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簡介:PRINCIPALCOMPONENTANALYSISOFTIMESERIESFORIDENTIFYINGINDICATORVARIABLESFORRIVERINEGROUNDWATEREXTRACTIONMANAGEMENTREBECCAMPAGEA,?,GUNNARLISCHEIDB,JANNISEPTINGA,PETERHUGGENBERGERAAAPPLIEDANDENVIRONMENTALGEOLOGY,INSTITUTEOFGEOLOGYANDPALEONTOLOGY,DEPARTMENTOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFBASEL,BERNOULLISTRASSE32,CH4056BASEL,SWITZERLANDBINSTITUTEOFLANDSCAPEHYDROLOGY,LEIBNIZCENTREFORAGRICULTURALLANDSCAPERESEARCH,EBERSWALDERSTRASSE84,D15374MüNCHEBERG,GERMANYARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED28MARCH2011RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM11DECEMBER2011ACCEPTED13FEBRUARY2012AVAILABLEONLINE21FEBRUARY2012THISMANUSCRIPTWASHANDLEDBYPHILIPPEBAVEYE,EDITORINCHIEF,WITHTHEASSISTANCEOFKPSUDHEER,ASSOCIATEEDITORKEYWORDSGROUNDWATERQUALITYDRINKINGWATERRIVER–GROUNDWATERINTERACTIONPRINCIPALCOMPONENTANALYSISSUMMARYALTHOUGHALLUVIALAQUIFERSCONNECTEDTORIVERSCANBEARICHSOURCEOFDRINKINGWATER,THEYARESUSCEPTIBLETOCONTAMINATIONBYINFILTRATINGRIVERWATERTHEPROCESSESGOVERNINGRIVER–GROUNDWATERINTERACTIONAREVARIABLEINTIMEANDSPACENATURALFILTRATIONMECHANISMSAREOFTENNOTSUFFICIENTDURINGHIGHDISCHARGEEVENTSINTHERIVERTOCAPTURETHEDYNAMICSOFRIVER–GROUNDWATERINTERACTION,INDICATORPARAMETERSTHATCANSERVEASPROXIESFORRIVERWATERINFILTRATIONNEEDTOBEDERIVEDPRINCIPALCOMPONENTANALYSISOFCONTINUOUSLYMEASUREDTIMESERIESWASUSEDTOIDENTIFYINDICATORWELLSANDDERIVEINDICATORPARAMETERSFORASTUDYAREAINNWSWITZERLANDTHERESULTSSHOWEDDIFFERENTSOURCESOFVARIATIONINTHEPARAMETERS,INCLUDINGRIVERSTAGEFLUCTUATIONSTHEMULTIVARIATEAPPROACHHIGHLIGHTEDDIFFERENCESBETWEENOBSERVATIONWELLSBASEDONTHERESPONSEOFTHEMEASUREDPARAMETERSTOEFFECTSOFDAMPINGANDDELAYOFTHEINPUTSIGNALSTHREEOBSERVATIONWELLSWERESHOWNTOBEREPRESENTATIVEOFRIVER–GROUNDWATERINTERACTIONDYNAMICSINTHESTUDYAREAOFTHETHREEPARAMETERSANALYSED,GROUNDWATERHEADANDELECTRICALCONDUCTIVITYARERECOMMENDEDASACOMBINEDPROXYFORRIVERWATERINFILTRATIONINTHESTUDYAREAINCONTRAST,TEMPERATUREPROVEDNOTTOBEARELIABLEINDICATOR?2012ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONALLUVIALDEPOSITSAREOFTENRICHSOURCESOFDRINKINGWATEROWINGTOTHEHIGHPERMEABILITIESINTHEPROXIMITYOFRIVERSSUETAL,2007INTHELASTFEWCENTURIES,MANYGROUNDWATEREXTRACTIONWELLSWERECONSTRUCTEDINTHEPROXIMITYOFRIVERSANDWATERSUPPLIERSRELYONNATURALGROUNDWATERRECHARGEFROMTHERIVERTOMAINTAINTHEAVAILABILITYOFEXTRACTABLEWATERSHEETSETAL,2002RIVER–GROUNDWATERINTERACTIONISHETEROGENEOUSBOTHINTIMEANDSPACEANDDEPENDSONMULTIPLEFACTORS,INCLUDINGRIVERDISCHARGE,THEMORPHOLOGICANDSEDIMENTOLOGICCHARACTEROFTHERIVERBEDANDTHEHETEROGENEITYOFTHEHYDRAULICPROPERTIESOFTHEBOUNDARYLAYERSOPHOCLEOUS,2002FOREXAMPLE,THECONDUCTANCEOFTHERIVERBEDISAMAJORFACTORINDETERMININGRIVER–GROUNDWATEREXCHANGEANDISAFUNCTIONOFRIVERDISCHARGETHEHETEROGENEITYOFHYDROGEOLOGICALZONATIONISSCALEDEPENDENTANDNONSTATIONARYTHEFOCUSOFRIVER–GROUNDWATERINTERACTIONHASFREQUENTLYBEENONQUANTITY,HOWEVER,THEEXCHANGEOFWATERBETWEENTHERIVERANDTHEAQUIFERISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORSFORGROUNDWATERQUALITYWROBLICKYETAL,1998MICROBIALCONTAMINATIONOFRIVERINEORIGINISONEOFTHEMAJORCONCERNSFORDRINKINGWATERSUPPLIERSEXTRACTINGRIVERINEGROUNDWATERSHEETSETAL,2002REGLIETAL,2003UNDERAVERAGEHYDROLOGICALCONDITIONS,THENATURALFILTRATIONCAPACITYOFTHESUBSURFACEMATRIXISSUFFICIENTTOREMOVEMANYPHYSICALANDBIOLOGICALCOMPONENTSFROMTHEINFILTRATINGRIVERWATERMCDOWELLBOYERETAL,1986TAYLORETAL,2004GUPTAETAL,2009HOWEVER,HIGHDISCHARGEEVENTSOFTENRESULTINADEGRADATIONOFWATERQUALITYWILKINSONETAL,2006MCKERGOWANDDAVIESCOLLEY2010HAVESHOWNTHATDURINGSTORMEVENTS,THECONCENTRATIONOFESCHERICHIACOLIINRIVERWATERCANBEUPTO30TIMESHIGHERTHANDURINGBASEFLOWCONDITIONSASACONSEQUENCE,THECONCENTRATIONOFMICROORGANISMSINTHEADJACENTGROUNDWATERCANALSOINCREASEBYSEVERALORDERSOFMAGNITUDEREGLIETAL,2003TAKINGTHISINTOACCOUNT,ANDTHATTHEFIRSTBARRIERTOCOLLOIDSANDCONTAMINANTSENTERINGTHEAQUIFER–THECLOGGINGOFTHERIVERBED–ISWEAKENEDDURINGHIGHDISCHARGEEVENTSSOPHOCLEOUS,2002,THEPOTENTIALFORRIVERBORNEMICROBIALCONTAMINATIONOFEXTRACTIONWELLSNEARTHERIVERCANBESIGNIFICANTLYELEVATEDREGLIETAL,2003CONTINUOUSMONITORINGOFTHEMICROBIALLOADINGROUNDWATERISNOTSUITABLEFORAPPLICATIONSINTHEFIELD,ASTHECOSTANDTIMEINVESTMENTSARECONSIDERABLETHEREHAVEBEENRECENTADVANCEMENTSINREALTIMEMICROBIALMONITORINGMETHODS,THESEAREHOWEVERNOTYETREADILYAVAILABLEFORMANYAPPLICATIONSMARTINEZETAL,2010THUS,THEQUESTIONARISESWHETHERPROXIESCANBEUSED00221694/SEEFRONTMATTER?2012ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJHYDROL201202025?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL41612673447FAX41612672998EMAILADDRESSESREBECCAPAGEUNIBASCHRMPAGE,LISCHEIDZALFDEGLISCHEID,JANNISEPTINGUNIBASCHJEPTING,PETERHUGGENBERGERUNIBASCHPHUGGENBERGERJOURNALOFHYDROLOGY432–4332012137–144CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALOFHYDROLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JHYDROLISNOOBVIOUSBREAKBETWEENRELIABLEANDINTERPRETABLECOMPONENTSANDCOMPONENTSDUETORANDOMNOISEJACKSON,1993THETHIRDMETHOD,ALSOCALLEDCOMMUNALITYRULE,CONSIDERSTHEAMOUNTOFVARIANCEDESCRIBEDBYEACHCOMPONENTANDTHECUMULATIVESUMTHEFOLLOWINGPCARESULTSCONSIDEREDTHEKAISERGUTTMANCRITERION,THESCREETESTANDTHECOMMUNALITYRULE3RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTHETIMESERIESUSEDFORANALYSISWERERECORDEDINJANUARY2009SELECTEDTIMESERIESARESHOWNINFIG2DURINGTHEMEASUREMENTPERIOD,TWOHIGHDISCHARGEEVENTSOCCURREDMAXDISCHARGE80M3S?1,19/20AND24/25JANUARY2009DECREASESINTANDECWEREOBSERVEDDURINGTHEHIGHRIVERDISCHARGEEVENTS,ASWEREINCREASESINGHGROUNDWATERWASCONTINUALLYEXTRACTEDTHROUGHOUTTHETWOHIGHDISCHARGEEVENTSESPECIALLYTHEGHDATASHOWEDASTRONGRELATIONTOGROUNDWATEREXTRACTIONTHISEFFECTWASOBSERVABLEINALLOBSERVATIONWELLSNORTHOFTHEEXTRACTIONWELLFIELDDOWNSTREAM,BUTNOTINOBSERVATIONWELLJORG,BOTHUPSTREAMOFWELLFIELDOBSERVATIONWELLSCLOSETOANEXTRACTIONWELL,EGF3SHOWEDASTRONGERRESPONSETHANWELLSFURTHERAWAY,EGJOTHERPOTENTIALSOURCESOFVARIATIONINCLUDEDAIRANDRIVERWATERTEMPERATUREFLUCTUATIONSTHEPCAWASCARRIEDOUTSEPARATELYFORTHEWATERTABLEGHANDRIVERSTAGE,16TIMESERIES,T13