMICSYSTEMMODELINCLUDINGBATTERIES．MOTORANDENGINEISBUILTASTHESIMULATIONENVIRONMENTTOOBTAINCONTROLRESULTS．ASOCALLEDMULTIWORKPOINTDYNAMICCONTROLSTRATEGY,WHICHHASBOTHCLOSEDLOOPSPEEDPIPROPORTIONINTEGRALCONTROLANDDIRECTTORQUECONTROL，ISPROPOSEDANDSTUDIEDINTHESIMULATIONMODEL．SIMULATIONRESULTSINDICATETHATTHEHYBRIDSYSTEMWITHTHISSTRATEGYCANMEETTHEPOWERDEMANDANDACHIEVEBEAERSYSTEMSTABILITYANDHIGHERFUELEFFICIENCY．KEYWORDSHYBRIDSYSTEM，HYDRAULICEXCAVATOR,MULTIWORKPOINTDYNAMICCONTROL，DIRECTTORQUECONTROLDOI10．16310ZUS．A071552DOCUMENTCODEACLCNUMBERTHL37INTRODUCTIONTHEDESIRETOIMPROVETHEFUELEFFICIENCYANDEMISSIONSHASGIVENRISETOTHEADVENTOFMOREHYBRIDELECTRICVEHICLESHEVS．FURTHERMORE，ACONSIDERABLEAMOUNTOFRESEARCHHASBEENDONEONHYBRIDSYSTEMSDURINGTHEPASTFIVEYEARSSCHOUTENETA1．。2002；ZHANGETA1．．2004；ZHUPFA1．．2004；2006；GAOANDEHSANI，2006．HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESDONOTPROVIDEMUCHATTENTIONTOTHEHYBRIDCONSTRUCTIONMACHINERY,ESPECIALLYTOHYBRIDHYRDRAULICEXCAVATORS．THEREALTESTANDLITERATUREDATAFGAOETA1．，2001INDICATETHATTHEREQUIREDENERGYOFHYDRAULICEXCAVATORSVARIESINSHORT．RANGEPERIODICITYANDFLUCTUATESTEMPESTUOUSLY,THUSTHEENGINECANNOTBEMAINTAINEDINITSHIGHFUELEFFICIENCYRANGE．SOHYDRAULICEXCAVATORSEQUIPPEDWITHHYBRIDSYSTEMSSHOULDBESTUDIEDINORDERTOSAVEENERGYANDIMPROVEEMISSIONS．USUALLY,AHYBRIDSYSTEMISPROPELLEDBVANINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINEWITHANELECTRICMOTOR／GENERATORINSERIESORPARALLEL．THEENGINEPROVIDES’PROJECTNO．2006C11148SUPPORTEDBYTHESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYPROJECTOFZHEJIANGPROVINCE，CHINATHEBASEPOWER,WHILETHEMOTOROFFERSTHEFLUCTUANTPOWER,WHICHINCREASESTHESYSTEM’SSTABILITYANDFUELETLICIENCYBYREGENERATINGENERGYANDSTONNGEXCESSENERGYFROMTHEENGINE．DUETOTHEDIFRERENTLOADDEMANDSBETWEENTHEHYDRAULICEXCAVATORANDTHEVEHICLE，THEPOPULARCONTROLSTRATEGIESUSEDINHEVSCANNOTBESIMPLYAPPLIEDTOHYDRAULICEXCAVATORS．ITISIMPORTANTTOPROPOSENEWCONTROLSTRATEGIES，WHICHARESUITABLEFORHYDRAULICEXCAVATORS．RECENTLY,RESEARCHONTHESTRUCTURE，CONTROLSTRATEGYANDENE唱YMANAGEMENTOFHYBRIDSYSTEMINHYDRAULICEXCAVATORSHASBEENCARRIEDOUTKAGOSHIMAETA1．，2003；TAKAOETA1．，2004；WANGETA1．，2005；XIAOETA1．，2007．KAGOSHIMAETA1．2003ANDTAKAOETA1．2004SHOWEDONETYPEOFHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATORSEQUIPPEDWITHSERIESCONFIGURATION，BYWHICHTHEEXCAVATORSHAVEGOOD向ELCONSUMPTION．ABOUT40％～5L％ENERGYSAVINGATALLWORKINGCONDITIONS．