簡(jiǎn)介：ELECTRICALENGINEERING811998343349?9SPRINGERVERLAG1998ANALTERNATIVEMETHODOFPRECISEFREQUENCYBYTHEAIDOFADDSJEPLEVRIDIS,JCPLIATSIKAS,CSKOUKOURLIS,JNSAHALOSMEASUREMENTCONTENTSAMETHODOFFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTBASEDONACLOSEDLOOPCOMPOSEDMAINLYOFAFREQUENCYCOMPARATORFCANDADIRECTDIGITALSYNTHESIZERDDSISPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERTHEDDSSERVESASREFERENCESINEWAVESIGNALGENERATORACTINGATONEOFTHEFCSINPUTSTHEFCACCEPTSTHEHARDLIMITEDWAVEFORMOFTHEDDSASWELLASTHEUNKNOWNFREQUENCYFROMTHECOMPARISONOFTHETWOSIGNALSALOGICOUTPUTTHATCONTROLSANUP/DOWNCOUNTERISPRODUCEDTHECOUNTERSOUTPUTACTINGASTHEFREQUENCYSETTINGWORDFSWINSTRUCTSTHEDDSTOPRODUCEANEWSINEWAVECLOSERINFREQUENCYTOTHEUNKNOWNONEWHENTHELOOPSETTLES,THEFSWGIVESTHEDIGITALESTIMATEOFTHEUNKNOWNFREQUENCYADVANTAGEISTAKENFROMTHEINHERENTHIGHRESOLUTIONOFTHEDDSANDNOISEIMMUNITYOFTHELOOP,TODESIGNANEQUALLYPRECISEANDIMMUNEFREQUENCYMETERALLTHEADDITIONALASSOCIATEDSTAGESUPTOTHEINSTRUMENTSDISPLAYAREPRESENTEDEINALTERNATIVESVEFFAHRENZURGENAUENFREQUENZMESSUNGMITTELSEINESDD0BERSICHTESWIRDEINVERFAHRENZURFREQUENZMESSUNGVORGESTELLT,DASHAUPTS/ICHLICHEINENFREQUENZKOMPARATORFCUNDEINENDIREKTENDIGITALENSYNTHESIZERDDSINGESCHLOSSENERSCHLEIFEENTMLTDERDDSDIENTALSGENERATORFFIRSINUSF6RMIGEREFERENZSIGALE,DIEAUFEINENDEREINGINGEDESFCEINWIRKENDERFCVERGLEICHTDENSIGNALVERLAUFDESDDSMITDERUNBEKANNTENFREQUENZUNDERZEUGTEINLOGISCHESSIGNAL,WELCHESEINENAUFW/IRTS/ABWIIRTSZGHLERSTEUERTDERZFIHLERAUSGANGDIENTALSFREQUENZSOLLWERTFSWUNDERZEUGTIMDDSEINENEUE,DERMEGGR6FLEBEZTIGLICHDERFREQUENZN/IHERESINUSSCHWINGUNGSCHLIEFLLICHGIBTDERFSWDENDIGITALENSCHITZWERTDERZUMESSENDENFREQUENZANDIEHOHEAUFL6SUNGDESDDSUNDDIEST6RSICHERHEITDERSCHLEIFEERLAUBENDENAUFBAUEINESHOCHWERTIGENFREQUENZMESSERS,DESSENVERSCHIEDENESTUFENBISZUMDISPLAYVORGESTELLTWERDENRECEIVED20MAY1998EPLEVRIDIS,CPLIATSIKAS,CSKOUKOURLISDEMOKRITOSUNIVERSITYOFTHRACE,ELECTRICALANDCOMPUTERENGINEERINGDEPT,TELECOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMSLABORATORY,GR67100,XANTHI,GREECEINSAHALOSARISTOTLEUNIVERSITYOFTHESSALONIKI,DEPTOFPHYSICS,RADIOCOMMUNICATIONSLABORATORY,GR54006,THESSALONIKI,GREECECORRESPONDENCETOCSKOUKOURLIS1INTRODUCTIONTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUEADOPTSCOUNTERSTHATCOUNTTHEPULSESOFTHEUNKNOWNFREQUENCYDURINGAPREDEFINEDTIMEWINDOWAPERTUREAPARTFROMTHIS,TECHNIQUESWHERETHEPULSESOFAREFERENCEFREQUENCYARECOUNTEDDURINGONEORMOREPERIODSOFTHEUNKNOWNONEAREALSOCOMMONINTHELATTERCASE,THEPERIODINSTEADOFTHEFREQUENCYISESTIMATED1SOMEPAPERS26INTHELITERATUREDEALWITHTHEPROBLEMOFLOWFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTANDAREFOCUSINGINTHEFREQUENCYRANGEOFCARDIACHEARTSIGNALSAFEWHERTZORINTHEMAINSFREQUENCY5060HZTHESETECHNIQUESAREACTUALLYMEASURINGTHEPERIODOFTHESIGNALSANDUSESOMEWAYTOCALCULATEITSRECIPROCAL,THEFREQUENCYIN2,THEFREQUENCYISCALCULATEDBYTHEMETHODOFLOOKUPTABLESOTHERS46AREMICROPROCESSORORMICROCONTROLLERBASEDTHEABOVEMETHODSCANBECHARACTERIZEDASOPENLOOPMETHODSIEDIGITALCOUNTERSAREUSEDTOCOUNTDURINGAPREDEFINEDTINLEINTERVALANDCALCULATETHERESULTAFTERWARDSITSCLOSEDLOOPFORMCHARACTERIZESTHEPROPOSEDMETHODINTHISPAPERBYTHETERM“CLOSEDLOOP“WEDENOTESOMESORTOFFEEDBACKAWAVEFORMWITHAKNOWNCONTROLLEDFREQUENCYISPRODUCEDWITHINTHECIRCUITANDISFEDBACKTOTHEFREQUENCYCOMPARISONSTAGEWHICHCONSECUTIVELYFORCESITTOAPPROXIMATETHEUNKNOWNINPUTFREQUENCYTHEDEVICETHATPRODUCESTHEABOVEMENTIONEDWAVEFORMOFCONTROLLEDFREQUENCYISADIRECTDIGITALSYNTHESIZER7,82DIRECTDIGITALSYNTHESISATYPICALDIRECTDIGITALSYNTHESIZERCONSISTSOFARAMCONTAININGSAMPLESOFASINEWAVESINELOOKUPTABLE,LUTTHESESAMPLESARESWEPTINACONTROLLEDMANNERBYTHEAIDOFAFREQUENCYSETTINGWORDFSW,WHICHDETERMINESTHEPHASESTEPATYPICALFSWIS32BITWIDE,BUT48BITSYNTHESIZERSLEADINGINHIGHERFREQUENCYRESOLUTIONAREALSOAVAILABLEAPHASEACCUMULATORPRODUCESTHESUCCESSIVEADDRESSESOFTHESINELOOKUPTABLEANDGENERATESADIGITIZEDSINEWAVEOUTPUTTHEDIGITALPARTOFTHEDDS,THEPHASEACCUMULATORANDTHELUT,ISCALLEDNUMERICALLYCONTROLLEDOSCILLATORNCOTHEFINALSTAGE,WHICHINCONTRASTTOTHEPREVIOUSONEISMOSTLYANALOG,CONSISTSOFAD/ACONVERTERFOLLOWEDBYAFILTERTHEFILTERSMOOTHESTHEDIGITIZEDSINEWAVE,PRODUCINGACONTINUOUSOUTPUTSIGNALINTHEAPPLICATIONSWHEREASQUAREWAVEOUTPUTISNEEDED,THISISOBTAINEDBYAHARDLIMITERAFTERTHEFILTERITISNOTEQUIVALENTTOUSEEGTHEMSBOFTHEACCUMULATORSOUTPUT343IEPLEVRIDISETALANALTERNATIVEMETHODOFPRECISEFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTBYTHEAIDOFADDSFOOSFIG2DELAYRESETELKDIVUIEDGEDETECTOR/,TERDELAYRESETEDGEDETECTORVCCSETVCETRESETDETAILEDDIAGRAMOFTHEFREQUENCYCOMPARATORBLOCKOPERATIONOFTHECOUNTERSTOPSUNFORTUNATELYTHISISNOTTHECASEADYNAMICMECHANISMTAKESPLACEINSTEADTHECIRCUITNEEDSSOMETIMETOREALIZETHECORRECTFREQUENCYRELATIONWEWILLREFERTOTHISTIMEAS“HYSTERESIS“HYSTERESISDEPENDSONTHEINITIALTIMINGRELATIONOFTHEDDSOUTPUTANDONTHEUNKNOWNFREQUENCYINITIALLY,DURINGTHEHYSTERESISPERIOD,THEINDICATIONREGARDINGTHELARGERFREQUENCYISAMBIGUOUSIEITCANBEERRONEOUSTHEAMBIGUITYSETTLESWHENTWORISINGEDGESOFTHEHIGHERFREQUENCYWAVEFORMOCCURDURINGONEPERIODOFTHELOWERONEIFWECONSIDERTHECASEOFTHEDDSFREQUENCYTOBEEQUALTOTHEUNKNOWNONE,WEWILLFINDTHATTHECOMPARATORSOUTPUTWILLTOGGLE,INDICATINGALTERNATIVELYTHATTHEDDSFREQUENCYISHIGHERORLOWERTHANTHEUNKNOWNTHISISACTUALLYANACCEPTABLEANDEXPECTEDCONDITION,BECAUSEASINAVOLTAGECOMPARATORANEQUALITYI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簡(jiǎn)介：外文原文中文中文52405240字

簡(jiǎn)介：中文4490字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院理工學(xué)院專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化姓名學(xué)號(hào)外文出處MECHANISMANDMACHINETHEORY341999857876附件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)簽名2009年月日用外文寫(xiě)2度值都是未知的。因此，必須開(kāi)發(fā)計(jì)算方法、獲得承載能力數(shù)值和算出用于生產(chǎn)和質(zhì)量保證的規(guī)范。在過(guò)去的15年中，ZF公司已為錐齒輪開(kāi)發(fā)了多種應(yīng)用1、輸出軸具有下傾角的船用變速1、3圖12、轉(zhuǎn)向器13、機(jī)器人用小齒隙行星齒輪裝置交叉軸角度1°一3°24、商用車輛的輸送齒輪箱垃圾傾倒車5、AWD用自動(dòng)變速器4，圖22齒輪幾何形狀21宏觀幾何形狀簡(jiǎn)而言之，斜面體齒輪可看成是一個(gè)在齒寬橫截面上連續(xù)改變齒頂高修正的圓柱齒輪，如圖3。為此，根據(jù)齒根錐角Δ刀具向齒輪軸線傾斜1。結(jié)果形成了齒輪基圓尺寸。螺旋角，左/右TANΒTANΒCOSΔLLR,?????COSSINTAN?N橫向壓力角左/右（2）??????????TANCOSCOSTANTAN,NOLTR基圓直徑左/右3LRLTRNLDRZIMD,,,COSCOS???