TIMESERIESANDEC7TIMESERIESTHERESULTINGPATTERNSDIFFEREDCONSIDERABLYANDAREDISCUSSEDSEPARATELYFIG3SHOWSTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEGH,TANDECLOADINGSFORPC1ANDPC2THELOADINGSWERECALCULATEDASTHECORRELATIONBETWEENTHEPCSCORESPROJECTIONSOFTHEINPUTTIMESERIESINTOEIGENVALUESPACEANDTHEINPUTTIMESERIESTHERESULTSOFTHEPCAAREDISPLAYEDINRELATIONTOAUNITCIRCLEANDINDEPENDENCYOFPC1ANDPC2FIG3THEUNITCIRCLEGIVESTHEMAXIMALLYPOSSIBLELOADINGSFORTIMESERIESWHERETHEVARIANCEISCOMPLETELYEXPLAINEDBYTHEFIRSTTWOCOMPONENTSEACHPOINTREPRESENTEDTHELOADINGSOFTHEDATASETFROMEACHOBSERVATIONWELLFORPC1ANDPC2THESMALLERTHEDISTANCEFROMTHEUNITCIRCLE,THEMOREVARIANCEWASEXPLAINEDBYTHEFIRSTTWOPCS,ANDTHUSTHELESSSIGNIFICANTOTHERSOURCESOFVARIATIONWEREINDETERMININGTHEOBSERVEDFLUCTUATIONSFORALLTHREEPARAMETERS,ONLYTHEEIGENVALUESOFTHEFIRSTTWOPCSEXCEEDEDONEBOTHTHESCREETESTANDTHECOMMUNALITYRULEFIG1ALOCATIONOFSTUDYAREA,OBSERVATIONANDEXTRACTIONWELLSTHEZONESWITHDIFFERENTHYDRAULICCONDUCTIVITIESAREALSOSHOWN,ASARETHEGROUNDWATERHEADCONTOURSANDAVERAGEGROUNDWATERFLOWDIRECTIONDURINGANAVERAGEHYDROLOGICALSITUATIONBDEPTHOFFILTERSTRETCHESANDMEASUREMENTINSTRUMENTSINOBSERVATIONWELLSRMPAGEETAL/JOURNALOFHYDROLOGY432–4332012137–144139
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      上傳時間:2024-03-13
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    • 簡介:EFFECTSOFTHEFEMORALOFFSETANDTHEHEADSIZEONTHESAFERANGEOFMOTIONINTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYAKINOBUMATSUSHITA,MD,YASUHARUNAKASHIMA,MD,PHD,SEIYAJINGUSHI,MD,PHD,TAKUAKIYAMAMOTO,MD,PHD,AKIOKURAOKA,PHD,?ANDYUKIHIDEIWAMOTO,MD,PHDABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYWASTOQUANTIFYTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETANDHEADSIZEONRANGEOFMOTIONROMAFTERTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYMODULARPROSTHESESWEREIMPLANTEDINTO11CADAVERICHIPSUSINGAPOSTEROLATERALAPPROACHANDTESTEDFORROMWITH3DIFFERENTOFFSETSAND5DIFFERENTFEMORALHEADSIZESINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMRESULTEDIN211°AND267°OFIMPROVEDFLEXION,AND137°AND212°OFIMPROVEDINTERNALROTATION,RESPECTIVELYTHEROMIMPROVEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERPRIMARILYBECAUSEOFINCREASINGTHEJUMPINGDISTANCEOFTHEFEMORALHEADRATHERTHANDELAYINGANYIMPINGEMENTINCONTRAST,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFFEMORALOFFSETWASDRIVENBYDELAYEDOSSEOUSIMPINGEMENTKEYWORDSTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYTHA,FEMORALOFFSET,FEMORALHEADSIZE,RANGEOFMOTIONROM,JUMPINGDISTANCE?2009ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDISLOCATIONISONEOFTHEMOSTFREQUENTANDIMPORTANTCOMPLICATIONSAFTERTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYTHA13THERATEOFDISLOCATIONAFTERPRIMARYTHAHASBEENREPORTEDTOBE2TO546VARIOUSFACTORSINFLUENCEDISLOCATIONPATIENTASSOCIATEDFACTORSINCLUDEAGE,SEX,PARALYSIS,ANDMUSCLEWEAKNESS4,7FACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHTHESURGERYINCLUDEINAPPROPRIATECUPORSTEMPOSITION,USEOFAPOSTERIORAPPROACH,REPAIROFTHESOFTTISSUE,ANDINTRAOPERATIVEPOSITIONING35,8,9CHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPROSTHESIS,SUCHASHEADSIZEANDHEADNECKRATIO,ALSOINFLUENCEHIPSTABILITYAFTERTHA1013INMOSTDISLOCATIONS,FEMORALHEADSDEVIATEBECAUSEOFIMPLANTOROSSEOUSIMPINGEMENTTHEREFORE,ITISIMPORTANTTODELAYIMPINGEMENTTOPREVENTDISLOCATIONSANDIMPLANTSSHOULDBECAREFULLYDESIGNEDTOREDUCETHERISKOFIMPINGEMENTIMPROVEMENTSCANPOTENTIALLYBEACHIEVEDBYINCREASINGTHEFEMORALHEADSIZEAND/ORTHEFEMORALOFFSETNUMEROUSSTUDIESHAVEPREVIOUSLYREPORTEDTHEEFFECTSOFHEADSIZEONRANGEOFMOTIONROM2,4,13,14HOWEVER,TOOURKNOWLEDGE,ONLYAFEWSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONTHERELATIONBETWEENHEADSIZEANDIMPINGEMENTANDJUMPINGDISTANCEQUANTIFICATIONOFTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETONROMALSOHASNOTYETBEENREPORTEDINTHISSTUDY,WECONDUCTEDEXPERIMENTSUSINGCADAVERSTOQUANTIFYTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETANDFEMORALHEADSIZEONSAFEROMOFTHEHIPAFTERTHAWEALSOANALYZEDTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALHEADSIZEONTHEJUMPINGDISTANCEMETHODSIMPLANTATIONMODULARTOTALHIPPROSTHESESPERFIXHAJAPANMEDICALMATERIAL,OSAKA,JAPANWEREIMPLANTEDUSINGAPOSTEROLATERALAPPROACHIN11HIPJOINTSFROM8CADAVERSINEACHSURGERY,THEANTERIORJOINTFROMTHEDEPARTMENTOFORTHOPEDICSURGERY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICAL,SCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA,JAPANAND?DEPARTMENTOFANATOMYANDCELLBIOLOGY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICALSCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA,JAPANSUBMITTEDNOVEMBER14,2007ACCEPTEDFEBRUARY10,2008NOBENEFITSORFUNDSWERERECEIVEDINSUPPORTOFTHESTUDYREPRINTREQUESTSYASUHARUNAKASHIMA,MD,PHD,DEPARTMENTOFORTHOPEDICSURGERY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICAL,SCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,311MAIDASHI,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA8128582,JAPAN?2009ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVED08835403/08/240400243600/0DOI101016/JARTH200802008646THEJOURNALOFARTHROPLASTYVOL24NO42009HOCTUKEYTESTSIGNIFICANCEWASDEFINEDASAPVALUELESSTHAN05RESULTSEFFECTOFFEMORALOFFSETTHEROMOFTHEHIPINCREASEDINAFEMORALOFFSET–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY211°AND267°,RESPECTIVELYFIG3ATHERANGEOFFLEXIONREACHEDANAVERAGEOF1325°WITHAN8MMFEMORALOFFSETINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMWITHANADDUCTIONOF0°SIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY137°AND212°,RESPECTIVELYFIG3BSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTINTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONWASALSOOBSERVEDWITHA20°ADDUCTIONHEADSIZETHERANGEOFFLEXIONANDINTERNALROTATIONIMPROVEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITHA0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONANDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY113°AND100°,RESPECTIVELYFIG4A,BSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTINTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONWASALSOOBSERVEDWITH0°AND20°ADDUCTIONSFIG3EFFECTSOFTHEFEMORALOFFSETINTHEROMDATAARESHOWNASTHEIMPROVEMENTDEGREESFROMTHATWITH22MMHEADSIZEA,RANGEOFFLEXIONUNTILDISLOCATIONINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMLATERALLYSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY211°AND267°,RESPECTIVELYB,RANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONUNTILDISLOCATIONWITHA90°FLEXIONANDWITHORWITHOUTA20°ADDUCTIONINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMLATERALLYWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY137°AND212°,RESPECTIVELYSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSOFTHEINTERNALROTATIONWEREALSONOTEDWITH20°ADDUCTIONPB05FIG4EFFECTSOFHEADSIZEONROMDATAARESHOWNASTHEIMPROVEMENTDEGREESFROMTHATWITH22MMHEADSIZEA,RANGEOFFLEXIONUNTILDISLOCATIONTHERANGEOFFLEXIONINCREASEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY113°B,RANGEOFTHEINTERNALROTATIONUNTILDISLOCATIONWITHA90°FLEXIONANDWITHORWITHOUTA20°ADDUCTIONINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY10°THEREWASNOSIGNIFICANCEINTHEROMWITH20°ADDUCTIONTHEHEADSIZELARGERTHAN28MMSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDROMCOMPAREDWITHTHATLESSTHAN26MMTHEREWASNOSIGNIFICANCEINTHEROMBETWEENTHE28MMAND36MMHEADSIZEPB05648THEJOURNALOFARTHROPLASTYVOL24NO4JUNE2009
      下載積分: 10 賞幣
      上傳時間:2024-03-13
      頁數(shù): 6
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    • 簡介:PARLIAMENTOFAUSTRALIACARINGFORTHEELDERLYANOVERVIEWOFAGEDCARESUPPORTANDSERVICESINAUSTRALIACURRENTISSUESCARINGFORTHEELDERLYANOVERVIEWOFAGEDCARESUPPORTANDSERVICESINAUSTRALIAEBRIEFONLINEONLYISSUED27FEBRUARY2003UPDATED30APRIL2003GREGMCINTOSH,ANALYSISANDPOLICYJANETPHILLIPS,INFORMATION/ELINKSSOCIALPOLICYGROUPSCOPETHISEBRIEFAIMSTOGIVEANOVERVIEWOFTHEARRAYOFSERVICESANDSUPPORTPROVIDEDTOTHEELDERLYINAUSTRALIATHETERMSELDERLYANDAGEDARETAKENHERETOMEANPEOPLEAGEDOVER65YEARSOFAGEITSHOULDBENOTEDHOWEVER,THATSOMESUPPORTFORTHEAGEDISGIVENTOPEOPLEWHOAREYOUNGERTHANTHAT,FOREXAMPLE,SOMECONCESSIONSFORTRANSPORTANDENTRANCEFEESAREPROVIDEDTOPEOPLEOVER60YEARSOREVEN55YEARSOFAGEGIVENTHENUMBERANDBREADTHOFTHEVARIOUSPROGRAMSTHATAREAVAILABLETOTHEAGEDAND,GIVENTHEFACTTHATALLTHREELEVELSOFGOVERNMENTANDTHENONGOVERNMENTSECTORAREINVOLVEDINTHEPROVISIONOFTHESEPROGRAMS,ITISONLYPOSSIBLETOOUTLINETHEMAINSUPPORTANDSERVICESPROVIDEDTHEMAINEMPHASISISONTHEROLEOFTHECOMMONWEALTHINTERMSOFSUPPORTANDASSISTANCEFORTHEAGED,BUTBRIEFDETAILSOFTHEROLEOFTHENONGOVERNMENTSECTORANDTHATOFSTATE/TERRITORYANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSAREALSOGIVENONESECTIONOFTHISBRIEFGIVESSOMEBACKGROUNDONTHEVERYIMPORTANTISSUEOFTHEAGEINGOFTHEAUSTRALIANPOPULATIONANDCONTAINSLINKSTOCONTRASTINGVIEWSONJUSTHOWPOLICYMAKERSNOW,ANDINTOTHEFUTURE,SHOULDRESPONDTOTHISAGEINGPHENOMENONINCLUDEDAREANEXTENSIVENUMBEROFLINKSTOWEBSITESACROSSAUSTRALIAAND,WHEREAPPROPRIATE,BRIEFINTRODUCTORYCOMMENTSTHATPUTTHEVARIOUSLINKSINCONTEXTAREINCLUDEDSOMEEXAMPLESOFRELEVANTOVERSEASLINKSAREALSOINCLUDEDBYTHEEARLY1900SBOTHTHENEWSOUTHWALESANDVICTORIANGOVERNMENTSWEREPROVIDINGAGEPENSIONSTOCITIZENSINTHEIRJURISDICTIONSAGEDOVER65QUEENSLANDALSOINTRODUCEDANAGEPENSIONIN1908INAPRIL1909THECOMMONWEALTHGOVERNMENTTOOKOVERTHEPAYMENTOFTHESEPENSIONSTHECOMMONWEALTHOLDAGEPENSIONWASPAIDTOPEOPLEAGEDOVER65YEARSOFAGEORWHOWEREAGED60YEARSANDOVERANDPERMANENTLYINCAPACITATEDFORWORKTHEPENSIONWASMEANSTESTEDANDFROM1910THEPENSIONBECAMEAVAILABLETOELIGIBLEWOMENAGEDOVER60YEARSOFAGEIN1910THEREWERE65492RECIPIENTSOFTHEAGEPENSIONFORANOVERVIEWOFTHEMAINSOCIALSECURITYPAYMENTSANDBENEFITSPAIDTOTHEAGED,PEOPLEWITHDISABILITIESANDCARERSSINCE1909SEETHEPARLIAMENTARYLIBRARYPUBLICATIONSOCIALSECURITYPAYMENTSFORTHEAGED,PEOPLEWITHDISABILITIESANDCARERS1909TO2003PRIORTOTHE1950STHEMAJORITYOFNONINCOMESUPPORTANDASSISTANCEFORTHEELDERLYWASINTHEHANDSOFSTATEGOVERNMENTSANDTHECHARITABLESECTORBEFORETHATTIMETHEEMPHASISINTERMSOFGOVERNMENTNONINCOMESUPPORTWASTHEPROVISIONOFBASICHEALTHFACILITIESANDASYLUMSTHATHELPEDCAREFORTHEMOSTNEEDYOFTHEAGEDPOPULATIONFROMTHE1950SAND1960SONWARDSTHECOMMONWEALTHHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYINVOLVEDVIATHEPROVISIONOFFUNDINGFORNURSINGHOMESANDCOMMUNITYCARESERVICESFORTHEAGEDSEELATERSECTIONSOFTHISEBRIEFFORADDITIONALDETAILSONTHISCURRENTGOVERNMENTSUPPORTCOMMONWEALTHINSUMMARY,THECOMMONWEALTHPROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGPAYMENTSANDSUPPORTEITHERSPECIFICALLYTOTHEAGEDCOMMUNITYORTHROUGHMAINSTREAMPROGRAMSTHATTHEAGEDCANACCESSAGEPENSIONSRENTASSISTANCEANDDISABILITYPAYMENTSRESIDENTIALSERVICESFOREXAMPLE,THEFUNDINGOFRESIDENTIALAGEDFACILITIESANDVETERANSRESIDENTIALFACILITIESMEDICALANDPHARMACEUTICALBENEFITSPUBLICHOUSINGWITHTHESTATESANDTERRITORIESVIATHEOPERATIONOFTHECOMMONWEALTHSTATEHOUSINGAGREEMENTACUTECAREWITHTHESTATESANDTERRITORIESDISABILITYSERVICESWITHTHESTATESANDTERRITORIESVIATHEOPERATIONOFTHECOMMONWEALTHSTATE/TERRITORYDISABILITYAGREEMENTHOSPITALANDHOMEANDCOMMUNITYCARESUPPORTWITHTHESTATES/TERRITORIESANDLOCALGOVERNMENTTHECOMMONWEALTHALSOPROVIDESSUPPORTANDASSISTANCETOCARERSOFTHEELDERLY,BOTHINTHEFORMOFSUPPORTPAYMENTSFOREXAMPLE,THECARERPAYMENTANDTHECARERALLOWANCEANDSUPPORTSERVICESFOREXAMPLE,FUNDINGFORCARERRESPITECENTRESANDCARERRESOURCECENTRES
      下載積分: 10 賞幣
      上傳時間:2024-03-13
      頁數(shù): 10
      8人已閱讀
      ( 4 星級)
