簡介：1使用加固纖維聚合物增強混凝土梁的延性使用加固纖維聚合物增強混凝土梁的延性作者NABILFGRACE,GEORGEABELSAYED,WAELFRAGHEB摘要摘要一種為加強結(jié)構(gòu)延性的新型單軸柔軟加強質(zhì)地的聚合物FRP已在被研究，開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)在結(jié)構(gòu)測試的中心在勞倫斯技術(shù)大學(xué)。這種織物是兩種碳纖維和一種玻璃纖維的混合物，而且經(jīng)過設(shè)計它們在受拉屈服時應(yīng)變值較低，從而體現(xiàn)出偽延性的性能。通過對八根混凝土梁在彎曲荷載作用下的加固和檢測對研制中的織物的效果和延性進(jìn)行了研究。用現(xiàn)在常用的單向碳纖維薄片、織物和板進(jìn)行加固的相似梁也進(jìn)行了檢測，以便同用研制中的織物加固梁進(jìn)行性能上的比較。這種織物經(jīng)過設(shè)計具有和加固梁中的鋼筋同時屈服的潛力，從而和未加固梁一樣，它也能得到屈服臺階。相對于那些用現(xiàn)在常用的碳纖維加固體系進(jìn)行加固的梁，這種研制中的織物加固的梁承受更高的屈服荷載，并且有更高的延性指標(biāo)。這種研制中的織物對加固機制體現(xiàn)出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞混凝土，延性，纖維加固，變形3研究意義研究意義FRP已經(jīng)被越來越多地用做鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)修復(fù)和加固的材料。但是現(xiàn)在常用的FRP材料缺少延性，并且與鋼筋性能不一致。結(jié)果，經(jīng)過加固處理的梁會體現(xiàn)出延性降低，不能達(dá)到期待中的水平，或者二者兼有。本項研究介紹了一種新型的偽延性FRP加固織物。這種織物可以使加固梁承受更高的屈服荷載，并且有助于避免延性的損失，而這在使用目前常用的FRP進(jìn)行加固中是常見的?；祀s織物的研制混雜織物的研制為了克服前面所提的缺陷，一種具有低屈服應(yīng)變值的延性FRP材料是很必要的?；祀s的文獻(xiàn)回顧為了研制這種材料，考慮了各種不同纖維的混雜。多于一種纖維材料的混雜是許多材料科學(xué)研究的興趣所在。他們的工作多數(shù)集中于結(jié)合兩種纖維以提高每種材料單獨工作時的力學(xué)特性并且降低成本。這已經(jīng)在幾本出版物中報道過,例如BUNSEL和HARRIS（1974），PHILIPS（1976），MANDERS和BADER（1981），CHOW和KELLY（1980），以及FUKUDA和CHOW（1978）。做為一種能夠克服FRP加固棒延性不足問題的工具，混雜吸引了結(jié)構(gòu)工程師。NANNI,HENNEKE和OKAMOTO（1994）研究了用編織芳香尼龍纖維繞在鋼筋核心的短棒。TAMUZS和TEPFORS報道了關(guān)于使用碳和芳香阻尼纖維進(jìn)行組合而成的混合纖維棒的試驗調(diào)查。SOMBOONSONG，F(xiàn)RANK和HARRIS（1998）研制了一種用編織芳香尼龍纖維纏繞在碳纖維核心的混合FRP加固棒。HARRIS，SOMBOONSONG和FRANK（1998）使用這些棒對混凝土梁進(jìn)行加固，以得到用常規(guī)鋼筋進(jìn)行加固的混凝土梁的普通荷載撓度特性。設(shè)計思想和材料為了產(chǎn)生延性，一種使用不同種類纖維的混雜技術(shù)已經(jīng)被采用。選用了在破壞時有不同延長量級的三種纖維。圖1顯示了這些復(fù)合纖維在拉伸時的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線，表1顯示了它們的力學(xué)特性。這項技術(shù)是建立在將這些纖維結(jié)合起來并控制配合比例的基礎(chǔ)上的，這樣當(dāng)它們被拉伸時共同承受荷載，延伸小（LE）的纖維先破壞，允許一定的應(yīng)

簡介：1粉煤灰含量和骨料級配在混凝土路面耐久性的影響粉煤灰含量和骨料級配在混凝土路面耐久性的影響SUKHVARSHJERATH,PE,MASCE1ANDNICHOLASHANSON2摘要摘要在溫度波動幅度很大的地區(qū)混凝土公路路面耐久性變差不是因為混凝土強度不夠。在這篇論文中將研究粉煤灰替代硅酸鹽水泥對密集級配骨料混凝土耐久性的影響。制作八個混凝土，其中四個使用骨料按現(xiàn)行規(guī)范其他四個用密集級配骨料。對于每個試件，粉煤灰替代硅酸鹽水泥的含量依次為30，35，和40。所有混凝土氣體含量為6和25–38毫米的坍落度。研究表明粉煤灰含量從30增加到45沒有損失混凝土的抗彎和抗壓強度。對于采用密集級配骨料的混凝土，高含量的粉煤灰需要更少的水表明粉煤灰和密集級配骨料對混凝土耐久性有影響。通過混凝土吸收率和孔隙率測試，混凝土中粉煤灰含量從30增加到45，滲透孔隙率比重隨之下降；在快速氯離子試驗中電荷通過量減少。這些實驗結(jié)果證明在混凝土中使用高含量的粉煤灰是很有益處的。使用致密級骨料也被證明是有益的。引言引言在高速公路由于冰凍和惡劣的天氣條件導(dǎo)致混凝土的破壞和耐久性問題已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)。水恰好是對混凝土耐久性極為重要，因此混凝土耐久性變得更強如果沒有易蒸發(fā)的水分殘留。如果使用孔隙率比較小的骨料級配，填補空隙所需的漿糊就更少反過來將減少易蒸發(fā)的水分。按照規(guī)范與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)粗骨料中大部分中等尺寸的顆粒將被去除。大量微小粒子組成的骨料做的漿糊能提高耐久性。粗、細(xì)骨料按照6040的比例組成的混合骨料叫做間斷級配骨料。在此混合骨料中沒有足夠多的中等尺寸的粒子，這些粒子可以在4號篩和16號篩之間篩選出來。MUSZYNSKI等人做了一份建筑施工記錄和路面內(nèi)核的評估。工程建設(shè)自1987年到1997年以來差的混合配比和級配好的直接影響到道路施工的質(zhì)量。研究表明,骨料級配控制是一種有效提高混凝土道路質(zhì)量的方法。由GOLTERMANN等人在1997年表明骨料的選擇和組合對混凝土質(zhì)量的影響是占主導(dǎo)因素。有一些主觀證據(jù)表明全級配骨料可以改善混凝土的性能在施工和使用期間,但它不是絕對令人信服的。1999年CRAMER和CARPENTER采用各種各樣普通試件關(guān)于全級配對混凝土凍融循環(huán)耐久性的影響進(jìn)行試驗。粉煤灰的使用是符合和諧與可持續(xù)發(fā)展的理念。要大大增加粉煤灰的利用率，有必要提倡使用混凝土在其摻入大量的粉煤灰作為水泥的替代物。根據(jù)測試結(jié)果，得出的結(jié)論是高摻量粉煤灰加氣混凝土具有優(yōu)良的耐久性特性。在一篇JIANG和MALHOTRA的2000份研究結(jié)果，55不加氣混凝土中ASTM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)F類和C類粉煤灰替換水泥后水需求變少。試驗結(jié)果表明混凝土中粉煤灰含量從88變到194時水需求量降低。在ATISANDCELIK2002這本書里對高參量粉煤灰混凝土其中粉煤灰代替了50和70的水泥進(jìn)行抗壓和抗彎性能評估。它表明在混凝土研究中混凝土的耐磨性跟彎曲抗拉強度的關(guān)系比抗壓強度大。佛羅里達(dá)州運輸部門用粉煤灰,礦渣,和不同類型的化學(xué)外加劑混替代水泥來研究合適的配合比用于夏季混凝土的澆筑。結(jié)果表明用粉煤灰和礦渣混合來替換水泥可以引起混凝土不同的性能。C類和F類粉煤灰分別替換70，67水泥來研究對混凝土路面的長期影響。對混凝土路3EXCEL進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析，確定兩個均值之間是否存在統(tǒng)計上的顯著差異即P值。零假設(shè)，H0X?Y0，X和Y分別表示2個樣品，X是樣品中比較大的，是用來計算P值的。P值越小越能肯定零假設(shè)是失敗的，2個樣品就有不同的平均值。試驗結(jié)果試驗結(jié)果塑性特性實驗測試結(jié)果包括塑性，用間斷級配骨料和密集級配骨料制的混凝土，不同的粉煤灰代替水泥百分比。表3給出了不同混凝土混合物的單位重量的塑性，氣體含量和坍落度。水/膠凝材料的比率介于036037。氣體含量值介于57和64時坍落度依然保持在338和401MM。不同混凝土混合物的單位重量在2,3075和2,3661KG/M3之間變化。這表明,這些含量的值仍然保持恒定在這個研究中。抗壓強度對150300毫米的圓柱試件進(jìn)行1，7，14，28，56，和90天的齡期測試。按ASTMC3901標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行測試，3個圓柱試件某一齡期的平均值用來找出抗壓強度。不同混合物的測試結(jié)果在表4和圖1，2。P值是用來比較不同混凝土混合物之間的抗壓強度，混合物GG30的控制在表4?；炷粱旌衔锖懈弑壤姆勖夯议_發(fā)強度緩慢,然而,擁有更高百分比粉煤灰的混合物強度趕上甚至超過了在某些情況下粉煤灰含量低的混凝土抗壓強度。間斷級配的混合物粉煤灰含量3045在90天齡期后的抗壓強度達(dá)到2657MPA到2953MPA,P值介于00590105之間?？箟簭姸冉Y(jié)果為混凝土混合物含有密集級配骨料和更高比例的粉煤灰。在混凝土的抗壓強度影響最小的是密集級配骨料抗彎強度在150150300毫米的簡支梁第三點荷載進(jìn)行測試按照ASTMC7802?？沽严禂?shù)是衡量混凝土抗彎強度。在每個試驗期測試3個混凝土梁的抗壓強度和平均抗彎強度。不同混凝土的斷裂系數(shù)在表5和圖3，4給出。P值從實驗數(shù)據(jù)計算并顯示在表5。粉煤灰比例高的混凝土在后期表現(xiàn)出更高的抗彎強度，雖然抗彎強度在早期低于粉煤灰比例低的混凝土。間斷級配和密集級配的混凝土也顯示這一趨勢。密集級配混凝土的抗彎強度略高于間斷級配混凝土。混凝土的比重，吸收率，孔隙率這次測試是按照ASTMC642–97標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它涵蓋了測定比重,吸收百分率,和孔隙。這種測試方法對混凝土是有用的，把質(zhì)量/體積化轉(zhuǎn)為所用的數(shù)據(jù)。測試試件是來自試驗室鑄石板上鉆取的。每個澆筑的混凝土板都要鉆取。這些板上用塑料覆蓋7天,7天后的塑料被移開,該板塊仍在實驗室環(huán)境中放56天。試驗結(jié)果見表6。在所有混合物中比重值不同，吸收率變化也不大，表明混合物的設(shè)計和測試是正確的。另一方面對間斷級配和密集級配的混合物隨著粉煤灰比例的提高孔隙率隨之下降。這表明,該混合物中更高比例的粉煤灰具有低滲、高耐久性?？焖俾入x子滲透

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簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文1英文原文REHABILITATIONOFRECTANGULARSIMPLYSUPPORTEDRCBEAMSWITHSHEARDEFICIENCIESUSINGCFRPCOMPOSITESAHMEDKHALIFAA,,ANTONIONANNIBADEPARTMENTOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFALEXANDRIA,ALEXANDRIA21544,EGYPTBDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFMISSOURIATROLLA,ROLLA,MO65409,USARECEIVED28APRIL1999RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM30OCTOBER2001ACCEPTED10JANUARY2002ABSTRACTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXAMINESTHESHEARPERFORMANCEANDMODESOFFAILUREOFRECTANGULARSIMPLYSUPPORTEDREINFORCEDCONCRETERCBEAMSDESIGNEDWITHSHEARDEFICIENCIESTHESEMEMBERSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERCFRPSHEETSANDEVALUATEDINTHELABORATORYTHEEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMCONSISTEDOFTWELVEFULLSCALERCBEAMSTESTEDTOFAILINSHEARTHEVARIABLESINVESTIGATEDWITHINTHISPROGRAMINCLUDEDSTEELSTIRRUPS,ANDTHESHEARSPANTOEFFECTIVEDEPTHRATIO,ASWELLASAMOUNTANDDISTRIBUTIONOFCFRPTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFEXTERNALLYBONDEDCFRPTOTHESHEARCAPACITYWASSIGNIFICANTTHESHEARCAPACITYWASALSOSHOWNTOBEDEPENDENTUPONTHEVARIABLESINVESTIGATEDTESTRESULTSWEREUSEDTOVALIDATEASHEARDESIGNAPPROACH,WHICHSHOWEDCONSERVATIVEANDACCEPTABLEPREDICTIONS2002ELSEVIERSCIENCELTD○CALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSREHABILITATIONSHEARCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMER1INTRODUCTIONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPCOMPOSITESYSTEMS,COMPOSEDOFFIBERSEMBEDDEDINAPOLYMERICMATRIX,CANBEUSEDFORSHEARSTRENGTHENINGOFREINFORCEDCONCRETERCMEMBERS1–7MANYEXISTINGRCBEAMSAREDEFICIENTANDINNEEDOFSTRENGTHENINGTHESHEARFAILUREOFANRCBEAMISCLEARLYDIFFERENTFROMITSFLEXURALFAILUREINSHEAR,THEBEAMFAILSSUDDENLYWITHOUTSUFFICIENTWARNINGANDDIAGONALSHEARCRACKSARECONSIDERABLYWIDERTHANTHEFLEXURALCRACKS8THEOBJECTIVESOFTHISPROGRAMWERETO畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文3THEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEMATERIALSUSEDFORMANUFACTURINGTHETESTSPECIMENSARELISTEDINTABLE1FABRICATIONOFTHESPECIMENSINCLUDINGSURFACEPREPARATIONANDCFRPINSTALLATIONISDESCRIBEDELSEWHERE10TABLE122STRENGTHENINGSCHEMESONESPECIMENFROMEACHSERIESSW31,SW41,SO31ANDSO41WASLEFTWITHOUTSTRENGTHENINGASACONTROLSPECIMEN,WHEREASEIGHTBEAMSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDCFRPSHEETSFOLLOWINGTHREEDIFFERENTSCHEMESASILLUSTRATEDINFIG2INSERIESSW3,SPECIMENSW32WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHTWOCFRPPLIESHAVINGPERPENDICULARFIBERDIRECTIONS90°/0°THEFIRSTPLYWASATTACHEDINTHEFORMOFCONTINUOUSUWRAPWITHTHEFIBERDIRECTIONORIENTEDPERPENDICULARTOTHELONGITUDINALAXISOFTHESPECIMEN90°THESECONDPLYWASBONDEDONTHETWOSIDESOFTHESPECIMENWITHTHEFIBERDIRECTIONPARALLELTOTHEBEAMAXIS（0°）THISPLYIE0°PLYWASSELECTEDTOINVESTIGATETHEIMPACTOFADDITIONALHORIZONTALRESTRAINTONSHEARSTRENGTHINSERIESSW4,SPECIMENSW42WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHTWOCFRPPLIESHAVINGPERPENDICULARFIBERDIRECTION90°/0°ASFORSPECIMENSW32FOURBEAMSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDINSERIESSO3SPECIMENSO32WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHONEPLYCFRPSTRIPSINTHEFORMOFUWRAPWITH90°FIBERORIENTATIONTHESTRIPWIDTHWAS50MMWITHCENTERTOCENTERSPACINGOF125MMSPECIMENSO33WASSTRENGTHENEDINAMANNERSIMILARTOTHATOFSPECIMENSO32,BUT

