簡介：出處出處2009INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONINTELLIGENTHUMANMACHINESYSTEMSANDCYBERNETICS中文中文2670字基于基于SIMULINK的雙閉環(huán)直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的參的雙閉環(huán)直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)優(yōu)化與仿真數(shù)優(yōu)化與仿真摘要摘要在控制系統(tǒng)中當(dāng)動態(tài)性能的要求很高，并且單回路控制系統(tǒng)不能滿足的要求時，我們實(shí)施了多環(huán)控制和在線對內(nèi)環(huán)和外環(huán)進(jìn)行參數(shù)優(yōu)化。本文以雙回路直流電動機(jī)調(diào)速控制系統(tǒng)為例，采用仿真優(yōu)化方法設(shè)計(jì)兩個PI調(diào)節(jié)器的參數(shù)，使系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)和穩(wěn)態(tài)指標(biāo)達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)優(yōu)化直流電動機(jī)雙閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)仿真正文正文I簡介簡介在經(jīng)典控制理論中，通常對控制電路中的每個物理量設(shè)立一個調(diào)節(jié)器，當(dāng)有多個物理參數(shù)要被控制時，就需要設(shè)置多個調(diào)節(jié)器來控制這些參數(shù)，這樣的系統(tǒng)被稱為多回路控制系統(tǒng)。雙閉環(huán)直流電動機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)是一個典型的多環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)1我們很清楚的了解到速負(fù)反饋控制的單閉環(huán)直流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)用PI調(diào)節(jié)器可以保證系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性。然而當(dāng)控制系統(tǒng)對動態(tài)性能要求很高，例如快速制動、突加負(fù)載時轉(zhuǎn)速降落小等要求，單閉環(huán)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)將難以滿足需求。經(jīng)典控制理論解決這個問題的唯一的方法是實(shí)現(xiàn)電流負(fù)反饋控制，在電流控制環(huán)中設(shè)置一個調(diào)節(jié)器，特別是用于調(diào)節(jié)電流量的調(diào)節(jié)器?？刂葡到y(tǒng)中就建立了轉(zhuǎn)速、電流兩個調(diào)節(jié)器。這樣的系統(tǒng)被稱為直流電動機(jī)的電流和轉(zhuǎn)速控制系統(tǒng)（這樣的系統(tǒng)也被稱為雙閉環(huán)直流電動機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)）。IIII系統(tǒng)模型系統(tǒng)模型里采用的是對轉(zhuǎn)速、電流兩個PI調(diào)節(jié)器的工程設(shè)計(jì)以及仿真和參數(shù)優(yōu)化。IIIIII仿真和運(yùn)行仿真和運(yùn)行根據(jù)圖1得到的仿真模型如圖2所示。其中，帶限幅作用的PI調(diào)節(jié)器中的積分調(diào)節(jié)器與比例調(diào)節(jié)器并聯(lián)；帶限幅作用的PI調(diào)節(jié)器在實(shí)際仿真中應(yīng)用很廣泛。圖2轉(zhuǎn)速閉環(huán)控制的直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的SIMULINK仿真模型如果對兩個PI調(diào)節(jié)器的參數(shù)同時進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，不能依賴控制系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)在僅使用優(yōu)化軟件對一個可變輸出的目標(biāo)函數(shù)進(jìn)行參數(shù)優(yōu)，調(diào)整參數(shù)的可變輸出的控制結(jié)果是使該系統(tǒng)更復(fù)雜而且很容易使一些模塊的輸出無限大，但可以使另個模塊得到優(yōu)化；假設(shè)把轉(zhuǎn)速環(huán)輸出的設(shè)定為目標(biāo)函數(shù)優(yōu)化的對象，優(yōu)化的結(jié)果可能是能夠更好地加速回路輸出，但電流環(huán)路輸出的可能就不能滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求；反之亦然5。如圖2所示，在SIMULINK仿真模型中對兩個PI調(diào)節(jié)器同一時間的參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。初始值為P11,I14,P21,I24；IAE的目標(biāo)函數(shù)為（1）0FTQETDT??通過目標(biāo)函數(shù)優(yōu)化參數(shù)的結(jié)果為P11104486,I114125,P287689,I272511。相應(yīng)的速度曲線和電流曲線如圖3所示的。顯然電流曲線是不符合實(shí)際情況和實(shí)際需要的。因此，根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的多回路控制器的設(shè)計(jì)方法，我們通常會第一個優(yōu)化內(nèi)環(huán)PI調(diào)節(jié)器的參數(shù)，然后優(yōu)化外環(huán)PI調(diào)節(jié)器的參數(shù)。