    • 簡介:FAILUREANALYSISOFANAUTOMOBILEDIFFERENTIALPINIONSHAFTHBAYRAKCEKENAFYONKOCATEPEUNIVERSITY,TECHNICALEDUCATIONFACULTY,03200AFYON,TURKEYRECEIVED8JULY2005ACCEPTED14JULY2005AVAILABLEONLINE2SEPTEMBER2005ABSTRACTDIFFERENTIALISUSEDTODECREASETHESPEEDANDTOPROVIDEMOMENTINCREASEFORTRANSMITTINGTHEMOVEMENTCOMINGFROMTHEENGINETOTHEWHEELSBYTURNINGITACCORDINGTOTHESUITABLEANGLEINVEHICLESANDTOPROVIDETHATINNERANDOUTERWHEELSTURNDIFFERENTLYPINIONGEARANDSHAFTATTHEENTRANCEAREMANUFACTUREDASASINGLEPARTWHEREASTHEYAREINDIFFERENTFORMSACCORDINGTOAUTOMOBILETYPESMIRRORGEARWHICHWILLWORKWITHTHISGEARSHOULDBECOMEFAMILIARBEFORETHEASSEMBLYINCASEOFANYBREAKDOWN,THEYSHOULDBECHANGEDASAPAIRGENERALLY,INTHESESYSTEMSTHEREAREWEARDAMAGESINGEARSTHEGEARINSPECTEDINTHISSTUDYHASDAMAGEASAFORMOFSHAFTFRACTUREINTHISSTUDY,FAILUREANALYSISOFTHEDIFFERENTIALPINIONSHAFTISCARRIEDOUTMECHANICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMATERIALAREOBTAINEDFIRSTTHEN,THEMICROSTRUCTUREANDCHEMICALCOMPOSITIONSAREDETERMINEDSOMEFRACTOGRAPHICSTUDIESARECARRIEDOUTTOASSESTHEFATIGUEANDFRACTURECONDITIONS?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSDIFFERENTIALFRACTUREPOWERTRANSFERPINIONSHAFT1INTRODUCTIONTHEFINALDRIVEGEARSMAYBEDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYDRIVENFROMTHEOUTPUTGEARINGOFTHEGEARBOXDIRECTLYDRIVENFINALDRIVESAREUSEDWHENTHEENGINEANDTRANSMISSIONUNITSARECOMBINEDTOGETHERTOFORMANINTEGRALCONSTRUCTIONINDIRECTLYDRIVENFINALDRIVESAREUSEDATTHEREAROFTHEVEHICLEBEINGEITHERSPRUNGANDATTACHEDTOTHEBODYSTRUCTUREORUNSPRUNGANDINCORPORATEDINTHEREARAXLECASINGTHEFINALDRIVEGEARSAREUSEDINTHETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMFORTHEFOLLOWINGREASONS1ATOREDIRECTTHEDRIVEFROMTHEGEARBOXORPROPELLERSHAFTTHROUGH90?AND,BTOPROVIDEAPERMANENTGEARREDUCTIONBETWEENTHEENGINEANDTHEDRIVINGROADWHEELS13506307/SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JENGFAILANAL200507019TEL902722281311FAX902722281319EMAILADDRESSBCEKENAKUEDUTRENGINEERINGFAILUREANALYSIS1320061422–1428WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENGFAILANALFIG2TECHNICALDRAWINGOFTHEANALYSEDPINIONSHAFTFIG3THEPICTUREOFTHEUNDAMAGEDDIFFERENTIALPINIONANALYSEDINTHESTUDYFIG4PHOTOGRAPHSOFFAILEDSHAFTANDFRACTURESURFACES1424HBAYRAKCEKEN/ENGINEERINGFAILUREANALYSIS1320061422–1428
      下載積分: 10 賞幣
      上傳時間:2024-03-14
      頁數(shù): 7
      16人已閱讀
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    • 簡介:AFRICTIONMODELFORLOADINGANDRELOADINGEFFECTSINDEEPDRAWINGPROCESSESDKKARUPANNASAMYA,B,N,JHOLA,C,MBDEROOIJB,TMEINDERSC,DJSCHIPPERBAMATERIALSINNOVATIONINSTITUTEM2I,POBOX5008,2600GADELFT,THENETHERLANDSBUNIVERSITYOFTWENTE,FACULTYOFENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY,LABORATORYFORSURFACETECHNOLOGYANDTRIBOLOGY,POBOX217,7500AEENSCHEDETHENETHERLANDSCUNIVERSITYOFTWENTE,FACULTYOFENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY,NONLINEARSOLIDMECHANICS,POBOX217,7500AEENSCHEDE,THENETHERLANDSARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED3JANUARY2014RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM8JUNE2014ACCEPTED9JUNE2014AVAILABLEONLINE18JUNE2014KEYWORDSFRICTIONMODELDEEPDRAWINGPROCESSASPERITYFLATTENINGPLOUGHINGBOUNDARYLUBRICATIONABSTRACTDEEPDRAWINGISONEOFTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDFORMINGPROCESSESTOMANUFACTUREAUTOMOTIVEBODYPARTSFROMSHEETMETALINORDERTOSIMULATEDEEPDRAWINGPROCESSES,AFINITEELEMENTFEMETHODWASUSEDTOPREDICTFORMABILITYTHEACCURACYOFTHEFESIMULATIONDEPENDSONTHEMATERIALMODELS,NUMERICALTECHNIQUES,ANDCONTACTALGORITHMSDESPITETHEFACTTHATTHECONTACTCONDITIONSBETWEENTHETOOLANDSHEETMATERIALINFLUENCESTHECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONINFORMINGPROCESSES,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISOFTENTREATEDASACONSTANTCOULOMBFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTINFESIMULATIONSHOWEVER,AFRICTIONMODELBASEDONLOCALCONTACTCONDITIONSANDSURFACETOPOGRAPHYISREQUIREDTOIMPROVEFORMINGPREDICTABILITYTHEREISGROWINGINTERESTINDEVELOPINGCONTACTMODELSTOPREDICTTHENATUREOFFRICTIONCONDITIONSFORUSEINFECALCULATIONSINDEEPDRAWINGPROCESSES,THESLIDINGCONTACTPREDOMINANTLYOCCURSINTHEBLANKHOLDERREGIONBETWEENTHETOOLANDSHEETMATERIALTHECONTACTPRESSUREINTHEBLANKHOLDERISNONUNIFORMDUETOBENDINGANDMATERIALCOMPRESSIONWHICHVARYDEPENDINGONTOOLGEOMETRYTHESHEETMETALSURFACEISSUBJECTEDTOREPEATEDCONTACTDURINGSLIDING,WHICHINTURNAFFECTSTHELOCALFRICTIONCONDITIONSTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTODEVELOPASLIDINGFRICTIONMODELFORMIXEDMODESOFSURFACEDEFORMATIONTHEDETERMINISTICAPPROACHUSEDINTHECURRENTMODELINCLUDESTHEROUGHNESSOFBOTHTHESHEETMATERIALANDTHETOOLTHESHEETMATERIALISSUBJECTTOANASPERITYFLATTENINGPROCESSFURTHER,THETOOLSURFACEINDENTSINTOTHESHEETMATERIALUNDERNORMALLOADINGTHEGEOMETRYOFTHEASPERITIESISCHARACTERIZEDBYANELLIPTICALPARABOLOIDSHAPETOBETTERCALCULATETHELOADDEPENDENCEOFFRICTIONTHEMODELHASBEENCOMPAREDWITHDATAFROMEXPERIMENTSUSINGAROTATIONALFRICTIONTESTERUNDERMULTIPLELOADINGCONDITIONSFAXT31534894784EMAILADDRESSESKDINESHKUMARYAHOOCOIN,DKARUPANNASAMYM2INLDKKARUPANNASAMYWEAR318201427–39ELASTIC–PLASTICCONTACTISDESCRIBEDBYMASENETAL,23TOCALCULATETHEWEARPROCESSTHECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISCALCULATEDBASEDONTHEPLOUGHINGOFTHETOOLASPERITIESASDESCRIBEDBYKARUPANNASAMYETAL,13FORTWOROUGHSURFACESINCONTACTUSINGTHEMODELOF2313ASPERITYCHARACTERIZATIONTHESURFACEISREPRESENTEDINAHEIGHTMATRIXOFPIXELSASTHECONTACTLOADISINCREASED,THESURFACESEPARATIONREDUCESFORAKNOWNSURFACESEPARATION,THECONTACTPATCHESARELOCATEDWITHINTHEHEIGHTMATRIXTHECONTACTPATCHESAREIDENTIFIEDBYMEANSOFCONNECTEDPIXELSAFTERTHECONTACTPATCHESAREIDENTIFIED,THEYWERECHARACTERIZEDASELLIPTICALPARABOLOIDSUSINGTHEVOLUMEANDAREAOFTHECONTACTPATCHASGIVENBYDEROOIJETAL24THISGIVESABETTERCONTROLFORTHEDESCRIPTIONOFTHEASPERITYCOMPAREDTOTHECONICALORSPHERICALSHAPEACCORDINGTO14,23,24THEBASEAREAOFTHECONTACTPATCHISDESCRIBEDUSINGANELLIPSEWITHASEMIMAJORANDSEMIMINORRADII,AANDBANDTHEORIENTATIONOFTHEELLIPSEWITHRESPECTTOSLIDINGDIRECTION,ΦA(chǔ)SSHOWNINFIG2THEELLIPTICALPARABOLOIDASPERITYISCHARACTERIZEDWITHRADIIINTHEMAJORANDMINORAXISDIRECTIONSASDENOTEDBYRXANDRY2SINGLEASPERITYDEFORMATIONMODELANASPERITYWHICHISINCONTACTUNDERGOESTHREEDIFFERENTMODESOFDEFORMATIONWITHINCREASINGLOAD,IEELASTIC,ELASTIC–PLASTICANDPLASTICDEFORMATIONWHENTHELOADISINCREASEDTOACRITICALLOADWHICHISBEYONDTHEELASTICREGIME,THEONSETOFPLASTICITYOCCURSTHEPLASTICITYOCCURSBENEATHTHESURFACEWHILEUNLOADINGTHEASPERITY,APARTOFTHEDEFORMATIONZONEREMAINSPLASTICANDTHERESTOFTHEDEFORMATIONRECOVERSTHEASPERITYGEOMETRYCHANGESDUETOTHEPLASTICDEFORMATIONAFINITEELEMENTSIMULATIONISSHOWNBYSHANKARANDMAYURAM25FORTHEDEFORMATIONOFHEMISPHERICALASPERITYWITHARIGIDFLATINITIALLY,APLASTICDEFORMATIONZONESTARTSINASMALLDEFORMEDWORKPIECESURFACEFRICTIONMODELW/FNBOUNDARYLAYERSFWWORKPIECETOOLIDENTIFICATIONOFCONTACTPATCHESANDMAPPINGOFTOOLSURFACEFNASPERITYCHARACTERIZATIONFIG2CONTACTOCCURRINGBETWEENTOOLANDSHEETMETALSURFACESINDEEPDRAWINGPROCESSESCONTACTPRESSUREFROMAFESIMULATIONOFACUPDRAWINGPROCESS123FIG1CONTACTCONDITIONSFROMFESIMULATIONOFADEEPDRAWINGPROCESSDKKARUPANNASAMYETAL/WEAR318201427–3929