簡介：1附件4本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯學(xué)生姓名專業(yè)班級中文譯名出口退稅對出口表現(xiàn)的作用源自于中國的理論和證據(jù)出口退稅對出口表現(xiàn)的作用源自于中國的理論和證據(jù)外文原文名THEEFFECTOFEXPORTTAXREBATESONEXPORTPERFORMANCETHEORYANDEVIDENCEFROMCHINA外文原文版出處CHINAECONOMICREVIEW172006譯文出口退稅對出口表現(xiàn)的作用源自于中國的出口退稅對出口表現(xiàn)的作用源自于中國的理論和證據(jù)理論和證據(jù)摘要本篇論文創(chuàng)立了一個古諾數(shù)量競爭模型來檢驗出口退稅政策對出口表現(xiàn)的作用。主要結(jié)論如下（I）當(dāng)政府提高出口退稅率時，國內(nèi)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的用于出口的最終產(chǎn)品增加，而外國競爭者生產(chǎn)的則減少；（II）當(dāng)政府提高出口退稅率時，國內(nèi)企業(yè)的利潤增加，而外國競爭者的則減少；并且，（III）最適宜的出口退稅率為正且大于1，這表明國內(nèi)政府不僅完全退還了國內(nèi)企業(yè)支付的進(jìn)口中間產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅，還對它們出口的最終產(chǎn)品提供了補貼。為了證明基于理論模型的結(jié)論，我們用中國自1985年至2002年的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了經(jīng)驗分析。斯皮爾曼秩相關(guān)系數(shù)的測試結(jié)果顯示，中國的出口退稅政策與其出口、國內(nèi)最終消費以及外匯儲備呈顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。1、導(dǎo)入、導(dǎo)入出口退稅是一項重要的促進(jìn)出口的貿(mào)易政策。它退還的是出口商品在生產(chǎn)、流通和銷售環(huán)節(jié)中已經(jīng)支付的增值稅和消費稅。其目標(biāo)是讓出口商品以不含稅的價格進(jìn)入國際市場，避免重復(fù)征稅，從而促進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。出口退稅得到了世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則的允許，并且為許多國家采用。中國自1985年開始實施出口退稅政策。其在1994年的稅制改革中宣布了對出口商品的零稅率政策。中國增值稅暫行條例也規(guī)定了對出口商品的零稅率，中國消費稅暫行條例規(guī)定了對出口的消費品免除消費稅。中國政府同時制定了相關(guān)的條款和措施，包括出口退稅免稅規(guī)定。出口退稅免稅規(guī)定明確規(guī)定了出口貨物增值稅和消費稅的退還或免除。中國目前的出口退稅主要適用于出口商品的已經(jīng)征收的增值稅3的定價能力。但是他們的研究沒有考慮到國內(nèi)公司和外國供應(yīng)商在最終商品市場的相互依賴性。曹、周、玉2001使用一種一般均衡方法來構(gòu)建一個理論模型,并得出結(jié)論出口退稅政策可以促進(jìn)出口和幫助擴大上游和下游產(chǎn)業(yè),但會導(dǎo)致失業(yè)率上升,稅收減少,和一個低水平的消費者剩余。曹等人也使用局部分析方法生成一個出口需求方程用于實證研究,其中使用了中國的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)19851998和誤差修正模型ECM以檢驗長期出口需求和出口退稅、實際外匯收入、而相對價格指數(shù)之間的關(guān)系。但是較短的時間段,小自由度的數(shù)據(jù),和相對較小的樣本大小N14使實證結(jié)果缺乏解釋力。此外,上面提到的兩篇論文并未觸及最佳出口退稅率的問題。為了克服這些缺點,本研究旨在開發(fā)一個古諾競爭模型以檢驗較低出口退稅利率對出口表現(xiàn)的影響、推導(dǎo)出最佳出口退稅率,并根據(jù)所構(gòu)造的理論模型，使用中國的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，進(jìn)行實證分析。在接下來的部分,本文將開發(fā)一個古諾模型來探索出口退稅的理論影響,其次將用斯皮爾曼秩相關(guān)系數(shù)進(jìn)行非參數(shù)檢驗，以檢驗對出口退稅的政策對出口的影響。在本文的最后部分,將展示由研究得出的結(jié)論。22出口退稅系統(tǒng)的效果出口退稅系統(tǒng)的效果從戰(zhàn)略角度看,布蘭德和斯賓塞1985把國際古諾兩頭壟斷包含進(jìn)一個“第三市場”模型,其中一個的國內(nèi)公司和一個外國公司生產(chǎn)一種同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品并在第三國市場競爭。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)出口補貼是最最適宜的，它能轉(zhuǎn)移外國公司的部分利潤給國內(nèi)公司,從而提高了國家福利?；诓继m德和斯賓塞的理論框架1985,本研究構(gòu)建了一個簡單的模型來檢驗出口退稅的對出口表現(xiàn)影響。2121一個理論模型一個理論模型假設(shè)有兩個下游企業(yè)分別為一家國內(nèi)企業(yè)和一家外國企業(yè)產(chǎn)生一種同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品,國內(nèi)企業(yè)加工進(jìn)口的半成品以生產(chǎn)最終產(chǎn)品，并供應(yīng)國內(nèi)市場和出口到第三國市場,外國企業(yè)使用進(jìn)口的中間產(chǎn)品以制造最終產(chǎn)品，并全部出口到第三國市場。假設(shè)國內(nèi)政府對進(jìn)口的中間產(chǎn)品征收關(guān)稅,但為了鼓勵出口，采用了一個按比例退還所有由國內(nèi)公司為出口貨物所支付的進(jìn)口關(guān)稅的退稅政策,。國內(nèi)企業(yè)最終輸出的商品包括對國內(nèi)銷售部分和出口部分。用D表示國內(nèi)企業(yè)對國內(nèi)市場最終產(chǎn)品的輸出，用E表示出口最終產(chǎn)品的輸出。假設(shè)外國公司的最終產(chǎn)品全部出口,用Y表示其最終產(chǎn)品的輸出。為了簡化分析,把國內(nèi)市場和在第三國市場的逆需求函數(shù)假定為線性,分別如下ABD（1A）P1ΑΒ（EY）（1B）P2其中，A,B,Α，Β0和本別表示最終產(chǎn)品在國內(nèi)市場和國際市場的價格，并且國內(nèi)P1P2

簡介：THEDESIGNANDREALIZATIONOFTARGETTRACKINGDETECTIONSYSTEMBASEONINFRAREDULTRAVIOLETMULTIDIRECTIONALALARMXIAOLIJIAO,WENSHENGLEJIANGGUO,ZHIJIANSUNDEPARTMENTOFLANDBASEDEARLYWARNINGSURVEILLANCEEQUIPMENTDEPARTMENTOFEARLYWARNINGSURVEILLANCEINTELLIGENCEAIRFORCERADARACADEMYAIRFORCERADARACADEMYWUHAN,HUBEIPROVINCE,CHINAWUHAN,HUBEIPROVINCE,CHINAXIAOLI163COMRADAR_BOSS163COMABSTRACTTHISPAPERSUMMARIZESTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSANDTHETENDENCYOFINFRAREDANDULTRAVIOLETALARMTECHNOLOGYTHISPAPERGIVESTHEDESIGNOFTARGETTRACKINGANDDETECTIONCIRCUITBOARDUSINGINFRAREDULTRAVIOLETMULTIDIRECTIONALALARMBASEONDSPANDIXP425,ITCANCOALESCETHETARGETDETECTIONDATAFROMDIFFERENTDIRECTIONSENSORTHROUGHTHENETWORKSWITCHSOASTOFORMANINFRAREDULTRAVIOLETMULTIDIRECTIONALWARNINGSYSTEMBASEONTHENETWORKTHETARGETTRACKINGANDDETECTIONCIRCUITBOARDISTHATTHEUSEOFTHREEDSPTOENHANCETHERATEOFTARGETDETECTION,SPEEDOFDATAPROCESSANDBRINGFORWARDTHETIMEOFTARGETALARMTHROUGHINFRAREDULTRAVIOLETDOUBLEPASSAGEWAY,ITCOULDENHANCETHEWARNINGPROBABILITYOFTARGETANDREDUCEFALSEALARMRATETOREALIZEAFEASIBLEDETECTIONWAYINDEXTERMS–PHOTOELECTRICALARMINFRAREDTRACKINGINFRAREDULTRAVIOLETWARNINGTARGETTRACKINGDETECTIONCIRCUITBOARDIINTRODUCTIONWITHTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFOPTOELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,MODERNOPTOELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYANDEQUIPMENTHAVEBEENWIDELYAPPLIEDINTHEMILITARYFIELDPHOTOELECTRONTECHNOLOGYINMILITARYFIELDUSEHASEXPANDEDFROMVISIBLELIGHTFIELDSTOLIGHTENDS,INFRAREDANDULTRAVIOLETBANDALLSORTSOFINFRAREDDEVICES,SUCHASINFRAREDCAMERAS,INFRAREDTRACKER,INFRAREDSEARCHANDTRACKINGSYSTEMIRSTHAVEBEENAPPLIEDCOMPAREDWITHINFRAREDMODE,ULTRAVIOLETBANDUSEDINMILITARYAPPLICATIONSISLATE,ITSUNIQUEADVANTAGESISMOREANDMOREATTENTIONBYALLTHEMILITARYTHEWARNINGTECHNOLOGYINMISSILESAPPROACHINGALARMISFULLOFUSINGULTRAVIOLETMISSILEALARMEQUIPMENTALSORECEIVEDCONSIDERABLEDEVELOPMENTINFRAREDALARMSYSTEMWORKSINPASSIVEWAYWITHGOODOWNCONCEALMENT,STRONGANTIJAMMINGCAPABILITY,TARGETDETECTIONRANGETHEHIGHPRECISIONANDOPERATINGDISTANCEISMORETHANULTRAVIOLETALARMINDICATORANDSOMEOTHERADVANTAGESWHICHBECOMETHEMAINTECHNOLOGYMETHODFORMILITARYWARNINGINTHELATE1980S,INFRAREDFOCALPLANEARRAYDETECTORRAPIDDEVELOPMENTANDGRADUALLYGETUSEDTOPROVIDESTHETECHNICALGUARANTEEFORDEVELOPADVANCEDINFRAREDALARMSYSTEMFACINGTHEINCREASINGLYSERIOUSBATTLEFIELDOFMISSILETHREAT,COUNTRIESALLOVERTHEWORLDHAVEDEVELOPEDVARIOUSMISSILEEARLYWARNINGSYSTEMMAWS/MISSILEWARNINGSYSTEMENSURETHESAFETYOFCOMBATFACILITIESHOWTOFINDTHETHREATSEARLYANDMAKEACCURATEJUDGMENTHASBECOMEANURGENTPROBLEMFORMAWSTHEMISSILESAPPROACHINGWARNINGTECHNOLOGYISANEWOPTOELECTRONICCOUNTERMEASURETECHNIQUEWHICHISDEVELOPEDINNEARLY20YEARSTHISPAPEREXPOUNDSTHEBACKGROUNDOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMISSILEWARNINGTECHNOLOGY,ANALYZESTHETECHNICALPRINCIPLEANDMAINPROPERTIESOFTHESYSTEMTODETERMINETHEULTRAVIOLETIMAGINGDETECTIONOFPHOTONRECEIVING,KEYTECHNOLOGY,THETECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTOFTHEEVOLUTIONANDTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEFIELDIIPRINCIPLEOFINFRAREDULTRAVIOLETWARNINGSYSTEMINFRAREDALARMSYSTEMISUSINGINFRAREDRADIATIONOFTARGETANDIT’SREFLECTIVETODETERMINETHEORIENTATIONANDGIVETIMELYWARNINGANYOBJECTIFTEMPERATUREABOVEABSOLUTEZEROCANTOEMITRADIATION,INFRAREDWAVELENGTHSHAVEAPROPORTIONSOTHEDETECTORCANDETECTIT,BUTBECAUSETHEPROBLEMSOFTHEGROUNDFIRE,BUILDINGS,ANDTHESUNFLASHINGANDHORIZONTALLEVEL,THEINFRAREDWARNINGFALSEALARMRATEISHIGHULTRAVIOLETWARNINGISTHROUGHDETECTINGULTRAVIOLETOFPLUMESMOKEANDFIREPLATFORMOFMISSILESSOASTOPROVIDEFORSHORTRANGETACTICALMISSILECLOSEINDEFENSEBECAUSEULTRAVIOLETDETECTIONWAVELENGTHISINSUNDEADZONE,SPACEOFULTRAVIOLETRADIATIONISLESSEASYDETECTIONOFSIGNALANDFALSEALARMRATEISLOWULTRAVIOLETDETECTORHASADVANTAGESUCHASSIMPLESTRUCTUREWITHOUTLOWTEMPERATURECOOLING,NOSCANNINGANDSMALLVOLUME,LIGHTWEIGHT,HIGHDETECTIONSENSITIVITYANDETCBUTTHEULTRAVIOLETDETECTIONSIGNALISWEAKANDTHEEFFECTDISTANCEISSHORTTHEREFORE,THETARGETPHOTOELECTRICDEFENSEALARMSYSTEMADOPTSINFRARED–ULTRAVIOLETDOUBLECOLORDETECTIONTECHNOLOGY,ITINCREASESTHEDETECTIVEWAVELENGTHSOFTARGETWHENTHEDETECTIONOFINFRAREDULTRAVIOLETCOMPREHENSIVEALARMSCANFULLYEXERTMISSILEWARNINGSYSTEMOFINFRAREDDETECTIONDISTANCEANDADVANTAGEOFTHEWARNINGSYSTEMOFMISSILEFALSEALARMRATEISLOWITGREATLYINCREASESTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFALARMALARMSYSTEMMAINLYINCLUDESTHREEPARTS,ASSHOWNINFIG1,GREYSQUARE,NAMELYULTRAVIOLETDETECTIONUNIT,SIGNALPROCESSINGUNIT,DISPLAYANDCONTROLUNITDETECTIONUNITUSUALLYINCLUDESSEVERALULTRAVIOLETDETECTORSCOMBINEDTOFORMTHEANGLEOFALLROUNDANDAIRSPACECOVEREDAFTERTHEDETECTORDETECTSTHEINFRAREDULTRAVIOLETRADIOSIGNALTHROUGHPHOTOELECTRICTRANSFORMATION,ITSENDSTHESIGNALTO2010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONTESTANDMEASUREMENT9781612840307/10/2600?2010IEEEICTM2010382FIGURE2THEARCHITECTUREOFTARGETTRACKINGANDDETECTIONCIRCUITBOARDCPCIINTERFACEDESIGNPCIINTERFACEPLAYAROLEOFBRIDGEINTHETHREEDSP（DM642）ANDIXP425ALLDATAEXCHANGEISTHROUGHPCIINORDERTOIMPROVETHESIGNALINTEGRITYANDRELIABILITY,THISDESIGNUSESTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFTHECHRYSANTHEMUMCHAIN,ANDTHESIMULATIONTOCONFIRMTHESIGNALINTEGRITYDTHECLOCKANDRESETDESIGNANYONEPROCESSORSHOULDHAVEATLEASTONECLOCKSOURCEINTHEINTERNALPROCESSOR,THEREHAVEACORRESPONDINGCLOCKMANAGEMENTUNITTOPROVIDEAPPROPRIATECLOCKFOREACHFUNCTIONCONTR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簡介：THENINTHINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONELECTRONICMEASUREMENTLASTING2MINUTESANDUNLOADINGTOZEROANDWAITING2MINUTES,ADDING30GANDWAITFOR5MINUTESATLASTTHESENSOROUTPUTSHOULDBEREADRESPECTIVELYATTHETIMESBOTHWHENITHASLOADEDANDBEFOREITSNEXTLOADTESTDATAAREASTHETABLE1THETESTRESULTINDICATEDAVERYSATISFACTORYCOMPENSATIONCREEPCOMPENSATIONISNOTSOPOPULARWAYFORMANYSENSORMANUFACTURERSSOMECOMPANYABROADUSEDAMETHOD,WHICHISESTABLISHINGMATHMODELANDCOMPENSATECREEPUSINGTHEMODELTHISISANOTSOGOODWAYBECAUSEOFMOREEXPENSIVECOST,LARGECALCULATIONANDBADADAPTABILITYINDIFFERENTENVIRONMENTSABOUTMENTIONEDFUZZYCOMPENSATIONFORCREEPCHARACTERISTICOFWEIGHTSENSORANALYZEDTHECREEPANDWORKINGCONDITIONOFSENSOR,USEDTHECHARACTERISTICCURVESSUCHASDIFFERENCEBETWEENSLOPSOFSENSORCREEPSOFLOADINGANDUNLOADING,CALCULATEDCHANGEOFPRESENTOUTPUTOFSENSORUSINGSPECIALFUNCTIONS,COMBINEDWITHDYNAMICFUZZYIDENTIFICATION,FINDOUTTHESTARTANDENDOFTHECREEPFORDIFFERENTLOADINGCONDITIONANDCALCULATETHECREEPVALUEBYSMALLANDSIMPLEWAYWITHOUTIMPACTTODYNAMICRESPONSECHARACTERISTICOFSENSORTABLE1COMPARINGOFTESTDATAWITHOUTCOMPENSATIONANDWITHCOMPENSATIONSETWEIGHT/GTIME/SWITHOUTCOMPENSATION?WITHCOMPENSATIONOUTPUT/GERROR?FS??OUTPUT/G?ERROR?FS?10?0100006000210000600021201000780026100006000220?020008400282000180006120200126004220001800060?0001200040001200041200003001000012000430?03000360012300015000530030030601023000240008BECAUSETHESENSORCANCURRENTDYNAMICALLYCREEPVALUEINDIFFERENTPROCESS,THEREFORE,THECREEPERRORCANBECONTROLLEDREALTIMEACONCLUSIONCANBEDONETHATTHESENSORCOULDUSEDTOCOMPENSATETHECREEPWITHHIGHACCURACYBECAUSEITISALOWCOSTWAY,CREEPTESTANDOFSENSORISNOTNECESSARY,THEREFORETHISISASIMPLEANDUSEFULMETHODFORCREEPCOMPENSATIONOFTHEWEIGHTSENSORCTEMPERATURECOMPENSATIONWITHOUTLOAD,LOADCELL’SOUTPUTCHANGEWITHTEMPERATUREISCALLEDASZEROBALANCETEMPERATUREDRIFTWITHTHESAMELOAD,LOADCELL’SOUTPUTCHANGEWITHTEMPERATUREISCALLASSENSITIVITYTEMPERATUREDRIFTONEOF2554

簡介：CHARACTERIZATIONOFSURFACECHARGEANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCHITOSAN/ALGINATEBASEDBIOMATERIALSDEVENDRAVERMA?,MALAVSDESAI,NAMRATAKULKARNI,NOSHIRLANGRANADEPARTMENTOFBIOMEDICALENGINEERING,RUTGERS,THESTATEUNIVERSITYOFNEWJERSEY,599TAYLORROAD,PISCATAWAY,NJ08854,USAABSTRACTARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED24SEPTEMBER2010RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM17JULY2011ACCEPTED10AUGUST2011AVAILABLEONLINE17AUGUST2011KEYWORDSPOLYELECTROLYTECOMPLEXSURFACECHARGEAFMCHITOSANALGINATETHISSTUDYAIMSTOEXAMINEMECHANICALPROPERTIESANDSURFACECHARGECHARACTERISTICSOFCHITOSAN/ALGINATEBASEDFILMSFORBIOMEDICALAPPLICATIONSBYVARYINGTHECONCENTRATIONSOFCHITOSANANDALGINATE,WEHAVEDEVELOPEDFILMSWITHVARYINGSURFACECHARGEDENSITIESANDMECHANICALCHARACTERISTICSTHESURFACECHARGEDENSITIESOFTHESEFILMSWEREDETERMINEDBYAPPLYINGANANALYTICALMODELONFORCECURVESDERIVEDFROMANATOMICFORCEMICROSCOPEAFMTHEAVERAGESURFACECHARGEDENSITIESOFFILMSCONTAINING60CHITOSANAND80CHITOSANWEREFOUNDTOBE?046MC/M2AND?032MC/M2,RESPECTIVELYTHESURFACECHARGEDENSITYOF90CHITOSANCONTAININGFILMSWASFOUNDTOBENEUTRALTHEELASTICMODULIANDTHEWATERCONTENTWEREFOUNDTOBEDECREASINGWITHINCREASINGCHITOSANCONCENTRATIONTHEFILMSWITH60,80AND90CHITOSANGAINED935±66,2171±221AND3968±675OFTHEIRINITIALWEIGHT,RESPECTIVELYTHEIRELASTICMODULIWEREFOUNDTOBE26±014MPA,19±027MPAAND093±012MPA,RESPECTIVELYTHETRENDOBSERVEDINTHEMECHANICALRESPONSEOFTHESEFILMSHASBEENATTRIBUTEDTOTHECOMBINEDEFFECTOFTHECONCENTRATIONOFPOLYELECTROLYTECOMPLEXESPECANDTHEAMOUNTOFWATERABSORBEDTHEFOURIERTRANSFORMINFRAREDSPECTROSCOPYEXPERIMENTSINDICATETHEPRESENCEOFHIGHERALGINATEONTHESURFACEOFTHEFILMSCOMPAREDTOTHEBULKINALLFILMSTHEPRESENCEOFHIGHERALGINATEONSURFACEISCONSISTENTWITHNEGATIVESURFACECHARGEDENSITIESOFTHESEFILMS,DETERMINEDFROMAFMEXPERIMENTS?2011ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONBIOMATERIALSARESYNTHETICORBIOLOGICALINORIGINANDAREEXPECTEDTOPERFORMTHEBIOLOGICALFUNCTIONSOFTHETISSUETHEYREPLACEINSOMEAPPLICATIONSSUCHASBONEGRAFTS,THEYCANINTERACTWITHSURROUNDINGTISSUESANDFORMASTRONGBOND1–3INOTHERSSUCHASVASCULARGRAFTSANDANTIADHESIONBARRIERS,THEYSHOULDBEHAVEINERTLYANDAVOIDANYCELLULARADHESIONS4–6ALLIMPLANTEDBIOMATERIALSMAYPOTENTIALLYEVOKEAHOSTTISSUERESPONSEANDTHISRESPONSECANBEATTRIBUTEDTOCOMPLEXINTERACTIONSFROMAVASTARRAYOFMATERIALPROPERTIES,SUCHASMECHANICALPROPERTIES,SURFACECHEMISTRY,BULKCHEMISTRY,TOPOGRAPHY,SHAPE,ANDDEGRADATIONRATE,TONAMEAFEWALLOFTHESEULTIMATELYINVOLVESURFACEINTERACTIONS7,8INADDITIONTOAFOREMENTIONEDFACTORS,SURFACECHARGEHASALSOBEENOBSERVEDTOHAVESIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONCELLULARBEHAVIORSSUCHASINFLAMMATORYRESPONSE,COLONYFORMATION,ORIENTATION,ADHESIONSANDPROLIFERATIONHUNTETALINVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFSURFACECHARGEONTHESTIMULATIONOFTHEINFLAMMATORYRESPONSE9THESURFACECHARGEOFPOLYETHERURETHANESWASGRADUALLYINCREASEDBYVARYINGSUBSTITUTIONOFNEGATIVELYCHARGEDSULFONATEGROUPSTHERESULTSINDICATEASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONEARLYPHASEACUTEINFLAMMATORYRESPONSESURFACECHARGEDENSITYHASALSOBEENFOUNDTOINFLUENCEVASCULARINGROWTHWITHINFIBROUSMESHESCOATEDWITHPOSITIVELYANDNEGATIVELYCHARGEDMOLECULES10NEGATIVELYCHARGEDMESHESPROMOTEDSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERVESSELINGROWTHTHESURFACECHARGEDENSITYHASALSOBEENREPORTEDTOAFFECTCOLONYFORMATIONBYOSTEOBLASTANDORIENTATIONOFNEUROBLASTOMACELLS11,12WHENPOLYMERSHAVINGOPPOSITELYCHARGEDGROUPS,SUCHASCHITOSANANDALGINATE,AREMIXEDUNDERAQUEOUSCONDITION,THEYSPONTANEOUSLYCOMBINETOFORMPOLYELECTROLYTECOMPLEXESPECPECSPRIMARILYCONSISTOFATLEASTTWOOPPOSITELYCHARGEDPOLYMERS13THEDRIVINGFORCEFORTHEFORMATIONOFPOLYELECTROLYTECOMPLEXISTHEENTROPYANDSTRONGELECTROSTATICATTRACTIONBETWEENTHEOPPOSITELYCHARGEDPOLYMERSCHITOSANCANSERVEASANONPROTEINMATRIXFORTHREEDIMENSIONALTISSUEGROWTHPOTENTIALLY,ITCOULDPROVIDETHEBIOLOGICALPRIMERFORCELL–TISSUEPROLIFERATIONANDRECONSTRUCTION14HOWEVER,CHITOSANHASVERYLOWMECHANICALINTEGRITYANDDEGRADESVERYRAPIDLYMANYSTUDIESHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDONDESIGNINGANDFABRICATINGCHITOSANBASEDHYBRIDSYSTEMS15–17,BYCHEMICALLYMODIFYINGTHEAMINOAND/ORHYDROXYLGROUPSINORDERTOACHIEVEIMPROVEDMECHANICALPROPERTIESASWELLASANIMPROVEDBIOLOGICALPERFORMANCE18–20ALGINATEISREGARDEDASANANIONICPOLYELECTROLYTEBOTHCHITOSANANDALGINATEHAVEBEENSHOWNINANIMALSTUDIESTOBEBIOCOMPATIBLE,BIODEGRADABLEANDBIOFUNCTIONAL21–24POLYELECTROLYTECOMPLEXBIOMATERIALS,ESPECIALLYPOLYSACCHARIDEBASED,HAVEMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGC3120111741–1747?