簡介：中文中文4480字畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文資料翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文資料翻譯題目環(huán)氧樹脂的力學(xué)性能學(xué)院材料科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)復(fù)合材料與工程班級學(xué)生學(xué)號20060103027指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師二〇一〇年三月二十日2脂塑性變形的后固化溫度對塑性變形的影響，并且解釋了各個理論的各個條款，發(fā)展到能解釋玻璃狀聚合物的塑性變形。在第二部分我們展示了在這些材料中的裂紋擴展是受樹脂的塑性變形行為控制。2實驗過程21成型和制樣目前此研究用的樹脂是一個商用雙酚A二縮水甘油醚（DGEBA），與EPIKOTE828（殼牌）的三乙烯四胺（TETA），經(jīng)過初級混合得到二級胺。成型條件的詳細內(nèi)容被記載到以前的出版物上1113。固化劑使用的四種不同的數(shù)量是74,98,123和147每份。對于所有的初始硬化成型反應(yīng)可以在不同時期高溫固化前在室溫下反應(yīng)24小時。鑄造樹脂在形式上有兩種不同的厚度39和63RAM。22楊氏模量的測定把39MM的模壓樹脂片切成30MM70RAM的矩形片。樹脂的系數(shù)由三點彎曲確定，用一款英斯特機械測試機作用在不同的跨桿頭速度下得到。圖解說明如圖1A。載荷P和試樣中心位移Y的關(guān)系體現(xiàn)在圖1B。而且P與Y的比值通過方程與樹脂的楊氏模量有關(guān)14，式中的B和H分別是試樣矩形截面的寬度和厚度。兩個支撐點之間的距離是L樹脂的模量是E。位移Y取決于跨頭的運動，同時要考慮到機器的柔韌性。圖1楊氏模量的確定A三點彎曲測試B載荷位移曲線。23屈服應(yīng)力的測量用63毫米的樹脂板加工的長10毫米直徑5毫米的圓柱樣本，他們在環(huán)境室的英斯特朗測試機的拋光潤滑板之間發(fā)生單軸壓縮變形如圖2A。公稱應(yīng)變E取決于

簡介：中文中文5377字出處出處ASME200221STINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONOFFSHOREMECHANICSANDARCTICENGINEERINGAMERICANSOCIETYOFMECHANICALENGINEERS,2002435442本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯題目填埋式柔性液體管道的三維有限元分析案例研究學(xué)生姓名專業(yè)班級機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化052學(xué)號院（系）機電工程學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師職稱完成時間2009年6月1日線的終端一般是固定在剛性結(jié)構(gòu)或設(shè)備上，這樣管線的延長將在縱向方向被限制，這就是遠離管道終端部分的問題所在，其結(jié)果就是管道軸向部分被壓縮。如果管道是平鋪在海底則此壓縮將導(dǎo)致管道橫向移動，以紓緩其應(yīng)變能，其結(jié)果是產(chǎn)生“蜿蜒”但穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果管道被溝填，溝槽寬度足夠但不被掩埋，壓縮將導(dǎo)致管線在溝槽中橫向變形其結(jié)果是長生有限向上位移的“狹窄蜿蜒”。同樣，這仍然是一個穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)。但是，一方面，如果溝槽寬度太窄而不能消除管道的過度應(yīng)變能，管道就只能向上移動。另一方面，溝填的管道可能被覆蓋少量的土壤，雖然這樣管道的橫向移動被極大的限制，但向上的位移卻會過大（或不穩(wěn)定）。最終當(dāng)管線應(yīng)變能超過回填物和管道自重提供的約束時，管線會脫離溝槽。對柔性管道而言，這種過度的向上的位移經(jīng)常被成為劇變屈曲。對于接近劇變屈曲狀態(tài)的柔性管道而言，重點是，管道相對環(huán)境危害將變的脆弱或失去其結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。影響劇變屈曲的因素包括安裝和挖溝產(chǎn)生的預(yù)應(yīng)力，初始時海底結(jié)構(gòu)和柔性管道的結(jié)構(gòu)性能以及周圍媒介如溝槽、回填土或負載。所以，為所有海底管線評估潛在的劇變屈曲以成為普遍的做法，它可以使管線工作在更高的流量、壓力和溫度下。以上規(guī)格的支付要求會顯著增加項目預(yù)算。根據(jù)規(guī)格的支付要求會造成更大的風(fēng)險，引起劇變屈曲從而破壞結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。此外一旦其成為經(jīng)濟上的制約，其它選項如設(shè)計智能路線或給管線預(yù)先加壓也應(yīng)該被考慮。為劇變屈曲已經(jīng)建立了很多模型，但它們中的大多數(shù)局限于簡化的個人資料，以便于分析模型可以在普遍靜平衡的基礎(chǔ)上得以發(fā)展。重點主要放在關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動力和上舉反力上，它們決定覆蓋物設(shè)計而不是模擬管線反應(yīng)。這些簡化方法可能過于保守并且在某些情況下，它們不能確定危險點和潛在的劇變屈曲風(fēng)險，這可能導(dǎo)致嚴重的經(jīng)濟后果。因此重要的是理解管線如何響應(yīng)各種附加情況，一邊獲取更高效率的設(shè)計，以確保管線的完整性，特別是柔性管道。為了更現(xiàn)實的評估離岸管線的劇變屈曲風(fēng)險，本文提出了一種有限元分析法。劇變屈曲的分析方法劇變屈曲的分析方法WELLSTREAM的劇變屈曲分析是一種有限元分析法（FEM）。進行該分析是利用ANSYS一種大規(guī)模、通用的有限元程序，它利用有限元方法對結(jié)構(gòu)、電

簡介：天津科技大學(xué)本科生天津科技大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文資料翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文資料翻譯學(xué)院機械工程學(xué)院專業(yè)模具設(shè)計制造及自動化姓名牛春明學(xué)號08013111天津科技大學(xué)外文資料翻譯3該階段取得的核心4，根據(jù)這一方法研究了這項工作,有如下A,利用CAD系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的理想目標(biāo)B模型制造的快速成型設(shè)備頻分多路系統(tǒng)所用材料是一個ABS塑料C事先涂有導(dǎo)電涂料的一個電鑄鎳殼必須有導(dǎo)電D無外殼模型E核心的生產(chǎn)是背面環(huán)氧樹脂的抗高溫外殼與具有制冷的銅管管道注塑成型是世界上最常見的方法生產(chǎn)復(fù)雜。商業(yè)塑料部件具有優(yōu)良的尺寸公差。據(jù)對C模具設(shè)計指導(dǎo)，對所處理的塑料重量的32％通過注塑機，是塑料注塑成型稱為最重要的制造業(yè)之一。可以看出，最終成型零件的質(zhì)量，主要是取決于材料的類型，模具設(shè)計和成型過程中設(shè)置。一旦指定要使用的材料和模具，零件質(zhì)量主要取決于成型工藝。成型過程是相當(dāng)復(fù)雜涉及許多工藝參數(shù)如壓力，溫度和時間設(shè)置的變量。這些工藝參數(shù)進行優(yōu)化設(shè)置，用來提高零件質(zhì)量，最大限度地挖掘注塑機的生產(chǎn)能力。受過教育和有經(jīng)驗的個人需要建立和優(yōu)化這樣一個復(fù)雜的過程。這些人控制成型工藝試驗和錯誤的基礎(chǔ)，通常耗時。這種方法在控制成型過程中，嚴重依賴于運營商的直覺和幾個“拇指規(guī)則”運營商的發(fā)展而用不同的材料工作過一段時間，壓力，溫度和時間設(shè)置是不同的。塑料行業(yè)是世界上發(fā)展最快的行業(yè)之一，屬于少數(shù)億萬美圓的行業(yè)。在日常生活中幾乎所有的用品都離不開塑料并且大部分都可以用用塑料注射模具的方法生產(chǎn)1。注塑注射成型工藝也以利用低成本制作出各種各樣的形狀及復(fù)雜的幾何圖案著稱2。注塑注射成型工藝是一個循環(huán)過程?？煞譃樘盍?、注射、冷卻、脫模四個重要階段。塑料注射成型過程開始于往料斗到注塑機的加熱或注射系統(tǒng)中填入樹脂和適量的添加劑3。灌漿階段就是在注射溫度下用融解的熱塑料注入模

簡介：本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯中文中文7983字畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文文獻翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目翻譯題目翻譯題目基于信息融合智能家居控制系統(tǒng)和它的應(yīng)用學(xué)院理學(xué)院專業(yè)光信息科學(xué)與技術(shù)姓名班級學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯________________________作者ZHANG,HENRYLEUNG,ANDKEITHCCCHAN出處IEEETRANSACTIONSONCONSUMERELECTRONICS,VOL54,NO3,AUGUST2008圖1智能家居控制系統(tǒng)所提出的智能家居系統(tǒng)的核心是基于控制器的信息融合。模糊邏輯（FL）在這里用于結(jié)合異構(gòu)來源信息來執(zhí)行依據(jù)IFTHEN規(guī)則5的推理機制。然而，某些特征的模糊邏輯，如啟發(fā)式性質(zhì)的隸屬函數(shù)模糊規(guī)則和專家經(jīng)驗定義的模糊規(guī)則限制了系統(tǒng)性能在現(xiàn)實世界中的應(yīng)用。為了處理這個問題，一個模糊神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)（FNN）神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)6在這作為一種有學(xué)習(xí)能力并且為所提出的智能家居控制的融合模型提出。該系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用于控制報警時鐘來產(chǎn)生一個合適的報警時間。它獲得從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的信息有關(guān)的外部因素如目前的天氣和交通條件。基于模糊邏輯和模糊神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的融合算法是根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的外部信息用來計算和確定一個合適的報警時間。我們在仿真中使用不同的場景來評估系統(tǒng)的性能。在這種控制應(yīng)用中，通過對模糊神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)生的警報時間和模糊邏輯產(chǎn)生的警報時間的推斷和比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)模糊神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的準確性，可靠性和穩(wěn)定性只是有征意義的改進性的。該系統(tǒng)已開發(fā)完整的電子設(shè)計，硬件實現(xiàn)智能報警時鐘。本文的組織如下2節(jié)介紹設(shè)計的基于信息融合的智能家居控制系統(tǒng)和功能的個別系統(tǒng)組件。3節(jié)介紹智能報警時鐘和電子設(shè)計。隨后，一個根據(jù)不同的情況實施控制的系統(tǒng)在第4節(jié)給出。II基于信息融合的智能家居控制系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)