      下載積分: 10 賞幣
      上傳時間:2024-03-13
      頁數(shù): 13
      16人已閱讀
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    • 簡介:SURFACEANDCOATINGSTECHNOLOGY1482001171–17802578972/01/SEEFRONTMATTER?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS02578972?01013366ELECTRODEPOSITIONANDSLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEOFNICKELCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGMICRONANDSUBMICRONSICPARTICLESIGARCIA,JFRANSAER,JPCELISA,B,AAKATHOLIEKEUNIVERSITEITLEUVEN,DEPARTMENTMTM,KASTEELPARKARENBERG44,B3001LEUVEN,BELGIUMANATIONALCENTERFORMETALLURGICALRESEARCHCENIMCSIC,DEPARTMENTOFCORROSIONANDPROTECTION,AVGREGORIODELAMO8,28040MADRID,BSPAINRECEIVED1MARCH2001ACCEPTED21JUNE2001ABSTRACTSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZES,NAMELY5,07AND03MM,WERECODEPOSITEDWITHNICKELFROMWATTS’SOLUTIONSITWASFOUNDTHATFORAGIVENNUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESINTHEPLATINGSOLUTION,THENUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESINTHECOATINGINCREASESWITHDECREASINGPARTICLESIZETHEFRICTIONANDWEARBEHAVIOROFTHESECOMPOSITECOATINGSWASEVALUATEDINUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSAGAINSTCORUNDUMBALLSTHEBESTSLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEWASOBTAINEDWITHNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAINING4–5VOLSUBMICRONSICPARTICLES?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSELECTRODEPOSITIONCOMPOSITESWEARNICKELSIC1INTRODUCTIONELECTRODEPOSITEDCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONSISTOFAMETALORALLOYMATRIXCONTAININGADISPERSIONOFSECONDPHASEPARTICLESW1–3XTHESEPARTICLESCANBEHARDOXIDEORCARBIDEPARTICLES,SUCHASALO,SIC,TIO,WC,SIO2322ORDIAMOND,ASOLIDLUBRICANT,SUCHASPTFE,GRAPHITEORMOS,OREVENLIQUIDCONTAININGMICROCAPSULESW4XTO2IMPROVEWEARRESISTANCEANDYORTOREDUCEFRICTIONELECTROPLATEDCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGMICRONSIZEDPARTICLESAREUSEDASWEARRESISTANTCOATINGSW5–7X,EGNICKEL–SICINCARENGINESW1,8–10XWITHTHEINCREASINGAVAILABILITYOFNANOPARTICLES,THEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINTHEELECTROLYTICANDELECTROLESSCODEPOSITIONOFNANOPARTICLESW11XTHEMAJORCHALLENGESOFTHECODEPOSITIONOFNANOPARTICLESSEEMTOBETHECODEPOSITIONOFASUFFICIENTNUMBEROFPARTICLES,ANDAVOIDINGTHEAGGLOMERATIONOFPARTICLESSUSPENDEDINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONSCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELQ3415538900FAXQ3415347425EMAILADDRESSIGARCIACENIMCSICESIGARCIAINTHISWORK,THEELECTROLYTICCODEPOSITIONOFMICRONANDSUBMICRONSICPARTICLESFROMNICKELWATTS’SOLUTIONS,ANDTHESLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEOFSUCHNICKELCOMPOSITECOATINGSAREINVESTIGATEDTHEEFFECTOFPARTICLESIZEANDNUMBEROFPARTICLESSUSPENDEDINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONONTHENUMBEROFCODEPOSITEDPARTICLESISREPORTEDTHECODEPOSITIONRESULTSANDAMODELBASEDONTHENUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESCODEPOSITEDAREDISCUSSEDTHEEFFECTOFPARTICLESIZEONTHECODEPOSITIONPROCESSOFMICRONANDSUBMICRONSIZEDNONBROWNIANPARTICLESISCLARIFIEDTHEEFFECTOFCODEPOSITEDSUBMICRONPARTICLESONTHEWEARRESISTANCEOFCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSISDISCUSSED2EXPERIMENTALTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONUSEDWASASTANDARDNICKELWATTS’SOLUTIONTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONANDTHEPLATINGPARAMETERSAREGIVENINTABLE1SICPARTICLESWITHAMEANDIAMETEROF03BSC21C,PERFORMANCECERAMICS,JAPAN,07BS07,ELEKTROSCHMELZWERKKEMPTEN,GERMANYAND5MME110?4000,NORTON,NORWAYWEREUSEDALLPARTICLESWEREUSEDASRECEIVED173IGARCIAETAL/SURFACEANDCOATINGSTECHNOLOGY1482001171–178FIG2VOLUMETRICWEARFACTORUNDERUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGONCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSCONTAININGDIFFERENTVOLSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZESDATAFORPUREELECTROLYTICNICKELAREALSOGIVENEDNICKELREFERENCEFIG3VOLUMETRICWEARFACTORUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGONCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSCONTAININGDIFFERENTVOLSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZESDATAFORPUREELECTROLYTICNICKELAREALSOGIVENEDNICKELREFERENCEPOSITIONISOBTAINEDWITH07MMPARTICLESQUITEUNEXPECTEDLYW13X,THE03MMSICPARTICLESCODEPOSITMORETHANTHE07MMPARTICLESAPOSSIBLEREASONCOULDBETHEDIFFERENCEINTHESURFACECONDITIONOFTHESESICPARTICLESOBTAINEDFROMDIFFERENTPRODUCERSANOTHERREASONCOULDBETHEAGGLOMERATIONOFTHE03MMPARTICLESINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONTHEWEARTRACKSONTHECOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSAFTERUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSHAVEABLACKAPPEARANCE,ANDSHOWSCRATCHESPARALLELTOTHEDIRECTIONOFMOTIONSUCHSCRATCHESARETYPICALFORABRASIVEWEARFORALLNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSTESTED,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISAPPROXIMATELY05DURINGTHEFIRSTFEWSLIDINGCYCLESAFTERTHERUNNINGINPHASE,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONOFNICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING07OR03MMSICPARTICLESISAPPROXIMATELY029THATCOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISLOWERTHANTHEVALUEOF034OBSERVEDONNICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING5MMSICPARTICLESATACOMPARABLEVOLUMEPERCENTOFCODEPOSITEDPARTICLESONTHEOTHERHAND,FOREACHSICPARTICLESIZEINVESTIGATED,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONINCREASESWITHINCREASINGVOLUMEPERCENTOFSICPARTICLESINTHECOATINGS,FROMAPPROXIMATELY034TO047INTHECASEOF5MMSICPARTICLES,ANDFROM028TO030INTHECASEOF07MMPARTICLESTHEWEARLOSSONNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGSICPARTICLESOFDIFFERENTSIZES,AFTERSLIDINGAGAINSTCORUNDUMBALLSINUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALWEARTESTS,ISSHOWNINFIGS2AND3,RESPECTIVELYTHEVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSONPURENICKELCOATINGSANDCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSINUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGWEARTESTSISAPPROXIMATELYTWOORDERSOFMAGNITUDELOWERTHANTHATNOTEDINBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSTHISISCONSISTENTWITHSLIDINGWEARDATAOBTAINEDONHARDCERAMICCOATINGS,SUCHASTIN,SHOWINGAMUCHLOWERWEARRATEUNDERUNITHANUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTCONDITIONSW14XHOWEVER,UNDERUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDING,COMPOSITENICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING5MMSICPARTICLESEXHIBITALOWERWEARRESISTANCEWITHINCREASINGAMOUNTSOFSICTHANPURENICKELCOATINGSREFERREDTOASEDNICKELREFERENCEINFIG2ONTHECONTRARY,COMPOSITENICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING03OR07MMSICPARTICLESWEARLESSINUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGWEARTESTSTHANPURENICKEL,ANDTHEBESTRESULTSAREOBTAINEDWITHAPPROXIMATELY4VOLOF07MMSICPARTICLESUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDING,THEVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSONALLTHECOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSTESTEDISLOWERTHANTHEWEARMEASUREDONPURENICKELCOATINGSELECTRODEPOSITEDUNDERSIMILARPLATINGCONDITIONSFIG2THELOWESTVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSINBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSISREACHED
      下載積分: 10 賞幣
      上傳時間:2024-03-13
      頁數(shù): 8
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      ( 4 星級)
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簡介:CONTROLOFMOBILEMANIPULATORUSINGTHEDYNAMICALSYSTEMSAPPROACHLARSPETERELLEKILDEHENRIKICHRISTENSENABSTRACTTHECOMBINATIONOFAMOBILEPLATFORMANDAMANIPULATOR,KNOWNASAMOBILEMANIPULATOR,PROVIDESAHIGHLYFLEXIBLESYSTEM,WHICHCANBEUSEDINAWIDERANGEOFAPPLICATIONS,ESPECIALLYWITHINTHEFIELDOFSERVICEROBOTICSONEOFTHECHALLENGESWITHMOBILEMANIPULATORSISTHECONSTRUCTIONOFCONTROLSYSTEMS,ENABLINGTHEROBOTTOOPERATESAFELYINPOTENTIALLYDYNAMICENVIRONMENTSINTHISPAPERWEWILLPRESENTWORKINWHICHAMOBILEMANIPULATORISCONTROLLEDUSINGTHEDYNAMICALSYSTEMSAPPROACHTHEMETHODPRESENTEDISATWOLEVELAPPROACHINWHICHCOMPETITIVEDYNAMICSAREUSEDBOTHFORTHEOVERALLCOORDINATIONOFTHEMOBILEPLATFORMANDTHEMANIPULATORASWELLASTHELOWERLEVELFUSIONOFOBSTACLEAVOIDANCEANDTARGETACQUISITIONBEHAVIORSIINTRODUCTIONTHEMAJORITYOFROBOTICRESEARCHHASINTHELASTDECADESFOCUSEDONEITHERMOBILEPLATFORMSORMANIPULATORS,ANDTHEREHAVEBEENMANYIMPRESSIVERESULTSWITHINBOTHAREASTODAYONEOFTHENEWCHALLENGESISTOCOMBINETHETWOAREAS,INTOSYSTEMS,WHICHAREBOTHHIGHLYMOBILEANDHAVETHEABILITYTOMANIPULATETHEENVIRONMENTESPECIALLYWITHINSERVICEROBOTICSTHEREWILLBEANINCREASEDNEEDFORSUCHSYSTEMSTHEDEMOGRAPHYOFMOSTWESTERNCOUNTRIESCAUSESTHENUMBEROFOLDPEOPLEINNEEDOFCARETOINCREASE,WHILETHEREWILLBELESSWORKINGTOACTUALLYSUPPORTTHEMTHISREQUIRESANINCREASEDAUTOMATIONOFTHESERVICESECTOR,FORWHICHROBOTSABLETOOPERATESAFELYININDOORANDDYNAMICENVIRONMENTSAREESSENTIALTHEPLATFORMUSEDINTHISWORKISSHOWNINFIGURE1,ANDCONSISTOFASEGWAYRMP200WITHAKUKALIGHTWEIGHTROBOTTHERESULTISAPLATFORMTHATHASARELATIVESMALLFOOTPRINTANDISHIGHLYMANEUVERABLE,MAKINGITWELLSUITEDFORMOVINGAROUNDINANINDOORENVIRONMENTTHEKUKALIGHTWEIGHTROBOTHASAFAIRLYLONGREACHANDHIGHPAYLOADCOMPAREDTOITSOWNWEIGHT,MAKINGITIDEALFORMOBILEMANIPULATIONWHENCONTROLLINGAMOBILEMANIPULATOR,THEREISACHOICEOFWHETHERTOCONSIDERTHESYSTEMASONEORTWOENTITIESIN1AND2THEYDERIVEJACOBIANSFORBOTHTHEMOBILEPLATFORMANDTHEMANIPULATORANDCOMBINETHEMINTOASINGLECONTROLSYSTEMTHERESEARCHREPORTEDIN3AND4,ONTHEOTHERHAND,CONSIDERSTHEMASSEPARATEENTITIESWHENPLANNING,BUTDOINCLUDECONSTRAINTS,SUCHASREACHABILITYANDSTABILITY,BETWEENTHETWOTHECONTROLSYSTEMWEPROPOSEISBASEDONTHEDYNAMICALSYSTEMSAPPROACH5,6ITISDIVIDEDINTOTWOLEVELS,LPELLEKILDEISWITHTHEMAERSKMCKINNEYMOLLERINSTITUTE,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFSOUTHERNDENMARK,CAMPUSVEJ55,5230ODENSEM,DENMARK,LPEMMMISDUDKHICHRISTENSENISWITHCENTERFORROBOTICSANDINTELLIGENTMACHINES,INTERACTIVECOMPUTING/COLLEGEOFCOMPUTING,GEORGIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,855THSTREET,ATLANTA,GA,USA,HICCCGATECHEDUFIG1PLATFORMCONSISTINGOFASEGWAYRMP200ANDAKUKALIGHTWEIGHTROBOTWHEREWEATTHELOWERLEVELCONSIDERTHEMOBILEPLATFORMANDTHEMANIPULATORASTWOSEPARATEENTITIES,WHICHARETHENCOMBINEDINASAFEMANNERATTHEUPPERLEVELTHEMAINREESARCHOBJECTIVEINTHISPAPERISTODEMONSTRATEHOWTHEDYNAMICALSYSTEMSAPPROACHCANBEAPPLIEDTOAMOBILEMANIPULATORANDUSEDTOCOORDINATEBEHAVIOURSATVARIOUSLEVELSOFCONTROLTHEREMAININGOFTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSTHEOVERALLARCHITECTUREISDESCRIBEDINSECTIONII,FOLLOWEDBYTHECONTROLOFTHEMOBILEPLATFORMANDTHEMANIPULATORINSECTIONSIIIANDIVINSECTIONVWEWILLSHOWSOMEEXPERIMENTSBEFORECONCLUDINGTHEPAPERINSECTIONVIHOWEVER,FIRSTASUMMARYOFWORKRELATEDTOTHEDYNAMICALSYSTEMSAPPROACHWILLBEPROVIDEDINSECTIONIAARELATEDWORKTHEDYNAMICALSYSTEMSAPPROACH5,6PROVIDESAFRAMEWORKFORCONTROLLINGAROBOTTHROUGHASETOFBEHAVIORS,SUCHASOBSTACLEAVOIDANCEANDTARGETACQUISITIONEACHBEHAVIOR2009IEEEINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONROBOTICSANDAUTOMATIONKOBEINTERNATIONALCONFERENCECENTERKOBE,JAPAN,MAY1217,20099781424427895/09/2500?2009IEEE1370DMOBILETHRESHOLDSPECIFIESAMINIMUMDISTANCETOTHETARGETREQUIREDBEFORETHEMOBILEPLATFORMSHOULDMOVETHEMOBILEBEHAVIORHASNOABILITYTOINTERACTANDSUPPRESSOTHERBEHAVIORS,THUSITSCOMPETITIVEINTERACTIONSARESETTO02MANIPULATORACQUISITIONTHISBEHAVIORSHOULDBESTRENGTHENEDWHENTHEMOBILEPLATFORMGETSCLOSETOITSTARGETTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEWILLTHUSBEDEFINEDASΑMANIPACQUISITION?TANHKMANIPΑDTAR?DMANIPTHRESHOLD5THEACTIVATIONDISTANCEDMANIPTHRESHOLDMUSTBEGREATERTHANDMOBILETHRESHOLDTOMAKESURETHEBEHAVIORISACTIVATEDTHISBEHAVIORHASNODIRECTINTERACTIONWITHTHEOTHERS,THUSITSINTERACTIONSARESETTO03MANIPULATORRETRACTTHERETRACTBEHAVIORSHOULDBEACTIVATEDOPPOSITETHEGOALBEHAVIOR,HENCEΑMANIPRETRACT?