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL17324454500FAX17324453753EMAILADDRESSDEVENDRARCIRUTGERSEDUDVERMA09284931/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2011ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMSEC201108005CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGCJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MSECRETRACTINGANDAPPROACHINGCURVESWERERECORDEDFORCECURVESATEACHPOINTWERETHEAVERAGEOF1000RETRACTINGANDAPPROACHINGCURVESFVDATASETSWERECOLLECTEDINNACLSOLUTIONAT01MMSALTCONCENTRATIONAND74PH,WHICHWASMAINTAINEDUSINGNAOHINTHEFORCECURVES,THEXAXISCORRESPONDSTOTHEHEIGHTBETWEENCANTILEVERANDTHESAMPLESURFACE,ANDTHEYAXISCORRESPONDSTOTHEDEFLECTIONOFTHECANTILEVERTHECURVEWASDIVIDEDINTOTHREEREGIONSFIG2REGIONCCORRESPONDEDTOTHEINITIALMOVEMENTOFTHECANTILEVER,WHERETHEREWASNOINTERACTIONBETWEENTHESURFACEANDTHETIPASTHETIPAPPROACHESCLOSERTOTHESURFACE,THELONGRANGEELECTROSTATICINTERACTIONSCAUSEDTHEDEFLECTIONOFTHETIPREGIONBSINCETHESURFACECHARGESARENEUTRALIZEDBYTHEADSORPTIONOFCOUNTERIONSINAQUEOUSCONDITIONS,THEFORCESINAFMMEASUREMENTWEREBASICALLYTHEELECTROSTATICINTERACTIONSBETWEENTHECOUNTERIONSOFTHEAFMTIPANDTHESAMPLESURFACEASTHECANTILEVERMOVEDFURTHERDOWN,EVENTUALLYTHETIPMADECONTACTWITHTHESAMPLESURFACEANDCOMPRESSIONOFSAMPLEBYTHETIPGAVERISETOFURTHERDEFLECTIONOFTHETIPREGIONA26DETERMINATIONOFSURFACECHARGEDENSITYSINCETHEELECTROSTATICFORCESRESULTFROMTHEINTERACTIONSBETWEENTHEDOUBLELAYERSOFTHEAFMTIPANDTHESAMPLESURFACE,THESEFORCESCANBEMODELEDUSINGPOISSON–BOLTZMANNEQUATIONTHEPOISSON–BOLTZMANNEQUATIONFORADOUBLELAYERISDESCRIBEDASD2ΨDX2Κ2ΒESINHΒEΨDTD1TWHEREΨISTHESURFACEPOTENTIAL,EISTHEELEMENTARYCHARGE,Β1/KTISTHEINVERSETHERMALENERGY,ANDK?1ISTHEDEBYELENGTHDEFINEDASK22ΒE2N/ΕΕ0,WHEREBYNISTHENUMBERCONCENTRATIONOFTHEMONOVALENTSALTINTHEBULKANDΕΕ0ISTHEDIELECTRICPERMITTIVITYOFWATERTHEPOISSON–BOLTZMANEQUATIONCANBESOLVEDEITHERBYCONSIDERINGCONSTANTCHARGECCORCONSTANTPOTENTIALCPBOUNDARYCONDITIONS34,35ANOTHERAPPROACHISTODERIVESURFACECHARGEDENSITYWITHANANALYTICALEQUATION31BUTTDERIVEDTHEELECTRICDOUBLELAYERFORCEBETWEENASPHERICALTIPANDPLANARSAMPLEINANELECTROLYTESOLUTIONBASEDONANEXPRESSIONFORTHEPRESSUREBETWEENTWOCHARGEDPLANESINANELECTROLYTE36THEFORCE,FWASDESCRIBEDASFR4ΠΛΣTIPΣSAMPLEΕΕ0E?ZΛD2TWHERE,RWASTHETIPRADIUS,LWASTHEDEBYESCREENINGLENGTH,ΣTIPANDΣSAMPLEWERETHETIPANDTHESAMPLECHARGEDENSITIESRESPECTIVELY,ANDZWASTHETIP–SAMPLESEPARATIONTHISDERIVATIONREQUIREDSEVERALASSUMPTIONS,INCLUDINGSMALLSURFACEPOTENTIALS,TIP–SAMPLESEPARATIONSLARGERTHANTHEDEBYELENGTH,ANDTIPRADIILARGERTHANTHESEPARATION,R?ZDESPITETHESEAPPROXIMATIONS,THISEXPRESSIONSUCCESSFULLYDESCRIBEDEXPERIMENTALMEASUREMENTSINTERMSOFTHEFORCEDEPENDENCEONTIP–SAMPLESEPARATION,TIPRADIUS,ELECTROLYTECONCENTRATION,ANDPHITHASBEENWIDELYAPPLIEDTOELECTROSTATICINTERACTIONSBETWEENSI3N4ANDSILICAPROBETIPS,ANDINORGANICSURFACESASWELLASLIPIDMEMBRANES37THERADIUS,R,WASTHATOFTHESILICONBEADTIPGIVENAS25ΜMANDTHEFORCE,F,WASCALCULATEDUSINGTHEHOOKESLAWFKXANDTHEVALUESFORTHEDEFLECTIONANDTHESPRINGCONSTANTK018N/MOFTHECALIBRATEDTIPΣTIPWASTHESURFACECHARGEOFTHESILICONBEADKNOWNTOBE?7110?3C/M2,ZWASTHEMOVEMENTOFTHETIPALONGTHEZAXIS,ΕΕ0ANDΛWERETAKENAS70833510?10AND9110?8MRESPECTIVELYSINCECHITOSANANDALGINATECONTAINEDOPPOSITELYCHARGEDFUNCTIONALGROUPS,MIXINGTHEMATDIFFERENTPROPORTIONSCHANGESTHESURFACECHARGECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEFILMSATOMICFORCEMICROSCOPYAFMWASUTILIZEDTODETERMINETHESURFACECHARGEDENSITIESFORCESBETWEENCHITOSAN/ALGINATEFILMSANDSILICABEADWEREMEASUREDDIRECTLYWITHAFMINAQUEOUSCONDITIONSATPH74AND01MMIONICSTRENGTHIONICSTRENGTHWASMAINTAINEDBYADDINGNACLSILICABEADISNEGATIVELYCHARGEDUNDERAQUEOUSCONDITIONSTHEFORCESBETWEENSILICABEADANDFILMSWEREDETERMINEDFROMTHECANTILEVERDEFLECTIONTHEDATAINREGIONCWASUSEDTONORMALIZETHECURVEWITHRESPECTTOTHEDEFLECTIONAXISFIG3,WHILETHATFROMBCONTAINEDTHEDEFLECTIONDATAFROMTHESURFACECHARGEANDTHATFROMACONTAINEDTHEDATAFROMINDENTATIONOFTHESURFACETHEAVERAGEDEFLECTIONINTHELINEARPARTINREGIONCWASDETERMINEDANDUSEDTONORMALIZETHEFORCECURVESASSHOWNINFIG3ANEXT,ALINEARFITWASPERFORMEDFORTHEDEFLECTIONVALUESANDTHESEVALUESWERECOMPAREDWITHTHEACTUALDATAPOINTSTHELINEARREGIONWASIDENTIFIEDBASEDONTHEDEVIATIONOFTHEACTUALDATAFROMTHECALCULATEDDATATHISPOINTWASTAKENASTHECONTACTPOINTBETWEENSILICABEADANDFILMSURFACETHISLINEARREGIONWASELIMINATEDUPONIDENTIFICATIONFIG3CANDTHECURVEWASNORMALIZEDTOTHEZAXISFIG3DANANALYTICALEQUATIONEQ2WASUSEDTOFITTHEDATATODETERMINETHESURFACECHARGEDENSITYALLTHESESTEPSWEREPERFORMEDUSINGAMATLABPROGRAM27DETERMINATIONOFELASTICMODULUSFROMFORCECURVESELASTICMODULUSCANBEDETERMINEDFROMREGIONAOFFORCECURVESONANINFINITELYSTIFFSAMPLE,THEDEFLECTIONOFTHECANTILEVERISIDENTICALTOTHEMOVEMENTOFTHEPIEZOINZDIRECTIONHOWEVER,ONASOFTSAMPLE,INDENTATIONLEADSTOSMALLERDEFLECTIONINDENTATIONONTHESOFTSAMPLECANBEDETERMINEDBYSUBTRACTINGCANTILEVERDEFLECTIONFROMTHATONAHARDSAMPLESINCEHOOKESLAWCONNECTSTHEDEFLECTIONOFTHECANTILEVERANDTHEAPPLIEDLOADINGFORCEVIATHEFORCECONSTANTKOFTHECANTILEVER,THELOADINGFORCECANBEWRITTENASFKDELASTICMODULUSWASDETERMINEDBYPLOTTINGINDENTATIONVSLOADINGFORCEANDMODELINGWITHTHEHERTZMODELINTHECASEOFANINFINITELYHARDSPHEREOFRADIUSRAFMTIPTOUCHINGASOFTPLANARSURFACETHEHERTZMODELGIVESTHEFOLLOWINGRELATIONBETWEENTHELOADINGFORCEFANDTHEINDENTATION,ΔFSPHERE43E1?Ν2FFIFFIFFIRPΔ32D3TWHEREEISTHEYOUNGSMODULUSANDΝISTHEPOISSONRATIOOFTHESOFTMATERIALFIG2SCHEMATICOFTIPMOVEMENTALONGZAXISVSDEFLECTIONCURVEOBTAINEDFROMAFMTESTSALINEARREGIONFROMTIPINDENTATIONANDDEFLECTIONONMATERIALSURFACEBNONLINEARREGIONFROMTIPDEFLECTIONDUETOSURFACECHARGECINITIALTIPMOVEMENTWITHOUTDEFLECTION1743DVERMAETAL/MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGC3120111741–1747