HOWEVER,THEYONLYDEVEL．OPEDASINGLEWORKPOINTCONTROLSTRATEGY,WHICHMAYBESUITABLEFORTHEIRCONFIGURATIONS，BUTISDIFFICULTFOROBTAININGOPTIMALRESULTS．FURTHERMORE．THESINGLEWORI【POINTCONTROLSTRATEGYCANNOTMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSATALLKINDSOFWORKINGCONDITIONS．WANG萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)626SYSTEMMODELINGL／NETA1．／DZHEJIANGUNIVSCIA20089F5J624632INORDERTOCAL}TURETHEFULLEFFECTSOFTHEHYBRIDPROPULSIONSYSTEMONTHEHYDRAULICEXCAVATOR,AHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATORMODEL，MAINLYABOUTTHEPOWERCOMPONENTS。ISUTILIZEDFORSIMULATIONHEANDHODGSON，2002；BOGOSYANETA1．，2007．ALTHOUGHTHEPRINCIPLEOFMODELINGWORKUSEDINHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATORSISVERYMUCHINLINEWITHTHATOFHEVESPECIALLYFORMOTORMODELINGANDENGINEMODELING，THEREAREFOLLOWINGTHREEMAJORDIFFERENCES1THEPARAMETERSOFMOTOR／ENGINE／BATTERIESARENOTTHESAMEDUETOTHEDIFFERENTSYSTEMREQUIREMENTS．2THELOADMODELISDIFFERENT．INHYBRIDHY．DRAULICEXCAVATORS，THEREQUIREDTORQUEOFTHEPUMP，WHICHISOBTAINEDFROMTHEPRACTICALOPERATION．FLUC．MATESPERIODICALLYANDTEMPESTUOUSLY．3THECONTROLSTRATEGIES，WHICHARESUITABLEFORHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATORS，AREUNIQUEACCORDINGTOTHEWORKINGCONDITIONOFEXCAVATORS．THEMAJORCOMPONENTSOFTHEHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATORARELISTEDBELOWEXCAVATOROPERATIONMASS4510KG；SYSTEMMAXIMUMTORQUE152NMENGINEZN485Q，4一STROKE．4一CYLINDERMAXI．MUMOUTPUTTORQUE124．8NMAT1860R／MIN；MOTORCUSTOM．BUILTPERMANENTMAGNETSYN．CHRONOUSMOTORPMSM，RATINGPOWER15．7KW,MAXIMUMTORQUE150NM，RATINGSPEED2200R／MIN．RATINGVOLTAGE250V；BATTERIESQYVG16，MAXIMUMPOWER19．2KW,2001．2VNIHBATTERIESCONNECTEDINSERIES．THETERMINALVOLTAGEFOREACHCELLIS1．2VANDTHENOMI．NALBATTERYPACKTERMINAIVOLTAGEIS240VFIG．2SHOWSANOVERVIEWOFTHEMODELFORTHEPARALLELHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATORSYSTEMDESCRIBEDABOVE．SOMEELEMENTSOFTHISMODELARETAKENFROMPREVIOUSWORKWHILEOTHERSAREDEVELOPEDFROMTHEBASICPRINCIPLE，ASNECESSARY．INADDITION，THISPAPERMAINLYFOCUSESONPOWERSPLITBETWEENTHEPOWERSOURCECOMPONENTS．THUS，THEPUMPDATAFROMTHEEXPERIMENTISSELECTEDASTHELOADMODEL．WHICHISMOREAUTHENTICTHANTHATFROMTHESIMULATION．ENGINEMODELINGTHESTEADYSTATEEFFICIENCYMAPISSELECTEDASTHEPRINCIPLETOSIMULATETHEENGINE．THETORQUEPRODUCTIONANDTHEFUELEFFICIENCYMAPARECHOSENTODEALWITHTHEMODELINGOFTHEENGINE．THEEXTERIORRELEVANTFACTORS，I．