ΑMANIPACQUISITIONTANHKMANIPΑDTAR?DMANIPTHRESHOLD6EXCEPTFORAVERYSMALLTRANSITIONTIMETHISPREVENTSTHEMANIPULATORSACQUISITIONANDRETRACTBEHAVIORSFROMBEINGACTIVEATTHESAMETIME,THUSWECANSETΓRETRACT,ACQUISITION0FORTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHERETRACTANDTHEMOBILEBEHAVIORSWEWISHRETRACTTODEACTIVATEMOBILEWHENTHEMANIPULATORISFARAWAYFROMITSHOMECONFIGURATIONTHEINTERACTIONISTHEREFOREDEFINEDASΓRETRACT,MOBILE121TANHKRETRACTΓ?QCURRENT?QHOME???Q7INWHICHQCURANDQHOMEARETHEMANIPULATORSCURRENTANDHOMECONFIGURATIONS,?QSPECIFIESAPROXIMITYDISTANCEAROUNDQHOMEANDKRETRACTΓSPECIFIESHOWQUICKLYTHEINTERACTIONCHANGESIIICONTROLOFTHEMOBILEPLATFORMTHECONTROLOFTHEMOBILEPLATFORMISCONSTRUCTEDVERYSIMILARTOWHATISPRESENTEDIN14,BUTWITHAFEWDIFFERENCESFIRSTOFALLONLYTHETARGETACQUISITIONANDOBSTACLEAVOIDANCEBEHAVIORSAREUSEDTHECORRIDORFOLLOWINGANDWALLAVOIDANCEARENOTINCLUDED,BUTWOULDBESTRAIGHTFORWARDEXTENSIONSTHESECONDAREAINWHICHTHISWORKDIFFERSISINHOWTHEDENSITYOFOBSTACLESISCALCULATEDDETAILSOFTHISWILLBEEXPLAINEDINSECTIONIIIDFORTHECONTROLTOACTUALLYBEABLETONAVIGATETHROUGHTHEENVIRONMENT,ITISNECESSARYWITHAMETHODFORLOCALIZATIONTHEAPPROACHWEHAVEUSEDISBASEDONTHEMETHODDESCRIBEDIN20,WHICHCOMBINESODOMETRYANDLASERRANGEMEASUREMENTSMATCHEDAGAINSTAMAPOFDOMINATINGLINESINTHEENVIRONMENTTHECONTROLOFTHEPLATFORMISENCODEDUSINGTHEORIENTATION,Φ,ANDTHEVELOCITY,V,WHICHRESULTSINASYSTEMWITHCONTROLINPUTSFMOBILE{˙Φ,˙V}THEVALUESOFFMOBILEAREMADEUPOFTWOPARTS,FMOBILETARANDFMOBILEOBS,WHICHARECOMBINEDASFMOBILEWMOBILETARFMOBILETARWMOBILEOBSFMOBILEOBS8WHERETHEWEIGHTSWMOBILETARANDWMOBILEOBSARECONTROLLEDUSINGEQ3WITHTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEANDINTERACTIONSDESCRIBEDINSECTIONIIICASCONTROLINPUTWENEEDEXPRESSIONSFORTHELEFTANDRIGHTWHEELSOFTHEMOBILEPLATFORM,DENOTEDULEFTANDURIGHT,RESPECTIVELYTOOBTAINTHESE˙VISINTEGRATEDTOGETV,WHICHTOGETHERWITHTHEDESIREDROTATIONALVELOCITY˙Φ,THEWHEELDIAMETERDWHEELANDTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEWHEELSDWHEELBASECANBEUSEDTOCALCULATETHECONTROLINPUTSASULEFT˙Φ,VVΠDWHEEL??29URIGHT˙Φ,VVΠDWHEEL?21011WHERE?ISTHENEEDEDDIFFERENCEINWHEELSPEEDGIVENBY?˙ΦDWHEELBASEDWHEELΠ12ATARGETDYNAMICSTHEBASICDYNAMICSOFTHISTARGETBEHAVIORISFMOBILE,ΦTARΦΛMOBILE,ΦTARSINΨTAR?Φ13FMOBILE,VTARVΛMOBILE,VTARMINKMOBILETARDTAR,VMAX?V14INWHICHΛMOBILE,ΦTARANDΛMOBILE,VTARARETHESTRENGTHSOFTHEATTRACTORSANDΨTARISTHEDIRECTIONTOTHETARGETTHECONSTANTKMOBILETARGIVESTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEDISTANCETOTHETARGETANDTHEDESIREDVELOCITYFINALLYVMAXISTHEMAXIMALVELOCITYALLOWEDFORTHEMOBILEPLATFORMBOBSTACLEDYNAMICSGIVENADISTANCEDOBS,IANDADIRECTIONΨITOTHEI’THOBSTACLE,THEDYNAMICSOFTHEOBSTACLEAVOIDANCEAREFMOBILE,ΦOBS,IΛMOBILE,ΦOBSΦ?ΨIE?CMOBILEOBSDOBS,IE?Φ?ΨI22Σ2I15FMOBILE,VOBS,I????ΛMOBILE,VOBSV?VMINFORVVMAX,I16WHEREVMAX,IMAXKOBSDOBS,I,VMINTHEDYNAMICSOFΦCONSISTSOF3ELEMENTSITHERELATIVEDIRECTIONTOTHEOBSTACLEΦ?ΨI,IIASCALEE?CMOBILEOBSDOBS,IINWHICHCMOBILEOBSDETERMINESTHEDECAYDEPENDINGOFTHEDISTANCE,DOBS,I,ANDIIIASCALE,E?Φ?ΨI22Σ2I,BASEDONTHEDIRECTIONTOTHEOBSTACLEANDWITHΣIARCSIN1DS1DOBS,IENSURINGTHEGENERATIONOFANATTRACTORBETWEENTWOOBSTACLESIFTHEROBOTCANPASSTHROUGHWHILEENSURINGTHESAFETYDISTANCEDSSEE14FORMOREDETAILSFORFMOBILE,VOBS,ITHEEXPRESSIONADJUSTSTHEVELOCITYTOWARDSKOBSDOBS,I,BUTENSURESTHATAMINIMUMVELOCITYOFVMINISKEPTTOOBTAINTHEVALUEOFFMOBILEOBSWESUMOVERALLOBSTACLESFMOBILEOBS?FMOBILE,ΦOBSFMOBILE,VOBS??I?FMOBILE,ΦOBS,IFMOBILE,VOBS,I?171372
      下載積分: 10 賞幣
      上傳時間:2024-03-13
      頁數(shù): 7
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    • 簡介:EFFECTOFSERPENTINEANDNONUNIFORMWAVEGUIDEMODECONVERTERSONTM01ANDTE11ACOMPARATIVESTUDYBASEDONSIMULATIONS???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????9781457710995/11/2600?2011IEEE?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
      下載積分: 10 賞幣
      上傳時間:2024-03-13
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      20人已閱讀
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    • 簡介:LOWCOSTRISCIMPLEMENTATIONOFINTELLIGENTULTRAFASTCHARGERFORNI–CDBATTERYPANOMPETCHJATUPORNA,PHAOPHAKSIRISUKB,,NOPPADOLKHAEHINTUNGA,KHAMRONSUNATB,PHINYOWICHEANCHOTEC,WIWATKIRANONDADEPARTMENTOFCONTROLANDINSTRUMENTATIONENGINEERING,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,MAHANAKORNUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,BANGKOK10530,THAILANDBDEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERENGINEERING,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,MAHANAKORNUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,BANGKOK10530,THAILANDCTESTENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,SANMINASCISYSTEMSCOLTD,THAILANDDDEPARTMENTOFTELECOMMUNICATIONENGINEERING,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,KINGMONGKUT’SINSTITUEOFTECHNOLOGY,LADKRABANG,BANGKOK10520,THAILANDRECEIVED25MARCH2006RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM24NOVEMBER2006ACCEPTED29JUNE2007AVAILABLEONLINE11SEPTEMBER2007ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSALOWCOSTREDUCEDINSTRUCTIONSETCOMPUTERRISCIMPLEMENTATIONOFANINTELLIGENTULTRAFASTCHARGERFORANICKEL–CADMIUMNI–CDBATTERYTHECHARGEREMPLOYSAGENETICALGORITHMGATRAINEDGENERALIZEDREGRESSIONNEURALNETWORKGRNNASAKEYTOULTRAFASTCHARGINGWHILEAVOIDINGBATTERYDAMAGETHETRADEOFFBETWEENMEANSQUAREERRORMSEANDTHECOMPUTATIONALBURDENOFTHEGRNNISADDRESSEDBESIDES,ANEFFICIENTTECHNIQUEISPROPOSEDFORESTIMATIONOFARADIALBASISFUNCTIONRBFINTHEGRNNHARDWAREREALIZATIONBASEDUPONTHETECHNIQUESISDISCUSSEDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSWITHCOMMERCIALNI–CDBATTERIESREVEALTHATWHILETHEPROPOSEDCHARGERSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCESTHECHARGINGTIME,ITSCARCELYDETERIORATESTHEBATTERYENERGYSTORAGECAPABILITYWHENCOMPAREDWITHTHECONVENTIONALCHARGER?2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSBATTERYCHARGERNI–CDBATTERYFASTCHARGINGGAGRNNRBF1INTRODUCTIONABATTERYISANELECTROCHEMICALDEVICETHATCONVERTSCHEMICALENERGYCONTAINEDINITSACTIVEMATERIALSDIRECTLYINTOELECTRICENERGYTHROUGHANELECTROCHEMICALOXIDATION–REDUCTIONREACTIONS1ATPRESENT,ASECONDARYORRECHARGEABLEBATTERYISWIDELYUSEDINMANYAPPLICATIONSINCLUDINGWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONDEVICESANDPORTABLEAPPLIANCESTHISTYPEOFBATTERYINCLUDESNICKELCADMIUMNI–CD,NICKELMETALHYDRIDENI–MHANDLITHIUMIONLIIONBATTERIESAMONGTHESE,NI–CDBATTERYISTHEMOSTPOPULARRECHARGEABLEBATTERYDUETOITSLOWCOST,HIGHNUMBEROFCHARGE–DISCHARGECYCLESANDEXCELLENTLOADPERFORMANCE2BATTERYCHARGINGISAVERYCRUCIALFACTORINACONTRACTEDMANUFACTURING,WHEREALARGENUMBEROFBATTERYPOWEREDPLUGANDPLAYDEVICESAREOFTENPRODUCEDAFULLYCHARGEDNI–CDBATTERYMAYBESUPPLIEDBYABATTERYMANUFACTURERHOWEVER,INMANYPRACTICALSITUATIONS,SUCHASSHIPMENTDELAYORFIRMWAREUPGRADING,THEBATTERYMUSTBERECHARGEDBYTHEMANUFACTURERBEFORESHIPPINGTOACUSTOMERBECAUSEOFITSSIMPLESTRUCTUREANDCOSTCOMPETITIVENESS,ACONSTANTTRICKLECURRENTCHARGESTRATEGY1,2ISONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONCHARGINGTECHNIQUESFORANI–CDBATTERYTHETECHNIQUEREQUIRESALONGCHARGETIMESINCEITEMPLOYSAVERYLOWCHARGINGCURRENT,IE01CWHERECISTHEBATTERYCAPACITY,SOMETIMESTHECHARGINGLASTSLONGERTHAN10H,ANDTHUS,THECHARGERISOFTENREFERREDTOASAN‘‘OVERNIGHT01968904/SEEFRONTMATTER?2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JENCONMAN200706023CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL6629883655FAX6629884040EMAILADDRESSPHAOPHAKMUTACTHPSIRISUKWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENCONMANAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMENERGYCONVERSIONANDMANAGEMENT492008185–192ALLOWEDTOGOBEYOND50?C1INADDITIONTOTHETEMPERATURE,THEBATTERYVOLTAGEVIMMEDIATELYDROPSOR,EQUIVALENTLY,THEVOLTAGEGRADIENTBECOMESDV/DTNEGATIVETHUS,TWOCONDITIONSCANBEUTILIZEDASANINDICATIONOFTHEFULLYCHARGEDSTATE,NAMELYITHEBATTERYTEMPERATUREISGREATERTHAN50?CT50ORIITHEVOLTAGEGRADIENTISNEGATIVEDV/DT022ULTRAFASTCHARGERDESIGNSINCEITSINVENTION,VARIOUSAPPROACHESHAVEBEENEMPLOYEDFORCHARGINGNI–CDBATTERIESONEOFTHEMOSTPOPULARCHARGINGTECHNIQUESWIDELYUSEDINCONSUMERPRODUCTSISTHECONSTANTCURRENTTRICKLECHARGETECHNIQUE,INWHICHTHECHARGERSUPPLIESAVERYSMALL,CONSTANTCURRENTRATENORMALLY01CTOTHEBATTERYANDRELIESONUSERINTERVENTIONTOSTOPTHECHARGEWHENTHEBATTERYRETURNSTOFULLCAPACITYITISNOTEDTHATCHARGINGABATTERYRATEDAT1AHWITH01CIMPLIESTHECHARGINGCURRENTOF100MAANDRESULTSINTHECHARGINGTIMEBEINGATLEAST10HREDUCTIONOFTHECHARGINGPERIODSIMPLYREQUIRESTHECHARGINGCURRENTTOBELARGERINPRACTICE,ANI–CDBATTERYISCAPABLEOFHANDLINGACHARGECURRENTOF8C2HOWEVER,ITCANNOTBESUPPLIEDWITHSUCHALARGECURRENTFORALONGPERIODOTHERWISETHEBATTERYWILLBESEVERELYDAMAGEDASDISCUSSEDABOVETHEREFORE,THECHARGINGCURRENTMUSTBEADJUSTEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEBATTERYCHARGESTATEAKEYTOULTRAFASTCHARGINGISANINTELLIGENTCONTROLLERTHAT,GIVENMEASUREDINPUTPARAMETERS,CANPROPERLYDETERMINETHEOUTPUT,IETHECHARGINGCURRENTICAPPARENTLY,THEFIRSTTASKINDESIGNINGTHECONTROLLERISTOIDENTIFYTHECONTROLINPUTPARAMETERS,WHICHREPRESENTTHEBATTERYSTATUSTYPICALLY,THEBATTERYVOLTAGEANDTEMPERATURE,TOGETHERWITHTHEIRASSOCIATEDGRADIENTSAREUSEDASINPUTSTOTHECONTROLLER2,6BESIDES,THEBATTERYCURRENTMAYBEUSEDTOESTIMATETHEAMOUNTOFCHARGEREMAININGINTHEBATTERY5ONEMIGHTEXPECTTHATMOREPARAMETERSWOULDPROVIDEBETTERPERFORMANCEFROMTHEIMPLEMENTATIONPOINTOFVIEW,HOWEVER,MOREPARAMETERSMEANSMORECOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYAND,HENCE,MORECOMPLICATEDCIRCUITRYINOURDESIGN,ONLYTHETEMPERATUREANDITSASSOCIATEDGRADIENTAREEMPLOYEDASTHECONTROLINPUTPARAMETERSINFACT,ONLYTHEBATTERYTEMPERATUREISMEASUREDTHETEMPERATUREGRADIENTISEASILYCOMPUTEDUSINGTHEPASTANDCURRENTVALUESOFTHEMEASUREDTEMPERATURENONETHELESS,THEVOLTAGEGRADIENTISSTILLNECESSARYFORVERIFICATIONOFTHEFULLYCHARGEDSTATEBASEDONEXTENSIVEEXPERIMENTATIONS,THECONTROLINPUTS,IETHEABSOLUTETEMPERATURET,TEMPERATUREGRADIENTDT/DTANDCHARGINGCURRENTICWERECOLLECTED12FIG2DEPICTSASURFACEPLOTTHATREPRESENTSARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECONTROLINPUTSANDCORRESPONDINGOPTIMALCHARGINGCURRENTTHEFIGUREREVEALSTHATTHECHARGERSHOULDSUPPLYARELATIVELYHIGHCHARGECURRENTDURINGTHEINITIALPHASEOFBATTERYCHARGINGTHEN,THECHARGECURRENTSHOULDBEPROPERLYREDUCEDDURINGTHELATERPHASESOFCHARGINGDEPENDINGONTHETWOCONTROLPARAMETERSTANDDT/DTFOLLOWINGTHISSTRATEGY,ANOPTIMALCHARGINGCURRENTWITHINTHESAFETYLIMITWILLALWAYSBESUPPLIEDWITHOUTANYBATTERYDAMAGE,PROVIDEDTHATTHESURFACEPLOTOFFIG2ISWELLAPPROXIMATED3ULTRAFASTCHARGERUSINGGRNN31GRNNINRECENTYEARS,NEURALNETWORKSHAVERECEIVEDCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONDUETOTHEIREFFICIENCYINSOLVINGNONLINEAR,TIMEVARYINGPROBLEMSINMODERNEMERGINGAPPLICATIONSASOPPOSEDTOCONVENTIONALMATHEMATICALMODELBASEDTECHNIQUES,NEURALNETWORKSDONOTREQUIREANYMODELS,WHICHAREOFTENDIFFICULT,IFNOTIMPOSSIBLE,TOOBTAININPRACTICEALTHOUGHTHETRADITIONALTECHNIQUESCANEFFICIENTLYADDRESSLINEAR,TIMEINVARIANTSYSTEMS,THEYONLYPERFORMLINEARAPPROXIMATIONSOFNONLINEARBEHAVIORFORSOMEAPPLICATIONS,THEAPPROXIMATIONMAYBESUFFICIENTHOWEVER,BETTERTECHNIQUESARENECESSARYWHENAHIGHERDEGREEOFACCURACYISMANDATORYNEURALNETWORKSARESTRONGLYRECOMMENDEDFORSUCHAPPLICATIONSINOURCONTEXT,THENEURALNETWORKISALSOAPROMISINGSOLUTIONTOREALIZATIONOFANULTRAFASTCHARGERTHISISBECAUSECHARGINGTHEBATTERYNATURALLYINVOLVESITSINHERENTNONLINEARITIESTHEREEXISTALARGEVARIETYOFMODELSINTHENEURALNETWORKPARADIGMAMONGTHOSEISTHEGRNN13,WHICHISANEMERGINGMODELOFTHENEURALNETWORKPARADIGMITPOSSESSESARELATIVELYLOWCOMPUTATIONALBURDENWHILESTILLOFFERINGAHIGHDEGREEOFACCURACYUSINGTRAININGDATAOBTAINEDFROMREF12,ANULTRAFASTCHARGERUSINGTHEGRNNWASINTRODUCEDIN9ONCETRAINED,THEGRNNCANAPPROPRIATELYDETERMINETHECHARGINGCURRENTIC,GIVENTHETEMPERATURETANDTEMPERATUREGRADIENTDT/DTINOURSYSTEM,THEGRNNCOMPRISESTHREELAYERSASDEPICTEDINFIG3THEFIRSTLAYERHASTWOINPUTNODES,PARTICULARLYFORTHETEMPERATUREANDITSASSOCIATEDGRADIENTTHESECONDLAYERCONSISTSOFNEURONS,EACHOFWHICHISREPRESENTEDBYABASISFUNCTIONINREF11,ITWASREVEALEDTHATSIXNEURONSINTHESECONDLAYERYIELDSTHEBESTTRADEOFFBETWEENMEANSQUAREERRORMSEANDCOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYTHISWILLBECONFIRMEDBYSIMULATIONSINSECTION5NOTETHAT,BYERROR,WEMEANTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENFIG2SURFACEPLOTOFCONTROLINPUTSANDACHARGINGCURRENTPPETCHJATUPORNETAL/ENERGYCONVERSIONANDMANAGEMENT492008185–192187
      下載積分: 10 賞幣
      上傳時間:2024-03-13
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