簡介：TSINGHUASCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISSN1007021412/67PP7177VOLUME13,NUMBERS1,OCTOBER2008COMPUTERSIMULATIONOFDYNAMICINTERACTIONSBETWEENVEHICLEANDLONGSPANBOXGIRDERBRIDGESLEIGONG,MOESCHEUNGDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFOTTAWA,OTTAWA,ON,K1N6N5,CANADAABSTRACTMOVINGVEHICLELOADS,ASSOCIATEDWITHROADWAYTRAFFICCANINDUCESIGNIFICANTDYNAMICEFFECTSONTHESTRUCTURALBEHAVIOURSOFBRIDGES,ESPECIALLYFORLONGSPANBRIDGESTHEMAINOBJECTIVEOFCURRENTRESEARCHISTOSTUDYTRAFFICINDUCEDDYNAMICRESPONSESOFLONGSPANBOXGIRDERBRIDGESTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODHASBEENEMPLOYEDINTHISSTUDYTOOBTAINATHREEDIMENSIONALMATHEMATICALMODELFORTHEBRIDGESYSTEMFORVEHICLEBRIDGEDYNAMICINTERACTIONANALYSIS,THEVEHICLEISMODELEDASAMOREREALISTICTHREEAXLE,SIXWHEELSYSTEM,ANDTHECORRESPONDINGDYNAMICINTERACTIONEQUATIONSHAVEBEENDERIVEDTHEBRIDGEVEHICLEINTERACTIONISAFFECTEDBYMANYFACTORSTHECURRENTSTUDYHASBEENFOCUSEDONSUCHFACTORSASVEHICLESPEED,VEHICLEDAMPINGRATIO,MULTIPLETRAFFICLANES,MASSRATIOOFVEHICLEANDBRIDGE,ANDDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICSOFBRIDGECASESTUDIESHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDTOINVESTIGATETHESEFACTORSBYUSINGSEVERALBOXGIRDERBRIDGEEXAMPLESINCLUDINGCONFEDERATIONBRIDGE,THELONGESTBOXGIRDERBRIDGEINTHEWORLDKEYWORDSVIBRATIONBOXGIRDERBRIDGELONGSPANBRIDGEVEHICLEINTERACTIONFINITEELEMENTANALYSISINTRODUCTIONBOXGIRDERANDDECKTYPEBRIDGESHAVEBEENPROVENTOBEVERYEFFICIENTSTRUCTURALFORMSFORMEDIUMTOLONGSPANBRIDGESTHESEBRIDGESNORMALLYCONSISTOFINTERCONNECTEDPLATEELEMENTSOFEITHERPRESTRESSEDORREINFORCEDCONCRETE,ORSTRUCTURALSTEEL,ORACOMBINATIONOFTHEM,WHICHPROVIDESUFFICIENTFLEXURALANDTORSIONALSTRENGTHTORESISTAPPLIEDLOADSBOXGIRDERBRIDGESAREUSUALLYAESTHETICALLYPLEASINGANDCANBEEASILYCONSTRUCTEDTOFOLLOWANYREQUIREDALIGNMENTINPLANANDREQUIRERELATIVELYSMALLAMOUNTOFMAINTENANCEBOXGIRDERBRIDGESTENDTOBESLENDERANDMOREFLEXIBLETHANOTHERTYPESOFBRIDGESTHEREFORE,ATTENTIONMUSTBEPAIDTOTHEAVOIDANCEOFEXCESSIVEACCELERATIONANDDYNAMICDEFLECTIONS,WHICHMAYCAUSEPEDESTRIAN’SDISCOMFORTANDCONCERNUSUALLY,DYNAMICDEFLECTIONSAREMOREPRONOUNCEDINBRIDGESWITHTORSIONALDOMINANTMODES,ESPECIALLYATSIDEWALKLOCATIONSSUCHMODESTENDTOHAVEMOREDETRIMENTALEFFECTSONHUMANRESPONSESTOVIBRATIONSANDCOMFORTLEVELOFPEDESTRIANSUSINGTHEBRIDGE1THEACCELERATIONLEVELOFABRIDGEISALSODIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHEGOVERNINGVIBRATIONMODESINCEACCELERATIONHASASIGNIFICANTEFFECTONHUMANSENSATIONANDPEDESTRIANCOMFORT,THETORSIONALMODEMUSTBEAVOIDEDATALLCOSTSINRECENTYEARS,CONSIDERABLEEFFORTSHAVEBEENMADEINORDERTOBETTERUNDERSTANDTHEDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFBOXGIRDERBRIDGESWITHTRAFFICLOADSINTHEPREVIOUSSTUDIES,THEVEHICLEHASUSUALLYBEENMODELEDASMOVINGLOAD,MOVINGMASSORSPRUNGMASSONLYAFEWRESEARCHERSHAVEADOPTED3DVEHICLEMODELMOSTOFTHEPREVIOUSSTUDIESFOCUSONSHORTTOMEDIUMSPANBOXGIRDERBRIDGES,ANDLITTLEINFORMATIONISAVAILABLEFORLONGSPANBOXGIRDERBRIDGESSOMEOFTHEKEYPARAMETERSSUCHASVEHICLESPEEDANDDYNAMICPROPERTIESOFBRIDGEHAVEINVESTIGATEDPREVIOUSLYHOWEVER,VERYRECEIVED20080530TOWHOMCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDEMAILMSCHEUNGUSTHKTEL85223587125LEIGONGETALCOMPUTERSIMULATIONOFDYNAMICINTERACTIONSBETWEENVEHICLE73ATTACHEDTOTHETHREEAXLESTHETRAILERWITHCONCENTRATEDMASSM2ISPINCONNECTEDTOTHETRACTORWITHCONCENTRATEDMASSM1ATPOINTDTHEDASHPOTSPROVIDEVISCOUSDAMPINGTHEMASSOFTHEAXLES,WHEELS,DRIVESHAFT,BRAKES,ANDTHESUSPENSIONSYSTEMISSUPPORTEDBYTHEWHEELS,WHICHALWAYSREMAININCONTACTWITHTHEBRIDGESURFACEFIG3VEHICLEMODELTHEREAREFIVEINDEPENDENTDEGREESOFFREEDOMDOFINTHEVEHICLESYSTEM,NAMELY,TRANSLATIONDZ1,ROTATIONΘX1ANDROTATIONΘY1OFSPRUNGMASSM1,ANDTRANSLATIONDZ2ANDROTATIONΘX2OFTHESPRUNGMASSM2WITHRESPECTTOTHELONGITUDINALAXISXALONGTHEDIRECTIONOFMOTION,THETRANSVERSEAXISY,ANDTHEVERTICALAXISZTHEROTATIONABOUTYOFMASSM2,ΘY2,ISRELATEDTOTHEABOVEFIVEINDEPENDENTDOFTHEUNSPRUNGMASSM3,M4,ANDM5AREASSUMEDTOBECONCENTRATEDATTHECENTERSOFTHETHREEAXLES,RESPECTIVELYMASSM3CANUNDERGOVERTICALTRANSLATIONDZ3ANDAROTATIONΘX3SIMILARLY,MASSM4HASVERTICALTRANSLATIONDZ4ANDAROTATIONΘX4ANDMASSM5HASVERTICALTRANSLATIONDZ5ANDAROTATIONΘX5SINCEMASSM3,M4ANDM5ARENOTSUPPORTEDBYSPRINGSANDTHEWHEELSARESUMMEDTOREMAININCONTACTWITHTHEBRIDGESURFACE,DZ3,ΘX3,DZ4,ΘX4,DZ5,ANDΘX5ARENOTINDEPENDENTBUTRELATEDTOTHEVERTICALMOTIONSOFTHECONTACTPOINTSBETWEENTHEWHEELSANDTHEBRIDGESURFACETHUS,THETOTALNUMBEROFDOFOFTHEBRIDGEVEHICLESYSTEMISN5,INWHICHNISTHENUMBEROFDOFOFTHEBRIDGESTRUCTUREFORNUMERICALANALYSIS,THEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEVEHICLEMODELAREDESCRIBEDINTABLE1TABLE1PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFVEHICLEMASSKGMASSMOMENTINERTIAKGM2AXLESTIFFNESSN/MM128038IX123448K11138300M22804IY1263052K21138300M31752IX24982K31138300M41402IY226305M51051IX34982IX4879IX58793FREEVIBRATIONANALYSISTHEDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICSOFABOXGIRDERBRIDGE,INCLUDINGITSNATURALFREQUENCIES,VIBRATIONMODESHAPES,ANDMECHANICALDAMPINGPROPERTIES’AREIMPORTANTFACTORSWHICHCANSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTITSSTABILITYBEHAVIORUNDERTRAFFICLOADS3ASPECTRATIODEFINEDASTHERATIOOFTHELENGTHOFABRIDGEDECKTOITSWIDTHISAKEYPARAMETERTHANINFLUENCESTHENATURALFREQUENCIESANDMODESHAPESINTHISSTUDY,THEASPECTRATIOOFBRIDGEAVARIESFROM2TO4,CORRESPONDINGTOSPANSOF187M,2805M,AND374MTHEASPECTRATIOOFCONFEDERATION

簡介：ULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGOFGLASSWITH140METALBONDDIAMONDWHEELSAWATAKEKAZU1,YASUIHEIJI11DEPTOFMECHANICALENGINEERINGMATERIALSSCIENCE,KUMAMOTOUNIVERSITY2391,KUROKAMI,KUMAMOTO,JAPANABSTRACTGLASSISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTMATERIALSINTHEOPTICALINDUSTRIESTHEHIGHEFFICIENCYULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGTECHNIQUEOFTHEGLASSHASBEENSTRONGLYREQUIREDTOIMPROVETHEPRODUCTIVITY,INOURPREVIOUSRESEARCHES,THENEWLYDEVISEDULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGMETHODISPROPOSEDBYAPPLYINGTHENEWMETHODTOTHEHORIZONTALSURFACEGRINDING1,2,3,THESURFACEROUGHNESSOFCEMENTEDCARBIDETOOL,SILICONCARBIDECERAMICANDSOONISFOUNDTOATTAINBELOW30NMRZOR5NMRAINTHEMEASURINGAREAOF256ΜMX256ΜMASARESULT,THENEWMETHODISASCERTAINEDTOBEUSEFULFORFINISHINGNEARTHEULTRASMOOTHNESSSURFACEINTHISREPORT,ULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGOFAGLASSISEXAMINEDTHESPECIFICATIONOFMETALBONDDIAMONDWHEELUSEDISTHEGRAINSIZEOF140ANDTHECONCENTRATIONOF50,RESPECTIVELYTHE3DSURFACEROUGHNESSOFGLASSFORMEDUSINGTHESUITABLEGRINDINGCONDITIONATTAINSABOUT27NMRZOR14NMRAKEYWORDSULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDING,GLASS,SURFACEROUGHNESS,NANOMETER,DIAMONDWHEEL,COARSEGRAINSIZE,METALBOND1INTRODUCTIONGLASSISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTMATERIALSINTHEOPTICALINDUSTRIESTHATACTTOSUPPORTTHEPRECISIONINDUSTRIESTHEHIGHEFFICIENCYULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGTECHNIQUEOFGLASSHASBEENSTRONGLYREQUIRED,SINCETHEPRECISIONINDUSTRYHASBEENRECENTLYDEVELOPINGANDTHEDEMANDFORGLASSCOMPONENTOFHIGHQUALITYANDLOWPRICEHASBEENINCREASING,TOIMPROVETHEPRODUCTIVITY,INOURPREVIOUSRESEARCHES1,THENEWLYDEVISEDULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGMETHODISPROPOSED1BYAPPLYINGTHENEWMETHODTOTHEHORIZONTALSURFACEGRINDING23,THESURFACEROUGHNESSOFCEMENTEDCARBIDETOOL,SILICONCARBIDECERAMICANDSOONISFOUNDTOATTAINBELOW30NMRZOR5NMRAINTHEMEASURINGAREAOF256ΜMX256ΜMASARESULT,THENEWMETHODISASCERTAINEDTOBEUSEFULFORFINISHINGNEARTHEULTRASMOOTHNESSSURFACE,ANDASCERTAINEDTOBEUSEFULTHISISONEOFASERIESOFTHERESEARCHESONULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGOFVARIOUSKINDSOFMATERIALSINTHISREPORT,ULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGOFGLASSISEXAMINEDUSINGAMETALBONDDIAMONDWHEELOFCOARSEGRAINSIZE2ULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGMETHODINOURPREVIOUSRESEARCH1,THEPOSSIBILITYOFTHEHIGHREMOVALRATEULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGMETHODWHICHCANFINISHTOALMOSTTHESAMESMOOTHNESSFORMEDBYPOLISHINGISEXAMINEDUSINGTRAVERSEGRINDINGITISFOUNDFROMTHERESULTSTHATTHESMOOTHNESS,WHICHCANBEFIG1ULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGMETHODFIG5WYKO3DIMAGEAND2DPROFILESOFTHEGLASSSURFACEGROUNDBYPLUNGEGRINDINGVG12M/S,VWP001MM/S,T5ΜM,SOLUBLETYPEASCERTAINEDBYSEPARATEOBSERVATIONTOBEOBTAINEDOVERTHEGROUNDWHOLEWORKPIECESURFACEOF10MMSQUAREACCORDINGLYTHEGRINDINGCRACKSARECONSIDEREDTODECREASEWITHTHEDECREASEOFTABLESPEEDINADDITION,ITISCONSIDEREDTHATTHEDUCTILEMODEGRINDINGISPOSSIBLEBYSLOWINGTHETABLESPEEDFORUSING140MESHDIAMONDWHEELOFCOARSEGRAINSIZEAWYKO3DIMAGEAND2DPROFILESOF256ΜMX256ΜMSQUAREOFGLASSSURFACEGROUNDATVWP001MM/SINPLUNGEGRINDINGISSHOWNINFIG5FROMTHEFIGURE,ITISFOUNDTHATTHEGRINDINGGROOVESPARALLELTOGRINDINGDIRECTIONAREOBSERVEDCLEARLYONTHESURFACETHEHEIGHTANDPITCHOFGRINDINGGROOVEAREABOUT500NMPVTHESURFACEROUGHNESSPARALLELTOGRINDINGDIRECTION,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISABOUT43NMPVTHE3DSURFACEROUGHNESSOFABOUT700NMPVISSTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEHEIGHTOFGROOVESTHENTHEHEIGHTOFGRINDINGGROOVESISCLOSELYRELATEDTOTHEMAXIMUMSURFACEROUGHNESSCONSIDERINGTHERESULTS,ITISIMPORTANTTODEVELOPTHENEWGRINDINGMETHODTHATCANREPRESSORDIMINISHTHEOCCURRENCEOFGRINDINGGROOVES4ULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGFIGURE6SHOWSTHEMICROSCOPEANDSEMPHOTOGRAPHSOFTHEGLASSSURFACEFORMEDBYULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGASSHOWNFROMTHEFIGURE,THESMOOTHDUCTILEMODEGROUNDWORKPIECESURFACEWITHOUTGRINDINGCRACKSANDGROOVESISOBTAINEDESPECIALLYITISIMPORTANTFORULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGTHATTHEGRINDINGGROOVEISASCERTAINEDTOOCCURLITTLEONTHEWORKPIECEFIGURE7SHOWSAWYKO3DIMAGEAND2DPROFILESOF256ΜMX256ΜMSQUAREOFGLASSSURFACEFORMEDBYULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGATFGN10ΜM/REVANDFP10ΜMITISFOUNDFROMTHEFIGURE,THE3DSURFACEROUGHNESSISABOUT27NMRZOR14NMRAANDTHE2DSURFACEROUGHNESSESPARALLELANDNORMALTOGRINDINGDIRECTIONAREABOUT65NMRZOR11NMRAANDABOUT82NMRZOR13NMRA,RESPECTIVELYFIG6MICROSCOPEANDSEMPHOTOGRAPHSOFGLASSSURFACEBYULTRASMOOTHNESSGRINDINGVG12M/S,FGN10ΜM/REVVWN038MM/S,FP10ΜM,T5ΜM,SOLUBLETYPESEMMICROSCOPEGRINDINGDIRECTIONGLASS,VG12M/S,T5ΜM,PLUNGEGRINDINGCVWP01MM/SDVWP1MM/SBVWP005MM/SSEMMICROSCOPEAVWP001MM/SSEMMICROSCOPEGRINDINGDIRECTIONGRINDINGDIRECTIONGRINDINGDIRECTIONGRINDINGDIRECTIONGRINDINGDIRECTIONGRINDINGDIRECTIONGRINDINGDIRECTIONGRINDINGDIRECTIONFIG4MICROSCOPEANDSEMPHOTOGRAPHSOFGLASSSURFACESGROUNDATVARIOUSKINDSOFWORKSPEEDBY140DIAMOND

簡介：STRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNAL,VOL12,3348I991THELINKBETWEENRESOURCESANDTYPEOFDIVERSIFICATIONTHEORYANDEVIDENCESAYANCHATTERJEEWEATHERHEADSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,CASEWESTERNRESERVEUNIVERSITY,CLEVELAND,OHIO,USA81RGELWERNERFELTSLOANSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS,USAINTHISPAPERWETHEORETICULLYARIDRRNPIRICULLYITIVESTIGMTETHEIDEATHATFIRNISDIVERSIFYINPARTTOIRTILIREPRODIRCTIVERESOURCESWHICHARESIRRPLIRSTOCIRRRENTOPERUTIONSKNOWLEDGEOFTHESERESOURCESALLOWS11STORNUKEPREDICTIONSUBOIRTTHEDIRECTIONOFUFIRM’SEXPANSIONINPARTICIRLUR,WESUGGESTTHATEXCESSPHYSICULRESOIRRCES,NIOSTKNOWLEDGEBASEDRESOURCESUNDEXTERNULFIRIANCIIILRESOURCESUREUSSOCIUTEDWITHRMRERELUTEDDIVERSIFCUTION,WHILEITITERNULFINUNCIULRESOIRRCESUREUSSOCIUTEDWITHINOREWIRELUTEDDIVERSIFICUTIORIPERHAPSTHERESEARCHQUESTIONTHATHASATTRACTEDTHEMOSTATTENTIONINTHESTRATEGICMANAGEMENTDISCIPLINEISTHEPOSSIBLEASSOCIATIONBETWEENFIRMDIVERSIFICATIONANDPERFORMANCEWHILETHEREAREMANYSTUDIESWHICHHAVESUPPORTEDRUMELT’S1974ORIGINALFINDINGTHATRELATEDDIVERSIFIEDFIRMSPERFORMBETTERTHANTHOSETHATAREUNRELATEDMONTGOMERY,1979BETTIS,1981RUMELT,1982PALEPU,1985VARADARAJAN,1986VARADARAJANANDRAMANUJAM,1987JOSE,NICHOLS,ANDSTEVENS,1986LUBATKINANDROGERS,1989THEREISAGROWINGNUMBERTHATFINDTHEOPPOSITEMICHELANDSHAKED,1984RAJAGOPALANANDHARRIGAN,1986ELGERSANDCLARK,1980CHATTERJEE,1986ORAREINDIFFERENTLUBATKIN,1987THISLACKOFCONSISTENTSUPPORTFORTHERELATEDNESSHYPOTHESISRAISESAQUESTIONISUNRELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONTHEBETTERCHOICEINSPECIFICINSTANCES,EVENTHOUGHONAVERAGEITSEEMSTOBEINFERIORTORELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONTOILLUSTRATE,MONTGOMERY1979FOUNDTHATRELATEDDIVERSIFIERSOPERATEWITHINHIGHPROFITINDUSTRIESTHISCOULDBEBECAUSETHESAMEFIRMSAREBETTERATDIVERSIFICATIONSTRATEGYASWELLASINDUSTRYSELECTION,ORITCOULDBEBECAUSESOMEUNDERLYINGFACTORSALLOWTHEMTOENTERTHESEINDUSTRIESANDMAKERELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONTHEIRBESTSTRATEGYIFITCANBESHOWNTHAT,UNDERSPECIFICSITUATIONS,UNRELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONCANALSOCREATEVALUE,THENWEWILLHAVETAKENTHEFIRSTSTEPTOEXPLAININGSOMEOFTHEAPPARENTINCONSISTENCIESINTHELITERATURETOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGETHEREARENOSTUDIESTHATHAVETRIEDTOANSWERTHISQUESTION’ITMAYWELLBETHATFIRMSAREINDIFFERENTTOTHETYPERELATEDORUNRELATEDOFDIVERSIFICATIONHOWEVER,IFWECANIDENTIFYSYSTEMATICFACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHETYPEOFMARKETSENTERED,THISWILLBEANIMPORTANTFINDINGFOREXAMPLE,THERELATEDNESSHYPOTHESISWOULDNEEDTOBEMODIFIEDIFITCANBESHOWNTHATBOTHRELATEDANDUNRELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONCANBEJUSTIFIEDDEPENDINGUPONCERTAINEXANTEFACTORSSPECIFICTOINDIVIDUALFIRMSTHISPAPERBUILDSATHEORETICALFOUNDATIONTOIDENTIFYSYSTEMATICFACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHETYPEOFDIVERSIFICATION,ANDEMPIRICALLYEXAMINESTHEVALIDITYOFTHESEFACTORSTOEXPLAINTHETYPEOFDIVERSIFICATIONUNDERTAKENBYADIVERSEGROUPOFFIRMSBETWEEN1981AND1985THISPAPERDEMONSTRATESTHATTHERESOURCEPROFILEOFTHEICHATTCRJEEANDWERNERFELT1988DOLINKRESOURCESTOTHETYPEOFENTEREDMARKETHOWEVER,THEYDONOTCONTROLFOROTHERFACTORSTHATCANAFFECTTHCDECISIONTOENTERCERTAINTYPESOFMARKETS,NORDOTHEYDRAWTHELINKBETWEENTHESELECTIONOFTYPEOFMARKCTANDPERFORMANCETHESEITRETHEMAJOREXTENSIONSMADEINTHISPAPEROVERTHECHATTERJEEANDWERNERFELT1988STUDY01432095/91/01003316080001991BYJOHNWILEYCARLETON,HARRIS,ANDSTEWART,1984LECRAW,1984ANDLEMELIN,1982WHICHARERELATEDTOTHEIRCOREMARKETSBETTIS,1981CAVES,PORTER,SPENCE,ANDSCOTT,1980TAKENTOGETHERTHESESTUDIESSUGGESTTHETESTABLEHYPOTHESISTHATINTANGIBLEASSETSAREUSEDTOENTERRELATEDMARKETSWHERETHEYAREMOSTLIKELYTOGENERATEACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINSUM,WEEXPECTHIGHLEVELSOFINTANGIBLEASSETSTOENCOURAGERELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONH2RELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONPRESENCEOFINTANGIBLEASSETSWILLLEADTOFINANCIALRESOURCESFINANCIALRESOURCESINGENERALARETHEMOSTFLEXIBLEOFALLRESOURCESBECAUSETHEYCANBEUSEDTOBUYALLOTHERTYPESOFPRODUCTIVERESOURCESTOARRIVEATHYPOTHESESABOUTHOWFINANCIALRESOURCESWILLBEUSEDWEWILLBREAKTHEMUPINTOTWOCLASSESTHEFIRSTCLASS,INTERNALFUNDS,CONSISTSOFLIQUIDITYATHANDANDUNUSEDDEBTCAPACITYTOBORROWATNORMALRATESTHESECONDCLASS,EXTERNALFUNDS,CONSISTSOFNEWEQUITYANDPOSSIBLYHIGHRISKDEBTSSUCHASJUNKBONDSSEVERALTHEORIESSUGGESTTHATLOWERLEVELSOFINTERNALFUNDSRELATIVETOEXTERNALFUNDSWILLLEADTOLOWERLEVELSOFUNRELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONANDVICEVERSA

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簡介：THEINTERFACESTRUCTUREOFNANOSIO2/PA66COMPOSITESANDITSINFLUENCEONMATERIAL’SMECHANICALANDTHERMALPROPERTIESXIANGMINXUA,BINJIELIA,HUIMINLUA,ZHIJUNZHANGA,,HONGGANGWANGBAKEYLABFORSPECIALFUNCTIONALMATERIALS,HENANUNIVERSITY,KAIFENG,HENAN475000,CHINABSTATEKEYLABORATORYOFSOLIDLUBRICATION,LANZHOUINSTITUTEOFCHEMICALPHYSICS,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,LANZHOU,GANSU730000,CHINARECEIVED19JANUARY2007ACCEPTED2JULY2007AVAILABLEONLINE10JULY2007ABSTRACTTHEPA66BASEDNANOCOMPOSITESCONTAININGSURFACEMODIFIEDNANOSIO2WEREPREPAREDBYMELTCOMPOUNDINGTHEINTERFACESTRUCTUREFORMEDINCOMPOSITESYSTEMWASINVESTIGATEDBYTHERMOGRAVIMETRICANALYSISTGA,FOURIERTRANSFORMINFRAREDSPECTROSCOPYFTIR,XRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYXPS,ANDTRANSMISSIONELECTRONMICROSCOPYTEMTHEINFLUENCEOFINTERFACESTRUCTUREONMATERIAL’SMECHANICALANDTHERMALPROPERTIESWASALSOSTUDIEDTHERESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHEPA66CHAINSWEREATTACHEDTOTHESURFACEOFMODIFIEDSILICANANOPARTICLESBYCHEMICALBONDINGANDPHYSICALABSORPTIONMODE,ACCOMPANYINGTHEFORMATIONOFTHECOMPOSITESNETWORKSTRUCTUREWITHTHEADDITIONOFMODIFIEDSILICA,THESTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESSOFCOMPOSITESWEREALLREINFORCEDTHEOBSERVEDINCREASEDEPENDEDONTHEFORMATIONOFTHEINTERFACESTRUCTUREBASEDONHYDROGENBONDINGANDCOVALENTBONDINGFURTHERMORE,THEDIFFERENTIALSCANNINGCALORIMETRYDSCANDDYNAMICMECHANICALANALYSISDMASHOWEDTHATTHEPRESENCEOFMODIFIEDSILICACOULDAFFECTTHECRYSTALLIZATIONBEHAVIOROFTHEPA66MATRIXANDLEADTOGLASSTRANSITIONTEMPERATUREOFCOMPOSITESASHIFTTOHIGHERTEMPERATURE2007ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSINTERFACESTRUCTURENANOSIO2THERMALPROPERTIESMECHANICALPROPERTIES1INTRODUCTIONPOLYMERBASEDNANOCOMPOSITESAREPRESENTLYSEENASONEOFTHEMOSTPROMISINGMATERIALSINTHEFIELDOFFUTUREENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSSOMESTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATFULLYANDUNIFORMLYDISPERSINGNANOPARTICLESINTHEPOLYMERMATRIXCANMARKEDLYIMPROVETHEPROPERTIESOFMATERIALS,SUCHASENHANCEDMECHANICALANDTHERMALPROPERTIES,ANDIMPROVEDBARRIERPERFORMANCEANDFLAMERETARDANCY1–6FURTHERMORE,THESEIMPROVEMENTSAREACHIEVEDATLOWCONTENTSOFNANOFILLERS,ANDITISOBVIOUSLYDIFFERENTFROMCONVENTIONALFILLEDPOLYMERS,WHICHGENERALLYREQUIREHIGHLOADINGSHOWEVER,THEAPPLICATIONSOFPOLYMERBASEDNANOCOMPOSITESAREALSOLIMITEDDUETOTHESTRONGAGGLOMERATIONTENDENCYOFNANOFILLERSTOOBTAINBETTERDISPERSIONINPOLYMERMATRIX,NANOFILLERSAREUSUALLYPRETREATEDBYDIFFERENTSURFACEMODIFIEDTECHNOLOGYTHECHEMICALTREATMENTOFNANOPARTICLESSURFACEISONEOFTHECOMMONMETHODSWHERECOUPLINGAGENT,SURFACTANTANDPOLYMERAREOFTENUSEDASSURFACEMODIFIERTHEENDGROUPSOFTHESEMODIFIERMOLECULESCANINTERACTWITHNANOPARTICLESSURFACEBYPHYSICALORCHEMICALMODEANDMAKEMODIFIERMOLECULESATTACHEDORGRAFTEDTOTHENANOPARTICLESSURFACETHEAPPROPRIATESURFACEMODIFICATIONONNANOPARTICLESCOULDNOTONLYMAKEFORBETTERDISPERSIONINTHEPOLYMERMATRIX,BUTALSOINCREASETHECOMPATIBILITYWITHTHEMATRIX,ANDFURTHERBRINGONINFLUENCEONTHEINTERFACESTRUCTUREITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHEINTERFACESTRUCTUREBETWEENTHEMATRIXANDFILLERSPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINDETERMININGTHEPROPERTIESOFMATERIALRECENTRESEARCHHASFOCUSEDONPOSSIBLEMECHANISMSFORTHEFORMATIONOFINTERFACESTRUCTUREANDTHEINFLUENCESOFDIFFERENTINTERFACESTRUCTUREONTHEMATERIAL’SPROPERTIESLIETAL7STUDIEDTHEEFFECTSOFPOLYAMIDE6WITHDIFFERENTSURFACEMODIFIEDSILICANANOPARTICLESANDPROPOSEDTHECONCEPTIONOFFLEXIBLEINTERFACIALLAYER,WHICHWASCONSIDEREDWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/APSUSCAPPLIEDSURFACESCIENCE25420071456–1462CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL863916634601FAX863916634601EMAILADDRESSXXM326YAHOOCOMCNZZHANG01694332/–SEEFRONTMATTER2007ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JAPSUSC200707014MORETHANTHEDYNAMICFORCE,INORDERTOENSUREGOODCONTACTBETWEENTHEPROBEANDTHESAMPLE24MECHANICALCHARACTERIZATIONTHETENSILETESTINGOFTHECOMPOSITESWASCONDUCTEDATACROSSHEADSPEEDOF20MM/MINONADY35UNIVERSALTESTINGMACHINEADAMELLHOMARGY,FRANCETHENOTCHEDCHARPYIMPACTSTRENGTHWASMEASUREDWITHZBC14002SANS,CHINAATARATEOF29M/SALLTHESETESTSWERECONDUCTEDATROOMTEMPERATUREANDANAVERAGEVALUEOFLEASTFIVEREPEATEDTESTSWASTAKENFOREACHCOMPOSITE3RESULTSANDDISCUSSION31CHARACTERISTICSOFSILICASISOLATEDFROMPA66/NANOSIO2COMPOSITESTGASPECTRAOFAMS,PA66ANDPRODUCTSOFSIXEXTRACTIONTREATMENTSWERECONDUCTED,ASSHOWNINFIG1ITISCLEARTHATTHETOTALWEIGHTLOSSOFAMSISTHELOWEST19,WHEREASTHATOFNEATPA66NEARLYACHIEVES100THEWEIGHTLOSSOFTHEEXTRACTIONPRODUCTSREDUCESGRADUALLYWITHTHEINCREASEOFTHEEXTRACTIONCYCLESAFTERTHREEEXTRACTIONCYCLES,THEWEIGHTLOSSOFISOLATEDSILICAISALMOSTUNCHANGEDABOUT34,WHICHISSTILLHIGHERTHANTHATOFAMSTHEMATRIXPA66WEAKLYATTACHEDTOSILICASURFACEISALMOSTCOMPLETELYREMOVEDBYTHEEXTRACTIONTREATMENTWITHFORMICACIDFIG1ALSOSHOWSTHATTHEWEIGHTLOSSOFTHEEXTRACTIONPRODUCTSISCLOSETOTHATOFAMSBEFORE4008CHOWEVER,INTHETEMPERATURERANGEOF400–5008C,TGACURVESOFALLEXTRACTIONPRODUCTS,SIMILARTOTHATOFPA66,SHOWARAPIDLYDECREASETREND,WHICHISASCRIBEDTOTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFADHEREDPA66INSILICASURFACETHESECLEARLYINDICATETHATTHESTRONGLYADHEREDPA66LAYERHAVEBEENFORMEDONTHESILICASURFACEFIG2SHOWSTHEFTIRSPECTRAOFPA66,AMSANDSILICAISOLATEDFROMNANOCOMPOSITESSINTHEADSORPTIONPEAKSAT1390,1560CM?1APPEARINGINTHESPECTRUMOFAMSREPRESENTTHESTRETCHINGVIBRATIONOFC–HANDBENDINGVIBRATIONOFN–HADDITIONALLY,THEADSORPTIONPEAKAT2936CM?1SHOWSTHATLONGALKYLCHAINISPRESENTINTHESILICASURFACETHESEINDICATETHATTHESILANECOUPLINGAGENTISADHEREDTOTHESURFACEOFSILICAITISPOSSIBLETHATTHE–OHGROUPSOFNANOSIO2SURFACEREACTSWITHSILANOLGROUPSOFAPSGENERATEDBYHYDROLYSISTOFORMMODIFIEDNANOSIO2WITHORGANICCOMPOUNDSONTHESURFACEINCOMPARISONWITHAMS,SINSHOWSTHECHARACTERISTICBANDSOFPA66AT1640,1545CM?1AMIDEBANDSAND2940,2865CM?1C–HBANDSESPECIALLY,THEAPPEARANCEOFN–HCHARACTERISTICBANDAT3310CM?1HYDROGENBONDSFURTHERINDICATESTHATTHEREISACONSIDERABLEAMOUNTOFPA66CHAINSADHEREDONAMSSURFACE7OWINGTOSINTREATEDBYSIXEXTRACTIONCYCLES,THUS,ITISREASONABLETOCONCLUDETHATPA66CHAINSHAVEBEENCHEMICALLYGRAFTEDTOTHEAMSSURFACETOEXAMINETHEINTERACTIONBETWEENPA66ANDAMSFROMANOTHERANGLE,WEUSEDXPSTOCHARACTERIZETHESURFACEGROUPINTERACTIONFIG3SHOWSTHESI2PSPECTRUMOFAMSANDSIN,C1SANDO1SSPECTRUMOFNEATPA66,AMSANDSINSINCETHEREAREALARGENUMBEROFCH2GROUPSINTHEPA66/AMSSYSTEM,THEBINDINGENERGYOFC1S2848EVISUSEDASTHEREFERENCEINFIG3A,THESI2PPEAKOFAMSAT1029EVISASSIGNEDTOSI2PINSIALKYLFROMTHEMODIFIER,WHICHISLOWERTHANTHATOFSIO21035EVASTHEALKYLGROUPSNH2CH23–GRAFTEDTOSILICASURFACEARESTRONGELECTRONDONORGROUPS,THECONJOINTSILICAATOMSBECOMEELECTRONRICHANDRESULTINASHIFTOFTHEPEAKOFSI2PTOWARDSLOWBINDINGENERGYDIRECTIONTHESI2PSPECTRUMOFSINISQUITEDIFFERENTFROMTHATOFAMS,WHICHCONSISTSOFTWOPEAKSAT1035AND1029EVTHEAPPEARANCEOFSIO2PEAKINDICATESTHATONLYAPARTOFMODIFIERSISGRAFTEDTOSILICASURFACEBYCHEMICALBONDING,BUTANOTHERPARTOFMODIFIERSPERHAPSENWRAPSSILICANANOPARTICLESBYPHYSICALABSORPTIONITISMAINREASONTHATTHEPEAKPROFILEOFSIO2DOESNOTOCCURINTHESI2PSPECTRUMOFAMSAFTERAMSARECOMPOUNDEDWITHPA66MATRIXANDEXTRACTEDBYFORMICACID,THEMODIFIERSATTACHEDTOTHESURFACEOFSILICANANOPARTICLESBYPHYSICALABSORPTIONAREREMOVEDBECAUSEOFSTRONGERINTERACTIONWITHPA66CHAINSSOTHEINTENSITYOFSIO2PEAKINCREASESANDTHEPEAKPROFILEFIG1TGACURVESOFAMS,PA66ANDPRODUCTSOFSIXEXTRACTIONTREATMENTSFIG2FTIRSPECTRAOFPA66ANDSILICAAPA66,BSINANDCAMSXXUETAL/APPLIEDSURFACESCIENCE25420071456–14621458

簡介：ARSENICIMMOBILIZATIONBYCALCIUMARSENATEFORMATIONJAMESVBOTHE,JRANDPAULWBROWNDEPARTMENTOFMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,THEPENNSYLVANIASTATEUNIVERSITY,UNIVERSITYPARK,PENNSYLVANIA16802LIMEADDITIONSTOARSENICCONTAININGWASTESHAVEBEENPROVENTOBEBENEFICIALINREDUCINGTHEMOBILITYOFDISSOLVEDARSENIC,PRESUMABLYTHROUGHTHEFORMATIONOFLOWSOLUBILITYCALCIUMARSENATESHOWEVER,THEROLEOFCALCIUMARSENATEFORMATIONINREDUCINGTHECONCENTRATIONSOFDISSOLVEDARSENICHASNOTBEENWELLESTABLISHEDTHEREFORE,SLURRIESWITHVARYINGCA/ASRATIOSWEREEQUILIBRATED,ANDTHECOMPOUNDSTHATFORMEDATELEVATEDPHVALUESWEREESTABLISHEDINCONTRASTTOTHELITERATURE,CA3ASO42WASNOTOBSERVED,RATHERCA4OH2ASO42?4H2O,CA5ASO43OHARSENATEAPATITE,ANDCA3ASO42?32/3H2OHADFORMEDTHEEQUILIBRIUMCONCENTRATIONSOFARSENICWEREFOUNDTOBETHELOWESTATHIGHPHMINIMUMARSENICCONCENTRATIONSINEQUILIBRIUMWITHCA4OH2ASO42?4H2OANDCA5ASO43OHWERE001AND05MG/L,RESPECTIVELYBECAUSEARSENATEAPATITEISSTABLETONEARNEUTRALPHVALUES,THEEXTENTOFITSSOLIDSOLUBILITYWITHCA5PO43OHWASDETERMINEDTHISWASDONETOASSESSTHEEFFECTSOFPHOSPHATEIONONTHEPOSSIBLERELEASEOFARSENATEIONALTHOUGHEQUILIBRIUMARSENATEIONCONCENTRATIONSINCREASEDWITHDECREASINGPH,SOLIDSOLUTIONFORMATIONDIDNOTOCCURUNDERAMBIENTCONDITIONSRATHER,THEARSENATEAPATITEFORMEDATTHEEXPENSEOFCA5PO43OHINTRODUCTIONARSENICISOFENVIRONMENTALCONCERNDUETOITSTOXICPROPERTIESITOCCURSNATURALLYINABOUT245MINERALS,WHICHWHENSUBJECTEDTOWEATHERINGCANRELEASESOLUBLEARSENICINTONATURALWATERSARSENICCANALSOBEFOUNDINTHEWASTESTREAMSFROMAVARIETYOFINDUSTRIALPROCESSESFOREXAMPLE,ARSENICWASTECANBEGENERATEDFROMPETROLEUMREFINING,GLASSMELTING,ANDSMELTINGOFORESTHATAREMINEDFORTHEIRLEAD,COPPER,ZINC,GOLD,ANDSILVERARSENICISALSORELEASEDINTOTHEENVIRONMENTBYTHEDISPERSIONOFARSENICCONTAININGFERTILIZERS,PESTICIDES,ANDWOODPRESERVATIVES13ACOMMONMETHODFORREMOVINGARSENICFROMAQUEOUSWASTESTREAMSISTHROUGHPRECIPITATIONTYPICALPRECIPITATESAREARSENICSULFIDES,CALCIUMARSENATES,ORFERRICARSENATESEACHOFTHESEPRECIPITATESHAVELIMITEDPHRANGESWITHINWHICHTHEYEXHIBITSOLUBILITYMINIMAFOREXAMPLE,THOSECALCIUMARSENATESTHATEXHIBITTHELOWESTEQUILIBRIUMCONCENTRATIONSOFARSENATEIONARESTABLEATHIGHPH,WHEREASFERRICARSENATESIE,SCORODITEARESTABLEONLYATLOWPH4THEUSEOFLIMECAOISBYFARTHEMOSTCOMMONMETHODOFTREATINGINDUSTRIALWASTESUCHWASTEINCLUDESINCINERATORASH,PETROLEUMSLUDGE,PHOSPHORICACIDRESIDUE,STEELPICKLELIQUOR,HYDROCARBONWASTE,ANDFLUEGASCLEANINGSLUDGESFROMFOSSILFUELBURNINGPOWERPLANTS5HOWEVER,THELITERATUREINDICATESALACKOFKNOWLEDGEASTOTHEPRECIPITATESTHATFORMWHENLIMEISUSEDTOREMOVESOLUBLEARSENICANEVALUATIONOFARSENICENCAPSULATIONBYCEMENTINDICATEDTHATTHEADDITIONOFLIMETOTHECEMENTBINDERMINIMIZEDTHECONCENTRATIONOFSOLUBLEARSENICINTHELEACHATE6THISSTUDYALSOCONCLUDEDTHATCA3ASO42FORMATIONRESULTEDINTHEREDUCTIONAFURTHERREDUCTIONOFARSENICCONCENTRATIONSWHENLIMEWASADDEDTOASUSPENSIONOFPYRITEFINESHASBEENATTRIBUTEDTOCA3ASO42FORMATION7STUDIESMODELINGTHESOLUBILITYBEHAVIOROFARSENATESUSINGTHERMODYNAMICDATAHAVEUSEDCA3ASO42ASTHEPROTOTYPEMINERALRESPONSIBLEFORARSENICUPTAKEINTHEPRESENCEOFCALCIUM810ALTHOUGHTHEREARESEVERALCALCIUMARSENATESTHATCANPRECIPITATEFROMANAQUEOUSSOLUTIONOVERAWIDERANGEOFPH,ANHYDROUSCA3ASO42ISNOTONEOFTHEMCOMPREHENSIVESTUDIESONCALCIUMARSENATESBYGUERIN11ANDPIERROT12INDICATETHATONLYTHEHYDRATEDFORMS,SUCHASCA3ASO42?XH2O,ARETHERMODYNAMICALLYSTABLEINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONSBOTHEANDBROWN13DETERMINEDTHESOLUBILITYPRODUCTCONSTANTSANDFREEENERGIESOFFORMATIONOFAVARIETYOFCALCIUMARSENATESNISHIMURAANDROBINS14RECENTLYREEVALUATEDTHESOLUBILITYANDSTABILITYREGIONSOFVARIOUSCALCIUMARSENATEHYDRATESBUTWERENOTABLETOSYNTHESIZETHEARSENATEAPATITE,CA5ASO43OHJOHNBAUMITE,FORWHICHLITTLEINFORMATIONEXISTSINTHELITERATUREAPATITESAREACLASSOFMINERALSTHATARECOMPOSITIONALLYVARIEDBUTSHARETHESAMECRYSTALSTRUCTUREANDHAVEBEENINVESTIGATEDASHOSTMATERIALSFORLONGTERMIMMOBILIZATIONOFANUMBEROFENVIRONMENTALLYHAZARDOUSELEMENTSINCLUDINGLEAD,URANIUM,CADMIUM,IODINE,ANDBROMINE1518FOREXAMPLE,ONEMETHODUSEDFORTHEREMOVALOFDISSOLVEDARSENICINVOLVESTHECRYSTALLIZATIONOFMIMETITEORLEADCHLOROARSENATEAPATITE,PB5ASO43CL,WHICHWASSHOWNTOREDUCETHEAQUEOUSARSENICCONCENTRATIONTOLESSTHAN020PPB19APATITESAREATTRACTIVEHOSTSBECAUSETHEYTENDTOBESTABLEOVERBROADRANGESOFPHTHEPRESENTSTUDYISPARTOFALARGEREFFORTDIRECTEDTOWARDESTABLISHINGTHESTABILITIESOFSOLIDSPRECIPITATEDATAMBIENTTEMPERATUREANDWHICHARECAPABLEOFSEQUESTERINGTOXICANDHAZARDOUSSPECIES20,21THEOBJECTIVESOFTHEPRESENTLYDESCRIBEDSTUDYARETOIDENTIFYTHOSECALCIUMARSENATES,INCLUDINGTHEAPATITECA5ASO43OH,THATPRECIPITATEUNDERALKALINECONDITIONSTOESTABLISHTHECONDITIONSUNDERWHICHTHEYARESTABLEANDTOESTABLISHTHEPROCESSESRESPONSIBLEFORTHEIMMOBILIZATIONOFARSENICINTHEPRESENCEOFLIMEEXPERIMENTALMETHODSSIXTYFOURSUSPENSIONSWEREPREPAREDINSEVENSETSMADEOVER4YEARSTHESEWEREMADEBYMIXINGCAOH2POWDERWITHOARSENICACIDANDDEIONIZEDWATERATALIQUIDTOSOLIDSWEIGHTRATIOOFAPPROXIMATELY10TOATTAINMOLARCA/ASRATIOSVARYINGFROM080TO40THEINGREDIENTSWERECOMBINEDIN125MLOFHDPENALGENEBOTTLESWITHZIRCONIAMILLINGMEDIATOFACILITATEMIXINGOFTHELIQUIDANDSOLIDREACTANTSTHEBOTTLESWERETHENTIGHTLYSEALEDWITHTHEIRNECKSWRAPPEDINELECTRICALTAPETOMINIMIZEINTRUSIONOFATMOSPHERICCO2,STOREDATROOMTEMPERATU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簡介：1中文中文3890字出處出處COOMBERL,LIMCFARMTOURISMAPRELIMINARYSTUDYOFPARTICIPANTS’EXPECTATIONSANDPERCEPTIONSOFFARMTOURSJINTERNATIONALENVIRONMENTALMODELLINGANDSOFTWARESOCIETY,2004附錄2中文翻譯農(nóng)業(yè)旅游農(nóng)業(yè)旅游一項關(guān)于參與者對農(nóng)業(yè)旅游的預(yù)期和看法的研究一項關(guān)于參與者對農(nóng)業(yè)旅游的預(yù)期和看法的研究LCOOMBERAANDCLIMB摘要旅游業(yè)是一個重要的重新分配資源,在國內(nèi)行業(yè)中乘數(shù)效應(yīng)較大。澳大利亞的大多數(shù)旅游企業(yè)都是中小型企業(yè)（中小企業(yè)）。旅游業(yè)是一個勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，促進中小企業(yè)的旅游融合以及區(qū)域團結(jié)模式的發(fā)展，為當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裉峁﹦?chuàng)業(yè)和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會。農(nóng)場旅游是一組包括一個巨大的未來收入的具有區(qū)域發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ慕?jīng)濟活動，為地方政府和地方社區(qū)提供的服務(wù)。本文分析一個導(dǎo)游在一個有機農(nóng)場的參與者的看法之間的差異及對農(nóng)業(yè)旅游否有期望值。研究結(jié)果表明可以選擇一個合適的旅游管理模式，用于農(nóng)村旅游，將有助于農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展和地方及區(qū)域政府的經(jīng)濟。關(guān)鍵詞農(nóng)業(yè)旅游，服務(wù)環(huán)境，期望，看法，解釋引言PIGRAM和JENKINS1994認為，農(nóng)村發(fā)展旅游業(yè)有利于對增加就業(yè)和收入，鄉(xiāng)村旅游對國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的波動和政治敏感性上有突出貢獻。隨著越來越多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價格對全球價格的敏感性增加，區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整帶來了傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)活動和生活方式的改變。在澳大利亞的農(nóng)業(yè)收入下降，傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)耕活動由此造成的損失背景下，怎樣維持農(nóng)村正常經(jīng)濟生活方面，是面臨的一個嚴重的問題。因此農(nóng)業(yè)旅游業(yè)創(chuàng)造了一個重新的認識農(nóng)村的價值和對農(nóng)村環(huán)境需求。