簡(jiǎn)介：MONETARYPOLICYINDEPENDENCE,THECURRENCYREGIME,ANDTHECAPITALACCOUNTINCHINAAUTHORESWARSPRASADNATIONALITYAMERICASOURSEANDTYPEPAPERPRESENTEDATTHECONFERENCEONCHINASEXCHANGERATEPOLICYPETERSONINSTITUTEFORINTERNATIONALECONOMICSHTTP//UNJOBSORGJOURNALTIMEOCTOBER19,2007，P713CHINA’SCURRENCYPOLICYHASOFCOURSERECEIVEDTHEMOSTATTENTIONOFLATEWHETHERTHEMAINTENANCEOFAFIXEDEXCHANGERATEISPARTOFADELIBERATEMERCANTILISTSTRATEGYTOPROMOTEEXPORTLEDGROWTHHASBEENTHESUBJECTOFINTENSEDEBATEONTHEONEHAND,CHINAHASHADARELATIVELYSTABLEEXCHANGERATERELATIVETOTHEUSDOLLARSINCE1995THISPOLICYWASSUSTAINEDEVENTHROUGHTHEASIANCRISISWHENTHETEMPTATIONSFORDEVALUINGTHECURRENCYWEREGREATONTHEOTHERHAND,DURINGTHISDECADETHEEXCHANGERATEHASBEENKEPTFROMAPPRECIATINGONLYBYMASSIVEINTERVENTIONINTHEEXCHANGEMARKETINTANDEMWITHSUSTAINEDHIGHEXPORTGROWTHANDABURGEONINGCURRENTACCOUNTSURPLUSTHATNEARLYHIT10PERCENTOFGDPIN2006,THISHASBEENSEENASPRIMAFACIEEVIDENCEOFAGROSSLYUNDERVALUEDCURRENCYASDISCUSSEDINMOREDETAILBELOW,ONEOFTHEPRINCIPALCONCERNSISTHATTHELACKOFEXCHANGERATEFLEXIBILITYNOTONLYREDUCESMONETARYPOLICYINDEPENDENCE,ITALSOHAMPERSBANKINGSECTORREFORMSTHEINABILITYOFTHEPBCTOUSEINTERESTRATESASAPRIMARYTOOLOFMONETARYPOLICYIMPLIESTHATCREDITGROWTHHASTOBECONTROLLEDBYBLUNTERANDNONMARKETORIENTEDTOOLS,INCLUDINGTARGETS/CEILINGSFORCREDITGROWTHASWELLAS“NONPRUDENTIALADMINISTRATIVEMEASURES”CHINA’SAPPROACHTOEXCHANGERATEPOLIYANDCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONMAYBEINDICATIVEOFADESIRETOMAINTAINSTABILITYONTHEDOMESTICANDEXTERNALFRONTSWHILEOPENINGUPTOTRADEANDFINANCIALMAKINGTHERIGHTCONNECTIONSANINDEPENDENTINTERESTRATEPOLICYISAKEYTOOLFORIMPROVINGDOMESTICMACROECONOMICMANAGEMENTANDPROMOTINGSTABLEGROWTHANDLOWINFLATIONASTHECHINESEECONOMYBECOMESMORECOMPLEXANDMARKETORIENTED,ITWILLBECOMEHARDERTOMANAGETHROUGHCOMMANDANDCONTROLMETHODSASINTHEPASTAND,ASITBECOMESMOREEXPOSEDTOGLOBALINFLUENCESTHROUGHITSRISINGTRADEANDFINANCIALLINKAGESTOTHEWORLDECONOMY,ITWILLALSOBECOMEMOREEXPOSEDTOEXTERNALSHOCKSMONETARYPOLICYISTYPICALLYTHEFIRSTLINEOFDEFENSEAGAINSTMACROECONOMICSHOCKS,BOTHINTERNALANDEXTERNALHENCE,HAVINGANINDEPENDENTMONETARYPOLICYISIMPORTANTFOROVERALLMACROECONOMICSTABILITYMONETARYPOLICYINDEPENDENCEIS,HOWEVER,AMIRAGEIFTHECENTRALBANKISMANDATEDTOATTAINANEXCHANGERATEOBJECTIVECAPITALCONTROLS,WHICHPREVENTMONEYFROMMOVINGINANOUTOFANECONOMYEASILY,DO

簡(jiǎn)介：CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICSCHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICS212008247251WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/CJAHEADPURSUITVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWFORTHREEDIMENSIONALSPACEINTERCEPTIONGELIANZHENG,SHENYI,GAOYUNFENG,ZHAOLIJUNDEPARTMENTOFCONTROLSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,HARBIN150001,CHINARECEIVED21SEPTEMBER2007ACCEPTED25DECEMBER2007ABSTRACTTHISARTICLEAIMSTODEVELOPAHEADPURSUITHPGUIDANCELAWFORTHREEDIMENSIONALHYPERVELOCITYINTERCEPTION,SOTHATTHEEFFECTOFTHEPERTURBATIONINDUCEDBYSEEKERDETECTIONCANBEREDUCEDONTHEBASISOFANOVELHPTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODEL,ANONLINEARVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWISPRESENTEDBYUSINGLYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYTHEGUIDANCELAWPOSITIONSTHEINTERCEPTORAHEADOFTHETARGETONITSFLIGHTTRAJECTORY,ANDTHESPEEDOFTHEINTERCEPTORISREQUIREDTOBELOWERTHANTHATOFTHETARGETANUMERICALEXAMPLEOFMANEUVERINGBALLISTICTARGETINTERCEPTIONVERIFIESTHERIGHTNESSOFTHEGUIDANCEMODELANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPROPOSEDMETHODKEYWORDSHEADPURSUITTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODELNONLINEARVARIABLESTRUCTURELYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYGUIDANCELAW1INTRODUCTION1INTACTICALBALLISTICMISSILEINTERCEPTION,MANYINTERCEPTORSEMPLOYANINFRAREDSEEKERTODETECTTHETARGETHOWEVER,THEDETECTIONPRECISIONISOFTENDEGRADEDBYAERODYNAMICHEATING1TOSOLVETHEAERODYNAMICABLATIONPROBLEM,AHEADPURSUITHPGUIDANCELAW,WHICHPOSITIONSTHEINTERCEPTORMISSILEAHEADOFTHETARGETONITSFLIGHTTRAJECTORYTODESTROYTHETARGET,HASBEENDEVELOPEDRECENTLY2USINGTHISGUIDANCELAW,THEINTERCEPTORCANFLYINTHESAMEDIRECTIONWITHTHETARGETATALOWERSPEEDTHANTHATOFTHETARGETCOMPAREDTOAHEADONENGAGEMENT,THELOWCLOSINGSPEEDISACHIEVEDWITHREDUCEDENERGYREQUIREMENTSTHEHPGUIDANCEMETHODISFURTHERIMPROVEDINREFS34,WHERETHERELATIVEMOTIONMODELISSEPARATEDINTOTWOPERPENDICULARCHANNELSANDTHEGUIDANCEPROBLEMCANBETREATEDASAPLANARPROBLEMINEACHOFTHOSECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8645186418285EMAILADDRESSGELZHITEDUCNCHANNELSBASEDUPONTHEPLANARMODEL,AHPVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWISTHENDEVELOPEDHOWEVER,ASTHEACTUALMISSILEINTERCEPTIONOCCURSINTHREEDIMENSIONALSPACE,ATHREEDIMENSIONALHPGUIDANCEMETHODISMOREUSEFULINPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSVARIOUSCLASSICGUIDANCEMETHODSHAVEBEENEXAMINEDFORIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEINTERCEPTIONSINCETHEORIGINATIONOFTHETHREEDIMENSIONALPUREPROPORTIONALNAVIGATIONGUIDANCELAWPROPOSEDBYADLER5REFS611HAVEDEVELOPEDTHETHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODELANDGIVENAGUIDANCELAWBASEDONLYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYTHESEGUIDANCELAWSAREONLYSUITABLEFORHEADONINTERCEPTION,THEIRINTERCEPTIONSTYLESANDKINEMATICSMODELSAREDIFFERENTFROMTHEHPGUIDANCEMETHODASANINTUITIVEANDROBUSTCONTROLTECHNIQUE,THESLIDINGMODEVARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROL1215HASBEENUTILIZEDINVARIOUSGUIDANCEAPPLICATIONSTOADDRESSHIGHLYNONLINEARSYSTEMSGELIANZHENGETAL/CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICS212008247251249MT00LIM0,LIM0RRΘΘ→→8MT00LIM0,LIM0RRΦΦ→→9THEOBJECTIVEOFTHEHPGUIDANCELAWISTOBRINGTHEINTERCEPTORTOTHEPOINT,WHICHISCONFINEDBYEQS89HENCE,THEINTERCEPTOR’SLEADANGLESMΘANDMΦA(chǔ)REREQUIREDTOBEPROPORTIONALTOTHETARGET’SLEADANGLESRELATIVETOLOSM1TM2T,NNΦΦΘΘ10WHEREN1ANDN2ARETHEGUIDANCECONSTANTSTHUS,THERELATIONSMENTIONEDEARLIERCANGUARANTEETHATΘMVANISHESWITHΘT,ANDΦMVANISHESWITHΦTITISTHENNECESSARYTOFINDOUTTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEANGULARCONDITIONDEFINEDBYEQ10ANDTHEINTERCEPTORACCELERATION3HPVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAW31VARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROLLAWCONSIDERINGTHENONLINEARMULTIPLEINPUTMULTIPLEOUTPUTMIMOUNCERTAINSYSTEM12,,,TTTTTXFXGXUGXW?11WHEREN∈RXISTHESTATEVARIABLE,PT∈RUTHECONTROLVARIABLE,AND,TFXTHEUNCERTAINNONLINEARITEM1,TGXAND2,TGXAREVECTORFUNCTIONS,WHICHHAVESUITABLEDIMENSIONST∈WSRISTHEACCELERATIONDISTURBANCEOFTHETARGETANDLIMITEDBY0TB?00VV?ITISEASILYCHECKEDTHAT?00VXHENCE,THESYSTEMISASYMPTOTICALLYSTABLE,ANDTHECONDITIONSOFTHESLIDINGMODEVARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROLTHEORYARESATISFIED,THUSLEMMA1HOLDS32THEDESIGNOFNONLINEARGUIDANCELAWITFOLLOWSTHATTOREALIZETHECONTROLLAWONEONLYNEEDSTOKNOWTHESCOPEOFACCELERATIONOFTHETARGET,ANDITCANBEAPPLIEDINTHECOURSEOFINTERCEPTINGTHEUNKNOWNACCELERATIONTARGETUSUALLYNOCONTROLISTAKENINTHELOSDIRECTION,ASLONGASOTHERPARAMETERSAREKEPTSLIDINGONTHESLIDINGSURFACEWHENTHETARGETCATCHESTHEINTERCEPTOR,THEGUIDANCECONTROLISCOMPLETEDTHEOTHERCOUPLINGPARAMETERSCANBETREATEDASDISTURBANCES,SOONECANDESIGNTHEGUIDANCELAWBYUSINGTHEDESIGNMETHOD16OFSINGLECHANNELTHEAUTHORSHAVEDESIGNTHENONLINEARVARIABLECONTROLGUIDANCELAWBYUSINGTHEYAWCHANNELASANEXAMPLETHEAIMISTOBRINGTHESYSTEMINTOTHESLIDINGSURFACEANDKEEPTHEDYNAMICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESYSTEMACCORDINGTOEQS11,1314,THEVARIABLESAREDEFINEDASUTMZAISTHECONTROLVARIABLETTZWAISTHEACCELERATIONOFTHETARGET,WHICHISASYSTEMDISTURBANCE,12XXX

簡(jiǎn)介：中文4480字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）文）外文翻譯外文翻譯題目姓名專業(yè)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師二○一三年五月二○一三年五月POLICYMAKERSABOUTTHEHIGHRISKOFOPENINGUPTHECAPITALACCOUNTWITHOUTASOUNDFINANCIALSYSTEMINPLACEACAUTIOUSAPPROACHTOCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONHASGAINEDEVENGREATERCREDIBILITYINTHEAFTERMATHOFTHEASIANFINANCIALTURMOIL,THECHINESEAUTHORITIESINTENSIFIEDTHEIREFFORTSTOREFORMANDSTRENGTHENTHEFINANCIALSECTORINNOVEMBER2001,CHINACONCLUDEDITSACCESSIONTOTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTOASTHERESULTOFTHENEGOTIATIONS,CHINAHASAGREEDTOOPENDOMESTICFINANCIALMARKETSSUBSTANTIALLYTOFOREIGNINVESTMENTWHILEDETAILEDANALYSISISSTILLNEEDEDTOASSESSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHOSECOMMITMENTSFORTHECURRENTCAPITALCONTROLREGIME,PRESSUREFORCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONWILLCERTAINLYINCREASECHINAHASMOVEDTOTHELASTFRONTIEROFITSFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMPREVIOUSREFORMSHAVEGENERALLYFOCUSEDONGRADUALLIBERALIZATIONOFTHECURRENTACCOUNTANDINWARDDIRECTINVESTMENT,AIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGTHEREALSECTORANDEXPORTCAPACITYOFTHEECONOMY,WHEREASTHENEXTPHASEOFCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONTENDSTOBECLOSELYRELATEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDOMESTICFINANCIALSECTORCHINAISFACEDWITHAFORMIDABLETASKOFSHAPINGITSFINANCIALSECTORINAWAYTHATWOULDSUSTAINCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTWOFOLDFIRST,ITWILLDESCRIBETHEPROCESSOFCHINA’SFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMSASTHEYUNFOLDEDSINCE1979SECOND,THEPAPERWILLEXAMINEMAJORPOLICYCHANGESANDASSESSTHEIRIMPACTONTHEECONOMYTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2BRIEFLYDESCRIBESTHEPREREFORMFOREIGNTRADEANDEXCHANGEREGIMESTOSERVEASASTARTINGPOINTFORTHEPAPERSECTION3DISCUSSESTHE1979EXTERNALREFORMANDTHEADOPTIONOFTHEINTERNALSETTLEMENTRATEISRFROM1981TO1984SECTION4FOCUSESONTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEFOREIGNEXCHANGESWAPMARKETAFTERTHEMID1980SUNTIL1993SECTION5DESCRIBESTHEMARKETORIENTEDEXCHANGEREFORMIN1994ANDADDITIONALMEASURESTAKENTOACHIEVERMBCURRENTACCOUNTCONVERTIBILITYINLATE1996SECTION6DESCRIBESTHEPOLICYCHANGESBEFOREANDAFTERTHEASIANFINANCIALCRISISANDPOINTSOUTTHECONSTRAINTSOFTHEFINANCIALSECTORFORCHINA’SCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONANDSECTION7PROVIDESASUMMARYANDSOMECONCLUDINGREMARKS