簡(jiǎn)介：8880字出處出處FONDRENLD,ADAMSNG,STAVISHLGASPHASEREACTIONSOFCH3WITHASERIESOFHOMOANDHETEROCYCLICMOLECULESJTHEJOURNALOFPHYSICALCHEMISTRYA,2008,1133592598畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯題目CH3與一系列同環(huán)和異環(huán)分子的氣相反應(yīng)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)與生命科學(xué)學(xué)院專業(yè)制藥工程班級(jí)制藥0601學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師二〇一〇年三月十三日2吡咯C4H5N和吡咯烷C4H9N之間的離子中子反應(yīng)。在篩法，在文獻(xiàn)68中已被廣泛介紹，在此將不再重復(fù)。具體到這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，CH3是通過(guò)注入低氣壓電離甲烷而形成的。經(jīng)過(guò)四極大規(guī)模篩選，離子被以CH3大約20EV的最小框架能量注入流量管。盡管低離子能量注入不可能完全消除CH3進(jìn)一步分裂，因?yàn)橄铝须x子在流量管中是以下列平均顯示比例存在的CH3C3，CH5，CH27,CH46。吡啶，吡咯，吡咯烷，呋喃，1,4二氧六環(huán)，苯和環(huán)己烷，分別以純度大于999％，98％，995％，99％，995％，995％和99％從SIGMAALDRICH中獲得。嘧啶和哌啶在ALFAAESAR以純度為99％制造而得。苯是以純度為995％從FISHERSCIENTIFIC中獲得。為了消除溶解氣體，液體使用之前要冷凍幾個(gè)周期泵后解凍進(jìn)一步純化。干凈蒸汽證明難以在中性反應(yīng)物系統(tǒng)中和流量管壁冷凝時(shí)起作用，因此只有1的中性反應(yīng)物在用氦。稀釋度是以速率系數(shù)決定來(lái)計(jì)算的，離子產(chǎn)物分布和進(jìn)度系數(shù)是以平常方式6,7,9確定的。離子產(chǎn)物分布在±5準(zhǔn)確的百分比，由于氣體的粘滯性質(zhì)，速率系數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確率為30。所有的反應(yīng)都是在298K進(jìn)行的研究，四極質(zhì)量檢測(cè)像以前一樣被校正8。3結(jié)果表1中給出了所有研究反應(yīng)的速率系數(shù)。雖然可以看出大部分在氣體動(dòng)力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)誤差率允許下發(fā)生的反應(yīng)是有一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)速率比氣體動(dòng)力學(xué)較少的趨勢(shì)。此中特性在和其他離子包括同種中子反應(yīng)中沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn)。1,4二氧六環(huán)和吡咯烷反應(yīng)速率明顯低于動(dòng)力學(xué)速率。目前原因并不是很明確。表2中列出了樣本數(shù)據(jù)。圖中曲線表明主要離子衰變超過(guò)兩級(jí)。這提供了更大的從實(shí)驗(yàn)速率系數(shù)中獲取的信心。表2隨后將詳細(xì)討論。吡咯烷吡咯呋喃環(huán)己烷哌啶苯吡啶嘧啶1，4二氧六環(huán)

簡(jiǎn)介：中文3237字中文翻譯低溫?zé)狎?qū)動(dòng)雙級(jí)低溫?zé)狎?qū)動(dòng)雙級(jí)LIBR/HLIBR/H2O吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)的理論分析吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)的理論分析WBMA廣州能源研究所、中國(guó)科學(xué)院、中央大道81號(hào),中國(guó)廣州SMDENG屋宇設(shè)備工程系,香港理工大學(xué)九龍區(qū),香港1994年12月19日收到修改于1995年6月6日摘要摘要一份詳細(xì)的理論分析提出了兩級(jí)LIBR/H20吸收制冷系統(tǒng),它是由一個(gè)蒸發(fā)器、低壓吸收器、低壓發(fā)生器、高壓吸收器、高壓發(fā)生器、冷凝器、低壓熱交換器和高壓熱交換器組成的，并且是通過(guò)低溫?zé)嵩打?qū)動(dòng)的。由理論分析和初步實(shí)驗(yàn)比較結(jié)論表明,發(fā)展理論分析體系可以合理準(zhǔn)確地描述一個(gè)實(shí)際系統(tǒng),并且在今后有廣闊的發(fā)展前途。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字吸收；溴化鋰水溶液；雙級(jí)文獻(xiàn)著作上的吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)是由低品位的能量驅(qū)動(dòng)的,例如太陽(yáng)能,工業(yè)廢熱圖15說(shuō)明這些系統(tǒng)按照不同的工質(zhì)一般分為兩種類型吸收式制冷系統(tǒng),利用水和溴化鋰工質(zhì)對(duì),氨水工質(zhì)對(duì),水氯化鋰工質(zhì)對(duì)吸附系統(tǒng),使用氯化物和氨吸附劑,水硅膠,水合物,活性炭甲醇但是,只有吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)利用水合溴化物作為工質(zhì)對(duì)得以成功運(yùn)作并已投入商業(yè)使用中。單級(jí)溴化鋰吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)通常是由一個(gè)蒸發(fā)器,一個(gè)吸收器,一個(gè)發(fā)生器,一個(gè)冷凝器和一個(gè)熱交換器組成這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作中,水作為制冷劑,溴化鋰作為吸收劑,并且熱源要求至少要在攝氏86度以上,為了達(dá)到一個(gè)合理的制冷系數(shù)COP。然而,存在大量小于86攝氏度的低溫?zé)嵩?例如工業(yè)廢熱,太陽(yáng)能和地?zé)崛绻@些低溫?zé)嵩茨鼙焕没蛟倮?它不但可以提高能源系統(tǒng)的整體效率,而且還可以減少對(duì)環(huán)境的熱污染。雙級(jí)溴化鋰制冷系統(tǒng),以水作為制冷劑,溴化鋰作為吸附劑,然而它的運(yùn)行要求75到86攝氏度的熱源即可并且它的制冷系數(shù)COP在038以上,這樣的系統(tǒng)可以達(dá)到當(dāng)冷凝水是32攝氏度并且得到9攝氏度的冷凍水的制冷過(guò)程,尤其是低溫?zé)嵩吹某隹跍囟瓤梢越档?4攝氏度以下因此,雙效溴化鋰吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)在工業(yè)廢熱的回收,太陽(yáng)能,地?zé)崮芾梅矫嬗兄匾饬x和用途雙效溴化鋰制冷系統(tǒng)的研究是通過(guò)模擬單級(jí)溴化鋰制冷系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行的雙效溴化鋰吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)和吸收式熱泵已經(jīng)報(bào)道過(guò)一些研究其中包括馬龍,VLIET森AL、格羅斯曼森等,但到目前為止很少研究雙級(jí)溴化鋰吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)本文的理論分析闡明了雙級(jí)吸收制冷系統(tǒng)在不同的工況條件下的性能,并對(duì)理論分析和初步實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。術(shù)語(yǔ)表COP制冷系數(shù)C冷凝器H焓KJ/KGCH冷凍水M表面張力KG/SE蒸發(fā)器P壓力PAG發(fā)生器Q熱量KWH高壓Q熱導(dǎo)率KJ/KGI入口T溫度°CL低壓4TTTTWWIH?????250,,2?HAHMXTPF高壓發(fā)生器中的稀溶液通過(guò)熱源被加熱到TH4并且濃度為XHR。溫度TH4和濃度XHR處于壓力PM下的平衡狀態(tài)。60,,4?CHHRPTXF7TTTTHHIH?????48TTTTWWIC?????9CCTFP?濃溶液以高壓循環(huán)的形式通過(guò)高壓發(fā)生器回到高壓吸收器。質(zhì)量和能量守恒質(zhì)量和能量守恒蒸發(fā)器質(zhì)量守恒10013??MM能量守恒113311HMHMQE??低壓吸收器質(zhì)量守恒1212181MMM??能量守恒138181112121HMHMHMQA???低壓發(fā)生器質(zhì)量守恒14MMMM??1417能量守恒15141417171HMHMHMQMMG???質(zhì)量守恒161218MMMM??低壓熱交換器質(zhì)量守恒（171814MM?1712MM?（18能量守恒1212171718181414HMHMHMHM???（19高壓吸收器質(zhì)量守恒2028HHMMMM??