E．，ENGINE’SROTORINERTIA，HAVEBEENTAKENINTOCONSIDERATION，BUTTHEINTERIORRELEVANTFACTORSINTHEENGINEAREOMITTEDKATRASNIK，2007．THERELEVANTCURVEUSEDTOBUILDTHEENGINEMODELISSHOWNINFIG．3．FIG．2OVERVIEWOFTHEMODELFORTHEPARALLELHYBRIDHYDRAULICEXCAVATORSYSTEMSPEEDR／NLINFIG．3RELEVANTSTEADYSTATECURVEOFTHEENGINE．QSB，QIN，QSLANDQIARERESPECTIVELYHEAVIERLOADSLAVE，MASTER，LOWERLOADSLAVEANDIDLEWORKINGPOINTS；A，B，CARETHEOPTIMALWORKINGPOINTSFORDIFFERENTPEDALPOSITIONS；島ISTHEENGINE’SOPTIMALEFFICIENCYWORKINGCURVE一拿，O蘭G昌萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4930字出處出處HYDROMETALLURGY,2000,561109123附錄

簡(jiǎn)介：ASSESSINGTHEIMPACTOFCHINASVEHICLEEMISSIONSTANDARDSONDIESELENGINEREMANUFACTURINGJIHAOZHANG,MINGCHENSCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERINGANDPOWERENGINEERING,SHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,SHANGHAI,CHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED16JULY2014RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM2MARCH2015ACCEPTED14MARCH2015AVAILABLEONLINEXXXKEYWORDSLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTLCAREMANUFACTURINGDIESELEMISSIONSTANDARDSTRATEGYEMISSIONABSTRACTTHEREMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYISONEOFTHESTRATEGICEMERGINGINDUSTRIESINCHINATHATARECHANGINGTHETRADITIONALECONOMICGROWTHMODE,DEVELOPINGACIRCULARECONOMY,ASWELLASPROMOTINGDEVELOPMENTTOWARDBECOMINGARESOURCECONSERVINGANDENVIRONMENTFRIENDLYSOCIETYBASEDONTHECURRENTDEVELOPMENTOFCHINASENGINEREMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYANDGOVERNMENTPOLICY,THISSTUDYANALYZEDTHECHARACTERISTICSANDDEVELOPMENTTRENDOFTHEENGINEREMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYDIESELENGINEREMANUFACTURINGISTHEEARLIESTREMANUFACTURINGBUSINESSINCHINAANDISTHEKEYTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEREMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYDIESELREMANUFACTURINGMOSTLYINVOLVESDIFFERENTSTAGESOFTHEVEHICLEEXHAUSTEMISSIONSTANDARDIMPLEMENTEDINCHINAALIFECYCLEASSESSMENTMODELWASDEVELOPEDTOINVESTIGATEPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONACHIEVEDINCHINABYREMANUFACTURINGACHINA2STANDARDHEAVYDUTYDIESELENGINECOMPAREDWITHANEWONETHATHASSIMILARSPECIFICATIONSANDMANUFACTUREDBYTHESAMEOEMBUTMEETSTHECHINA4STANDARDQUALITATIVEANALYSISINDICATESTHATADIFFERENTREMANUFACTURINGSTRATEGYNEEDSTOBEADOPTEDFORANENGINEINADIFFERENTEXHAUSTEMISSIONSTANDARDSTAGETHEPRINCIPLEOFREMANUFACTURINGIS“REMANUFACTURINGRESTORESUSEDAUTOMOTIVEENGINESTOLIKENEWCONDITION”HOWEVER,REMANUFACTURINGACHINA2OR3ENGINEINCREASESEMISSIONSTHEREFORE,THEPRINCIPLEOFREMANUFACTURINGDOESNOTALWAYSACHIEVETHEGOALOFREMANUFACTURINGDEVELOPMENTINCHINA?2015ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONIN2013,THEOUTPUTANDSALESOFCHINASVEHICLEWERE221168MILLIONVEHICLESAND219841MILLIONVEHICLESRESPECTIVELY,ANINCREASEOF1476AND1387COMPAREDWITHTHOSEOFTHEPREVIOUSYEARBYTHEENDOF2013,CHINASVEHICLEOWNERSHIPHASREACHED137MILLIONUNITSINTHESAMEYEAR,THESTATECOUNCILISSUEDTHE“THENOTICEABOUTACTIONPLANOFPREVENTIONANDCONTROLOFATMOSPHERICPOLLUTION”,WHICHREQUIRESSPEEDINGUPTHEELIMINATIONOF“THESTANDARDYELLOWCARS”ANDOLDCARS,TOACCELERATETHEABANDONMENTOFTHEMOTORVEHICLEDURINGTHEYEAR2013,135MILLIONSCRAPPEDAUTOMOBILESWERERECYCLEDINCHINA,ANINCREASEOF227COMPAREDWITHTHOSEOFTHEPREVIOUSYEARMINISTRYOFCOMMERCE,2014THECONTINUOUSINCREASEINVEHICLECONSUMPTIONWILLCONSEQUENTLYLEADTOANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFSCRAPPEDVEHICLESANDENGINESINTHEFUTUREBYTHATTIME,THEREWILLBEAHUGECHALLENGETOPROCESSTHENUMEROUSSCRAPPEDVEHICLESREMANUFACTURINGISAPOWERFULTOOLTHATTURNSDAMAGEDPRODUCTSINTORESOURCESUSEDPRODUCTSARETHECOREOFREMANUFACTURING,WHEREINNEWTECHNOLOGIESANDTECHNIQUESAREUSEDTOPRODUCEREMANUFACTUREDPRODUCTSWITHEQUALFUNCTIONALITYANDQUALITYASTHATOFTHEORIGINALPRODUCTSREMANUFACTURINGCANSAVEUPTO50OFTHECOST,60OFTHEENERGY,AND70OFTHEMATERIALUSEDTOPRODUCEANEWPRODUCTANDHASANIMPORTANTROLEINIMPROVINGENVIRONMENTPROTECTIONANDCOMBATINGGLOBALCLIMATECHANGEXU,2012ENERGYANDENVIRONMENTPROBLEMSHAVEINCREASEDWITHTHECONTINUOUSECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFCHINACHINAVIGOROUSLYPROMOTESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEREMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYOWINGTOITSEXCELLENTPERFORMANCEINENERGYCONSERVATIONANDEMISSIONREDUCTIONTHEABOVEFACTORSARETHEMAINMOTIVATIONFORPRODUCTREMANUFACTURINGINCHINA,UNLIKEINOTHERCOUNTRIESWHEREMOTIVATIONSFORPRODUCTREMANUFACTURINGINCLUDEETHICALANDMORALRESPONSIBILITYANDENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATIONASWELLASDIRECTECONOMICMOTIVESSEITZ,2007LIKESOMEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,CHINACONTINUOUSLYINTRODUCESNEWVEHICLEEXHAUSTEMISSIONSTANDARDSTOREDUCEGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONTHESESTANDARDSDEFINETHEACCEPTABLELIMITSFOREXHAUSTCORRESPONDINGAUTHORSCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,SHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,NO800DONGCHUANROAD,200240SHANGHAI,PRCHINATEL/FAXT862134206079EMAILADDRESSMINGCHENSJTUEDUCNMCHENCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALOFCLEANERPRODUCTIONJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JCLEPROHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JJCLEPRO20150310309596526/?2015ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDJOURNALOFCLEANERPRODUCTIONXXX20151E8PLEASECITETHISARTICLEINPRESSASZHANG,JH,CHEN,M,ASSESSINGTHEIMPACTOFCHINASVEHICLEEMISSIONSTANDARDSONDIESELENGINEREMANUFACTURING,JOURNALOFCLEANERPRODUCTION2015,HTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JJCLEPRO201503103SUPPORTSERVICESINDUSTRYREACHED10BILLIONYUAN163BILLIONDOLLARSTHEENTIREINDUSTRYATTAINEDANANNUALSAVINGSOF400,000TONSOFMETALAND350,000TONSOFCOAL,CREATED25,000NEWJOBS,ANDLOWEREDENDCONSUMERCOSTOF10BILLIONYUAN163BILLIONDOLLARSTHEAUTOMOBILEPARTSREMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYISFOCUSEDONENGINEREMANUFACTURING,WITHITSPARTICULARFOCUSONDIESELREMANUFACTURINGTHEDIESELREMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRYINVOLVESSEVERALASPECTS,SUCHASUSEDENGINERECYCLING,REMANUFACTURINGPROCESSES,ANDREMANUFACTUREDDIESELENGINESALESINCHINA,THESOURCESOFUSEDENGINESFORREMANUFACTURINGTHECOREARECLAIMSFORENGINEREPLACEMENTDURINGTHEWARRANTYPERIOD,RECYCLINGOFUSEDENGINESTHROUGHREPLACEMENTWITHREMANUFACTUREDENGINES,ENGINESREMOVEDFROMANENDOFLIFEVEHICLEANDENGINESREJECTEDFROMTHEENGINEPRODUCTIONPROCESSCLAIMENGINESAREENGINESTHATHAVEACCUMULATEDFORSEVERALYEARSFROMTHEENGINEPRODUCTIONENTERPRISESREMANUFACTURINGPROCESSTECHNOLOGIESINCLUDESIZEMATCHINGMETHOD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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5220字出處出處JOURNALOFTRANSPORTATIONENGINEERING,2003,1292118126夾層石路面的長(zhǎng)期性能研究夾層石路面的長(zhǎng)期性能研究HANITITI,PE1MASOODRASOULIAN,PE2MARKMARTINEZ3BYRONBECNEL,PE4ANDGARYKEEL5摘要摘要本文對(duì)使用路面夾層石來(lái)提高柔性路面的長(zhǎng)期性能的路面設(shè)計(jì)方法進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)。這種路面設(shè)計(jì)引入了摻土水泥地基在減少和延緩反射性裂縫產(chǎn)生的方法中所得出來(lái)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。路面夾層石中的碎石灰?guī)r立足于一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的水泥地基頂部。