簡介：本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文翻譯原文標(biāo)題PORTABLEAUDIOBUILTONINNOVATION譯文標(biāo)題便捷式音響，創(chuàng)新是基礎(chǔ)作者所在系別材料工程系作者所在專業(yè)作者所在班級作者姓名作者學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師姓名指導(dǎo)教師職稱完成時間2011年11月第2頁共6頁些有效的技術(shù)被生產(chǎn)用來提高播放器的功能和聲音質(zhì)量。最新的數(shù)碼技術(shù)和數(shù)碼信號秩序成為了有效的科技。音響具有很高壓縮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的錄像盤、DVD、家庭劇場和磁盤播放器這些遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了相同水平的低音系統(tǒng)。另一方面，大音量揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)是由磁性材料和其他大音量揚(yáng)聲器材料所控制，并遵循數(shù)碼信號程序硅系統(tǒng)程序。直到現(xiàn)在，數(shù)碼信號程序軟件也沒有使數(shù)碼信號程序硅系統(tǒng)有效的應(yīng)用，來彌補(bǔ)大音量揚(yáng)聲器的缺陷。事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)在所賣的揚(yáng)聲器的精確性不如音響制造商降低價格和揚(yáng)聲器的體積，質(zhì)量也受到了影響。但是一些問題可以被數(shù)碼信號程序所克服。第一家公司提供袖珍、有力的配有準(zhǔn)確的信號程序的便捷式揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)和D極安培系統(tǒng)到市場，他們在2002年推出了一項(xiàng)使用最大低音調(diào)的產(chǎn)品，并且賣掉了數(shù)以百萬揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)。他們提供APPLE系列、DELPHI和游戲外圍供應(yīng)商、索尼PSP系統(tǒng)。海報(bào)上的便捷式音響很明顯是移動揚(yáng)聲器產(chǎn)品。這些提供給了蘋果系列的配件。有效的拯救了公司。隨后將會提供更多的多媒體揚(yáng)聲器給一個龐大的電腦系統(tǒng)。移動式商品的特點(diǎn)?便捷式電池4節(jié)AA節(jié)電池。?低音效果高頻率稍微彌補(bǔ)了小型揚(yáng)聲器和高電力工具。?高效率數(shù)碼轉(zhuǎn)換擴(kuò)音器。?配有鋁片和磁石系統(tǒng)的揚(yáng)聲器驅(qū)動器。ALTEE的產(chǎn)品使用了低音波段式來擴(kuò)大低音的回復(fù)，另一個產(chǎn)品將會使用更簡潔的、低效率、原始的轉(zhuǎn)換器已經(jīng)引發(fā)了產(chǎn)品分界線，特別市一個替補(bǔ)品牌。ALTEE的便捷式音響揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)通過APPLE形式推出，也通過了網(wǎng)絡(luò)和其他平常頻道?！拔覀儙啄昵邦A(yù)測便捷式產(chǎn)品會有一個龐大的發(fā)展，我們開發(fā)移動設(shè)備，把移動引進(jìn)市場成功研究了APPLE、IPOD以及更多的MP3、CD用”BOB說，ALTECLANSING的副總裁，“我們正在擴(kuò)大我們的戰(zhàn)線因?yàn)槲覀兤诖吹綆啄暌院笫袌龅脑俅悟v飛，不僅是MP3、CD也同樣是其他領(lǐng)域如衛(wèi)星收音機(jī)。波段音響信號計(jì)算程序，通過主音樂和影響聲帶的混合方式而被廣泛使用，波段式低音音響是解決壓縮、低能量揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)一種的新途徑，不能高頻率的制造低音效果的問題。低音音響效果使用了“以短暫消失現(xiàn)象為基礎(chǔ)的方法使聽眾聽到八度低音音階效果。它并沒有破壞揚(yáng)聲器自身使用的規(guī)則，而波段式在低音效果程序中不僅提供了DSP密碼還減少了成本混合式信號ASIC，在一種新的音響揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)中被用到。2004發(fā)明，電子音樂公司上市了兩種新款揚(yáng)聲器系統(tǒng)THEBOOMTUBE和BOOMTUBEEX，連接了低音音響，數(shù)碼擴(kuò)音器鋁式新型揚(yáng)聲器。BOOMTUBE使用22W數(shù)碼揚(yáng)聲器，驅(qū)動器通過1個帶有4節(jié)AA電池的22W數(shù)碼揚(yáng)聲器。THEBOOMTUBEEX移動也達(dá)到了一個很高的水平，通過2個衛(wèi)星驅(qū)動程序和2個低音揚(yáng)