簡(jiǎn)介：1770單詞單詞,9450英文字符，英文字符，3110漢字漢字出處出處LIESZTREALLYMODIFIEDDUPONTANALYSISFIVEWAYSTOIMPROVERETURNONEQUITYC//PROCEEDINGSOFTHESBIDACONFERENCE2002外文資料外文資料REALLYMODIFIEDDUPONTANALYSISFIVEWAYSTOIMPROVERETURNONEQUITYTLIESZTHEDUPONTMODELABRIEFHISTORYTHEUSEOFFINANCIALRATIOSBYFINANCIALANALYSTS,LENDERS,ACADEMICRESEARCHERS,ANDSMALLBUSINESSOWNERSHASBEENWIDELYACKNOWLEGEDINTHELITERATURESEE,FOREXAMPLE,OSTERYOUNGCONSTAND1992,DEVINESEATON1995,ORBURSON1998THECONCEPTSOFRETURNONASSETSROAHEREAFTERANDRETURNONEQUITYROEHEREAFTERAREIMPORTANTFORUNDERSTANDINGTHEPROFITABILITYOFABUSINESSENTERPRISESPECIFICALLY,A“RETURNON”RATIOILLUSTRATESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROFITSANDTHEINVESTMENTNEEDEDTOGENERATETHOSEPROFITSHOWEVER,THESECONCEPTSAREOFTEN“TOOFARREMOVEDFROMNORMALACTIVITIES”TOBEEASILYUNDERSTOODANDUSEFULTOMANYMANAGERSORSMALLBUSINESSOWNERSSLATERANDOLSON,1996IN1918,FOURYEARSAFTERHEWASHIREDBYTHEDUPONTCORPORATIONTOWORKINITSTREASURYDEPARTMENT,ELECTRICALENGINEERFDONALDSONBROWNWASGIVENTHETASKOFUNTANGLINGTHEFINANCESOFACOMPANYOFWHICHDUPONTHADJUSTPURCHASED23PERCENTOFITSSTOCKTHISCOMPANYWASGENERALMOTORSBROWNRECOGNIZEDAMATHEMATICALRELATIONSHIPTHATEXISTEDBETWEENTWOCOMMONLYCOMPUTEDRATIOS,NAMELYNETPROFITMARGINOBVIOUSLYAPROFITABILITYMEASUREANDTOTALASSETTURNOVERANEFFICIENCYMEASURE,ANDROATHEPRODUCTOFTHENETPROFITMARGINANDTOTALASSETTURNOVEREQUALSROA,ANDTHISWASTHEORIGINALDUPONTMODEL,ASILLUSTRATEDINEQUATION1BELOWEQ1NETINCOME/SALESXSALES/TOTALASSETSNETINCOME/TOTALASSETSIEROAATTHISPOINTINTIMEMAXIMIZINGROAWASACOMMONCORPORATEGOALANDTHEREALIZATIONTHATROAWASIMPACTEDBYBOTHPROFITABILITYANDEFFICIENCYLEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFASYSTEMOFPLANNINGANDCONTROLFORALLOPERATINGDECISIONSWITHINAFIRMTHISBECAMETHEDOMINANTFORMOFFINANCIALANALYSISUNTILTHE1970SBLUMENTHAL,1998INTHE1970STHEGENERALLYACCEPTEDGOALOFFINANCIALMANAGEMENTBECAME“MAXIMIZINGTHEWEALTHOFTHEFIRM’SOWNERS”GITMAN,1998ANDFOCUSSHIFTEDFROMROATOROETHISLEDTOTHEFIRSTMAJORMODIFICATIONOFTHEORIGINALDUPONTMODELINADDITIONTOPROFITABILITYANDEFFICIENCY,THEWAYINWHICHAFIRMFINANCEDITSACTIVITIES,IEITSUSEOF“LEVERAGE”BECAMEATHIRDAREAOFATTENTIONFORFINANCIALMANAGERSTHENEWRATIOOFINTERESTWASCALLEDTHEEQUITYMULTIPLIER,WHICHISTOTALASSETS/EQUITYTHEMODIFIEDDUPONTMODELISSHOWNINEQUATIONS1AND2BELOWEQ2ROAXTOTALASSETS/EQUITYROEFOURTHRATIOSOFTHE“REALLY”MODIFIEDMODELTHESEARE3FINANCIALCOSTRATIOEARNINGSBEFORETAXESOREBT/EBIT4FINANCIALSTRUCTURERATIOINVESTEDCAPITAL/EQUITYTHEFINALDETERMINANTOFAFIRM’SROEISTHEINCIDENCEOFBUSINESSTAXATIONTHEHIGHERTHETAXRATEAPPLIEDTOAFIRM’SEBT,THELOWERITSROETHISISCAPTUREDINTHEFIFTHRATIOOFTHE“REALLY”MODIFIEDMODEL5TAXEFFECTRATIOEARNINGSAFTERTAXESOREAT/EBTTHERELATIONSHIPTHATTIESTHESEFIVERATIOSTOGETHERISTHATROEISEQUALTOTHEIRCOMBINEDPRODUCTSEEEQUATION4EXAMPLEOFAPPLYINGTHE“REALLY”MODIFIEDDUPONTMODELTOILLUSTRATEHOWTHEMODELWORKS,CONSIDERTHEINCOMESTATEMENTANDBALANCESHEETFORTHEFICTITIOUSSMALLFIRMOFHERRERACOMPANY,LLCINCOMESTATEMENTNETSALES766,990COSTOFGOODSSOLD560,000SELLING,GENERAL,ADMINISTRATIVEEXPENSES143,342DEPRECIATIONEXPENSE24,000EARNINGSBEFOREINTERESTTAXES39,648INTERESTEXPENSE12,447EARNINGSBEFORETAXES27,201TAXES8,000EARNINGSAFTERTAXESNETPROFIT19,201BALANCESHEETCASH40,000NOTESPAYABLE58,000PREPAIDEXPENSES12,000ACCOUNTSPAYABLE205,000ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE185,000ACCRUEDEXPENSES46,000INVENTORY200,000CURRENTLIABILITIES309,000CURRENTASSETS437,000LONGTERMDEBTLAND/BUILDINGS160,000MORTGAGE104,300EQUIPMENT89,0008YEARNOTE63,000LESSACCDEPRECIATION24,000OWNER’SEQUITY185,700NETFIXEDASSETS225,000TOTALLIABILITIESEQUITY662,000TOTALASSETS662,000COMPUTATIONOFROE

簡(jiǎn)介：DISTRIBUTEDARCHITECTUREFORAPPLICATIONSBASEDONTHEGSMSHORTMESSAGESERVICEGIOVANNIMARTINI,GIORGIOROSENGACSELTVIAGREISSROMOLI27410148TORINOITALYEMAILMARTINI,ROSENGA}CSELTSTETITABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSADISTRIBUTEDARCHITECTUREFORTHEDEFINITIONANDTHEDEPLOYMENTOFAPPLICATIONSBASEDONTHESHORTMESSAGESERVICEOFTHEGSMNETWORK,ANDILLUSTRATESAFIRSTPROTOTYPEREALIZATIONUSINGTHEOSF/DCE1INTRODUCTIONMOBILECOMMUNICATIONSAREQUICKLYCHANGINGTHEWAYPEOPLEWORKANDCOMMUNICATEINCREASEDISTHENEEDFORNEW,PERSONALANDUBIQUITOUSSERVICESTHEPANEUROPEANSTANDARDFORMOBILECOMMUNICATION,GSML,ISEXPECTEDTOPLAYAMAJORROLEINTHESCENEOFPERSONALCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSWHILETHEHIGHEXPECTATIONSOFTHEFINALUSERSONMOBILECOMMUNICATIONSASKFORNEWSERVICES,THEURGEFORNEWINFRASTRUCTUREARCHITECTURESISINCREASINGINAPARALLELWAYTHESENEWAPPROACHESCOMEINHELPTONETWORKOPERATORSANDTOSERVICEPROVIDERSINORDERTOEASETHEIRTASKOFDEFINITION,DEPLOYMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFNEWSERVICESBEARINGINMINDTHISFACTSASTHEREFERENCESCENE,ANDFOCUSINGONTHEGSMNETWORKINPARTICULAR,WEDEVISEDADISTRIBUTEDAPPROACHFORAPARTICULARCLASSOFSERVICES,BASEDONTHEGSMSHORTMESSAGESERVICE,ORSMS,WHICHISONTHEWAYOFHLFILLINGTHEPREVIOUSREQUIREMENTSTHISPAPERILLUSTRATESTHEUSAGEOFOSF/DCE3,4ASTHECOMMUNICATIONFRAMEWORKOFADISTRIBUTEDARCHITECTUREFORTHEDEFINITIONANDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFAPPLICATIONSBASEDONTHEGSMSHORTMESSAGESERVICETHEPAPERISORGANIZEDINTHEFOLLOWINGWAYAFTERABRIEFOVERVIEWOFTHEGSMNETWORKANDOFTHESERVICESITCANSUPPORT,WEFOCUSONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESMS,ANDONTHEPOSSIBLESETOFAPPLICATIONSWHCHAREBASEDONFURTHERMORE,WECOMPARETHETRADITIONALAPPROACHINTHEDEFINITIONANDREALIZATIONOFAPPLICATIONSWITHTHEDISTRIBUTEDSOLUTIONAMOREDETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHESOLUTIONWITHTHEDCE,ISTHENILLUSTRATED1402GSMTHENETWORKANDTHESERVICESTHEGSMNETWORKISTHEPANEUROPEANSTANDARDFORTHEMOBILECOMMUNICATIONSINTHENEXTSECTIONSITSMAINCHARACTERISTICSAREILLUSTRATED21THEGSMNETWORKTHEGSMSYSTEMHASBEENTHEFIRSTSTANDARDIZEDSYSTEMTHATUSESDIGITALTRANSMISSIONFORTHERADIOCHANNELTHISMAKESITCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEDIGITALEVOLUTIONOFTHEFIXEDNETWORKSWITHOUTDEEPENINGTOOMUCHINTODETAILS,THEMAINELEMENTSOFAGSMNETWORKAREILLUSTRATEDINFIG1THEYARETHEMOBILESTATIONMSITISTHEMOBILETERMINALUSEDBYTHEFINALUSERTOACCESSTHEGSMNETWORKANDTOMAKEUSEOFITSSERVICESTHEBASESTATIONSYSTEMBSSITISTHENETWORKELEMENTWHICHCONVERTSTHERADIOSIGNALSFROMTHEMOBILETERMINALSINTOSIGNALSFORTHEFIXEDNETWORKITPROVIDESFORTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHERADIORESOURCESOVERASINGLECELL,ANDFORTHESWITCHINGBETWEENTHERADIOCHANNELSANDTHECONNECTIONSWITHTHEMOBILESWITCHINGCENTERSTHEMOBILESWITCHINGCENTERMSCITISTHEELEMENTWHICHROUTESANDRETRANSMITSTHEDATAALLTHROUGHTHENETWORKITISCONNECTEDTOTHELOCALPUBLICSWITCHEDTELEPHONYNETWORKPSTNTOPROVIDETHECONNECTIVITYBETWEENTHEMOBILEANDTHEFIXEDTELEPHONYUSERSMPSTNFIG1GSMCELLULARINFRASTRUCTURE0818670924/95040001995IEEEONEOFTHEAPPLICATIONSWEHAVEFOCUSEDONINOURPROTOTYPING,ISTHEELECTRONICMAIL,ONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONSERVICEAVAILABLEONTHEFIXEDNETWORKTHEGSMISEMERGINGASTHEGLOBALNETWORKINTERCONNECTINGTHEUSERSOFTHEFIXEDANDOFTHEMOBILENETWORKSITISNATURALTOENVISAGETHEELECTRONICMAILASONEOFTHEFIRSTAPPLICATIONSWHICHISGOINGTOEXTENDTHESERVICESBASEDONTHESHORTMESSAGE3SOFTWAREARCHITECTUREOFTHESERVICECENTERINTHENEXTPARAGRAPHSTWODIFFERENTAPPLICATIONARCHITECTURESWILLBECOMPAREDTHETRADITIONALONE,WHICHDERIVESINANATURALWAYFROMTHEMOREGENERALVIEWOFTHEGSMFRAMEWORK,ANDONEMOREINNOVATIVE,WHICHDISTRIBUTESANDWIDENSTHERANGEOFTHEAPPLICATIONSOFTHESMSCFOLLOWINGTHECOMPARISONOFTHETWOAPPROACH,AMOREDETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEDISTRIBUTEDONEISILLUSTRATED31THETRADITIONALARCHITECTURETHETRADITIONALARCHITECTUREOFASMSC,WITHSOMEAPPLICATIONINSTALLEDINIT,ISDEPICTEDINTHEFIG2FORTHESAKEOFSIMPLICITY,ITISSUPPOSEDTHATTHEUSERNODESANDTHESERVICECENTERARECONNECTEDONLYBYTHETCP/IPPROTOCOL,WHILETHESS7PROTOCOLISUSEDTOCOMMUNICATEBETWEENTHESERVICECENTERANDTHEMOBILESWITCHINGCENTEROFCOURSEOTHERCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLSMAYBEUSEDTOCONNECTTHESERVICECENTERWITHTHEFIXEDNETWORKVSERVICECENTERMANAGEMENTPPIAPPACCOUNTING1MESSAGEKERNELUSERSS7ITCPI/MOBILE1USERIFIG2MONOLITHICARCHITECTUREOFTHESERVICECENTERTHETRADITIONALAPPLICATIONARCHITECTUREHEREILLUSTRATED,STRONGLYMONOLITHIC,ISCOMPOSEDOFTHEFOLLOWINGMAINMODULESMESSAGEKERNELITISTHECOREOFTHESMSCANDIMPLEMENTSTHESTOREANDFORWARDFUNCTIONALITIESMANAGEMENTTHEMANAGEMENTFUNCTIONALITIESFORTHECONTROLOFTHESMSCITSELFANDOFTHEINSTALLEDAPPLICATIONSEGDEPLOYINGANEWVERSIONFORAGIVENAPPLICATION,ORCHANGINGSOMERUNTIMEPARAMETERSOFTHEMESSAGEKERNELAPPLICATIONITISTHESETOFTHEAPPLICATIONS,EACHONEIDENTIFIEDBYITSOWNPROTOCOLIDENTIFIERUSERITISTHEFRONTENDPROGRAMTHATINTERACTSWITHTHEFINALUSERANDTHEAPPLICATIONONTHESMSCTHISSOLUTIONREQUIRESTHATALLTHEAPPLICATIONSAREINSTALLEDINTHESAMENODEOFTHESMSCTHISFACTIMPOSESSOMECONSTRAINTSONTHEGLOBALAPPLICATIONARCHITECTURE,WHICHMAYBESUMMARIZEDINTHEFOLLOWINGPOINTSLIMITONTHEUSAGEANDAVAILABILITYOFTHERESOURCESINTHESMSCNODEFOREACHINSTALLEDAPPLICATION,WHICHMAYLEADEVENTUALLYTOSOMECONSTRAINTSONTHEOVERALLPERFORMANCELACKOFOPENNESSOFTHECONFIGURATIONINTHISWAYTHEAPPLICATIONSARESTRONGLYINTEGRATEDWITHTHESMSCANDWITHTHEINTERFACEOFTHEMESSAGEKERNELMADEAVAILABLEBYITSMANUFACTURERTHISFACTMAKESREALLYHARDTRYINGTOINTEGRATEAP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簡(jiǎn)介：STUDYONLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONBASEDONGISENVIRONMENTLIANGYANPING,ZHANGXINGQIANGANDSUNQISCHOOLOFTRAFFICANDTRANSPORTBEIJINGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYBEIJING,CHINALIANGYP76SINACOMABSTRACTLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONISACOMPLICATEDSPATIALANALYSISANDSPATIALDECISIONMAKINGISSUE,ANDITALSOISAHOTRESEARCHTOPICINLOGISTICSSYSTEMACCORDINGTOINFLUENCEFACTORSOFLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATION,THEANALYSISPROCESSISDIVIDEDINTOQUALITATIVESELECTIONOFCANDIDATEREGIONSANDQUANTITATIVECALCULATIONBASEDONGISENVIRONMENTTHENTHEMAINDATABASETABLESAREDESIGNEDTOMEETMODELCALCULATINGNEEDSTHEANALYSISPROCESSANDSTEPSAREALSOEXPOUNDEDDETAILEDINTHEARTICLEITISPROVEDTHATGISTECHNOLOGYCANMAKEUPLACKSOFTRADITIONALMATHEMATICSMODELS,ANDITISOPERABLEANDPRACTICALBYAPPLYINGGISTOLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONKEYWORDSGISLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONINFLUENCEFACTORSSPATIALDECISIONMAKINGQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVELOCATIONIINTRODUCTIONLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERISABRIDGEBETWEENSUPPLYINGANDDEMANDINLOGISTICSNETWORK,ANDITPLAYSACRUCIALROLEINLOGISTICSSYSTEMADISTRIBUTIONCENTERISLOCATEDSUITABLYORNOTWILLDIRECTLYEFFECTONTHEEFFICIENCYANDSERVINGQUALITYOFTHEWHOLESYSTEMMANYSCHOLARSHAVEDISCUSSEDTHEMODELINGISSUEOFLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONFROMDIFFERENTPOINTSOFVIEW,ANDTHEMODELSMAINLYARETHOSE,SUCHASALGORITHMSOFMATHEMATICSPROGRAMMING,MULTIRULEDECISIONMAKING,HEURISTICALGORITHMANDSIMULATIONANDSOON1ANDMOSTOFTHOSEHAVEBEENVALIDATEDBYINSTANCESTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONSOFTHOSEMODELSUSUALLYARETOMAKETRANSPORTATIONEXPENSEANDFIXEDINVESTMENTLESSINLOCATIONSELECTION2THEDISTANCESAMONGROADNETWORKNODESAREUSUALLYPRESUMEDTOBELINEARDISTANCEWHENCALCULATING9781424420131/08/2500?2008IEEETRANSPORTATIONEXPENSEINTHEMODELSSOMETIMES,EVENIFTHELINEARDISTANCEISTRANSFERREDINTOMILEAGEOFHIGHROAD,RAILWAYOROTHERTRAFFICANDTRANSPORTATIONNETWORKBYINTRODUCINGASCALEFACTORINTHEMODELS,ALARGERERRORISALWAYSEXISTEDWHENCOMPARINGWITHTHEFACTUALDISTANCE3INFACT,DISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONISACOMPLICATEDDECISIONMAKINGPROCESS,ANDANOPTIMALLOCATIONOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONCENTERISOFTENDECIDEDSYNTHETICALLYBYMANYFACTORSTHECANDIDATEREGIONSOFDISTRIBUTIONCENTERAREALWAYSASSUMEDTOBEEXISTEDALREADYORBEDISPOSEDSIMPLYINTRADITIONALMODELS,WHICHAREALWAYSNOTAGREEDWITHFACTSINFLUENCEFACTORSOFLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONAREDISCUSSEDFIRSTLY,ANDTHENTHEFUNCTIONANDSIGNIFICANCEOFGISTECHNOLOGYAREANALYZEDINTHISARTICLEFURTHER,THELOCATIONPROCESSOFLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERISDIVIDEDINTOTWOSTEPSTHEONEISTOSELECTSOMECANDIDATEREGIONSBYQUALITATIVEANALYSISUSINGMANYSPATIALANALYSISMETHODSONGISENVIRONMENT,ANDTHEOTHERISTOEXTRACTANOPTIMALREGIONFROMTHECANDIDATEREGIONSUANTITATIVELYBYMATHEMATICSMODELTHEANALYSISPROCESSANDSTEPSAREEXPOUNDEDDETAILED