政府機構(gòu)將農(nóng)業(yè)旅游作為一項戰(zhàn)略逐漸增加了人們對此的興趣，創(chuàng)建區(qū)域經(jīng)濟區(qū)，銷售本地產(chǎn)品，支持小型商業(yè)和留住農(nóng)耕生活的區(qū)域旅游規(guī)劃是一個聯(lián)邦政府致力于區(qū)域旅游的承諾澳大利亞政府工業(yè)部，旅游資源，2003年，在線。在19992000年,大約2的澳大利亞的農(nóng)場進行一些除了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的其他活動ABS,2003。旅游業(yè)是一個重要的再分配的資源，在國內(nèi)個行業(yè)中有巨大的倍增效應(yīng)。在澳大利亞旅游企業(yè)大部分是中小型企業(yè)（SME）。由于旅游業(yè)是一個勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，促進中小企業(yè)的旅游融合以及區(qū)域市場模式的發(fā)展，為當(dāng)?shù)匦∑髽I(yè)提供了創(chuàng)業(yè)3（3）農(nóng)場商店為生產(chǎn)和工藝（4）引導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)觀光（5）教育訪問（6）農(nóng)場活動,如摘水果,騎馬,釣魚（7）餐飲服務(wù)上述所有有關(guān)的一個共同特點是它們由有關(guān)業(yè)主或農(nóng)民的家庭戶進行管理。旅游業(yè)通常是繼發(fā)于農(nóng)業(yè)活動。近年來相當(dāng)大的注意力集中到了餐飲旅游和葡萄酒旅游。參觀農(nóng)場，農(nóng)家游，作為旅游體驗的一部分，這些形式是最好的歸類為農(nóng)業(yè)旅游的子行業(yè)。農(nóng)業(yè)觀光的有形和無形要素吸引著游客，并影響他們的滿意程度?；魻柕热?003使用術(shù)語“紅酒景觀”和“食物景觀”。同樣，“服務(wù)場景”也可以被用來檢查農(nóng)業(yè)旅游。服務(wù)環(huán)境，期望和看法農(nóng)村作為一個消費地點為農(nóng)業(yè)旅游提供供給。霍爾等人2003認為，似乎有一些消費者越來越需要重新回到農(nóng)村，因為它可以為他們提供一個娛樂、放松、平和、獨處的環(huán)境，清新的空氣和開闊的空間。這個服務(wù)場景成為有關(guān)交貨的產(chǎn)品。在這項研究中,服務(wù)交付很大程度上是得益于該指南的解讀。服務(wù)場景的特點包括噪音、氣味、溫度、布局、標(biāo)識、交流、便利等等。這些環(huán)境條件影響五種感官,使參與者感到舒服或不舒服。他們作為影響行為和情感反應(yīng)因素,直接影響人們對旅游程度的滿意度。期望和看法與動機，經(jīng)常被用來當(dāng)做衡量滿意度和旅游質(zhì)量的因素。拉夫洛克等人1998定義的期望，消費前提供有關(guān)服務(wù)的意見，作為消費后判斷服務(wù)表現(xiàn)的標(biāo)準或參考點（第121頁）。這個概念是由格林伯格和巴瑞定義的1997,成為了人們選擇、組織和解釋用以了解世界所收集的信息的一個進程。提供者和用戶都在暗示滿意度是評價消費者對服務(wù)的理解和他們接受程度的標(biāo)準。滿意度依賴于服務(wù)性能。洛夫洛克1998定義滿意度為預(yù)期的需求和欲望的達到程度,是消費者的購后評價。滿意度的表達需要主題,觀點和聯(lián)系，它擴展了地方性的升值。它使旅游者有機會理解時間的歷史和意義,人們和認識對象與該網(wǎng)站是相關(guān)的。許多城市人缺乏對農(nóng)村生活的了解,使得越來越多的人認識到了此方面教育的重要性。

簡介：中文中文9800字多向延伸應(yīng)力場中據(jù)斷層擦痕分析古應(yīng)力的可靠性，以西班牙埃布羅盆地為例LE阿萊吉克雷斯波JL西蒙戈麥斯西班牙舊金山薩拉戈薩大學(xué)，地質(zhì)學(xué)系（ARLEGUIPOSTAUNIZARES）1997813收稿；1998129修定摘要摘要標(biāo)準古應(yīng)力分析用到RIGHTDIHEDRA序列，YR圖表及埃布羅盆地中心中新世沉積的37個斷層樣本用到的ETCHECOPAR方法。這使顯示普遍多方位延長的壓力體系上升到37個標(biāo)準溶液。由于這個壓力體系類型水平壓力應(yīng)力軸低清晰度定義，當(dāng)時的結(jié)果通過二次抽樣初始數(shù)據(jù)然后提交進行穩(wěn)定測試。按連續(xù)和標(biāo)準溶液的不同的闡述，穩(wěn)定溶液是比較好的。大多數(shù)個別應(yīng)力張量分別從相應(yīng)的標(biāo)準溶液獲得，比Δ3方位角小15°，比應(yīng)力比R（Δ2Δ3）/（Δ1Δ3）小01。此外，中心極限定理平均從子標(biāo)本組解決方案，應(yīng)用效果表明，該標(biāo)準的應(yīng)力張量的大部分是相當(dāng)準確的。該區(qū)域的同質(zhì)最終結(jié)果被解釋為可靠性的進一步證明。穩(wěn)定性和可靠性，隨樣本量的增加而增加。沒有資料數(shù)據(jù)可以區(qū)分可靠和不可靠的應(yīng)力解決方案，但定量方法使得我們可以評估預(yù)期的錯誤和每個樣本大小有關(guān)的可能性。使用取自2530個斷層的單相的樣品具有足夠的穩(wěn)定性，但但樣本來源多于40個斷層時并不顯著增加。在單軸向應(yīng)力體系（特別是在多向伸展區(qū)）低于2025個斷層的樣本中，抽樣/平均技術(shù)可能是一種有用的工具。此方法還允許測試，并在某些特殊情況下（如子樣本平均張量提供與最初的標(biāo)準張量不同的穩(wěn)定的結(jié)果），提高壓力的解決方案。ELSEVIER科技有限公司1998，保留所有版權(quán)。引言引言與Δ1垂直及Δ2接近Δ3的地方壓力體系類型經(jīng)常被設(shè)計成放射狀或多向延伸（阿米霍，1977）。顯然，應(yīng)力橢球是無須完全單軸，所以Δ2和Δ3可能略有不同。在Δ2Δ3下的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)將作為純粹的多向延伸。這種構(gòu)造應(yīng)力類型經(jīng)受輕微到中等伸展構(gòu)造的盤內(nèi)區(qū)域是常見的，往往伴隨著垂直隆起阿拉伯平臺（漢考克等人，1987年），伊比利亞鏈，哈卡盆地和埃布羅河流域，在伊比利亞半島（西蒙，戈麥斯，1989年特納和漢考克，1989阿萊吉和西蒙，1993），南威爾士（鄧恩和北美，1990年卡普托，1995年）。正交網(wǎng)格鎖關(guān)節(jié)模式（漢考克等人，1987年）也許在這構(gòu)造環(huán)境中是構(gòu)成構(gòu)造類型的最普遍結(jié)構(gòu)（圖1A）。雖然它們有時被歸因于在不斷變化外部力量的連續(xù)發(fā)作壓裂（帕克，1983年，漢考克，1985年），最近的作品表明，它們可能是穩(wěn)定的多向延伸應(yīng)力場內(nèi)部，小規(guī)模應(yīng)力重新分配的后果。簡言之，當(dāng)原始張性斷裂發(fā)展到中等到Δ3，張力的釋放導(dǎo)致Δ2和Δ3軸交換，最終在直角的地方鄰接的斷裂形成（西蒙

簡介：本外文文獻來自SIMPLIFIEDDESIGNOFSTEELSTRUCTURES（鋼結(jié)構(gòu)簡化設(shè)計叢書第七版）,作者JAMESAMBROSE（詹姆斯安布羅斯）。INVESTIGATIONOFSTRUCTURALBEHAVIORINVESTIGATINGHOWSTRUCTURESBEHAVEISANIMPORTANTPARTOFSTRUCTURALDESIGNITPROVIDESABASISFORENSURINGTHEADEQUACYANDSAFETYOFADESIGN,INTHISSECTIONIDISCUSSSTRUCTURALINVESTIGATIONINGENERALASIDOTHROUGHOUTTHISBOOKIFOCUSONMATERIALRELEVANTTOSTRUCTURALDESIGNTASKSPURPOSEOFINVESTIGATIONMOSTSTRUCTURESEXISTBECAUSETHEYARENEEDEDANYEVALUATIONOFASTRUCTURETHUSMUSTBEGINWITHANANALYSISOFHOWEFFECTIVELYTHESTRUCTUREMEETSTHEUSAGEREQUIREMENTSDESIGNERSMUSTCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEFACTORS?FUNCTIONALITYORTHEGENERALPHYSICALRELATIONSHIPSOFTHESTRUCTURESFORMDETAILDURABILITYFIRERESISTANCEDEFORMATIONRESISTANCEANDSOON?FEASIBILITYINCLUDINGCOSTAVAILABILITYOFMATERIALSANDPRODUCTSANDPRACTICALITYOFCONSTRUCTION?SAFETYORCAPACITY10RESISTANTICIPATEDLOADSMEANSANINVESTIGATIONOFAFULLYDEFINEDSTRUCTUREINVOLVESTHEFOLLOWING1DETERMINETHESTRUCTURESPHYSICALBEINGMATERIALS,FORM,SCALEORIENTATIONLOCATIONSUPPORTCONDITIONS,ANDINTERNALCHARACTERANDDETAIL2DETERMINETHEDEMANDSPLACEDONTHESTRUCTURETHATISLOADS3DETERMINETHESTRUCTURESDEFORMATIONLIMITS4DETERMINETHESTRUCTURESLOADRESPONSEHOWITHANDLESINTERNALFORCESANDSTRESSESANDSIGNIFICANTDEFORMATIONS5EVALUATEWHETHERTHESTRUCTURECANSAFELYHANDLETHEREQUIREDSTRUCTURALTASKSINVESTIGATIONMAYTAKESEVERALFORMSYOUCAN?VISUALIZEGRAPHICALLYTHESTRUCTURESDEFORMATIONUNDERLOADSTRESSANDVICEVERSAFIGURE41FREEBODYDIAGRAMSFOREXAMPLEFIGURE4LASHOWS{HEEXAGGERATEDDEFORMATIONOFTHEBENTINFIGURE41UNDERWINDLOADINGNOTEHOWYOUCANDETERMINETHENATUREOFBENDINGACTIONINEACHMEMBEROFTHEFRAMEFROMTHISFIGUREFIGURE42BSHOWSTHENATUREOFDEFORMATIONOFINDIVIDUALPARTICLESUNDERVARIOUSTYPESOFSTRESS

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