簡介：3500英文單詞，英文單詞，17萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文5400字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處KLOCKEF,BRUMMM,HERZHOFFSINFLUENCEOFGEARDESIGNONTOOLLOADINBEVELGEARCUTTINGJPROCEDIACIRP,2012,116671INFLUENCEOFGEARDESIGNONTOOLLOADINBEVELGEARCUTTINGFRITZKLOCKE,MARKUSBRUMM,STEFANHERZHOFFABSTRACTDURINGGEARDESIGN,THETOOTHGEOMETRYISOPTIMIZEDTOWARDSTHEREQUIREDRUNNINGBEHAVIORPRESSUREANGLEANDTOOTHROOTRADIUSOFTHEGEARSETAREAMONGTHEINFLUENCINGFACTORSASTHETOOLSINBEVELGEARCUTTINGARESPECIALLYDESIGNEDFOREACHGEARSET,THETOOLPROFILEGEOMETRYISDEFINEDBYTHEGEARGEOMETRYTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISWORKISTOANALYZETHEINFLUENCEOFTHETOOLPROFILEGEOMETRYONTHERMALANDMECHANICALTOOLLOADDURINGBEVELGEARMACHININGBYMEANSOFAFINITEELEMENTBASEDMACHININGSIMULATIONTHECHIPFORMATIONINBEVELGEARCUTTINGOFRINGGEARSISCALCULATEDTHESIMULATIONRESULTSSHOWASIGNIFICANTTHERMALANDMECHANICALLOADMAXIMUMATTHETOOLCORNER,WHERETHEMAXIMALWEAROCCURSTHEVARIATIONOFTHETOOLPROFILEGEOMETRYSHOWSAHIGHINFLUENCEOFTHETOOLPRESSUREANGLEANDTHETOOLCORNERRADIUSONTHETOOLLOADATTHETOOLCORNERKEYWORDSGEARCUTTING,CHIPFORMATION,MACHININGSIMULATION,TOOLTEMPERATURE,TOOLSTRESS,WEAR1INTRODUCTIONANDCHALLENGEBEVELGEARCUTTINGISAVERYPRODUCTIVEMACHININGPROCESS,ESPECIALLYINAUTOMOTIVEAPPLICATIONSAMACHINEKINEMATICINSIXAXESISNECESSARYTOMANUFACTURETHEGEARGEOMETRYINTYPICALAPPLICATIONS,THEUNDEFORMEDCHIPCROSSSECTIONISLSHAPED,SPREADINGOVERTWOADJACENTCUTTINGEDGESINCLUDINGTHETOOLCORNERASSHOWNINFIG1FIG1MULTIFLANKCHIPFORMATIONINBEVELGEARCUTTINGINTHISMULTIFLANKCHIPFORMATIONTOOLSOFTENREACHTHETOOLLIFEDUETOEXCESSIVEWEARATTHETOOLCORNERRADIUS1,2,3,4THISLOCALWEARLIMITSTHEUSABLETOOLLIFEINSERIESPRODUCTIONFURTHERMORE,TOOLWEARRELATEDPROBLEMSCANNOTBECONSIDEREDDURINGTHEDESIGNPHASEOFBEVELFIG2SIMULATIONMODELACONSTITUTIVEMATERIALMODELISUSEDTODESCRIBETHEDEFORMATIONBEHAVIOROFTHEWORKPIECETHEMATERIALMODELISIMPLEMENTEDACCORDINGTOTHETHEORYOFJOHNSONANDCOOK5KFISTHEFLOWSTRESS,ΕTHEPLASTICEQUIVALENTSTRAIN,UMTHEMELTINGTEMPERATUREANDU0THEINITIALTEMPERATURETHEMATERIALPARAMETERSFORTHEUSED16MNCR5ARELISTEDINTABLE1TABLE1JOHNSONANDCOOKMATERIALPARAMETERPARAMETERΕ01/SAMPABMPACNMVALUE15604000022021THISMATERIALISTYPICALLYUSEDINGEARMANUFACTURINGASINBEVELGEARCUTTINGNOSEGMENTEDCHIPFORMATIONOCCURS,FURTHERMODIFICATIONSOFTHEMATERIALLAW,ASPRESENTEDIN6,ARENOTNECESSARYAMOREDETAILEDPRESENTATIONOFTHESIMULATIONMODELISPUBLISHEDIN7,WHERETHETOOLLOADISANALYZEDFORONETOOLGEOMETRYINTHISPAPER,THESIMULATIONMODELISUSEDTOCONDUCTAGEOMETRYVARIATIONFORANALYSISOFTHEINFLUENCEOFTOOLPRESSUREANGLEANDTOOLCORNERRADIUSONTHETOOLLOAD4SIMULATIONRESULTSTHESIMULATIONMODELHASBEENUSEDTOCALCULATECHARACTERISTICKEYVALUESFORTHETHERMALANDMECHANICALTOOLLOADINBEVELGEARCUTTINGFURTHERMOREAVARIATIONOFTOOLPROFILEGEOMETRYHASBEENDONE,WHICHRESULTSAREDESCRIBEDINTHISSECTIONINTOOLLOADANALYSIS,TWOREASONSFORUNEVENLOADDISTRIBUTIONHAVETOBEDISTINGUISHEDATFIRST,ANUNEVENCHIPSHAPEWILLRESULTINUNEVENLOADACTINGONTHECUTTINGEDGE,ASDISCUSSEDIN7SECONDLY,THESHAPEOFTHECUTTINGEDGEWILLINFLUENCETHELOADOCCURRINGINTHEINSIDEOFTHE