,ANDTHEDATABASETABLESAREALSODESIGNEDTOMEETTHENEEDSOFQUANTITATIVEANALYSISITSPROVEDTHATGISTECHNOLOGYCANMAKEUPLACKSOFTRADITIONALMATHEMATICSMODELS,ANDITSOPERABLEANDPRACTICALBYAPPLYINGGISTOLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONIIANALYSISONINFLUENCEFACTORSOFLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONTHECOMMONLOCATIONMODELSAREALWAYSDIVIDEDINTOFOURSTAGESDATAPREPARING,INFLUENCEFACTORSANALYSIS,COMPREHENSIVEINFLUENCEESTIMATINGANDLOCATIONSELECTIONANALYSIS4,ANDANALYSIS3007INFORMATIONGISISALSOAHIGHTECHNOLOGYWHICHINTEGRATESGEOGRAPHY,GEOMETRY,COMPUTERSCIENCEANDALLKINDSOFAPPLICATIONOBJECTSTOGETHERGISTECHNOLOGYHASASTRONGERPOWERTOINTEGRATEDATAFROMDIFFERENTSOURCESTOGETHERANDANALYZINGSPATIALDATAPOWERFULLY,SOITSPLAYSASIGNIFICANTROLEINTHEFIELDOFSPATIALDECISIONMAKINGFUNCTIONSOFGISTECHNOLOGYINLOGISTICSDISTRIBUTIONCENTERLOCATIONCANBEDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWINGSDECISIONMAKINGMODELOFMULTIDISTRIBUTIONCENTERANDMULTIVARIETYGOODSASAREFERENCE,WHICHISDESCRIBEDINREFERENCE7ANDTHEMAINDATABASETABLESAREALSODESIGNEDTOMEETMODELCALCULATINGINTHEFIRSTSTAGESWHENPREPARINGANDHANDLINGDATASELECTINGCANDIDATEREGIONSQUALITATIVELYINFIRSTSTAGEOFSELECTINGCANDIDATEREGIONSQUALITATIVELY,THEANALYSISSTEPSAREDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWINGS1COLLECTINFORMATIONANDBUILDDATABASETHEMAINCONTENTSOFATTRIBUTETABLESCORRESPONDINGWITHEACHLAYERAREALSODESIGNED,ANDTHOSEAREELIDEDHEREFIG2ISASKETCHMAPOFSPATIALDATAUSEDTOANALYZINGONGISENVIRONMENTITSMADEUPOFFOURLAYERSANDTHELAYEROFCANDIDATEREGIONSISARESULTOFSTEP2INTHENEXTANALYSISLAYEROFRESOURCENETWORKDISTRIBUTIONLAYEROFCANDIDATEREGIONS\LLAYEROFCLIENTNETWORKDISTRIBUTIONLAYEROFROADNETWORKDISTRIBUTIONFIG2LAYERSOFSPATIALDATAONGISENVIRONMENTALLKINDSOFMAPS,SPATIALDATAANDINFORMATIONASSOCIATINGWITHLOCATIONCLOSELYSHOULDBECOLLECTEDANDDISPOSEDONGISPLATFORM,SUCHASTHEMAPOFURBANROADNETWORK,MAPOFURBANLANDASSESSING,MAPOFURBANLANDUSE,MAPOFURBANLANDVALUE,MAPOFRESOURCENETWORKDISTRIBUTION,MAPOFCLIENTNETWORKDISTRIBUTIONANDSOONALLTHOSESPATIALDATAANDTHEIRATTRIBUTIONINFORMATIONARESTOREDANDMANAGEDINOBJECTRELATIONSPATIALDATABASEINTEGRATIVELYBROADNETWORKSTOREDINGISHASATOPOLOGYRELATIONSHIPWHICHDESCRIBESCURRENTROADSFACTUALLY,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALNETWORKCANBEUSEDTOCALCULATETHETRUETRANSPORTATIONDISTANCEACCURATELY,ANDSUCHERRORSCAUSEDBYSUPPOSITIONOFLINEARDISTANCEINTRADITIONALMATHEMATICSMODELCANBEAVOIDEDEMOSTOFGISSOFTWAREPROVIDEWITHSECONDARYDEVELOPINGFUNCTIONTRADITIONALMATHEMATICSMODELSCANBEMODULARIZEDI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簡(jiǎn)介：AUTOMATICFIREA1ARMSYSTEMBASEDONMCUZHANGKUN,HUSHUNBINCOLLEGEOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALENGINEERINGAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITYOFHEBEIBAODING,071001,CHINAEMAILADDRESSZHANGKUN19850218163COMLIJINFANGBAODINGBAOLINGTRANSFORMERCOLTDTIANWEIGROUPBAODING,071056,CHINAEMAILADDRESSFANGZILI126COMABSTRACTTHEPAPERINTRODUCEDANAUTOMATICWAREHOUSEFIREA1ARMSYSTEMBASEDONMCUTHESYSTEMWASMAINLYMADEUPOFATMEGA16,TEMPERATURESENSORS,SMOKESENSORS,ANDEX1AUTODIALEDALARMMODULEINTHESYSTEM,TEMPERATURESIGNALSWERETRANSFORMEDTOSERIALDATA,ANDSMOKESIGNALSWERETRANSFORMEDTOVOLTAGESIGNALSALLTHEDATAWEREPROCESSEDBYMCUWHENTHESURVEILLANCESYSTEMCHECKEDFIREINWAREHOUSE,ALARMSIGNALWASTURNON,MEANWHILETHEMESSAGESWERETRANSMITTEDTOMANAGERSTHROUGHEX1APPLICATIONOFTHESYSTEMWASCONVENIENTTODEALWITHFIREINTIME,EFFICIENTLYBYWAREHOUSEMANAGERKEYWORDSFIREA1ARMSYSTEMATMEGA16TEMPERATURETRANSDUCERSMOKESENSORIINTRODUCTIONAUTOMATICFIREALARMCONTROLSYSTEMHASEXPERIENCEDAPROCESSFROMTHESIMPLETOTHECOMPLEXANDINTELLIGENCESYSTEMINCREASINGLYINCHINATHECHARACTERISTICISAUTOMATICFIREDETECTIONANDALARMTECHNOLOGYHASAGREATPROGRESSALONGWITHCOMPUTINGANDDETECTIONTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTATPRESENT,AUTOMATICFIREALARMCONTROLSYSTEMWASUSEDINBULKSTORAGEPLANT,SHOPPINGMALLS,HIGHLEVELOFFICEBUILDINGS,HOTELSANDOTHERPLACESTHEYWEREUSEDINANUMBEROFCOLLECTIONSFOCUSEDONONEAREAOFINTELLIGENTALARMCONTROLMETHODWITHHIGHERLEVELSOFBUSTYPEALARMCONTROLSYSTEM,ANDINSOMERESIDENTIALAREASANDCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSWEREINSTALLEDBYASINGLEAUTOMATICFIREALARMDETECTIONDEVICETHESEALARMDETECTIONDEVICESFAILTOREPORTSOMETIMES,ORMISINFORMATIONITSRELIABILITYISNOTHIGHBECAUSEOFUSINGSINGLESENSORTHEREFORE,ITISNEEDEDTODEVELOPASIMPLESTRUCTURE,LOWCOST,HIGHRELIABILITY,FASTRESPONDING,AUTOMATICFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMIIGENERALPROJECTOFTHESYSTEMTHEHARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMSHOWNINFIGURE1,HARDWAREBYTEMPERATURESENSORS,SMOKESENSORS,SIGNALPROCESSINGMODULE,MCUMODULESANDAUTOMATICALARMMODULENONELECTRICALQUANTITYTHATISTHROUGHTHESENSINGELEMENTSENSORSSMOKESENSORSANDTEMPERATURESENSORSWILLBEONSITETEMPERATURE,SMOKEANDOTHERNONELECTRICALSIGNALINTOANELECTRICALSIGNAL,ASWELLASSIGNALSFORSIGNALPROCESSINGTOCONVERTANALOGQUANTITYTODIGITALQUANTITYFINALLY,THESAMPLEDDATAWEREPROCESSEDANDCOMPAREDWITHTHELIMITSBYMCUSYSTEMTHISSYSTEMCANPRODUCELOCALANDREMOTEAUTOALARMSIGNALSFIGURE1SYSTEMHARDWAREDIAGRAMIIITHEHARDWARECOMPONENTSAATMEGA16THESYSTEMUSEDBYTHEUSATMEL’SMICROCONTROLLERATMEGA16MICROCONTROLLERATMEGA16ISBASEDONTHEAVRRISCARCHITECTURETOENHANCELOWPOWER8BITCMOSMICROCONTROLLERBECAUSEOFITSADVANCEDINSTRUCTIONSETANDASINGLECLOCKCYCLEINSTRUCTIONEXECUTIONTIME,ATMEGA16DATATHROUGHPUTOFUPTO1MIPS/MHZTHEREBYMITIGATETHESYSTEMINTHEPOWERANDTHECONTRADICTIONBETWEENTHEPROCESSINGRATEATMEGA16HASTHEFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICS16KBYTESINSYSTEMPROGRAMMABLEFLASHWITHTHEABILITYTOREADANDWRITEATTHESAMETIME,THATIS,RWW,512BYTESEEPROM,1KBYTESSRAM,32GENERALPURPOSEI/OPORTLINES,32GENERALPURPOSEWORKINGREGISTERS,FORTHEJTAGBOUNDARYSCANINTERFACE,SUPPORTTHEONCHIPDEBUGGINGANDPROGRAMMING,3HASAMOREFLEXIBLEMODEOFTIMER/COUNTERT/C,CHIPINTERNAL/EXTERNALINTERRUPTS,PROGRAMMABLESERIALUSART,THEREAREINITIALCONDITIONSDETECTORUNIVERSALSERIALINTERFACE,8CHANNEL10BITWITHOPTIONALDIFFERENTIALINPUTSTAGEPROGRAMMABLEGAINTQFPPACKAGEOFTHEADC,WITHONCHIPOSCILLATOROFPROGRAMMABLEWATCHDOGTIMER,ANSPISERIALPORT,ASWELLASSIXCANBESELECTEDBYSOFTWAREPOWERSAVINGMODETEMPERATURETRANSDUCERIONIZATIONSMOKEDETECTORSCMAUTOALARMMODULETELEPHONEINTERFACEPD0SIGNALPROCESSINGPD12010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONELECTRICALANDCONTROLENGINEERING9780769540313/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/ICECE20101335172010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONELECTRICALANDCONTROLENGINEERING9780769540313/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/ICECE2010133517BUZZERSOUNDEDAPIERCINGSOUNDOFANAUDIOALARMWHENTHEDEPARTMENTHASAFIREALARMSIGNALBASEDFIGURE3SMOKEDETECTIONCIRCUITDAUTODIALALARMMODULEDIALUPALARMMODULECHOICESARETHEEX1DIALUPMODULEISADTMFSIGNALRECEIVING,STORING,ANDSENDINGASINTEGRATIONCOMMUNICATIONSCIRCUITSMODULEBUILTINMICROCONTROLLERANDDIALUPMANAGEMENTPROCESSCANPROVIDEUSERSWITHAVARIETYOFSIGNALINPUTANDOUTPUTPORTS,INSECURITYALARM,SIGNALACQUISITION,AUTOMATICCONTROL,REMOTECOMMUNICATIONANDINFORMATIONTRANSMISSIONAREASSUCHASFLEXIBLEAPPLICATION5GROUPSCANHAVECELLPHONEORGROUPOFSEVENLOCALTELEPHONENUMBERSARESTORED,POWERDOWNISNOTLOSTTELEPHONELINESTATUSDETECTION,AUTOMATICFAULTSIGNALOUTPUTTELEPHONE/EXTERNALSWITCHINGTWOKINDSOFDIALUPSTATECONTROLTRIGGERTIME,NINETIMESLOOPDIALPRESETNUMBERSTOWORKINDEPENDENTLY,INDEPENDENTDIALUP,DONOTRELYONTELEPHONEANDOTHEREXTERNALDEVICESEX1WIRINGDIAGRAMSHOWNINFIGURE4,THEPD4PINTOCONNECTTHEMAINCHIPHTO,THEMODULEBEGANTODIALALARMWHENPD4OUTPUTHIGHLEVELSIGNAL,PD5CONNECTIONON/OFFPININPUTISHIGHLEVELSIGNALTOOPENTHEDIALUPSETTINGS,THEINPUTDOESNOTWORKWHENTHISPINBECOMELOW,ERRPINCONNECTEDTOPD6PINOFMCU,PD6OUTPUT1BEGUNTOTESTWHETHERTHETELEPHONELINEFAILURE,READYPINCONNECTMCUPD7PINDETECTIONANDALARMISCOMPLETED,THEALARMISENDWHENPD7PINISHIGHFIGURE4EX1WIRINGDIAGRAMIVSOFTWAREDESIGNFIGURE5THEMAINPROGRAMFLOWCHARTBECAUSEINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFFIRESANDTHESMOLDERINGPHASEWILLPRODUCEALARGENUMBEROFAEROSOLPARTICLESANDSTARTATMEGA16INITIALIZEWHETHERTHEREARESMOKESIGNALSYR01COLLECTI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簡(jiǎn)介：HEATINGSYSTEMSWITHPLCANDFREQUENCYCONTROLSALAHABDALLAH,RIYADABUMALLOUHDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDINDUSTRIALENGINEERING,APPLIEDSCIENCEUNIVERSITY,AMMAN11931,JORDANARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYAVAILABLEONLINE18JULY2008KEYWORDSHEATTREATMENTPLCCONTROLFREQUENCYCONTROLTEMPERINGABSTRACTINTHISWORK,MEDIUMCAPACITYCONTROLLEDHEATINGSYSTEMISDESIGNEDANDCONSTRUCTEDTHEPROGRAMMINGMETHODOFCONTROLOFHEATINGPROCESSISACHIEVEDBYMEANSOFINTEGRATEDPROGRAMMABLELOGICCONTROLLERPLCANDFREQUENCYINVERTERFITHEPLCMAINFUNCTIONISTODETERMINETHEREQUIREDTEMPERATURESLEVELSANDTHERELATEDTIMEINTERVALSOFTHEHEATINGHOLDTIMEINTHEFURNACEFIISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEDYNAMICCHANGEOFTEMPERATUREBETWEENVARIOUSOPERATINGPOINTSTHEDESIGNEDSYSTEMSHOWSTHECAPABILITYFORFULLCONTROLOFTEMPERATUREFROMZEROTOMAXIMUMFORANYREQUIREDRANGEOFTIMEINCASEOFINCREASINGORDECREASINGTHETEMPERATUREALLVARIABLESOFTHESYSTEMWILLBECHANGEDGRADUALLYUNTILREACHINGTHEIRNEEDEDWORKINGPOINTSANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYWASPERFORMEDTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFTEMPERINGTEMPERATUREANDTEMPERINGTIMEONHARDNESSANDFATIGUERESISTANCEOF04CARBONSTEELITWASFOUNDTHATINCREASINGTEMPERINGTEMPERATUREABOVE550?CORTEMPERINGTIMEDECREASESTHEHARDNESSOFTHEMATERIALITWASALSOFOUNDTHATTHEREISAMAXIMUMNUMBEROFCYCLESTOWHICHTHESPECIMENCANSURVIVEWHATEVERTHEAPPLIEDLOADWAS?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONHEATTREATMENTISTHECONTROLLEDHEATINGANDCOOLINGOFMETALSTOALTERTHEIRPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESWITHOUTCHANGINGTHEPRODUCTSHAPEHEATTREATMENTISOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHINCREASINGTHESTRENGTHOFMATERIAL,BUTITCANALSOBEUSEDTOALTERCERTAINMANUFACTURABILITYOBJECTIVESSUCHASIMPROVEMACHINING,IMPROVEFORMABILITY,ANDRESTOREDUCTILITYAFTERACOLDWORKINGOPERATIONTHUSITISAVERYENABLINGPROCESSTHATCANNOTONLYHELPOTHERMANUFACTURINGPROCESS,BUTCANALSOIMPROVEPRODUCTPERFORMANCEBYINCREASINGSTRENGTHOROTHERDESIRABLECHARACTERISTICS1,2ANEWSINGLESWITCHPARALLELRESONANTCONVERTERFORINDUCTIONHEATINGWASINTRODUCEDIN3THECIRCUITCONSISTSOFANINPUTLCFILTER,ABRIDGERECTIFIERANDONLYONECONTROLLEDPOWERSWITCHTHESWITCHOPERATESINASOFTCOMMUNICATIONMODEANDSERVESASAHIGHFREQUENCYGENERATORAVOLTAGEFEDRESONANTLCLINVERTERWITHPHASESHIFTCONTROLWASPRESENTEDIN4ITWASSEENTHATTHECONTROLSTRATEGYOFFEREDADVANTAGESINTHEMEGAHERTZOPERATINGREGION,WHEREACONSTANTSWITCHINGFREQUENCYISREQUIREDTHEINVERTERSTEADYSTATEOPERATIONISANALYZEDUSINGFUNDAMENTALFREQUENCYANALYSESACOSTEFFECTIVEHIGHEFFICIENCYINVERTERWITHPHASESHIFTEDPULSEMODULATIONSCHEMEWASPROPOSEDFORMEDIUMPOWER5–30KWINDUCTIONHEATINGAPPLICATIONSISDISCUSSEDIN5THEPROPOSEDINVERTERACCOMPLISHESSOFTSWITCHINGOPERATIONOVERAWIDEPOWERREGULATIONRANGETHEACTUALPOWERCONVERSIONEFFICIENCYREACHEDWAS967ACONTROLMETHODOFREDUCINGTHESIZEOFTHEDCLINKCAPACITORSOFACONVERTER–INVERTERSYSTEMWASPRESENTEDIN6THEMAINIDEAISTOUTILIZETHEINVERTEROPERATIONSTATUSINTHECURRENTCONTROLOFTHECONVERTERTHISCONTROLSTRATEGYISEFFECTIVEINREGULATINGTHEDCVOLTAGELEVELEVENTHEDCLINKCAPACITORISARBITRARILYSMALLANDTHELOADVARIESABRUPTLYIN7AMETHODWASPROPOSEDTOACCURATELYPREDICTTHEMINIMUMREQUIREDTEMPERATURERECOVERYCONSIDERINGREPEATABILITYANDACCURACYOFTHELEAKDETECTORBYINVESTIGATINGTHERELATIONBETWEENTEMPERATURERECOVERYTIMEANDTHEORETICALTHERMALTIMECONSTANTFORVARIOUSTESTVOLUMESANDAPPLIEDPRESSURESUSINGPLCSYSTEMIN8AMETHODOLOGYWASDEMONSTRATEDTODESIGNAPLCPROGRAMTHATORGANIZEDTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEPHYSICALINPUTSANDOUTPUTSOFTHEPUMPINGTOOLSINMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSIN9ANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYWASPERFORMEDTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFUSINGTWOAXESTRACKINGWITHPLCCONTROLONTHESOLARENERGYCOLLECTEDTHETWOAXESTRACKINGSURFACESHOWEDBETTERPERFORMANCEWITHANINCREASEINTHECOLLECTEDENERGYUPTO41COMPAREDTOTHEFIXEDSURFACETHEPLCMAINFUNCTIONISTOCONTROLTHEREQUIREDTEMPERATURELEVELSANDTHERELATEDTIMEINTERVALSOFTHEHEATINGHOLDTIMEINTHEFURNACE10FREQUENCYINVERTERISUSEDTOCONTROLTHEDYNAMICCHANGEOFTEMPERATUREBETWEENVARIOUSOPERATINGPOINTS11,1201968904/SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JENCONMAN200711017CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL96253740026EMAILADDRESSESSALAHABDALAH_1964YAHOOCOM,SALAHABDALAH_1964HOTMAILCOMSABDALLAH,MALLOUHMAKTOOBCOMRABUMALLOUHENERGYCONVERSIONANDMANAGEMENT4920083356–3361CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTENERGYCONVERSIONANDMANAGEMENTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENCONMANWHEREEDISTHERECTIFIEDVOLTAGEATTHEOUTPUTOFCONVERTER,RDISTHEACTIVERESISTANCEOFCOILANDIDISTHECOILCURRENT,IUISTHEINPUTCURRENTOFTHEINVERTERANDICTHECURRENTOFTHECONDENSER32MODELINGOFTHEFURNACETHERIGHTHANDSIDEOFFIG2ILLUSTRATESAFURNACECONSISTINGOFATHREEPHASEHEATERINAROOMTHETHREEPHASEHEATEREMITSHEATATARATEOFQ1ANDTHEROOMLOSESHEATATARATEOFQ2Q1?3KH?IUD5TWHEREKHISTHEHEATERCOEFFICIENTASSUMINGTHATTHEAIRINTHEROOMISATAUNIFORMTEMPERATURETANDTHATTHEREISNOHEATSTORAGEINTHEWALLSOFTHEROOM,WECANDERIVEANEQUATIONDESCRIBINGTHETIMERATEOFCHANGEINROOMTEMPERATUREQ1?Q2?CODTDTD6TWHERECOISTHETHERMALCAPACITYOFTHEAIRINTHEROOMIFTHETEMPERATUREINSIDETHEROOMISTANDTHATOUTSIDETHEROOMISTO,THENQ2?T?TOROD7TWHEREROISTHERESISTIVITYOFTHEWALLSSUBSTITUTINGFORQ2GIVESQ1?T?TORO?CODTDTHENCEROCODTDTTT?ROQ1TTOD8T4EXPERIMENTATIONANDRESULTS41TESTINGTHECONTROLSYSTEMPERFORMANCEINORDERTOTESTTHEABILITYOFTHEDESIGNEDCONTROLSYSTEMTOPERFORMTHEDESIREDTEMPERATURECONTROLPROPERLY,SUCCESSIVEHEATTREATMENTEXPERIMENTSWEREPERFORMEDANDTHEIRRESULTSAREDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWSFIG3SHOWSTHEINPUTFREQUENCYVSTIMEANDFIG4SHOWSTHETEMPERATUREVSTIMEFORTHETWOSPECIMENS1AND2WHERETHISPROCESSREPRESENTAHEATTREATMENTPROCESSCARRIEDOUTWITHRAMPINGFUNCTIONONLYIETHEFURNACEANDFREQUENCYINVERTERONLYAREUSED,THEHOLDINGTIMEINTHISCASEWASCOUNTEDOFFFROMTHEMOMENTTHEFURNACEISACTUATEDFORMROOMTEMPERATURETHATISWHYTHEGRAPHSTARTSAT20?CANDTHENTEMPERATURERISEUPUSINGTHERAMPUPFUNCTIONINTHEFREQUENCYINVERTERONARANGEOFTIMEFORPROGRAMCONTROLLERABCV1V4V2V5V3V6V7V8V9V12V11V10CLDCIRUIT1CIRUIT2Q2TTOIDIUICQ1UIUTHREEPHASEHEATERFURNACEFIG2PRINCIPLECIRCUITOFFREQUENCYCONTROLLEDTHREEPHASEHEATERPERSONALCOMPUTERPLCANALOGUNITFREQUENCYINVERTERPARAMETERUNITTHREEPHASEHEATERPROGRAMTOCONTROLTHESLOPEOFTEMPERATURETPROGRAMTOCNTROLTHETEMPERATURELEVELFIG1BLOCKDIAGRAMOFPLCANDFREQUENCYCONTROLLEDHEATINGSYSTEM3358SABDALLAH,RABUMALLOUH/ENERGYCONVERSIONANDMANAGEMENT4920083356–3361

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ALLESTWHENAPPLYINGBRAKEFORCETOALLFOURWHEELSFIG7AANDSTOPPINGTIMEISALSOTHESHORTESTACCORDINGLY,THEANALYZEDRESULTSSHOWTHATTHETECHNIQUEOFAPPLYINGBRAKEFORCETOTHEFOURWHEELSWHILEPREVENTINGGENERATIONOFTHEUNNECESSARYIMBALANCEDLATERALFORCEBETWEENTHELEFTANDRIGHTWHEELSISEFFECTIVECVEHICLETRANSIENTCAUSEDBYBRAKINGONADOWNWARDSLOPECURVEDROADFINALLY,ASTHEMOSTDANGEROUSCASE,ANALYZEDRESULTSONTHESPLIT?ROADOFTHECURVEDDOWNWARDSLOPEARESHOWNINFIG8WHENBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDTOTHEFOURWHEELSATT2AFTERTHEFRONTWHEELSENTEREDTHESPLIT?ROADWITHLOW?OF01AND03ATASPEEDOF20KM/H,THEFRONTWHEELSCOMPLETELYLOCKATT3ASARESULT,ATT4,THEVEHICLEHASSTOPPED,BUTITISROTATEDABOUT90DEGREESTOTHERIGHTDIRECTIONOFMOVEMENTITISCONFIRMEDTHATTHEBRAKINGOPERATIONSUNDERROADCONDITIONSLIKETHISRESULTINADANGEROUSSITUATIONTHEN,INTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONTHEBRAKECONTROLMETHODISSTUDIEDWHICHCANSTABLYSTOPEFFECTIVELYALSOUNDERSUCHASEVEREROADENVIRONMENTTHEVALIDITYOFTHEPROPOSEDBRAKECONTROLISVERIFIEDMAINLYTHROUGHSIMULATIONSFIG7TRANSIENTBEHAVIOROFEVSWHENBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDTOEACHWHEELATRANSIENTCHARACTERISTICSAFTERBRAKINGBVEHICLETRAJECTORYCTRANSIENTCHARACTERISTICSIMMEDIATELYAFTERENTERINGSPLIT?ROADDVEHICLEDYNAMICSFIG6VEHICLEDYNAMICSWHENTHEBRAKETORQUEISAPPLIEDTOONEOFFOURWHEELS0123456789101112131415010012345678910111213141510000100001234567891011121314158004000012345678910111213141500510012345678910111213141501530SPEEDKM/HSLIPRATIOMECHANICALBRAKENWHEELSPEEDVEHICLESPEEDTIMESYAWDEG/SLATERALFORCENT2T1T3T4FLRLFRRRFLRLFRRRFLFRRLRRATRANSIENTCHARACTERISTICSAFTERBRAKINGBVEHICLETRAJECTORYACCORDINGTOFIGAFIG8VEHICLEDYNAMICSOCCURRINGWHENBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDTOALLFOURWHEELSONTHECURVEDROADWITHTHEDOWNWARDSLOPESPLIT?SURFACE0051152253354400300200100010000511522533544002000200400BRAKESTARTTIMEST1SPLITROADT2T3T4T5FRONTREARAFOURWHEELSBRIGHTREARWHEELSCTWOREARWHEELSDLEFTFRONTWHEELANDRIGHTREARWHEELS4572

簡(jiǎn)介：字?jǐn)?shù)英文字?jǐn)?shù)英文21542154單詞，單詞，1243312433字符；中文字符；中文38493849漢字漢字出處出處KOOROSHKOOROSHG,RHEAG,RHEACFIBERCFIBERREINFORCEDREINFORCEDCONCRETECONCRETEFRCFRCFORFORHIGHHIGHRISERISECONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONCASECASESTUDIESJIOPSTUDIESJIOPCONFERENCECONFERENCESERIESSERIESMATERIALSMATERIALSSCIENCESCIENCEANDANDENGINEERING,2017,2721012034ENGINEERING,2017,2721012034外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)FIBERREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRCFORHIGHRISECONSTRUCTIONCASESTUDIESABSTRACTDUETOITSMATERIALELEMENT,FIBERREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRCCOULDBESTRONGERTHANTRADITIONALCONCRETETHISISDUETOFRCINTERNALMATERIALCOMPOUNDSANDELEMENTSFURTHERMORE,FRCCANALSOSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEFLEXURALSTRENGTHWHENCOMPAREDTOTRADITIONALCONCRETETHISIMPROVEMENTINFLEXURALSTRENGTHCANBEVARIEDDEPENDINGONTHEACTUALFIBERSUSEDALTHOUGHNOTNEW,FRCISGRADUALLYGAININGPOPULARITYINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY,INPARTICULARFORHIGHRISESTRUCTURESTHISISDUETOITSFLEXURALSTRENGTH,ESPECIALLYFORHIGHSEISMICZONES,ASITWILLPROVIDEABETTERSOLUTIONTHENREINFORCEDCONCRETETHEMAINAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOINVESTIGATETHESTRUCTURALIMPORTANCEOFFRCFORTHEHIGHRISECONSTRUCTIONALTHOUGHTHEREHASBEENNUMEROUSSTUDIESANDLITERATUREINJUSTIFYINGTHEFRCFORGENERALCONSTRUCTIONTHISPAPERWILLCONSIDERITSUSESPECIFICALLYFORHIGHRISECONSTRUCTIONMOREOVER,THISPAPERWILLCLOSELYINVESTIGATEEIGHTCASESTUDIESFROMAUSTRALIANANDUNITEDSTATESASAPARTOFTHEFRCVALIDATIONFORHIGHRISECONSTRUCTIONINDOINGSO,THISPAPERWILLEXAMINETHEIRSTRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORINGSHMTODETERMINETHEIROVERALLSTRUCTURALPERFORMANCE1INTRODUCTIONFRCISANEXAMPLEOFSUCHINNOVATIVEMATERIALENGINEERINGALTHOUGHTHISMATERIALHASBEENUSEDINGENERALCONSTRUCTIONFORSOMETIME,ITSUSEFORHIGHRISECONSTRUCTIONISGRADUALLYINCREASINGINTHEPAST,THEREASONFORTHERELUCTANTUSEOFFRCFORHIGHRISECONSTRUCTIONWASDUETOINDUSTRYSLACKOFTRUSTWITHITSFUNCTIONALITYASPERNORM,MATERIALFUNCTIONALITYISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORTOCONSIDERWHENASELECTIONISBEINGCARRIEDOUTONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTFACETSOFMATERIALFUNCTIONALITYISITSABILITYTOFITTHEPURPOSEWHICHITISREQUIREDTODOASPERTRADITIONALREINFORCEDCONCRETERC,SUCHMATERIALSAREUTILIZEDASLOADBEARINGCOMPONENTSOFTHESTRUCTURESWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEFRC,ITISBELIEVEDTHATTHISMATERIALCANNOTMATCHTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFTHERCHOWEVER,MANYSTUDIESHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDTOSUPPORTTHEOPPOSITETOTHISVIEWFURTHERMORE,WHERELOWLOADBEARINGMATERIALSAREREQUIRED,FRCCANEASILYBEEMPLOYEDTHEINTRIGUINGASPECTOFFRCISTHEACTUALTYPEOFFIBERWHICHISBEINGUSEDASTHEREAREMANYFIBERSTOSELECTFROM,SUCHASPOLYMER,STEEL,GLASSANDEVENNATURALFIBERSVEGETABLEORIGINFIGURES2AAND2BBELOWILLUSTRATESTEELANDGLASSFIBERSFIGURE2ASTEELFIBERFIGURE2BGLASSFIBERMOREOVER,ANOTHERIMPORTANTASPECTOFFRCISITSCOMPOSITIONPROGRESSION,INCLUDINGTHEINTERFACEANDBONDINGPROCESSES,BOTHOFWHICHAREDISCUSSEDFURTHERINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTION

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目BUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONCONCRETECRACKOFPREVENTIONANDPROCESSING文獻(xiàn)、資料來(lái)源期刊文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期20091112院（部）土木工程學(xué)院專業(yè)土木工程2ACCEPTABLEINCERTAINLYOFTHESCOPEJUSTNEEDTOADOPTVALIDOFMEASUREWILLITENDANGERDEGREECONTROLATCERTAINOFSCOPEINSIDETHEREINFORCEDCONCRETENORMISALSOEXPLICITPROVISIONSOMESTRUCTUREATPLACEOFDISSIMILARITYUNDERTHECONDITIONALLOWEXISTENCECERTAINTHECRACKOFWIDTHBUTATUNDERCONSTRUCTIONSHOULDASFARASPOSSIBLEADOPTAVALIDMEASURECONTROLCRACKCREATION,MAKETHESTRUCTUREDONTAPPEARCRACKPOSSIBLYORASFARASPOSSIBLEDECREASECRACKOFAMOUNTANDWIDTH,PARTICULARLYWANTTOASFARASPOSSIBLEAVOIDHARMFULCRACKOFEMERGENCE,INSUREENGINEERINGQUALITYTHUSCONCRETECRACKCREATIONOFTHEREASONBEALOTOFANDHAVEALREADYTRANSFORMEDTOCAUSEOFCRACKSUCHASTEMPERATUREVARIETY,CONSTRINGENCY,INFLATION,THEASYMMETRYSINKTOSINKETCREASONCAUSEOFCRACKHAVEOUTSIDECARRYTHECRACKTHATTHEFUNCTIONCAUSEPROTECTEDENVIRONMENTNOTAPPROPRIATETHECRACKETCCAUSEDWITHCHEMICALEFFECTWANTDIFFERENTIATIONTOTREATINTHEACTUALENGINEERING,WORK°OUTAPROBLEMACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALCIRCUMSTANCEINTHECONCRETEENGINEERINGTHEFAMILIARCRACKANDTHEPREVENTION1STEMSUOCRACKANDPREVENTIONSTEMTHESUOCRACKMUCHAPPEARAFTERTHECONCRETEPROTECTBEOVEROFAPERIODOFTIMEORCONCRETESPRINKLETOBUILDTOCOMPLETEBEHINDOFAROUNDAWEEKINTHECEMENTSYRUPHUMIDITYOFEVAPORATEWOULDCREATIONSTEMSUO,ANDTHISKINDOFCONSTRINGENCYISCANTNEGATIVESTEMSUOCRACKOFTHECREATIONBEMAINISBECAUSEOFCONCRETEINSIDEOUTSIDEHUMIDITYEVAPORATEDEGREEDISSIMILARITYBUTCAUSETOTRANSFORMDISSIMILARITYOFRESULTTHECONCRETEISSUBJECTEDTOEXTERIORCONDITIONOFINFLUENCE,SURFACEHUMIDITYLOSSLEADQUICK,TRANSFORMBIGGER,INNERPARTDEGREEOFHUMIDITYVARIETYSMALLERTRANSFORMSMALLER,BIGGERSURFACESTEMTHESUOTRANSFORMTOBESUBJECTEDTOCONCRETEINNERPARTCONTROL,CREATIONMOREBIGPULLSHOULDDINTBUTCREATIONCRACKTHERELATIVEHUMIDITYISMORELOW,CEMENTSYRUPBODYSTEMSUOMOREBIG,STEMTHESUOCRACKBEMOREEASYCREATIONSTEMTHESUOCRACKISMUCHSURFACEPARALLELLINESFORMORTHENETSHALLOWTHINCRACK,WIDTHMANYBETWEEN00502MM,THEFLATSURFACEPARTMUCHSEEINTHEBIGPHYSICALVOLUMECONCRETEANDFOLLOWITMOREINTHINNERBEAMPLANKSHORTTODISTRIBUTESTEMSUOCRACKUSUALLYTHEANTISHENOFINFLUENCECONCRETE,CAUSETHEDURABLEOFTHERUSTECLIPSEINFLUENCECONCRETEOFREINFORCINGBAR,UNDERTHEFUNCTIONOFTHEWATERPRESSUREDINTWOULDCREATIONTHEWATERPOWERSPLITCRACKINFLUENCECONCRETEOFLOADINGDINTETCCONCRETESTEMTHESUOBEMAINWITHWATERASHOFTHECONCRETERATIO,THEDOSAGEOFTHECOMPOSITION,CEMENTOFCEMENT,GATHERTOANTICIPATEOFTHE

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯譯文本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯譯文學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名院（系）（系）專業(yè)班級(jí)專業(yè)班級(jí)指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師完成日期完成日期配。該元素是非線性的，因此，需求一個(gè)迭代求解。在數(shù)控例程中，一個(gè)破裂的形成是通過(guò)在必要的主應(yīng)力方向上有缺陷的一個(gè)平面的該要素的應(yīng)力應(yīng)變關(guān)系的改變形成的。在一個(gè)破裂區(qū)，穿過(guò)一個(gè)斷裂剪轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)果在充分剪轉(zhuǎn)讓和不剪轉(zhuǎn)移之間可以是多種多樣的。破碎算法儼如一個(gè)可塑性法，即一旦有一節(jié)已粉碎，朝著這個(gè)方向發(fā)展的任何進(jìn)一步的應(yīng)用負(fù)載就會(huì)在不斷的壓力下增加作用力。繼一個(gè)初始裂紋形成之后，觸及破裂表面的重壓可能造成第二個(gè)或第三個(gè)裂紋等在一個(gè)結(jié)合點(diǎn)上發(fā)展延伸。內(nèi)部鋼筋可作為一種通過(guò)在一個(gè)指定的方向的分布式的一個(gè)要素或者用離散桿或梁?jiǎn)卧惶孢B接到固體分子上的額外抹黑剛度來(lái)模擬。梁分子將允許內(nèi)部加固以發(fā)展剪應(yīng)力，但由于這些因素，在ANSYS中，是線性的，沒(méi)有塑性變形的鋼筋也是可能的。該抹黑剛度和紐帶模型選擇允許加固的彈塑性反應(yīng)被包括在不惜犧牲剪切剛度的鋼筋仿造物中。2測(cè)試用例梁測(cè)試用例梁一般的鋼筋和后張法預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土梁的最終負(fù)載測(cè)試的結(jié)果被用來(lái)評(píng)估鋼筋混凝土模型在預(yù)測(cè)鋼筋混凝土梁的最終的反應(yīng)中實(shí)施ANSYS是否適合。30米長(zhǎng)通常鋼筋混凝土梁穿過(guò)30米長(zhǎng)梁的一個(gè)橫斷面，圖1，說(shuō)明了內(nèi)部加固。三根直徑12毫米鋼筋連同兩根作為壓縮鋼的12毫米的鋼筋被列入張力區(qū)。10個(gè)剪切環(huán)節(jié)產(chǎn)生6毫米輕度鋼筋，分別提供給剪切跨度中的125毫米剪切加固中心。對(duì)兩道梁進(jìn)行測(cè)試，其中每道梁都能支持一個(gè)清晰的28米的跨度和對(duì)稱又單調(diào)的負(fù)載，根據(jù)位移控制，在彎曲的四點(diǎn)以及跨中位置03米點(diǎn)荷載的兩側(cè)，是要失敗的。根據(jù)英國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，橫梁中心部位的柱面分裂3和壓碎試驗(yàn)4被擔(dān)保能查明混凝土單向軸向拉伸和壓縮力。（分別為FT51N/MM2和FC690N/MM2，，以及混凝土的楊氏模量，5，（39200N/MM2），列入該數(shù)值模型。對(duì)鋼筋和剪連接樣品的拉伸試驗(yàn)也如此被承諾，他們的非線性塑膠反應(yīng)，可準(zhǔn)確地在數(shù)值模型中模擬。90米只要三分之一規(guī)模預(yù)應(yīng)力梁630米長(zhǎng)的預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土梁的三分之一比例模型的一個(gè)橫斷面和立視圖的測(cè)試是在斯洛文尼亞的國(guó)家建筑及土木工程研究所，斯洛文尼亞盧布爾雅那示于圖2。T型梁的梁緣是11米寬008米深，而網(wǎng)路是一根梁緣為029米寬和06米總深的I型鋼。除了普通的鋼筋，三根壓漿06“（152毫米）蹄筋，每根由7508毫米直徑電線組成，被用于承載每束梁的后張力。對(duì)鋼筋及肌腱的拉伸試驗(yàn)和具體確定相關(guān)的材料性能的線性與非線性的強(qiáng)度和剛度試驗(yàn)，，都是為了完成數(shù)值模型。