簡(jiǎn)介：RAMAMURTHYVDWIVEDULAPRINCIPALIDEALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,KAKINADA533003,INDIAEMAILRAM_DULAYAHOOCOMPRABHAKARRPAGILLA1PROFESSORSCHOOLOFMECHANICALANDAEROSPACEENGINEERING,OKLAHOMASTATEUNIVERSITY,STILLWATER,OK74078016EMAILPAGILLAOKSTATEEDUEFFECTOFCOMPLIANCEANDBACKLASHONTHEOUTPUTSPEEDOFAMECHANICALTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMADYNAMICMODELTODESCRIBETHEEFFECTOFCOMPLIANCEINATRANSMISSIONSYSTEMISPRESENTEDANALYSISOFTHISMODELSHOWSTHATITISDESIRABLETOUSEFEEDBACKFROMDRIVERSIDEOFTHETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMTHISMODELISEXTENDEDTOINCLUDETHEEFFECTSOFBOTHCOMPLIANCEANDBACKLASHINAMECHANICALTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMTHEPROPOSEDMODELCONSIDERSCOMPLIANCEWHICHMAYBEEITHERDUETOTHEELASTICITYOFTHESHAFTSORBELTINABELTPULLEYTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMANDBACKLASHAPPEARINGINSERIESINADRIVESYSTEMINCONTRASTTOTHECLASSICALBACKLASHMODELWHICHCONSIDERSBOTHINPUTANDOUTPUTTOTHEBACKLASHASDISPLACEMENTS,THEPROPOSEDMODELCONSIDERSTORQUEFORCEASINPUTTOTHEBACKLASHANDANGULARVELOCITYVELOCITYOFTHEDRIVENMEMBERASTHEOUTPUTOFTHEBACKLASHTHUS,THEPROPOSEDMODELDOESNOTASSUMETHATTHELOADISSTATIONARYWHENCONTACTISLOSTDUETOBACKLASHWIDTH,IE,MOMENTUMOFTHELOADISTAKENINTOACCOUNTUSINGTHEPROPOSEDMODEL,ABOUNDONTHESPEEDERRORDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFBACKLASHISDERIVEDEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDONARECTILINEARMASSSPRINGSYSTEMPLATFORM,WHICHHASAPROVISIONTOCHANGETHEBACKLASHWIDTHBYAKNOWNVALUEEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDWITHDIFFERENTBACKLASHWIDTHSANDAVELOCITYERRORBOUNDWASCOMPUTEDTHEERRORBOUNDOBTAINEDFROMTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAGREESWITHTHETHEORETICALLYCOMPUTEDBOUNDDOI101115/140054931INTRODUCTIONBACKLASHISONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONLYENCOUNTEREDNONLINEARITIESINDRIVESYSTEMSEMPLOYINGGEARSORBALLSCREWSANDINDICATESTHEPLAYBETWEENADJACENTMOVEABLEPARTSSINCETHEACTIONOFTWOMATINGGEARSCANBEREPRESENTEDBYTHEACTIONOFONEPAIROFTEETH,BACKLASHISCOMMONLYREPRESENTEDBYTHESCHEMATICSHOWNINFIG1WHENUSEDINTHECONTEXTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,BACKLASHDENOTESTWOSALIENTFEATURESASSHOWNINFIG2IAMECHANICALHYSTERESISDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFACLEARANCED,ANDIIIMPACTPHENOMENABETWEENTHESURFACESOFTHEMASSESMMANDMLINFIG1,MMANDMLARETHEMASSESINERTIASOFTHEDRIVINGANDDRIVENMEMBERS,XMANDXLARETHELINEARANGULARDISPLACEMENTSOFTHEDRIVINGANDDRIVENMEMBERS,RESPECTIVELY,FROMAFIXEDREFERENCEPOSITION,ANDFMANDFLARETHEDRIVINGANDLOADFORCESTORQUESITISACOMMONPRACTICETOLUMPALLTHEMASSINERTIAONTHEDRIVINGSIDEINTOONEQUANTITY,MM,ANDREFERTOITASTHE“MOTOR”ANDLUMPALLTHEMASSINERTIAONTHEDRIVENSIDE,ANDREFERTOITASTHE“LOAD”THECLASSICALBACKLASHMODELCONSIDERSTHESCHEMATICSHOWNINFIG1WITHINPUTTOTHEBACKLASHASTHEDISPLACEMENTXMANDTHEOUTPUTOFTHEBACKLASHASTHEDISPLACEMENTXLTHEINPUT–OUTPUTCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEBACKLASHAREREPRESENTEDBYFIG2THESLOPESOFLINESGBCANDFEDAREEQUALTOTHESPEEDRATIOOFTHEGEARINGINTHECASEOFROTARYSYSTEMSTHECLOSEDCURVEBCDEFGBINFIG2REPRESENTSMECHANICALHYSTERESISDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFCLEARANCEDATPOINTSB,D,ANDGINFIG2,THETWOMASSESIMPACTANDNEARTHESEPOINTS,THEINPUT–OUTPUTPLOTMAYNOTBESTRAIGHTBUTMAY“OSCILLATE”WITHASMALLAMPLITUDEHOWEVER,IMPACTMAYBECONSIDEREDTOBESUFFICIENTLYPLASTICSOTHATPOINTSONTHESELINESLIEALONGACURVEBOUNDEDBYTHEDOTTEDCIRCLESSHOWN,BEFORETHEYRESUMETOLIEONTHESTRAIGHTLINESTHECLASSICALBACKLASHMODELRESORTSTOTHISSIMPLIFICATIONMAINLYBECAUSEINLARGEINDUSTRIALMACHINES,WHICHOPERATEATSTEADYSTATEANDDONOTREVERSEDIRECTION,IMPACTDOESNOTARISEEXCEPTDURINGSTARTING/STOPPINGCONDITIONSALSO,INSMALLERMACHINES,THEGEARANDIMPACTENERGYAREVERYSMALLTHUS,APLASTICIMPACTISCONSIDEREDTOBEAREASONABLEASSUMPTIONSINCELARGEINDUSTRIALMACHINESDONOTREVERSEDIRECTIONMANYTIMESDURINGTHEIROPERATION,THELINESCDEANDFGBINFIG2AREIGNOREDANDTHISPROMPTEDMANYRESEARCHERSTOERRONEOUSLYCONSIDERTHEINPUT–OUTPUTGRAPHOFBACKLASHTOBEREPRESENTEDBYTHECURVEFEABC,WHICHISTHEINPUT–OUTPUTGRAPHFORDEADZONENONLINEARITYALSO,ITMAYBEOBSERVEDTHATTHEBACKLASHCHARACTERISTICSSHOWNINFIG2CONSIDERTHEINPUTTOTHEBACKLASHTOBETHEDISPLACEMENTOFTHEFIG1SCHEMATICOFBACKLASH1CORRESPONDINGAUTHORCONTRIBUTEDBYTHEDYNAMICSYSTEMSDIVISIONOFASMEFORPUBLICATIONINTHEJOURNALOFDYNAMICSYSTEMS,MEASUREMENT,ANDCONTROLMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDJANUARY11,2008FINALMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDOCTOBER14,2011PUBLISHEDONLINEAPRIL3,2012ASSOCEDITORYANGQUANCHENJOURNALOFDYNAMICSYSTEMS,MEASUREMENT,ANDCONTROLMAY2012,VOL134/0310101COPYRIGHTVC2012BYASMEDOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//ASMEDIGITALCOLLECTIONASMEORG/ON02/23/2014TERMSOFUSEHTTP//ASMEORG/TERMSTIGHTTENSIONCONTROLMANDATESEVENTIGHTERVELOCITYCONTROL,EVENINTHEFACEOFBACKLASHEXTENSIVELITERATURESURVEYONMODELINGANDCONTROLOFINDUSTRIALSPEEDCONTROLLEDDRIVESINDICATESTHATTHEREISANEEDFORASIMPLEANDEFFECTIVEMODELOFBACKLASHBESIDES,ITISOFPRACTICALIMPORTANCETOKNOWTHEACHIEVABLEACCURACYLEVELINAGIVENDRIVESYSTEMWITHAGIVENCONTROLSCHEMEANDWITHAKNOWNBACKLASHTHISPRACTICALCONSIDERATIONISNOTADDRESSEDINANYOFTHEEXISTINGLITERATUREMOTIVATEDBYTHISPRACTICALASPECT,SUBSEQUENTSECTIONSPRESENTABACKLASHMODELANDABOUNDONTHEACHIEVABLEACCURACYINAGIVENPLANTWITHAGIVENBACKLASHTHEREMAINDEROFTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2CONSIDERSTHEEFFECTOFCOMPLIANCEANDDISCUSSESSOMEASPECTSOFTHECONTROLSCHEMESECTION3PRESENTSAMODELFORATRANSMISSIONSYSTEMWITHBACKLASHANDCOMPLIANCEINSERIESTWOCASESARECONSIDEREDICOMPLIANCEDUETOASHAFTANDIICOMPLIANCEDUETOABELTTHESETWOCASESAREPRESENTEDINSECS31AND32,RESPECTIVELYSECTION4PRESENTSTHEERRORBOUNDSDUETOTHEPRESENCEOFBACKLASHANDSEC5PRESENTSTHERESULTSOFTHEEXPERIMENTSSUMMARYANDDIRECTIONSFORFUTUREWORKAREPRESENTEDINSEC62EFFECTOFCOMPLIANCEANDCHOICEOFCONTROLSCHEMEINMANYAPPLICATIONS,ABELTPULLEYTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMISACONVENIENTALTERNATIVEOVERAGEARTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMWHENTHECENTERDISTANCEBETWEENTHEDRIVINGSHAFTANDTHEDRIVENSHAFTISTOOLARGEFORUSEOFAGEARPAIR,USINGABELTTOTRANSMITMOTION/POWERMAYBETHEONLYPRACTICALALTERNATIVEFIGURE5SHOWSASCHEMATICOFTHEDRIVESYSTEMUSEDINATYPICALWEBHANDLINGAPPLICATIONTHELOADINERTIAANDDAMPINGJLANDBLARISEDUETOUNWINDER/WINDERROLLANDFRICTIONATTHEMOUNTINGBEARINGSTYPICALLY,THELOADINERTIAMAYBESEVERALORDERSOFMAGNITUDELARGERTHANTHEINERTIASOFTHECONNECTINGSHAFTS,PULLEYS,ETC,WHICHARESHORTERANDOFFERMUCHSMALLERINERTIAONTHESAMENOTE,THEINERTIAOFTHEMOTORISALSOMUCHLARGERTHANTHEINERTIASOFTHESHAFTSANDTHEPULLEYSBECAUSEOFTHIS,ITISPLAUSIBLETOIGNORETHEINERTIASOFTHE“INTERMEDIATE”SHAFTS,PULLEYSETCAND,ASAFIRSTAPPROXIMATION,LUMPTHEMOTORINERTIA,LOADINERTIA,MOTORVISCOUSFRICTION,ANDLOADVISCOUSFRICTIONATAPPROPRIATEPLACESASSUMINGTHATTHETRANSMISSIONOFPOWERISTAKINGPLACEONTHETIGHTSIDEANDTRANSPORTOFBELTMATERIALISTAKINGPLACEONTHESLACKSIDE,THEDYNAMICSOFTHEBELTTRANSPORTSYSTEM,MAYBEWRITTENASSM?DJM€HMTBM_HMTTR1KBDR1HM?R2HLT1AR2KBDR1HM?R2HLT?DJL€HLTBL_HLTTSL1BWHERESLISTHEDISTURBANCETORQUEDUETOCHANGESINWEBTENSIONFIGURE6SHOWSABLOCKDIAGRAMREPRESENTATIONOFTHESYSTEMGIVENINEQ1NOTETHATTHEBLOCKDIAGRAMGIVENINFIG6REPRESENTSTHEOPENLOOPSYSTEMTHETWOLOOPSAPPEARINGINTHEBLOCKDIAGRAMREPRESENTTHEINTERCONNECTIONSINEQ1INTHESYSTEMSHOWNINFIG5,TYPICALLY,ONEOFTHEOBJECTIVESISTOREGULATE/CONTROLWEBSPEED,ASINFERREDBYTHELOADSPEED,XL?_HLTHEREARETWOWAYSTOACHIEVETHISOBJECTIVEIBYUSINGTHEMOTORSPEED,XM,ASTHEFEEDBACKANDDESIGNINGTHECONTROLEFFORT,SMANDIIBYUSINGTHELOADSPEED,XL,ASTHEFEEDBACKANDDESIGNINGTHECONTROLEFFORT,SMTHESETWOSITUATIONSARESHOWNINFIG7BELOWINMANYTYPICALWEBHANDLINGSYSTEMS,THESPEED/TENSIONCONTROLLERSAREPROPORTIONALINTEGRALPICONTROLLERSANDTHUS,THISPAPERALSOCONSIDERSAPICONTROLSCHEMETHEREARETWOPOSSIBLEFEEDBACKSCHEMES,VIZ,FEEDBACKFROMLOADSIDEASSHOWNINFIG7AANDFEEDBACKFROMMOTORSIDEASSHOWNINFIG7BITHASBEENSHOWNINREFS22,23THAT,EVENINTHECASEOFZEROBACKLASH,THESCHEMEASSHOWNINFIG7B,IE,FEEDBACKFROMTHEMOTORSIDE,ISDESIRABLEALSO,IFTHESYSTEMCONSIDEREDHASBACKLASH,THEPROBLEMISMOREACCENTUATEDWHENCONTACTBETWEENTHEDRIVERMOTORANDTHEDRIVENLOADISLOST,THELOADSPEEDISSOLELYUNDERTHE“CONTROL”O(jiān)FEXTERNALDISTURBANCEUSINGTHELOADSPEEDASFEEDBACKWILLPUTTHECLOSEDLOOPSYSTEMUNDERTHEMODEOF“CHASING”THEUNKNOWNDISTURBANCETHUS,MOTORSPEEDFEEDBACKISCONSIDEREDINTHERESTOFTHEPAPER3BACKLASHMODELWITHCOMPLIANCETHISSECTIONCONSIDERSTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMSINWHICHBACKLASHANDCOMPLIANCEEXIST,ASSHOWNINFIGS8AND10COMPLIANCEINTHETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMSISCONSIDEREDTOARISEEITHERDUETOTHEELASTICITYOFSHAFTSONWHICHGEARSAREMOUNTEDORDUETOTHEBELTINBELTDRIVENSYSTEMSTHECASEOFACOMPLIANTSHAFTISCONSIDEREDINSEC31FOLLOWEDBYTHECASEOFACOMPLIANTBELTINSEC3231AMODELOFBACKLASHWITHACOMPLIANTSHAFTTODEVELOPASIMPLIFIEDMODEL,CONSIDERTHESCHEMATICASSHOWNINFIG8INTHISFIGURE,ALOADJLISDRIVENTHROUGHACOMPLIANTSHAFTKISTHESTIFFNESSANDAPAIROFGEARSRADIIR1ANDR2USUALLY,THEMOTORJMISMOUNTEDNEARTHEDRIVINGGEAR,THUSTHEDRIVINGSHAFTMAYBEASSUMEDTOBERIGIDTOAVOIDJAMMINGOFTHEGEARSATHIGHSPEEDS,THEGEARSAREMOUNTEDWITHACENTERDISTANCESLIGHTLYGREATERTHANTHEDESIGNEDCENTERDISTANCETHISGIVESRISETOCLEARANCEBETWEENTHEMATINGTEETHTHISCLEARANCEISTERMED“BACKLASH”TOPICTORIALLYREPRESENTBACKLASHINTORSIONALSYSTEMS,ATLEASTTWOORTHOGRAPHICVIEWSAREFIG5SCHEMATICOFABELTDRIVENTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMFIG6BLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHEBELTDRIVENTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMRISTHESPEEDRATIO,R5R2/R1FIG7TWOFEEDBACKSCHEMESAFEEDBACKFROMLOADSHAFTANDBFEEDBACKFROMMOTORSHAFTJOURNALOFDYNAMICSYSTEMS,MEASUREMENT,ANDCONTROLMAY2012,VOL134/0310103DOWNLOADEDFROMHTTP//ASMEDIGITALCOLLECTIONASMEORG/ON02/23/2014TERMSOFUSEHTTP//ASMEORG/TERMS

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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文60686068字印染廢水處理過程中不同處理單元對(duì)有機(jī)物的去除JWANG,MCLONG,ZJZHANG,LNCHI,XLQIAO,HXZHU,ZFZHANGCOLLEGEOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,SHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,SHANGHAI20040,CHINAINSTITUTEOFLIGHTINDUSTRYANDFOODENGINEERING,GUANGXIUNIVERSITY,NANNING530004,CHINASHAOXINGWASTEWATERTREATMENTDEVELOPMENTCO,LTD,SHAOXING312074,CHINA摘要在紹興污水處理廠的廢水中90以上的成分是含有高硫酸鹽濃度和高PH值的印染廢水。廢水通過厭氧產(chǎn)酸（HRT為15H）、好氧（HRT為20H）和絮凝沉淀等一系列工藝的綜合處理，其COD總?cè)コ矢哌_(dá)91。但在厭氧產(chǎn)酸處理單元中的COD的去除率僅有4。相比而言，在中試規(guī)模的UASB反應(yīng)器中，COD去除率卻高達(dá)35。氣相色譜質(zhì)譜儀的分析表明，這些廢水樣品的響應(yīng)豐度隨著他們的COD去除率下降而下降。污水處理廠進(jìn)水的一項(xiàng)主要組分是長(zhǎng)鏈正構(gòu)烷烴，而最終出水的烷烴類型只有四種。在經(jīng)過污水處理廠的厭氧處理單元后，總烷烴質(zhì)量在總有機(jī)化合物中所占比例略有下降，而其種類卻有所增加。但在UASB反應(yīng)器中，烷烴的種類被去除了75?？Х纫蜃鳛橐环N化學(xué)標(biāo)記只能在好氧處理過程的出水中被檢到。經(jīng)過定量分析，結(jié)果表明氣相色譜質(zhì)譜儀的分析結(jié)果可以為我們提供一種測(cè)量有機(jī)物去除量的方法。關(guān)鍵詞烷烴；降解；氣相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀（GCMS）；工業(yè)廢水；毒性；上流式厭氧污泥床（UASB反應(yīng)器）1介紹全世界范圍內(nèi)都在飛快的發(fā)展和建設(shè)二級(jí)污水處理廠，尤其是發(fā)展中國(guó)家（QIAN,2000）。然而，在污水處理廠進(jìn)水中的有毒物質(zhì)可能會(huì)抑制活性污泥的生物活性，使得污水處理過程中頻出問題。例如，瓊森等（2000）表明，在瑞典的109個(gè)污水處理廠中4560發(fā)現(xiàn)受納的廢水中含有抑制性物質(zhì)。污水處理廠是設(shè)計(jì)用來處理市政污水和工業(yè)廢水的，它一般不能夠?qū)ι锾幚磉^程中所涉及到的微生物起作用。然而，工業(yè)廢料中卻含有抑制或有毒物質(zhì)。隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展，理成本。TPD廢水起源于20世紀(jì)80年代并在90年代得到發(fā)展。TPD廢水已經(jīng)成為了現(xiàn)階段中國(guó)印染廢水中的主要廢水。22實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置在紹興污水處理廠中我們進(jìn)行了了中試規(guī)模的UASB反應(yīng)器實(shí)驗(yàn)。UASB反應(yīng)器如圖1。圖1中試規(guī)模上流式厭氧污泥床示意圖（UASB反應(yīng)器）中試規(guī)模的UASB反應(yīng)器主要包括三個(gè)部分頂部的三相分離器，中部的反應(yīng)器主體以及底部的配水器。十根采樣管以200MM的間隔被分布在反應(yīng)器的中斷。反應(yīng)器的總有效容積是078M3。反應(yīng)器的外壁覆蓋棉花作為保溫層。在整個(gè)調(diào)查研究期間，反應(yīng)器的溫度基本保持不變（352℃），在這樣的溫度環(huán)境下正適合活性污泥系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)作。水流經(jīng)過水泵進(jìn)入反應(yīng)器底部并從頂部跌水排出。中試規(guī)模UASB反應(yīng)器使用衛(wèi)生填埋場(chǎng)的填埋污泥進(jìn)行了接種并在污水處理廠中經(jīng)過一年的厭氧消化。在開始啟動(dòng)前，反應(yīng)器的SS濃度為20G/L15GVSS/L（揮發(fā)性懸浮固體）。根據(jù)污水處理廠的調(diào)節(jié)池設(shè)計(jì)，UASB反應(yīng)器的水利停留時(shí)間被控制在相對(duì)較短的15小時(shí)。其表面流速為018M/H。

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簡(jiǎn)介：2250英文單詞，英文單詞，10500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文3300字本科生畢業(yè)論文（外文翻譯）文（外文翻譯）譯文名稱MCS51系列單片機(jī)的功能和結(jié)構(gòu)專業(yè)自動(dòng)化班次學(xué)員指導(dǎo)教員評(píng)閱人完成時(shí)間SEATTLEROBOTICSCMUCAM1APPMODTMVISIONSYSTEMFORBOEBOT’SUSERGUIDE第3頁P(yáng)ERSONSOFARITHMETICOPERATIONANDUNITALUOFLOGICOPERATIONWHILEINCLUDINGONE,THE1STORINGDEVICETEMPORARILIESOF8,STORINGDEVICE2TEMPORARILY,8SACCUMULATIONDEVICEACC,REGISTERBANDPROCEDURESTATEREGISTERPSW,ETCPERSONWHOACCUMULATEACCCOUNTBY2INPUTENDSENTEREDOFCHECKINGETCTEMPORARILYASONEOPERATIONOFTEN,COMEFROMPERSONWHOSTORE1OPERATIONISITISITMAKEOPERATIONTOGOONTOCOUNTTEMPORARILY,OPERATIONRESULTANDLOOPBACKACCWITHANOTHERONEINADDITION,ACCISOFTENREGARDEDASTHETRANSFERSTATIONOFDATATRANSMISSIONON8051INSIDETHESAMEASGENERALMICROPROCESSOR,ITISTHEBUSIESTREGISTERHELPREMEMBERINGTHATAGREEINGWITHAEXPRESSESINTHEORDERTHECONTROLLERINCLUDESTHEPROCEDURECOUNTER,THEORDERISDEPOSITTED,THEORDERDECIPHER,THEOSCILLATORANDTIMINGCIRCUIT,ETCTHEPROCEDURECOUNTERISMADEUPOFCOUNTEROF8FORTWO,AMOUNTSTO16ITISABYTEADDRESSCOUNTEROFTHEPROCEDUREINFACT,THECONTENTISTHENEXTIATHATWILLCARRIEDOUTINPCTHECONTENTWHICHCHANGESITCANCHANGETHEDIRECTIONTHATTHEPROCEDURECARRIESOUTSHAKETHECIRCUITIN8051ONECHIPCOMPUTERS,ONLYNEEDOUTERQUARTZCRYSTALANDFREQUENCYTOFINELYTUNETHEELECTRICCAPACITY,ITSFREQUENCYRANGEISITS12MHZOF12MHZTHISPULSESIGNAL,AS8051BASICBEATSOFWORKING,NAMELYTHEMINIMUMUNITOFTIME8051ISTHESAMEASOTHERCOMPUTERS,THEWORKINHARMONYUNDERTHECONTROLOFTHEBASICBEAT,JUSTLIKEANORCHESTRAACCORDINGTOTHEBEATPLAYTHATISCOMMANDEDTHEREAREROMPROCEDUREMEMORY,CANONLYREADANDRAMIN8051SLICESDATAMEMORY,CANISITCANWRITETWOTOREAD,THEYHAVEEACHINDEPENDENTMEMORYADDRESSSPACE,DISPOSEWAYTOBETHESAMEWITHGENERALMEMORYOFCOMPUTERPROCEDURE8051MEMORYAND8751SLICEPROCEDUREMEMORYCAPACITY4KB,ADDRESSBEGINFROM0000H,USEDFORPRESERVINGTHEPROCEDUREANDFORMCONSTANTDATA805187518031OFMEMORYDATAMEMORY128B,ADDRESSFALSE00FH,USEFORMIDDLERESULTTODEPOSITOPERATION,THEDATAARESTOREDTEMPORARILYANDTHEDATAAREBUFFEREDETCINRAMOFTHIS128B,THEREISUNITOF32BYTESESTHATCANBEAPPOINTEDASTHEJOBREGISTER,THISANDGENERALMICROPROCESSORIS

簡(jiǎn)介：ENGINEERING,2013,5,107116DOI104236/ENG201351A016PUBLISHEDONLINEJANUARY2013HTTP//WWWSCIRPORG/JOURNAL/ENGDESIGNOFHEATSTORAGEFORASOLARCONCENTRATORDRIVINGANABSORPTIONCHILLERMASERAGELDINMECHANICALENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,AMERICANUNIVERSITYINCAIRO,CAIRO,EGYPTEMAILAMRSERAGAUCEGYPTEDURECEIVEDSEPTEMBER24,2012REVISEDNOVEMBER6,2012ACCEPTEDNOVEMBER15,2012ABSTRACTTHEFEASIBILITYOFEMPLOYINGSTANDALONESOLARENERGYSYSTEMSTOMEETDEMANDSIDELOADSDEPENDSSTRONGLYONPROVIDINGAPPROPRIATESOLARENERGYSTORAGETHEPRESENTPAPERPRESENTSANEFFICIENTANDECONOMICAL,UNDERGROUND,THERMALSTORAGEDESIGNTOSTOREHOTWATERATATEMPERATUREOFAROUND180?CREQUIREDFORRUNNINGADOUBLEEFFECTABSORPTIONCHILLERTOCOOLAZEROENERGYHOUSEINADESERTENVIRONMENTTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEDESIGNISEVALUATEDEMPLOYINGASPECIALLYDEVELOPEDEFFICIENTMATHEMATICALMODEL,FORSIMULATINGTHESTEADYSTATERADIATION,CONVECTIONANDCONDUCTIONPROCESSESOCCURRINGWITHINTHESTORAGEUNITTHEMODELISPRESENTEDANDANALYZED,ANDEMPLOYEDTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFVARIOUSDESIGNPARAMETERSONSTORAGEEFFICIENCYITISDEMONSTRATEDTHATHIGHSTORAGEEFFICIENCYMAYBEREACHED,PROVIDINGTHATAPPROPRIATEINSULATIONMATERIALSAREUSEDITISALSOREVEALEDTHATTHESOILCONDUCTIVITYHASLITTLEEFFECTONSTORAGEEFFICIENCYKEYWORDSTHERMALENERGYSTORAGEHOTWATERSTORAGESOLARENERGYSOLARAIRCONDITIONINGGREENBUILDINGS1INTRODUCTIONSOLARRADIATIONVARIESGREATLYTHROUGHOUTTHEDAYTIMEHOURS,WHEREASITISCOMPLETELYABSENTDURINGNIGHTTIMEHOURS,WHICHPOSESACHALLENGEINADAPTINGSOLARENERGYTOMATCHSTRINGENTDEMANDSIDEREQUIREMENTSTHUSFORSTANDALONEOPERATION,RESORTHASTOBEMADETOENERGYSTORAGEINORDERTOSUPPLYTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENINPUTANDOUTPUTATALLHOURSTHEFAVOREDSTORAGEMEDIADEPENDSONTHETYPEOFSOLARCOLLECTIONSYSTEM,ANDTHEENDUSEFOREXAMPLE,WHENROOFTOPPHOTOVOLTAICMODULESAREEMPLOYEDTOCOLLECTSOLARRADIATIONANDCONVERTITSTRAIGHTTOELECTRICALENERGYTODRIVEANELECTRICALVAPORCOMPRESSIONTYPECHILLER,EG1,ANATTRACTIVECHOICEWOULDBELEADACIDBATTERIESALTERNATIVELY,HIGHTEMPERATUREAPPLICATIONSEMPLOYINGHEATASTHESOURCEOFENERGYOFTENUSECONCRETEORCERAMICSTORAGE,ASWELLASMOLTENSALTSANDCHEMICALSTORAGE2,3PHASECHANGEENERGYSTORAGE,HASTHEADVANTAGEOFHIGHINTENSITY,BUTISRESTRICTEDTOTHETEMPERATURESATWHICHPHASECHANGESOCCUR,WHICHISAPROPERTYOFTHEMATERIALUSEDANDHENCEITMAYNOTBEPOSSIBLETOFINDAPPROPRIATEMATERIALSFORALLAPPLICATIONSINTHISWORKWEARECONCERNEDWITHTHEDESIGNOFASOLARENERGYSTORAGEUNITFORASTANDALONESOLARENERGYCONCENTRATOR,DRIVINGADOUBLEEFFECTABSORPTIONCHILLERSYSTEMTOCOOLATWOFLOORHOUSEINAHOTDESERTENVIRONMENTTHESTORAGEUNITSHOULDBEECONOMICAL,HIGHLYEFFICIENT,RELIABLE,ANDEASYTOBUILDANDMAINTAINONSITEPREVIOUSINVESTIGATIONSHAVEREVEALEDTHATFORTHETYPICALDESERTENVIRONMENT,ADOUBLEEFFECTABSORPTIONCHILLERISGENERALLYPREFERREDTOASINGLEEFFECTONE4,BECAUSEOFITSHIGHEREFFICIENCYTHELATTERALSORESULTSINLESSHEATREJECTIONFROMTHECONDENSER,WHICHMAYBEASERIOUSPROBLEMWITHTHESHORTAGEOFWATERINTHEDESERT5HOWEVER,DOUBLEEFFECTCHILLERSREQUIREAHEATSOURCEATAPPROXIMATELY170?C,THUSSETTINGTHETARGETTEMPERATUREFORTHEHEATSTORAGEUNITAT180?CFORTHESUPPLYTOTHECHILLERGENERATOR,AND170?CFORTHERETURNFROMGENERATORFORSIMPLICITY,ECONOMY,ENVIRONMENTALFRIENDLINESS,ASWELLASRELIABILITY,ITISPROPOSEDHERETOUSEHOTWATERSTORAGEWITHWATERPRESSURIZEDTOAPPROXIMATELY12BARSTOAVOIDBOILINGACCURATEESTIMATIONOFSTORAGEEFFICIENCYISESSENTIALFORPROPERSIZINGOFCOLLECTOREQUIPMENTCAPACITIES,ANDTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHECOLLECTIONAREAOFTHEROOFTHUSAMATHEMATICALMODELISDEVELOPEDSPECIALLYFORTHATPURPOSE,WHICHEXPLOITSTHETHREEDIMENSIONALCONDUCTIONEQUATIONSOLUTIONCAPABILITIESOFACOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLECODE,BUTINTRODUCESSPECIALSIMPLIFIEDTREATMENTFORRADIATIONANDCONVECTIONTERMSTOREDUCEUNNECESSARYCOMPLICATEDCOMPUTATIONSALTHOUGHTHEMOTIVATIONBEHINDTHISWORKWASTHEDESIGNOFAPPROPRIATESTORAGEFORASPECIFICSOLARAPPLICATION,THEDESIGNISEQUALLYAPPLICABLETOANYSOLARCOLLECTORSCOPYRIGHT?2013SCIRESENGMASERAGELDIN109FIGURE2CROSSSECTIONALPLANCUTTINGTHROUGHHORIZONTALMIDPLANESIDEAIRGAPOF1020MMTHUSANYONETANKMAYBELIFTEDUPWARDSANDREMOVEDFROMTHESTORAGEUNITSEPARATELYWITHOUTDESTROYINGTHESURROUNDINGINSULATIONORDAMAGINGNEIGHBORINGTANKSTHESMALLWIDTHOFTHEGAPDOESNOTALLOWSIGNIFICANTCONVECTIVECURRENTS9,THEREFORETHEONLYMECHANISMSFORHEATTRANSFERWOULDBECONDUCTIONANDRADIATIONTHEFORMERISLOWBECAUSEOFTHELOWTHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFAIR,WHEREASTHELATTERISHELDATBAYBYTHELOWEMISSIVITYHIGHREFLECTIVITYOFTHELINER,ANDBYANOTHERSHINYALUMINUMPLATECOVERONTHEINSULATIONSIDEFACINGTHELINERTHEAIRGAPALSOALLOWSTHEINSTALLATIONOFVAPORDETECTORSANDTEMPERATURESENSORSASUDDENINCREASEOFTHEIRREADINGSWOULDINDICATEALEAKINTHENEARBYSTORAGETANK,CAUSINGANALARMTOBETRIGGEREDSUGGESTEDINSULATIONMATERIALINCLUDECOMMONGLASSWOOL,GLASSFIBER,ORMINERALWOOLBLANKETSALLOFWHICHAREWIDELYAVAILABLEANDCHEAP,ANDDISPLAYACOEFFICIENTOFCONDUCTIVITYK≈004W/MK10MORESOPHISTICATEDMATERIALSWITHSUPERIORINSULATIONPROPERTIESINCLUDEMICROPOROUSINSULATIONBASEDONPYROGENICSILICAWITHK0022W/MK,AT200?C,SILICAAEROGELSWITHTYPICALK0017W/MK,ANDSILICAAEROGELSWITHCARBONBLACKDISPLAYINGACONDUCTIVITYASLOWASK0004W/MK11ITISREMARKEDTHATCONDENSATIONISNOTANISSUEHERE,ASTHEWHOLESTRUCTUREISAIRTIGHT,THEEXTERNALDESERTAIRISTYPICALLYEXCEPTIONALLYDRY,ANDTHEHIGHINTERNALTEMPERATUREINTHEINSULATIONSECTIONRESULTSINVERYLOWRELATIVEHUMIDITYTHETHICKNESSOFINSULATIONBETWEENTHEINTERIORTANK’SSURFACESIS100MM,WHEREASTHETHICKNESSOFINSULATIONATTHEEXTERIORSURFACESIS500MMTHEINSULATIONONTHEEXTERIORTANKWALLSWRAPSAROUNDALLTHETANKS,ASSHOWNINFIGURE2FOLLOWINGTHEEXTERNALSURFACEOFTHEINSULATIONARE19CONCENTRICRADIATIONSHIELDPLATESFORMEDFROMPOLISHEDALUMINUMPLATESAPPROXIMATELY1MMTHICKANDSEPARATEDBYANAIRGAPOFAPPROXIMATELY9MMTHESEINTRODUCEANEFFECTIVETHERMALRESISTANCEBETWEENTHEINSULATIONMATERIALANDTHE50MMTHICKTIMBERCOVERINGTHEREINFORCEDCONCRETESIDEWALLSTHEHEATTRANSFERACROSSTHETHERMALSHIELDISBYBOTHCONDUCTIONANDRADIATION,BUTNOTCONVECTIONBECAUSEOFTHESMALLWIDTHOFTHEAIRGAPALLTHEALUMINUMSURFACESAREASSUMEDTODISPLAYANEMISSIVITYOF007,WHICHLIESMIDWAYBETWEENTHE00401RANGETYPICALOFPOLISHEDCOMMERCIALPLATESTHERADIATIONSHIELDISMUCHMOREEFFECTIVEASATHERMALRESISTANCESATLOWTEMPERATURESTHANATHIGHERONES,BECAUSEOFTHEDEPENDENCEOFRADIATIONONTHE4THPOWEROFTEMPERATURE,ANDTHELOWERCONDUCTIVITYOFAIRATLOWERTEMPERATURESTHUSITHASBEENCOPYRIGHT?2013SCIRESENG

簡(jiǎn)介：RECEIVEDDATE2003?05?23REVISIONRECEIVEDDATE2003?11?02FOUNDATIONITEMAERONAUTICALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINA01C52015SENSORFAULTDIAGNOSISANDRECONSTRUCTIONOFENGINECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONAUTOASSOCIATIVENEURALNETWORKHUANGXIANG?HUAPOWERANDENERGYCOLLEGE,NANJINGUNIVERSITYOFAERONAUTICSANDASTRONAUTICS,NANJING?210016,CHINAABSTRACT?THETOPOLOGYANDPROPERTYOFAUTOASSOCIATIVENEURALNETWORKSAANNANDTHEAANN?SAPPLICATIONTOSENSORFAULTDIAGNOSISANDRECONSTRUCTIONOFENGINECONTROLSYSTEMARESTUDIEDTHEKEYFEA?TUREOFAANNISFEATUREEXTRACTANDNOISEFILTERINGSENSORFAULTDETECTIONISACCOMPLISHEDBYINTEGRATINGTHEOPTIMALESTIMATIONANDFAULTDETECTIONLOGICDIGITALSIMULATIONSHOWSTHATTHESCHEMECANDETECTHARDANDSOFTFAILURESOFSENSORSATTHEABSENCEOFMODELSFORENGINESWHICHHAVEPERFORMANCEDETERIORATEINTHESERVICELIFE,ANDCANPROVIDEGOODANALYTICALREDUNDANCYKEYWORDS?AUTOASSOCIATIVENEURALNETWORKENGINESENSORFAULTDIAGNOSISANALYTICALREDUNDANCY基于自聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)傳感器故障診斷與重構(gòu)黃向華中國(guó)航空學(xué)報(bào)英文版,2004,1712327摘?要研究自聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)及其在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)傳感器故障診斷及重構(gòu)中的應(yīng)用。自聯(lián)想神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)鍵在于特征提取和噪聲濾波。