簡介：ABSTRACTINTHISPAPERWEPROPOSEANINTEGRATIONDESIGNOFBOTHANEARFIELDCOMMUNICATIONNFCANDASMARTPHONETOACHIEVEADOORLOCKCONTROLSYSTEMTHISDESIGNCONSISTSOFABUILTINNFCCAPABILITIESOFASMARTPHONECOMBINEDWITHADEDICATEDAPPLICATIONDEEMEDTOBEAKEYTOOPENTHEDOORBYMEANSOFTHELOGICALLINKCONTROLPROTOCOLLLCPEXCHANGETOGETHERWITHATIMESTAMPTOMATCHTHEUSER’SOWNSETOFPASSWORDINFORMATIONTOVERIFYWHOISAPERMISSIONSUSERORNOTWHENVERIFIEDTHESPECIFICDOORWHICHISSECUREDBYTHISDOORLOCKCONTROLSYSTEMIMMEDIATELYOPENSIINTRODUCTIONTHENFCTECHNOLOGYUSESTHERADIOFREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONRFIDTECHNOLOGYTOPERFORMNONCONTACTSTANDARDDATAEXCHANGEBETWEENTWONFCDEVICESPREVIOUSLY,THERFIDTECHNOLOGYWASVERYCOMMONLYUSEDINCONTACTLESSACCESSCONTROLCARDS,ELECTRONICTAGSANDETCSYSTEMSANDNOW,NFCCOMMUNICATIONAPPLICATIONSOFRFIDTECHNOLOGYHAVEGRADUALLYBEENREPLACEDNFCTECHNOLOGYHASGRADUALLYBECOMEINTEGRATEDINSMARTPHONESWHICHCANDIRECTLYREADNFCTAGSINAMESSAGE,SUCHAS,FOREXAMPLECREDITCARDNUMBERS,TRAVELCARDNUMBERSANDTHESETRANSACTIONRECORDSAREABLETOBESTOREDINANNFCTAG1NFCCOMMUNICATIONRESULTSARECONVENIENTMOREOVER,THISSYSTEMCANALSOBEINTEGRATEDINTOADOORACCESSSECURITYSYSTEM2THISPAPERPROPOSESADESIGNTHATDOESNOTNEEDTOUSEACOMPLEXFACEIDENTIFYSYSTEM,BUTINSTEADUSESACERTAINSAFETYLOCKSYSTEMTOGETHERWITHNFCTECHNOLOGYFIGURE1SHOWSTHEDIAGRAMMATICSKETCHOFTHESYSTEMWHICHINCLUDESAMAGNETICLOCK,ACCESSCONTROLSYSTEMSACSANDANNFCBASEDSMARTPHONEONLYTWOSTEPSARENECESSARYFORAUSERTOBEABLETOOPENADOOR,“SENSING“AND“ENTERPASSWORD“INTHISSYSTEMWITHAPASSWORDAPPLICATIONBUILTINTHESMARTPHONE,THESECURITYLEVELWILLBEHIGHERTHANTRADITIONALINRFIDDOORLOCKSYSTEMSIIHARDWAREARCHITECTUREFIGURE2SHOWSASMARTPHONEANDADOORLOCKSYSTEMHARDWAREARCHITECTURETHEACCESSCONTROLSYSTEMCANBEDIVIDEDINTOFIVEPARTSMICROCONTROLLERSMCU,MAGNETICLOCK,REALTIMECLOCKMODULE,STATUSINDICATIONANDTHENFCREADERMODULEASSHOWNINFIGURE2,WHICHISALOWPOWERMCUCHIPINADDITIONTOCONTROLLINGTHEMAGNETICLOCKON/OFF,BUZZERSOUNDSINFORMANDLEDLIGHTSINDICATEWHATISTAKINGPLACETHEREARETWOMOREFUNCTIONSFIRST,ITREADSTHETIMEBYMEANSOFAREALTIMECLOCK,WHICHWILLENCODETHECARDNUMBER,TIMEANDPASSWORDS,ALLWHICHBECOMEASERIALNUMBERSECOND,ITDECODESTHOSEDATAWHICHAREOBTAINEDFROMASMARTPHONEWITHANNFCCARDREADERANDCOMPARESTHERESULTWITHITSOWNDATAAREATODETERMINEIFANINDIVIDUALISANAUTHORIZEDUSERORNOTFIGURE3SHOWSTHATTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEMWITHANINTERNALMCUHASBECOMETHEMAINFUNCTIONMODULETHEMCUUSESASERIALPERIPHERALINTERFACETOCONNECTWITHTHENFCREADERMODULETHENFCDATAEXCHANGEFORMATNDEFMESSAGEISDESIGNEDBYUSINGANOPENSOURCELIBRARYSUPPORTEDBYASMARTPHONETHEREFORE,MCUCANEASILYTOACCESSTHENFCTAGINFORMATIONTHEMCUUSESANI2CINTERFACECONNECTEDWITHAREALTIMECLOCKMODULETOOBTAINTHETIMESTAMPWHENTHESMARTPHONEACCESSESTHESYSTEM,THETIMEWILLBERECORDEDBYTHEREALTIMECLOCKMODULETHESYSTEMWILLCOMBINEITWITHTHEPASSWORDINTOASEQUENCECODETOIDENTIFYWHETHERTHEDOORCANBEOPENEDHENCE,THISDESIGNWILLSTRENGTHENTHESECURITYOFTHEORIGINALPASSWORDDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFADOORLOCKCONTROLBASEDONANEARFIELDCOMMUNICATIONOFASMARTPHONECHIHUANGHUNG,YINGWENBAI,JEHONGRENDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,FUJENCATHOLICUNIVERSITY,NEWTAIPEICITY,TAIWANGRADUATEINSTITUTEOFAPPLIEDSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,FUJENCATHOLICUNIVERSITY,TAIWANDEPARTMENTOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,LEEMINGINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,NEWTAIPEICITY,TAIWANFIG1ARRANGEMENTSOFTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEMWHICHINCLUDESASMARTPHONECONTROLMECHANISMFIG2HARDWAREARCHITECTUREOFTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEMWITHASMARTPHONENFC2015INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCONSUMERELECTRONICSTAIWANICCETW9781479987450/15/3100?2015IEEE45IIISOFTWAREDESIGNIMPLEMENTATIONTHESOFTWAREDESIGNISDIVIDEDINTOTWOMODULESSMARTPHONEANDDLSOPERATIONMODULETHESMARTPHONESHOULDHAVEANNFCSYSTEMTHATCANBECOMPATIBLEWITHOURSYSTEMTHEDLSPROGRAMISDESIGNEDBYUSINGTHEEMBEDDEDPLATFORMTHEINTERNALNDEFMESSAGEPARTUSESTHEOPENSOURCELIBRARYSUPPORTEDBYTHESMARTPHONE4ASMARTPHONEOPERATIONMODULEFLOWCHARTFIGURE4SHOWSTHEINITIALINTERFACEANDTHEKEYPADINTERFACETHEINITIALINTERFACEPROVIDESTHE“SMARTPHONEID”WHICHISINPUTINTOTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEMWHENTHESYSTEMISSETTOTHEREADMODE,THEUSERCANENTERTHEUSERPASSWORDBDOORLOCKSYSTEMOPERATIONMODULEWHENTHEDLSOBTAINSPERMISSION,THESMARTPHONEPROVIDESTHEINTERFACEOFTHE“STARTNUMERICKEYPADPASSWORDSNKP”TOTHEUSERTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEMREADSTHE“NUMERICPASSWORD”ANDOBTAINSATIMESTAMPVIATHEREALTIMECLOCKMODULEIFTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEM“NUMERICPASSWORD”ISCORRECT,THENTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEMOPENSTHEMAGNETICLOCKIFTHE“NUMERICPASSWORD”ISINERROR,THENTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEMTRIGGERSTHEBUZZERTOSOUNDIVEXPERIMENTRESULTSTABLEISHOWSTHEACTUALMEASUREMENTOFTHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFEACHMODULETHENFCREADERMODULEOFTHISDESIGNCONSUMESONLY1584MWSTANDBYPOWERAFTERCOMPARINGOTHERDESIGNS,WENOTETHATOURDESIGNCONSUMESLESSSTANDBYPOWERTHANTHATOFOTHERDESIGNSTABLEITHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFEACHPARTOFTHISDESIGNPOWERCONSUMPTIONSTANDBYCONSUMPTIONOPERATINGCONSUMPTIONACTIVEBUZZER055MW210MWNFCREADERMODULE1584MW528MWMCU70MW735MWTOTAL23345MW810MWTABLEIICOMPARESOURDESIGNWITHOTHERDOORACCESSSYSTEMDESIGNSDESIGNAUSESASMARTPHONEWITHNFCREADERCOMMUNICATION,ANDOBTAINSTHEPRESTOREDENCODINGPICTURESTHESMARTPHONECONNECTSTOAREMOTESERVER,DECODESTHEENCODEDPICTURES,ANDOBTAINSAPERMISSIONPASSWORDDESIGNBUSESASMARTPHONEWITHAMCUBLUETOOTHCONNECTIVITYTHEMCUCONNECTSTOTHENFCREADER,ANDITSMESSAGEISTRANSMITTEDTOTHEOTHERENDOFNFCREADERDESIGNAANDBBOTHUSESMARTPHONESWITHANNFCFUNCTIONTOVERIFYANDGIVEPERMISSIONTOOPENTHEDOORBUTINTHISDESIGN,WEADDAPERSONALPASSWORDTHATCANPROVIDEMOREPROTECTIONFORTHESYSTEMTABLEIIACOMPARISONOURDESIGNWITHOTHERSYSTEMDESIGNSDESIGNA2DESIGNB3OURDESIGNPASSCODEMATCHNONOYESTIMESTAMPNONOYESCONVENIENCELOWHIGHHIGHSECURITYHIGHHIGHHIGHPOWERCONSUMPTIONHIGHHIGHLOWVCONCLUSIONTHISPAPERISADESIGNOFADOORLOCKSYSTEMWHICHCANBOTHIDENTIFYA“SMARTPHONEID”,ANDAVOIDAMALICIOUSREADINGOFANONPRIVILEGEDDEVICETHESMARTPHONEOBTAINSTHE“STARTNUMERICKEYPADPASSWORD”PERMISSION,WHICHISCONVERTEDINTOTHENUMERICKEYBOARDINTERFACEWHENENTERINGAPASSWORDTHEREISALIMITOF3TIMESTOPREVENTMALICIOUSPEOPLEFROMBREAKINGTHELOCKCODEINORDERTOBREAKINTOAHOUSETOPREVENTTHELEAKAGEOFANYDATAMESSAGE,THE“NUMERICPASSWORD”ISCOMBINEDWITHATIMESTAMPTHISDESIGN,WHICHDOESNOTREQUIRETHEUSERTOHAVEANNFCTAG,ISBOTHANIMPROVEDANDAMORECONVENIENTDOORLOCKSYSTEMVIREFERENCES1THOMASKORAKANDLUKASWILFINGER,“HANDLINGTHENDEFSIGNATURERECORDTYPEINASECUREMANNER”,IEEE2012INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONRFIDTECHNOLOGIESANDAPPLICATIONSRFIDTA,PP107112,NOV20122PENGLOONTEH,HUOCHONGLING,ANDSOONNYEANCHEONG,“NFCSMARTPHONEBASEDACCESSCONTROLSYSTEMUSINGINFORMATIONHIDING”,2013IEEECONFERENCEONOPENSYSTEMICOS,PP1317,DEC2420133NURBEKSAPARKHOJAYEV,AIGULDAUITBAYEVA,AYBEKNURTAYEV,ANDGULNAZBAIMENSHINA,“NFCENABLEDACCESSCONTROLANDMANAGEMENTSYSTEM”,2014INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONWEBANDOPENACCESSTOLEARNINGICWOAL,PP14,NOV252720144NFCDATAEXCHANGEFORMATNDEF,NFCFORUMTECHNICALSPECIFICATION,REV10,JUL2006FIG4FLOWCHARTSHOWINGTHESMARTPHONEINITIALINTERFACEANDTHENUMERICKEYPADLOWVOLTAGEMCUSCLKMOSIMISOSSVCCREALTIMECLOCKMODULESDASCLSCLSDASMARTPHONENEARFIELDCOMMUNICATIONBUZZERRELAYTRANSFORMERHIGHVOLTAGEMAGNETICLOCK1234567890VCCNFCREADERMODULESCLKMOSIMISOSSFIG3BLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHEDOORLOCKSYSTEM46

簡介：201O2NDINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYANDDEVELOPMENTICCTD2010DESIGNOFDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERBASEDONSYNCHRONOUSFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODHONGQUNHUANSONGSHILEXIAOZHIHONGFACULTYOFELECTRONICANDINFORMATIONZHEJIANGWANLIUNIVERSITYNINGBO,CHINAZWUHQH126COMFACULTYOFELECTRONICANDINFORMATIONZHEJIANGWANLIUNIVERSITYNINGBO,CHINA6286679LQQCOMFACULTYOFELECTRONICANDINFORMATIONZHEJIANGWANLIUNIVERSITYNINGBO,CHINAJHXIAOZHHOTMAILCOMABSTRACTTHISPAPERINTRODUCESADESIGNSCHEMEOFHIGH-PRECISIONDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERBASEDONSYNCHRONOUSFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODWESELECTCYPRESSPSOCLCY8C29466ASITSCORECOMPONENT,THEWHOLEDESIGNISFLEXIBLEANDSIMPLE,HASVERYFEWPERIPHERALDEVICESANDAHIGHRELIABILITYANDMEANWHILE,WEREALIZEEQUALPRECISIONMEASUREMENTOFSIGNALSINDIFFERENTFREQUENCYRANGESBYSECTIONALFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODKEYWORDSSYNCHRONOUSFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODHIGHPRECISIONPSOCPSOCDESIGNERIINTRODUCTIONDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERISACOMMONMEASURINGINSTRUMENTANDITCANBEUSEDNOTONLYINGENERALSIMPLEMEASUREMENTBUTALSOINOTHERFIELDS,SUCHASTEACHING,SCIENTIFICRESEARCHANDINDUSTRIALCONTROL,ETCTHEPRECISIONANDEFFICIENCYOFFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTOFTENDETERMINETHEPERFORMANCEANDBENEFITOFINSTRUMENT,METERORINDUSTRIALCONTROLSYSTEM,BUTTHEPRECISIONOFFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTHASADIRECTRELATIONWITHTHESCIENTIFICITYANDRATIONALITYOFFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODSTHEREARETWOCOMMONFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODS,NAMELYFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODANDPERIODMEASUREMENTMETHODFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODREFERSTORECORDINGTHENUMBEROFPULSESOFTHEMEASUREDSIGNALNBYACOUNTERINAGIVENGATETIMETO,THEREBYGETTINGTHEFREQUENCYOFTHEMEASUREDSIGNALFNRRO,THEACCURACYOFTHEMEASUREMENTMETHODDEPENDSONGATETIMEANDCOUNTINGVALUEOFCOUNTERANDTHEREFOREITISRELATIVELYSUITABLEFORMEASURINGHIGHFREQUENCYSIGNALSPERIODMEASUREMENTMETHODREFERSTOMEASURINGONECYCLETIMETOFTHEMEASUREDSIGNALANDTHENGETTINGITSFREQUENCYFLRR,ITSMEASUREMENTACCURACYDEPENDSONTHETIMINGPRECISIONOFTHESYSTEMANDTHEREFOREITISRELATIVELYSUITABLEFORMEASURINGLOWFREQUENCYSIGNALSTHEPRECISIONSOFFREQUENCYMETERDESIGNEDBYTHEABOVETWOMETHODSARENOTHIGHANDTHEPRECISIONSOFMEASUREDRESULTSFORSIGNALSWHOSEFREQUENCIESAREDIFFERENTAREDIFFERENTASYNCHRONOUSFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODPROPOSEDINTHISPAPERISUSEDTOSOLVETHEPRECISIONPROBLEMOFFREQUENCYMETER,ITCANELIMINATE±1COUNTINGERRORPROBLEMWHICHLIMITSTHEINCREASEOFMEASUREMENTACCURACY,THEREBYGREATLY9781424488452/10/2600?2010IEEE697IMPROVINGTHEACCURACYANDPERFORMANCEOFFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTIIPRINCIPLEOFSNCHRONOUSFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODSHOWNASFIG1,THEBASICPRINCIPLEOFSYNCHRONOUSFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODISASFOLLOWSSYNCHRONOUSLYSENDMEASUREDSIGNALIXANDSYSTEMREFERENCESIGNALISTOTWOCOUNTERSAANDBFORMEASURINGINAGIVENGATETIME,THEREBYGETTINGTWOCOUNTINGVALUESNXANDNSRESPECTIVELYANDTHENGETTHEFREQUENCYOFTHEMEASUREDSIGNALBYCALCULATION1FIGURE1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFSYSTEMCOMPOSITIONWHENUSINGSYNCHRONOUSFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODTHEKEYOFSYNCHRONOUSFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODISTHESYNCHRONOUSENABLECONTROLOFTWOCOUNTERSINORDERTOREALIZETHECOMPLETESYNCHRONIZATIONOFTWOCOUNTERS,ONESYNCHRONOUSCONTROLLERISNEEDEDTOBERESPONSIBLEFOROPENINGANDCLOSINGTHETWOCOUNTERSSYNCHRONOUSLYINORDERTOIMPROVECOUNTINGPRECISION,WHENTHEGATESIGNALGIVENBYSYSTEMTIMERISOPENED,THETWOCOUNTERSDONTBEGINCOUNTINGIMMEDIATELYUNTILTHERISINGEDGEOFTHEMEASUREDSIGNALCOMESTHATISTOSAY,AFTERTHECONTROLSIGNALAPPEARS,THEFIRSTPULSERISINGEDGEOFTHESUBSEQUENTMEASUREDSIGNALENABLESTHETWOCOUNTERSTOBEGINCOUNTING20102NDINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYANDDEVELOPMENTICCTD20101GIO01OLE0???“““-““FIGURE4CONFIGURATIONDIAGRAMOFDIGITALMODULESINCY8C29466BASICCONFIGURATIONOFVARIOUSDIGITALMODULESTIMERISAN8BITBACKWARDTIMERTIMER8,CLOCKISVC39375KHZ,PERIODIS200,THEVALUEOFCOMPARANDREGISTERIS100ANDINTERRUPTTRIGGERCONDITIONISCOUNTINGENDPOINTTHECOUNTEROFMEASUREDSIGNALISA16BITBINARYBACKWARDCOUNTERCOUNTER16,CLOCKISEXTERNALMEASUREDSIGNAL,ENABLESIGNALISTHEHIGHLEVELPRODUCEDBYEXTERNALSYNCHRONOUSCONTROLLER,PERIODISTHEMAXIMUMVALUE65535ANDINTERRUPTTRIGGERCONDITIONISCOMPARATIVEVALUETHECOUNTEROFSYSTEMREFERENCESIGNALISA32BITBINARYBACKWARDCOUNTERCOUNTER32,CLOCKISDOUBLESYSTEMCLOCK,NAMELY48MHZ,ENABLESIGNALISTHEHIGHLEVELPRODUCEDBYEXTERNALSYNCHRONOUSCONTROLLER,PERIODIS4294967295ANDINTERRUPTTRIGGERCONDITIONISCOMPARATIVEVALUEBDESIGNAFSYSTEMPERIPHERALCIRCUITINORDERTOREALIZETHEEQUALPRECISIONMEASUREMENTINDIFFERENTFREQUENCYBANDS,WESELECTDIFFERENTGATETIMESTOMEASURETHEFREQUENCIESOFSIGNALSINDIFFERENTFREQUENCYBANDS,NAMELYSECTIONALFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTMETHODANDCONCRETEFREQUENCYBANDDIVISIONANDGATETIMESELECTIONSCHEMEISSHOWNASTHEFOLLOWINGTAB1TABLEERRORANALYSISTABLEOFFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTFREQUENCYGIVENMAXIMUMRANGERANGEOFGATEMEASNREMENTREMARKSGEARMEASUREDTIMEERRORSIGNALO1HZ10HZLOS2083X109210HZ?LKHZIS2083X108THEFREQUENCYOFSYSTEM31KHZ?100KHZOIS2083X107REFERENCESIGNAL4100KHZ?LOMHZ10MS2083X106IS48MHZFREQUENCYBANDSWITCHISREALIZEDBYASIMPLE4BITDIALSWITCH,ONEENDOFTHEDIALSWITCHISCONNECTEDTOAHIGHLEVELANDTHEOTHERENDISCONNECTEDTO110PORTOFCY8C29466,EACHSWITCHOUTPUTISCONNECTEDWITHONELEDASINDICATORLIGHTWHENTHESYSTEMOPERATES,ITCANBEREALIZEDBYCALLINGSUBBANDSUBFUNCTIONWESELECTADFLIPFLOPASSYNCHRONOUSCONTROLLER,B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簡介：DEVELOPMENTOFFIBEROPTICBOTDASENSORFORINTRUSIONDETECTIONILBUMKWONA,,SEJONGBAIKB,KIEGONIMB,JAEWANGYUCADIVISIONOFINDUSTRIALMETROLOGY,KOREARESEARCHINSTITUTEOFSTANDARDRECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM2MAY2014ACCEPTED21MAY2014ABSTRACTWEPRESENTACOMPACTFIBEROPTICBRILLOUINOPTICALTIMEDOMAINANALYSISBOTDASENSORSYSTEM,WHICHHASTHECAPABILITYOFDETECTINGANDLOCATINGINTRUSIONATTEMPTSOVERSEVERALTENSOFKILOMETERSLONGPATHSTHESYSTEMEMPLOYSALASERDIODEANDTWOELECTROOPTICMODULATORSSIMULATIONOFANINTRUSIONEFFECTWASACHIEVEDBYUSEOFASTRAININDUCINGSETUPDISTANCERESOLUTIONOF3MWASOBTAINEDFORA481KMLONGOPTICALFIBERWITHIN15SACTUALINTRUSIONDETECTIONEXPERIMENTWASALSOPERFORMEDUSINGASTEPONSTAGESETUPANDCLEARLYDISCERNABLEDETECTIONSIGNALSWEREOBTAINEDINLESSTHAN15S2014PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERSCIENCEBVKEYWORDSBRILLOUINOPTICALTIMEDOMAINANALYSISSENSOROPTICALFIBERINTRUSIONDETECTIONDISTANCERESOLUTION1INTRODUCTIONFORTHEPURPOSEOFPROTECTIONAGAINSTINTRUDERS,IRFIBERSENSOR,MAGNETICSENSORBURIEDUNDERGROUNDANDLEAKAGECOAXIALCABLESENSORAREWIDELYUSED1IRFIBERSENSORSARESENSITIVETOTHEDUSTANDTHEWATERMOLECULESINTHEAIRANDTHEIRDETECTIONLINESMUSTBECONSTRUCTEDINSTRAIGHTLINESMAGNETICSENSORSANDLEAKAGECOAXIALCABLESENSORSCANNOTBEUSEDINAHARSHENVIRONMENTSUFFERINGELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCEFIBEROPTICSENSORSHAVENOSUCHDISADVANTAGESANDWEREDEVELOPEDFORINTRUSIONDETECTIONOFTHESURROUNDINGS,SUCHASTHEOUTSKIRTSOFANAIRPORTANDTHEBUILDINGSONEOFTHEFIBEROPTICSENSORSDETECTSTHELOSSOFLIGHTASSOCIATEDWITHTHECUTTINGOFOPTICALFIBER,WHICHISINEVITABLEFORANINTRUSIONATTEMPT2ANOTHERTYPEOFOPTICALFIBERSENSORDETECTSTHECHANGEINTHEPOLARIZATIONSTATEOFLIGHTOCCURREDWHENTHEMULTIMODEOPTICALFIBERGETSBENTBYANINTRUDER3THEMULTIMODEOPTICALFIBERSENSORHASAVERYSHORTDETECTIONRANGEOFSEVERALMETERSFIBEROPTICSENSORUTILIZINGSPECKLEPATTERNCAUSEDBYINTERFERENCEAMONGPROPAGATINGMODESHASAVERYHIGHSENSITIVITY,HOWEVER,ITSDETECTIONRANGEISSTILLLIMITEDTOSEVERALHUNDREDMETERS4,5IN1976,BARNOSKIANDJENSEN6REPORTEDAMETHODTOMEASURETHELOSSOFLIGHTNONDESTRUCTIVELYBYANANALYSISOFRAYLEIGHBACKSCATTERINGINTIMEDOMAINDAKIN7SUGGESTEDTHATOPTICALTIMEDOMAINREFLECTOMETRYOTDRUTILIZINGRAYLEIGHBACKSCATTERINGCANBEAPPLIEDTOTHEINTRUSIONDETECTIONSINCEITMEASURESTHEBACKSCATTEREDLIGHT,THISSENSORCANNOTDETECTSUCHINTRUSIONSTHATWERELOCATEDBEHINDACERTAININTRUSIONWHOSEDISTURBANCEISLARGEENOUGHTOOBSCUREALLTHELATEREVENTSSENSORUTILIZINGSTIMULATEDBRILLOUINSCATTERINGHASOVERCOMETHISPROBLEMSTIMULATEDBRILLOUINSCATTERINGFIBEROPTICSENSOREMPLOYSAPUMPINGPULSEANDACWPROBEBEAMRUNNINGALONGASINGLEMODEOPTICALFIBERINOPPOSITEDIRECTIONANDDETECTSTHESTIMULATEDBRILLOUINBACKSCATTERINGSIGNALAMPLIFIEDBYTWOLIGHTBEAMANDACOUSTICWAVEMIXING8,9INTHISMETHOD,THEFREQUENCYOFCWPROBEBEAMDIFFERSFROMTHEPUMPBEAMBYTHEAMOUNTOFBRILLOUINFREQUENCYOFOPTICALFIBERTOENABLETHEAMPLIFICATIONANDHIGHINTENSITYBRILLOUINSCATTERINGSIGNALCANBEOBTAINED10,11THEBRILLOUINOPTICALTIMEDOMAINANALYSISBOTDASENSORSYSTEMEQUIPPEDWITHONEELECTROOPTICMODULATORHASBEENSTUDIEDFORMEASURINGDISTRIBUTEDSTRAINANDTEMPERATURE,HOWEVER,ITSSIGNALANALYSISDURATIONISTOOLONGTOUSEININTRUSIONDETECTION8INTHISSTUDYWEDEVELOPEDABOTDASENSORSYSTEM,WHICHISCAPABLEOFDETECTINGANDLOCATINGINTRUSIONATTEMPTSOVERSEVERALTENSOFKILOMETERSLONGPATHSSIMULATIONOFANINTRUSIONEFFECTWASACHIEVEDBYUSEOFASTRAININDUCINGSETUPINSTALLEDONANOPTICALTABLEWEREPORTEXPERIMENTALRESULTSTHATCONFIRMEDTHEDISTANCERESOLUTIONOF3MFORTHEFIBERLENGTHOF481KMWITHIN15SDETECTIONTIMESENSORSANDACTUATORSA101201477–84CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELT82428685326FAXT82428685027EMAILADDRESSIBKWONKRISSREKRIBKWON09244247/02/–SEEFRONTMATTER2014PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERSCIENCEBVPIIS092442470200184XASSUMINGTHATTHEPUMPPULSEHASANARROWPULSEWIDTH,WANDPEAKPOWERPP0THEPOWERDETECTEDATZ?0ATTIMET?2Z/VCANBEEXPRESSEDASPDDZT?PCWDLTEXPDàACWLTTGA??VW2??PCWDLTEXPDàACWLTPPD0TEXPDàAPZT3WHICHISVALIDFORASUFFICIENTLYLOWCWPOWERPCWL13INTHEABOVEEXPRESSION,GISTHEBRILLOUINGAINFACTOR,ATHEEFFECTIVECROSSSECTIONOFTHEFIBER,ANDAPOPTICALFIBERLOSSCOEFFICIENTATTHEPUMPPULSEWAVELENGTHTHEBRILLOUINGAINFACTORGHASAWELLKNOWNEXPRESSION,G?2PN2P212GCL2RVADNB4WHERENISTHEREFRACTIVEINDEXOFOPTICALFIBER,P12THEPHOTOELASTICCONSTANTOFTHEFIBER,LTHEWAVELENGTHOFTHEOPTICALSOURCE,RTHEFIBERDENSITY,VATHEACOUSTICVELOCITY,DNBBRILLOUINGAINBANDWIDTH,ANDGTHECOEFFICIENTOFPOLARIZATIONTABLE1SUMMARIZESTHEVALUESOFPARAMETERSUSEDINTHEPRESENTCALCULATIONOFBRILLOUINGAINFACTORANDTHEWAVELENGTHOFOPTICALSOURCEUSEDINTHEPRESENTSTUDYIS1550NMINTHEFIRSTAPPROXIMATION,BRILLOUINFREQUENCYSHIFTINCREASESLINEARLYWITHSTRAIN,NBDET?NBD0TD1TCET5WHEREEISTHETENSILESTRAINANDCTHECOEFFICIENTOFSTRAIN,WHICHISKNOWNTOBE5MHZPER001FORSINGLEMODEOPTICALFIBERSUSEDATTHE15WAVELENGTHRANGEOFTHEOPTICALCOMMUNICATIONTABLE1VALUESOFPARAMETERSUSEDINTHECALCULATIONOFBRILLOUINGAINFACTORPARAMETERSYMBOLVALUEREFRACTIVEINDEXN145PHOTOELASTICCONSTANTP12029DENSITYRKG/M322?103ACOUSTICVELOCITYUAM/S6?103BRILLOUINGAINBANDWIDTHDNBMHZ134POLARIZATIONFACTORG05FIG3ASCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHEFIBEROPTICBOTDASENSORFIG4BRILLOUINGAINSPECTRUMOFTHESINGLEMODEOPTICALFIBERIBKWONETAL/SENSORSANDACTUATORSA101201477–8479

簡介：JMARINESCIAPPL2011107075DOI101007/S1180401110438AFASTUNDERWATEROPTICALIMAGESEGMENTATIONALGORITHMBASEDONAHISTOGRAMWEIGHTEDFUZZYCMEANSIMPROVEDBYPSOSHILONGWANG,YURUXUANDYONGJIEPANGNATIONALKEYLABORATORYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYONAUTONOMOUSUNDERWATERVEHICLE,HARBINENGINEERINGUNIVERSITY,HARBIN150001,CHINAABSTRACTTHES/NOFANUNDERWATERIMAGEISLOWANDHASAFUZZYEDGEIFUSINGTRADITIONALMETHODSTOPROCESSITDIRECTLY,THERESULTISNOTSATISFYINGTHOUGHTHETRADITIONALFUZZYCMEANSALGORITHMCANSOMETIMESDIVIDETHEIMAGEINTOOBJECTANDBACKGROUND,ITSTIMECONSUMINGCOMPUTATIONISOFTENANOBSTACLETHEMISSIONOFTHEVISIONSYSTEMOFANAUTONOMOUSUNDERWATERVEHICLEAUVISTORAPIDLYANDEXACTLYDEALWITHTHEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEOBJECTINACOMPLEXENVIRONMENTFORTHEAUVTOUSETHEOBTAINEDRESULTTOEXECUTETHENEXTTASKSO,BYUSINGTHESTATISTICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEGRAYIMAGEHISTOGRAM,AFASTANDEFFECTIVEFUZZYCMEANSUNDERWATERIMAGESEGMENTATIONALGORITHMWASPRESENTEDWITHTHEWEIGHTEDHISTOGRAMMODIFYINGTHEFUZZYMEMBERSHIP,THEABOVEALGORITHMCANNOTONLYCUTDOWNONALARGEAMOUNTOFDATAPROCESSINGANDSTORAGEDURINGTHECOMPUTATIONPROCESSCOMPAREDWITHTHETRADITIONALALGORITHM,SOASTOSPEEDUPTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHESEGMENTATION,BUTALSOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFUNDERWATERIMAGESEGMENTATIONFINALLY,PARTICLESWARMOPTIMIZATIONPSODESCRIBEDBYTHESINEFUNCTIONWASINTRODUCEDTOTHEALGORITHMMENTIONEDABOVEITMADEUPFORTHESHORTCOMINGSTHATTHEFCMALGORITHMCANNOTGETTHEGLOBALOPTIMALSOLUTIONTHUS,ONTHEONEHAND,ITCONSIDERSTHEGLOBALIMPACTANDACHIEVESTHELOCALOPTIMALSOLUTION,ANDONTHEOTHERHAND,FURTHERGREATLYINCREASESTHECOMPUTINGSPEEDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINDICATETHATTHENOVELALGORITHMCANREACHABETTERSEGMENTATIONQUALITYANDTHEPROCESSINGTIMEOFEACHIMAGEISREDUCEDTHEYENHANCEEFFICIENCYANDSATISFYTHEREQUIREMENTSOFAHIGHLYEFFECTIVE,REALTIMEAUVKEYWORDSUNDERWATERIMAGEIMAGESEGMENTATIONAUTONOMOUSUNDERWATERVEHICLEAUVGRAYSCALEHISTOGRAMFUZZYCMEANSREALTIMEEFFECTIVENESSSINEFUNCTIONPARTICLESWARMOPTIMIZATIONPSOARTICLEID167194332011010070061INTRODUCTION1THEOCEANISRICHINMINERALRESOURCES,BIOLOGICALRESOURCESANDENERGYINTHE21STCENTURY,HUMANBEINGSAREFACINGTHECHALLENGESOFTHETHREEHOTISSUESABOUTTHEPOPULATION,THERESOURCESANDENVIRONMENTASTHESPACEANDRESOURCEONTHELANDARELIMITED,THEOCEANWILLGRADUALLYBECOMETHEIMPORTANTNATIONALSTRATEGICOBJECTIVESXUANDXIAO,2007ALARGENUMBEROFCOASTALCOUNTRIES,ESPECIALLYWESTERNINDUSTRIALDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDCHINAAREDEVELOPINGAUTONOMOUSUNDERWATERVEHICLEAUVFOREXPLORINGINOCEANAREAANDSURVEYOFSEABEDSERVICEUNDERWATERTARGETDETECTION,SEARCHANDRECOGNITIONINTHETHREEDIMENSIONALSPACEARETHEKEYTOREALIZEINTELLIGENTOPERATIONYUANETAL,1997THEREFORE,THECOMPUTERVISIONSYSTEMISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANT,ANDTHEIMAGEINFORMATIONPROCESSINGCAPACITYISTHEKEYTOUNDERWATERVEHICLEDYNAMICSENSINGENVIRONMENT,FASTLOCATINGANDTRACKINGOBJECTISALSOTHEFUNDAMENTALMISSIONOFCOMPLETINGUNDERWATERSURVEYSANDAUVOPERATIONSRECEIVEDDATE20100807FOUNDATIONITEMSUPPORTEDBYTHENATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINAUNDERGRANTNO50909025/E091002ANDTHEOPENRESEARCHFOUNDATIONOFSKLABAUV,HEUUNDERGRANTNO2008003CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILWANGSHILONGHRBEUEDUCN?HARBINENGINEERINGUNIVERSITYANDSPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG2011UNDERWATERIMAGESAREVERYSENSITIVETOVARIOUSNOISESANDOTHERINTERFERENCES,EGPOORLIGHTINGCONDITIONSUNDERTHEWATERWILLCAUSEFALSEDETAILSOFUNDERWATERIMAGES,SUCHASSELFSHADOW,FALSECONTOUR,ETCASAFOCALLIGHTSOURCE,THESEARCHLIGHTMAKESTHELIGHTINTENSITYSHOWALARGERDIFFERENCETHEILLUMINATIONISTHESTRONGESTINTHECENTERANDISGRADUALLYWEAKENINGALONGTHERADIUS,WHICHLEADSTOTHEUNEVENIMAGEBACKGROUNDGRAYUNDERTHEWATER,THEVISIBILITYISLOW,THETRANSPARENCYISONLYONETHOUSANDTHOFTHEAIRANDTHEWATERBODYITSELFISABSORBENTANDSCATTERSLIGHT,WHICHWILLRESULTINLOWS/NANDFUZZYDETAILSMEANWHILEAVARIETYOFSUSPENDEDPARTICLESSCATTERINGANDABSORPTIONOFTHELIGHTWAVEELECTROMAGNETICWAVEINWATERWILLLEADTOSERIOUSGRAYEFFECTONTHECAPTUREDUNDERWATERIMAGEMOREOVER,THEIMPACTOFWATERANDSHAKINGOFTHECAMERALENSANDOTHERFACTORSRESULTSINSOMEIMAGEDISTORTIONWHAT’SMORE,CONSIDERINGTHEIMAGEFORMATIONPROCESS,THEIMAGEACQUISITIONISAMAPPINGOFTWODIMENSIONALIMAGEFROMATHREEDIMENSIONALIMAGEABOVEALL,ITCANBESAIDTHATTHEIMAGEITSELFHASASTRONGAMBIGUITYTHEIMAGESEGMENTATIONISONEOFTHECLASSICRESEARCHTOPICSINCOMPUTERVISIONRESEARCHFIELDSUNDERWATERIMAGESEGMENTATIONISTHEPREMISETOIMAGEANALYSIS,UNDERSTANDINGANDVISUALRECOGNITIONTECHNOLOGYOFAUV,ANDISALSOONEOFSHILONGWANG,ETALAFASTUNDERWATEROPTICALIMAGESEGMENTATIONALGORITHMBASEDONAHISTOGRAMWEIGHTEDFUZZYCMEANSIMPROVEDBYPSO72ITERATIVEPROCESSANDACCELERATESTHECONVERGENCESPEEDFORANIMAGENLH,,FXYISTHEIMAGEGRAYVALUEINTHEPOSITIONOF,XY,{0,1,,1}FL∈?,ANDLTHENUMBEROFALLGRAYSERIESOFTHEIMAGEDEFINETHEHISTOGRAMOFAGRAYIMAGEASHJ,1100JHLXYXYHJΔ??