與常規(guī)的摻土水泥地基路面設(shè)計(jì)相比，采用夾層石設(shè)計(jì)的柔性路面表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的性能更加穩(wěn)定。傳統(tǒng)的路面和采用了夾層石設(shè)計(jì)的路面都構(gòu)建在詹寧斯路易斯安那州州附近的高速國(guó)道LA97上，并且監(jiān)測(cè)竣工后試用期限為102年，我們對(duì)它們進(jìn)行評(píng)估。在整個(gè)評(píng)估期間，分別對(duì)路面病害、平整度、永久不變形進(jìn)行評(píng)估，還采用了動(dòng)態(tài)無(wú)損檢測(cè)對(duì)路面的結(jié)構(gòu)能力進(jìn)行了評(píng)估測(cè)試。此外作為路易斯安那州交通發(fā)展研究中心加速加載試驗(yàn)研究方案的一部分，很多設(shè)計(jì)都表明了問(wèn)題，此測(cè)試是基于路易斯安那州的艾倫港的加速加載設(shè)施測(cè)試。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查的結(jié)果顯示，與傳統(tǒng)的水泥路面相比采用了夾層石的路面在加速加載試驗(yàn)中能體現(xiàn)出優(yōu)越的性能。分類號(hào)分類號(hào)101061/ASCE0733947X20031292118CECE數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)關(guān)鍵詞數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)關(guān)鍵詞柔性路面；石層；路面設(shè)計(jì)；性能評(píng)估。簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介飽和性軟土在路易斯安那州特別是該州的南部地區(qū)常見的一種路基土。這種路基土是沒(méi)有能力支持他們的路面和交通負(fù)荷的。為了克服這個(gè)問(wèn)題，路易斯安那州交通發(fā)展研究中心（DOTD）在國(guó)道上采取了一種傳統(tǒng)的柔性路面設(shè)計(jì)方法，州際公路系統(tǒng)除外。該項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)包括通過(guò)路基土石灰（底基層）處理的水泥穩(wěn)定土壤（摻土水泥）和熱拌瀝青混凝土面層（HMAC）。這種具有強(qiáng)硬的摻土FIG1研究在傳統(tǒng)路面上反射性裂縫發(fā)展的機(jī)制以及摻土水泥地基和夾層石對(duì)阻止反射性裂縫發(fā)展的作用（A）摻土水泥地基的裂縫收縮和開裂隨后發(fā)展到表面層的HMAC層。（B）在水泥地基和表面層HMAC之間構(gòu)建碎石灰?guī)r夾層。背景背景摻土水泥在各項(xiàng)應(yīng)用，包括軟地基和路面地基方面，長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)被人們使用的工程材料。并且，摻土水泥在缺乏聚合資源的區(qū)域具有成本效益。這也使得路易斯安那州南部公路成為用摻土水泥做成路面基層的完美候選者。事實(shí)上，在路易斯安那州有上千條用摻土水泥作為基層的公路，其中一些已經(jīng)使用超過(guò)40年了。摻土水泥承重層有效提高了建設(shè)在軟土路基上的路面的結(jié)構(gòu)能力，使局域損傷和永久性變形的程度降到最低。但是，在柔性路面上使用摻土水泥有一個(gè)很嚴(yán)重的開裂問(wèn)題。摻土水泥混合物的水合作用表現(xiàn)是不相同的，這取決于很多因素，如土壤類型，礦物組合，濕度，密度和土壤成分等，這些因素控制了在水合作用期間，摻土水泥內(nèi)收縮裂痕的發(fā)展形成。收縮裂痕來(lái)源于摻土水泥混合物在水合作用期間的張應(yīng)力，通常會(huì)延伸到路面形成大塊的裂痕。FIG1A顯示了反映在路表層收縮裂痕的機(jī)制。由于反射性裂痕從摻土水泥延伸到表層，所以路面就很容易損壞。雨水滲透和路面頻繁交通負(fù)荷通過(guò)一種抽吸方式導(dǎo)致路面最下層材料的損壞。鋪路地基支撐力的損傷通常從局域損壞，路面沉降，裂痕以及坑槽等方面而導(dǎo)致路面快速惡化，這些路面條件都會(huì)縮短公路壽命，因此，有必要提升路面設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)減少摻土水泥裂痕向路面表層發(fā)展。路易斯安那州交通發(fā)展研究中心的研究人員研究工作致力于經(jīng)濟(jì)性的路面設(shè)計(jì)選擇，從而減少反射性裂痕，提高柔性路面的長(zhǎng)期性能。摻土水泥和熱拌瀝青混凝土之間的夾石層的引進(jìn)能夠吸收收縮壓力，正如1B所示，摻土水泥內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的拉伸力能被石頭微粒經(jīng)過(guò)它們自身的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)而吸收，在夾石層和熱拌瀝青混凝土層之間，拉伸的力度會(huì)徹底地縮到最小，這樣就可以減少反射性裂痕。目的與范圍目的與范圍