綜合自聯(lián)想網(wǎng)絡(luò)的最優(yōu)估計(jì)與故障診斷,自動(dòng)區(qū)分估計(jì)誤差和傳感器故障。仿真結(jié)果表明這種方法不需要模型,能診斷傳感器硬、軟故障,當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)性能蛻化時(shí)也能提供很好的解析余度。關(guān)鍵詞自聯(lián)想網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳感器故障診斷解析余度文章編號(hào)1000?9361200401?0023?05???中圖分類號(hào)V2337V2636???文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A??SENSORFAULTDIAGNOSISANDRECONSTRUCTIONAREREQUIREDTOACHIEVEADEQUATERELIABILITYINENGINECONTROLSYSTEMROBUSTNESSREQUIREMENTOFFERSCHALLENGESTOTHEDESIGNOFAFAULTDIAGNOSISSYSTEMTHEAPPROACHUSINGINTELLIGENTALGORITHMSISAPROMISINGONE1FORASENSORSETWHICHHASRE?DUNDANTINFORMATION,ITISPOSSIBLETORECONSTRUCTONEORMORELOSTSENSORDATAIFTHERELATIONSHIPA?MONGTHESENSORSISKNOWNUSUALLY,THERELATION?SHIPCANBEDESCRIBEDASMATHEMATICALEQUATIONSWITHSENSORMEASUREMENTSASINPUTVARIABLESTHEMETHODPROVIDEDINTHISPAPERISBASEDONAUTOAS?SOCIATIVENEURALNETWORKAANNANDCANREALIZETHERELATIONSHIPANDRECONSTRUCTFAILEDSENSORS1?TOPOLOGYARCHITECTUREOFAANN2,3NONLINEARPRINCIPALCOMPONENTANALYSISNLPCAISTHEBASISOFAANNNLPCAISATECHNIQUEFORMAPPINGNONLINEARMULTIDIMENSIONALDATAINTOLOWERDIMENSIONSWITHMINIMALLOSSOFIN?FORMATIONLETYY1?Y2??YMREPRESENTANMTABLEOFDATANNUMBEROFOBSERVA?TIONS,MNUMBEROFVARIABLESTHEMAPPINGINTOFEATURESPACECANBEREPRESENTEDBYTGY1WHERETT1?T2??TFISTHEPRINCIPALCOM?PONENTMATRIXNFFISTHENUMBEROFPRINCI?PALCOMPONENTSFMGISANONLINEARVECTORFUNCTIONRESTORINGTHEORIGINALDIMENSIONALITYOFTHEDATAISIMPLEMENTEDBYANOTHERNONLINEARVECTORFUNCTIONY?HT2??THELOSSOFINFORMATIONISMEASUREDBYRESIDU?ALEYY?,ANDECONSISTSOFMINORCOMPO?NENTSWHICHINVOLVENOISEORUNIMPORTANTVARIANCEFUNCTIONSGANDHARESELECTEDTOMINIMIZEEINORDERTODRAWPRINCIPALCOMPONENTSFUNCTIONGANDHCANBEREPRESENTEDBY2?VOL17?NO1CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICSFEBRUARY2004ALLY?CORRELATEDVARIABLESABLOCKORSETOFBLOCKSNOTSHARINGVARIABLESWITHOTHERBLOCKSINDICATESTHEINDEPENDENCEOFTHEVARIABLESINTHEBLOCKORSETOFBLOCKSFROMTHEREMAININGVARIABLESANDCANNOTINTRODUCETWOINDEPENDENTGROUPSOFVARIABLESINTOASINGLEAANNOVERLAPPINGSETSOFBLOCKSREPRE?SENTASUBSYSTEMOFRELATEDVARIABLESTHENUMBEROFBLOCKSINANOVERLAPPINGSETOFBLOCKSISALOWERBOUNDONTHENUMBEROFINDEPENDENTVARIABLESBOTTLENECKNODES3?SENSORFAULTDETECTIONANDRECONSTRUCTIONBASEDONAANNWHENNETWORKISTRAINEDABUNDANTLY,ITCANBEUSEDFORSENSORFAULTDETECTIONBECAUSETHEREEX?ISTSREDUNDANTINFORMATIONAMONGINPUTVARIABLESANDWHENASENSORFAILSOREVENSEVERALSENSORSFAIL,THEOTHERSENSORSCANSTILLPROVIDEGOODESTIMATIONTOREPLACETHEFAILEDSENSORESTIMATIONRETURNINGSCHEMEERSISDEVELOPEDTODIAGNOSISSENSORFAULT,BYCOMPARINGTHEOUTPUTOFNETWORKANDTHECORRESPONDINGSENSOROUTPUTTODETECTSENSORFAULTSIFTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENASENSORMEASUREMENTANDITSESTIMATIONEXCEEDSTHETHRESHOLDWHILETHEDIF?FERENCESOFOTHERSENSORSWITHTHEIRCORRESPONDINGESTIMATIONEGRELATIVELYLOW,THENASENSORFAULTISDECLAREDTOHAPPENONCEAFAULTYSENSORMEASUREMENTISDETECTED,ITWILLBEDISCONNECTEDFROMTHEINPUTLAYEROFNETWORKHOWEVER,THENEURALNETWORKWILLCONTINUETOFUNCTIONBYUSINGTHEMOSTRECENTCORRESPONDINGOUTPUTOFTHENNASINPUTINSTEADOFTHEFAULTYSENSORMEASUREMENT,BE?CAUSETHEMOSTRECENTOUTPUTISAGOODESTIMATIONOFTHEFAULTYSENSORMEASUREMENTWHENTHEREAREE?NOUGHINFORMATIONONINPUTVARIABLESANDAANNHASTHEABILITYOFFAULTTOLERANCEFORTHEFACTTHATTHEDISTURBANCEFROMINPUTNODESCANBEDISTRIBUTEDTOTHENETWORKANDHASLITTLEIMPACTONOUTPUTTHECONTROLLERWILLBESWITCHEDTOTHEESTIMATEDVALUETOCONTINUETHESYSTEMOPERATIONUNDERTHISSCHEME,THESYSTEMCANREMAINOPERABLEEVENWITHMULTIPLESENSORSFAULTSASLONGASNORMALSENSORSARENOTLESSTHANBOTTLENECKNODESTHEABILITYTOCOM?BINEDETECTION,ISOLATIONANDACCOMMODATIONINONESTEPISTHEKEYADVANTAGEOFAANNBASEDSENSORVALIDATIONSCHEMETHISABILITYISBASEDONTHEDI?MENSIONALITYREDUCTIONPROPERTYOFAANNTHEREWILLBEPERFORMANCEDEGENERATIONORIN?STALLATIONANDMANUFACTURETOLERANCEWHICHARETHESOURCESOFUNCERTAINTIESANDWILLCAUSEESTIMATIONERRORINTHEOPTIMALESTIMATIONOFAANNTHESEUNCERTAINTIESMAYBETAKENFORSENSORFAULTORVICEVERSEIFTHEDEGENERATIONISTAKENFORSENSORFAULT,FAULTWILLBEWRONGLYWARNED,CAUSINGINCORRECTFAULTACCOMMODATIONANDIFSENSORFAULTISTAKENFORDEGENERATION,ITWILLCAUSEINCORRECTNETWORKCOMPENSATIONFAULTCONTROLGAINTOGETHERWITHSOFTFAULTDETECTIONLOGIC5ISDEVELOPEDTODISTINGUISHOPTIMALESTIMATIONERRORFROMSENSORFAULTSINTHISPAPERAXIALDIRECTIONALFAULTSIGNATUREISUSEDTOI?DENTIFYTHECAUSEOFOPTIMALESTIMATIONERRORIFTHERESIDUALISCAUSEDBYOPTIMALESTIMATIONERROR,THENTHEWEIGHTSANDBIASESOFAANNWILLBECOMPEN?SATEDON?LINEIFTHERESIDUALISCAUSEDBYSENSORFAULT,THENCORRESPONDINGESTIMATIONISUSEDTORE?PLACETHEFAILEDSENSOR,PROVIDINGANALYTICALREDUN?DANCYINTHEFAULTACCOMMODATIONLOGICTHEFAULTCONTROLGAINSAREUSEDTOPROVIDEASMOOTHTRANSI?TIONFROMTHEFAILINGSENSORTOITSCORRESPONDINGES?TIMATION4?EXAMPLEOFDIGITALSIMULATIONLET?STAKEATURBOSHAFTENGINEFOREXAMPLE5FIG2SHOWSTHECLOSEDLOOPCONTROLSYSTEMOFAEN?GINESYSTEMCONSISTINGOFTHEENGINE,CONTROLLERANDAANN?BASEDSENSORFAULTDIAGNOSISTHEPRIMARYVARIABLESOFINTERESTARE,NG,NP,TT45,PS3,MLANDWFBNPGISTHEGIVENSPEEDOFPOWERTURBINE,ANDMLANDNPGAREINPUTSTHECONTROLFEEDBACKVARIABLESARENG,NP,TT45,PS3ONLYWHENTHEINPUTVARIABLESOFAANNARECORRELATIVE,THEVALIDFEATUREOFTHEVARIABLESCANBEEXTRACEDFROMTHEBOTTLENECKLAYERTHECOVARIANCEMATRIXOF6VARIABLES,NG,NP,TT45,PS3,WFB,MLCANREFLEXTHECORRELATION25SENSORFAULTDIAGNOSISANDRECONSTRUCTIONOFENGINECONTROLSYSTEM?FEBRUARY2004BASEDONAUTOASSOCIATIVENEURALNETWORK?