∑∑4WHERE1,,0,ELSEXYFXYJJΔ???AND0,1,2,,1JL?AFTERSTANDARDIZATION,ITFOLLOWSTHATHJPJLHUSINGTHEFUZZYINDEXMASTHEWEIGHT1/MJPJΩTHUS,AWEIGHTEDHISTOGRAMREVISINGMEMBERSHIPIS112121CMIIJJKKJVUJVΩ????∑?5CORRESPONDINGCLUSTERCENTERS11LMIJJILMIJJUJVU∑∑???6THENEWOBJECTIVEFUNCTION211,,CNMIJIIJJUDJV∑∑???UV7WHERE,IDJV?ISTHEDISTANCEFROMJPIXELTOICLUSTERINGCENTER32FURTHERIMPROVINGTHEFUZZYMEMBERSHIPTHEVALUEOFTHEMEMBERSHIPIJU?OFTHENEWALGORITHMMENTIONEDABOVEISINTHERANGEBETWEEN0AND1THISINDICATESTHATEACHDATAWILLBELONGT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REVARYINGWITHTIMETHESESIGNALSAREOFTENREFERREDTOAS“NONSTATIONARY“FORTHESESIGNALS,THERIDGEISANIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTIC,BECAUSEITISATIMEVARYINGPARAMETERTHATDEFINESTHELOCATIONOFTHESIGNALSSPECTRALPEAKASITVARIESWITHTIMEINOURANALYSISWEUSEDTHEGABORTIMEFREQUENCYREPRESENTATION,BECAUSEITHASTHEBESTBEHAVIORANDITPRESENTSAREDUCEDAMOUNTOFINTERFERENCETERMSTHEANALYZEDSIGNALSWERESTATORCURRENT,ROTORSPEEDANDELECTROMAGNETICTORQUETHESEARENONSTATIONARYSIGNALSBECAUSESOMEOFTHEIRSPECTRALCOMPONENTSAREVARYINGINTIMETHEROTORSPEEDSIGNALPRESENTSASUDDENAMPLITUDEMODIFICATIONTHATCANBEOBSERVEDWHENALOADTORQUEISAPPLIEDTHETIMEFREQUENCYREPRESENTATIONOFTHESIGNALSHOWSTHATTHEFREQUENCYCONTENTREMAINSUNCHANGEDINTIMESO,THEREARENTNEWSPECTRALCOMPONENTSTHATAPPEARTHEONLYPARAMETERTHATCHANGESISTHEAMPLITUDEOFTHESPECTRALCOMPONENTS,ASCANBEOBSERVEDINFIG61000EE5115225TSWM20002W200L00115225TSTEM200200OE5115225TST40I20FIG6GABORREPRESENTATIONOFTHEROTORSPEEDSIGNAL15880051152FIG5SIMULATIONRESULTSFORTHECONTROLSYSTEMIIC

簡介：PLCCONFIGURATIONANDPROGRAMMINGEXPERIENCEUSINGSTLANGUAGEGKARMAKAR1,ASHUTOSHKABRA,JOSEJOSEPH2,BBBISWAS,RKPATILREACTORCONTROLDIVISIONBHABHAATOMICRESEARCHCENTREMUMBAI–4000851GKARMA,2JJOSEPH}BARCGOVINABSTRACTTHISPAPERATTEMPTSAJOURNEYRIGHTFROMCONFIGURINGAPLC,WRITINGAPPLICATIONPROGRAMTOCODEGENERATIONALONGWITHRUNTIMECONFIGURATIONSANDRTOSABSTRACTIONFOREMBEDDINGITINTOPLCHARDWAREUSINGATYPICALCONTROLLOGICAPPLICATIONTHEIEC611313STLANGUAGEHASBEENUSEDASVEHICLEFORTHISTOURKEYWORDSPLC,ST,POU,CONFIGURATION,RESOURCE,PROGRAM,FB,FUNCTIONIINTRODUCTIONPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERSPLCARETHEBACKBONEOFMOSTAUTOMATIONPROJECTSPLCSAREUSEDFORCONTROLLINGPURPOSESINVARIOUSINDUSTRIESLIKEPOWERGENERATION,STEELPRODUCTION,CHEMICAL,PETROCHEMICAL,NUCLEARPOWERPLANTSETCAPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERPLCISANINDUSTRIALCOMPUTERCONTROLSYSTEMTHATCONTINUOUSLYMONITORSTHESTATEOFINPUTDEVICESANDMAKESDECISIONSBASEDUPONAPROGRAMTOCONTROLTHESTATEOFOUTPUTDEVICESPLCISANEXAMPLEOFAREALTIMESYSTEMSINCEOUTPUTRESULTSMUSTBEPRODUCEDINRESPONSETOINPUTCONDITIONSWITHINABOUNDEDTIMEINTHEPASTMANYVENDORSFORPLCSYSTEMSUSEDTHEIROWNPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESWHICHWEREINCOMPATIBLEWITHOTHERSTOENHANCEREUSINGOFCOMPONENTS,COMPATIBILITYANDINTEROPERABILITYAMONGDIFFERENTPRODUCT,THEIEC61131STANDARDWASINTRODUCEDTOUNIFYTHEMAINDIFFERENTAPPROACHESTHIRDPARTOFIEC61131STANDARDSPECIFIESTHESYNTAXANDSEMANTICSOFAUNIFIEDSUITEOFPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESFORPROGRAMMABLECONTROLLERSPCSINTHISPAPER,WEDESCRIBEATYPICALCONTROLLOGICAPPLICATIONFORDEMONSTRATIONOFCONFIGURINGAPLC,WRITINGAPPLICATIONPROGRAMANDCODEGENERATIONALONGWITHRUNTIMECONFIGURATIONSANDRTOSABSTRACTIONFOREMBEDDINGITINTOPLCHARDWARETHEPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESTSTRUCTUREDTEXTHASBEENUSEDTHROUGHOUTTHEPAPERIITHESTUDYEXAMPLEAPROBLEMDEFINITIONASIMPLEEXAMPLEOFCONTROLLINGAPUMPP1ANDITSDISCHARGEVALVEV1ANDSENDINGINFORMATIONTOANYDEVICESAYASCADASTATIONONDEMANDUSECASESUSECASE1READINPUTSREADTHEFOLLOWINGFIELDINPUTSAP1STARTPUSHBUTTONPBSTATUSDISCRETEINPUTBP1STOPPUSHBUTTONPBSTATUSDISCRETEINPUTCV1OPENPUSHBUTTONPBSTATUSDISCRETEINPUTDV1CLOSEPUSHBUTTONPBSTATUSDISCRETEINPUTEP1ON/OFFSTATUSDISCRETEINPUTFREADP1DISCHARGEPRESSUREANALOGINPUTITISATIMEDRIVENTASKREADEVERY10MSUSECASE2CONTROLINTERLOCKSATHEPUMPP11WILLSTARTIFSTARTPBISACTUATEDONCESTARTEDP1WILLCONTINUERUNNINGTILLSTOPPBISACTUATED2WILLSTOPEITHERIFTHESTOPPBISACTUATEDORIFTHEP1DISCHARGEPRESSUREISHIGHBTHEVALVEV11WILLOPENEITHERIFTHEV1OPENISACTUATEDORIFTHEPUMPISSTARTEDAND3SECONDHASBEENELAPSED2WILLCLOSEIFTHEV1CLOSEISACTUATEDPROVIDEDTHEPUMPP1ISNOTRUNNINGUSECASE3COMMUNICATIONSLAVE/SERVERONQUERYFROMANYEXTERNALDEVICEITWILLSENDRESPONSEDATATHEPROTOCOLDETAILSARENOTPARTOFTHISHIGHLEVELPROGRAMMINGIIITHEDOMAINMODELOFPLCTHEDOMAINMODELOFAPLCISDEPICTEDINFIGURE1BELOWFIGURE1PLCDOMAINMODELIVSOFTWAREMODELANDBUILDINGBLOCKSOFIEC611313CONFIGURATIONAPPLICATIONPROGRAMCODEGENERATORFRAMEWORKANDRTOSABSTRACTIONBUILDANDDOWNLOADUTILITYBSTRUCTUREOFTHEBUILDINGBLOCKSPOUSFUNCTION,FUNCTIONBLOCKANDPROGRAMARETHETHREEPROGRAMORGANIZATIONUNITSPOUSDEFINEDBYTHEIEC611313APOUCONTAINSADECLARATIONPARTANDBODY1DECLARATIONOFVARIABLESIEC611313STANDARDUSESVARIABLESTOSTOREANDPROCESSINFORMATIONVARIABLESCANBEASSIGNEDTOACERTAINI/OADDRESSUSINGTHEKEYWORD“AT”ANDCANBEBATTERYBACKEDAGAINSTPOWERFAILUREEACHDECLARATIONOFAPROGRAMORGANIZATIONUNITCONTAINATITSBEGINNINGATLEASTONEDECLARATIONPARTWHICHSPECIFIESTHETYPESANDTHEPHYSICALORLOGICALLOCATIONIFNEEDEDOFTHEVARIABLESUSEDINTHEORGANIZATIONUNIT2BODYOFPOUTHEALGORITHMICBEHAVIOROFPOUISDEFINEDINONEOFTHEFIVELANGUAGESDEFINEDBYTHESTANDARDFBDFUNCTIONBLOCKDIAGRAM,LDLADDERDIAGRAM,STSTRUCTUREDTEXT,ILINSTRUCTIONLISTANDSFCSEQUENTIALFUNCTIONCHARTTHESTLANGUAGEHASACOMPREHENSIVERANGEOFCONSTRUCTSFORASSIGNINGVALUESTOVARIABLES,CALLINGFUNCTIONSANDFUNCTIONBLOCKS,CREATINGEXPRESSIONS,FORCONDITIONALEVALUATIONOFSELECTEDSTATEMENTSANDFORITERATIONCPROGRAMSAPROGRAMISANETWORKOFFUNCTIONSANDFUNCTIONBLOCKSTHATAREABLETOEXCHANGEDATATHROUGHSOFTWARECONNECTIONSAPROGRAMCANBEWRITTENINANYOFTHEDEFINEDPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESAPROGRAMCANALSOREADANDWRITETOINPUT/OUTPUTVARIABLESANDCOMMUNICATEWITHOTHERPROGRAMSTHEEXECUTIONOFDIFFERENTPARTSOFAPROGRAM,FOREXAMPLESELECTEDFUNCTIONBLOCKS,MAYBECONTROLLEDUSINGTASKSFOROURSTUDYEXAMPLE,WEHAVEFOLLOWINGPROGRAMS1PUMPP1CONTROL2VALVEV1CONTROLTHESTPROGRAMOFVALVECONTROLISGIVENHEREASITUSESONDELAYTIMERTONINADDITIONTOOTHERSTPROGRAMMINGFEATURESPROGRAMVALVEV1CONTROLVAR_INPUTV1OPENCBOOLV1CLOSECBOOLP1STARTCBOOLP1STATUSBOOLEND_VARVARVTIMERTONEND_VARVAR_TEMPTBOOLEND_VARVAR_OUTPUTV1OPENBOOLV1MOVTOOPENV1CLOSEBOOLV1MOVTOCLOSEEND_VARVTIMERINP1STARTC,PTT3ST1VTIMERQIFV1OPENCORT1THENV1OPENTRUEV1CLOSEFALSEEND_IFIFV1CLOSECTRUEANDP1STATUSFALSETHENV1OPENFALSEV1CLOSETRUEEND_IFEND_PROGRAM3SCANINPUTDFUNCTIONANDFUNCTIONBLOCKSTHESEARETHEBASICBUILDINGBLOCKS,CONTAININGADATASTRUCTUREANDANALGORITHMFOROURSTUDYEXAMPLE,1THEREQUIREDFUNCTIONBLOCKSAREREADANALOGININANYPLC,READINGINPUTSFROMPHYSICALI/OCARDSISUNAVOIDABLEFUNCTION_BLOCKREADANALOGINVAR_EXTERNALCONSTANTNUM_ALOGIN_CARDUINTEND_VARVAR_OUTPUTALOGIN1ARRAY1NUM_ALOGIN_CARDOFANALOG_16_DATAEND_VARALOGIN1READALOGINNUM_ALOGIN_CARDEND_FUNCTION_BLOCKREADDIGITALINTON2THEREQUIREDFUNCTIONSAREREADALOGFUNCTIONREADALOGARRAY1NUM_ALOGIN_CARDOFANALOG_16_DATAVAR_INPUTNOALOGCARDSUINTEND_VARFUNCTIONBODYEND_FUNCTIONREADDIGEGLOBALANDDIRECTVARIABLESAGLOBALVARIABLECANBEDECLAREDATPROGRAMLEVEL,RESOURCELEVELORCONFIGURATIONLEVELGLOBALVARIABLESPROVIDEAMEANSFORTRANSFERRINGDATAANDINFORMATIONBETWEENPROGRAMSORBETWEENFUNCTIONBLOCKSRESIDINGWITHINDIFFERENTPROGRAMSDIRECTLYREPRESENTEDVARIABLESEGIX11,IW11,QX11AREUSEDTOADDRESSTHEMEMORYLOCATIONSWITHINAPLCDIRECTLY

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