簡(jiǎn)介：中北大學(xué)信息商務(wù)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文參考資料題目DIAMONDGRINDINGOFGLASSAND140METALBONDEDSUPERSMOOTH系名機(jī)械工程系專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化姓名黨志杰學(xué)號(hào)12020144X42指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師趙麗琴職稱副教授2016年6月2日與磨削方向且小于切削刃的磨損寬度。第二步，工件稍微注水一節(jié)，與磨削方向平行，兩個(gè)輪圈的重疊橫截面在注水前后形成的幾何粗糙表面和地面視差比所需的粗糙表面更加光滑，然后與地面接觸寬度一定的工件輪再使地面工件向反方向磨削，通過重復(fù)這樣的研磨程序，工件的整體表面完成。3實(shí)驗(yàn)如圖3所示，該實(shí)驗(yàn)是在研磨機(jī)數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)控制下進(jìn)行的。借用空氣的粉碎機(jī)主軸每次朝著X,Y,Z方向的移動(dòng)都可以精確到01ΜM。實(shí)驗(yàn)條件總結(jié)如表1所示。金屬鍵砂輪的晶粒尺寸和濃度分別為L(zhǎng)40和50。玻璃用的是一種干凈的陶器。這個(gè)研磨液用的是可溶型的，包括大量的陰離子表面活性劑。地面工作部件粗糙表面的觀察和測(cè)量使用了顯微鏡，掃描電鏡，干涉儀和原子力顯微鏡。

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文論文外文資料翻譯外文資料翻譯原文題目目MICROTHREADINGINWHIRLING原文來源源ASME美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會(huì)期刊學(xué)生姓名名馬鑫學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)231120522所在院所在院系部部工業(yè)中心工業(yè)中心專業(yè)名稱稱機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化圖1螺紋旋轉(zhuǎn)圖2MICROWHIRLING機(jī)床在切削參數(shù)切削厚度。這個(gè)切削厚度進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證其效果的螺紋薄絲旋風(fēng)。旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)是應(yīng)用于機(jī)械螺絲的組合工具和工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)，如圖1所示。切割工具固定在旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)上的半徑，以及環(huán)的旋轉(zhuǎn)在角速度XT。隨著工件半徑RW在與在旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)角速度XW偏心電子控制著切割的深度。在旋轉(zhuǎn)的在低轉(zhuǎn)速下旋轉(zhuǎn)工件被切割切割邊旋轉(zhuǎn)的高轉(zhuǎn)速。螺絲的鉛由旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)的傾斜和進(jìn)給速度控制關(guān)于工件軸。在車削一個(gè)小直徑的工件時(shí)，切削速度受到限制要低的最大限度的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速，作為結(jié)果，表面光潔度變差。在旋轉(zhuǎn)，切割速度是由旋轉(zhuǎn)半徑和旋轉(zhuǎn)控制在旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)的切削工具率XT。因此，表面可以在一個(gè)細(xì)的電線上完成，即使是高的切削速度雖然最大主軸速度是有限的。因?yàn)楣ぞ吆凸ぜD(zhuǎn)偏心中心，切削和旋轉(zhuǎn)軸工件空心電動(dòng)機(jī)Y軸空心電動(dòng)機(jī)刀具

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簡(jiǎn)介：壓鑄鋁合金的流動(dòng)性壓鑄鋁合金的流動(dòng)性GTIMELLI和FBONOLLO本文的目的是調(diào)查四種不同的壓鑄鋁硅合金在不同澆注溫度下的流動(dòng)性。真空流動(dòng)性測(cè)試裝置采用衡量流動(dòng)性。分析合金鑄造溫度不同流量的敏感性。此外，結(jié)果表明還要考慮到合金元素鎂和硅對(duì)流動(dòng)性的影響。當(dāng)一種合金被破壞導(dǎo)致廢鋼增加50時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生氧化夾雜物。流動(dòng)性的改變影響到了平整和比較純凈的熔體。結(jié)果表明，流動(dòng)性的合金廢鋼加入量低于清潔液的加入量。流動(dòng)性的進(jìn)一步在溫度線性增加范圍內(nèi)580至680UC增加時(shí)直到它到達(dá)一個(gè)最高的澆注溫度的高點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵詞鋁合金，流動(dòng)性，壓力鑄造，氧化物夾雜，真空流動(dòng)性測(cè)試簡(jiǎn)介汽車制造商在尋求發(fā)現(xiàn)越來越多的減低成本的解決方案，其中燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性和減少污染物的排放一直是關(guān)鍵問題1。在應(yīng)用率方面，鋁及其合金具有超過其他輕質(zhì)材料的優(yōu)勢(shì)。鋁合金的大量需求依仗于若干關(guān)鍵因素，如減少鋁的價(jià)格，可回收性，改善合金的發(fā)展，增加了解標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)和壽命預(yù)測(cè)，鋁部件的良好的機(jī)械性能以及亮度之間的相互配合2。使用鋁合金來改善鑄造過程，允許增加生產(chǎn)，降低循環(huán)時(shí)間，實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜薄壁鑄件是一個(gè)偉大的貢獻(xiàn)。壓力鑄造（HPDC）反映了這些優(yōu)勢(shì)，不同的汽車部件皆可采用這種技術(shù)。1，2另一個(gè)重要方面是鑄鋁的回收可能從不同生產(chǎn)階段。回收鋁屑，重要的是應(yīng)注意避免氧化夾雜物，其中有一個(gè)要注意的影響是不僅在力學(xué)性能方面，還對(duì)材料鑄造有一定影響3,4。一個(gè)可能的補(bǔ)救措施可以包括在較高的溫度下融化，但這將增加液體中氫的溶解5,6。仔細(xì)觀察壓鑄合金開始鑄造時(shí)需要注意的問題，以便能夠避免他們，保證高質(zhì)量鑄件。在不同的鑄造工藝領(lǐng)域，鋁合金流動(dòng)性的相關(guān)知識(shí)起著關(guān)鍵作用，以獲得最高的效率。它決定了不同工藝領(lǐng)域的不同鑄造用鋁合金。流動(dòng)性及填充之間關(guān)系是明確的，它變的對(duì)薄壁鑄件更為關(guān)鍵。本研究的目的是調(diào)查一些商業(yè)用壓鑄鋁合金的流動(dòng)性并分析流動(dòng)性回收鋁屑的影響。關(guān)于流動(dòng)性定義的推論關(guān)于流動(dòng)性定義的推論就鑄造用鋁合金而言，流動(dòng)性的定義是液態(tài)金屬凝固前流動(dòng)的最大就離7，因此，流動(dòng)性是是簡(jiǎn)單的一段距離，比如，毫米。在外部輪廓清晰并且實(shí)際圖樣準(zhǔn)確無誤的情況下，一般來說流動(dòng)性是指液態(tài)金屬流過澆注通道并且充滿型腔縫隙的能力。79雖然流動(dòng)性是被大多數(shù)承認(rèn)的，但也有其他可用于描述流動(dòng)能力的方式比如可鑄性。流動(dòng)性不是一種簡(jiǎn)單的物理性質(zhì)，就像密度或者黏性，但是一個(gè)典型的復(fù)雜件還要涉及到合金在鑄造廠模具中表現(xiàn)出的能力89。規(guī)格參數(shù)表中任一種性能都是指液態(tài)合金在其容器中遵循一定規(guī)則。液態(tài)金屬由于其黏性很低會(huì)發(fā)生快速變化，比如低于115MPA的A356合金。8,10沒有澆滿型腔是由于過早凝固而不是黏性太高。加熱條件和凝固方式是影響流動(dòng)性的關(guān)鍵因素。流動(dòng)性的概念同樣要考慮其他方面的因素。79鑄造流動(dòng)性不應(yīng)該跟其物理化學(xué)性能相混淆，因?yàn)榱鲃?dòng)性是黏度倒數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確定義。7鑄造中的流動(dòng)性是BASTIEN等人根據(jù)液體黏性而總結(jié)出來的。其中A表示模具橫截面積；V是流動(dòng)速度；FERS表示固體部分的流停功；H表示凝固潛熱；C表示金屬的比熱；是熔體過熱度；H表示傳熱系數(shù)模具及金屬間的；S是模具渠道的周長(zhǎng)；TO表示室溫；B一個(gè)取決于熱傳遞系數(shù)和抗熱流的常數(shù)（金屬/陶瓷界面）。該模型是基于以下假設(shè)（一）固體顆粒與液體在流動(dòng)通道和下游流動(dòng)（二）（二）流動(dòng)停止時(shí)，固體部分的流動(dòng)速率達(dá)到一定值（臨界固相率）（三）流動(dòng)的速度保持不變，直到流動(dòng)停止。24方程（1）說明了許多重要的變量會(huì)對(duì)鑄造的流動(dòng)性產(chǎn)生影響。例如，它說明凝固潛熱，熔體過熱和流動(dòng)速度的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致流動(dòng)性約線性增加。晶粒細(xì)化對(duì)鑄造鋁合金的流動(dòng)性的影響進(jìn)行了不同的研究，然而，在這種情況下公布的結(jié)果似乎不被認(rèn)同。DAHLE等人在砂模螺旋試驗(yàn)時(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)流動(dòng)性復(fù)雜的變化的現(xiàn)象，實(shí)驗(yàn)采用向鋁重量占7的硅–鎂合金和鋁重量占11硅鎂合金連續(xù)加入晶粒細(xì)化的鋁鈦5硼1合金。合金的流動(dòng)性行為是通過添加細(xì)化晶粒和部分枝晶搭接固體的合金凝固范圍來分析解釋的。另一方面，以硼來代替觀察而獲得的是沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的結(jié)論。DISABATINO等人在鋁含量為7的硅–鎂合金使用類似的試驗(yàn)裝置。最后，KWON等人報(bào)告說流動(dòng)性可以改善晶粒細(xì)化，特別是在低溫澆注鋁含量為45,銅含量為06的系統(tǒng)中。圖1立式流動(dòng)性測(cè)試裝置立式流動(dòng)性測(cè)試裝置

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