簡介：4500英文單詞，英文單詞，24萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文7500字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處OMARIR,FREMPONGGFOODSAFETYCONCERNSOFFASTFOODCONSUMERSINURBANGHANAJAPPETITE,2016,984954FOODSAFETYCONCERNSOFFASTFOODCONSUMERSINURBANGHANAROSEOMARI,GODFREDFREMPONGABSTRACTINGHANA,OUTOFHOMEREADYTOEATFOODSINCLUDINGFASTFOODGENERALLYHAVEBEENASSOCIATEDWITHFOODSAFETYPROBLEMSNOTWITHSTANDING,FASTFOODPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTIONAREINCREASINGINGHANAANDTHEREFORETHISSTUDYSOUGHTTODETERMINETHEFOODSAFETYISSUESOFIMPORTANCETOCONSUMERSANDTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYWORRYABOUTTHEMFIRST,THROUGHTHREEFOCUSGROUPDISCUSSIONSONCONSUMERSPERSONALOPINIONSABOUTFOODSAFETYISSUES,SOMEEMERGENTTHEMESWEREOBTAINED,WHICHWEREUSEDTOCONSTRUCTANOPENENDEDQUESTIONNAIREADMINISTEREDFACETOFACETO425RESPONDENTSSYSTEMATICALLYSAMPLEDFROM20FASTFOODRESTAURANTSINACCRAFINDINGSSHOWEDTHATMOSTFASTFOODCONSUMERSWERECONCERNEDABOUTFOODHAZARDSSUCHASPESTICIDERESIDUEINVEGETABLES,EXCESSIVEUSEOFARTIFICIALFLAVOURENHANCERSANDCOLOURINGSUBSTANCES,BACTERIALCONTAMINATION,MIGRATEDHARMFULSUBSTANCESFROMPLASTICPACKAGES,ANDGENERALUNHYGIENICCONDITIONSUNDERWHICHFOODISPREPAREDANDSOLDCONSUMERSALSORAISEDCONCERNSABOUTFOODBORNEDISEASESSUCHASCHOLERA,TYPHOID,FOODPOISONING,DIARRHOEA,BIRDFLUANDSWINEFLUTHELOGISTICREGRESSIONMODELSHOWEDTHATBEINGMALEINCREASEDTHELIKELIHOODOFWORRYINGABOUTGENERALFOODSAFETYISSUESANDEXCESSIVEUSEOFFLAVOURENHANCERSTHANINFEMALESWHILEBEINGYOUTHFULINCREASEDTHELIKELIHOODOFBEINGWORRIEDABOUTTYPHOIDFEVERTHANINOLDERCONSUMERSTHESEFINDINGSIMPLYTHATCONSUMERSINURBANGHANAAREAWAREANDCONCERNEDABOUTCURRENTTRENDSOFFOODSAFETYANDFOODBORNEDISEASECHALLENGESINTHECOUNTRYTHEREFORE,EFFORTSTARGETEDATIMPROVINGFOODSAFETYANDREDUCINGINCIDENCESOFFOODBORNEDISEASESSHOULDNOTONLYFOCUSONPUBLICAWARENESSCREATIONBUTSHOULDALSODESIGNMORECOMPREHENSIVEPROGRAMMESTOENSURETHEMAKINGOFFOODSAFETYRULESANDGUIDELINESANDENFORCINGCOMPLIANCETOFACILITATEAVAILABILITYANDCONSUMERSCHOICEOFSAFEFOODSKEYWORDSFOODSAFETY,FOODSAFETYCONCERNS,CONSUMERCONCERNS,FASTFOOD,FOODBORNEDISEASES,FOODHAZARDS,GHANA1INTRODUCTIONFOODSAFETYISANESSENTIALCOMPONENTOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDCONTRIBUTESTOIMPROVEDPUBLICHEALTH,INCREASEDFOODSECURITYANDENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONGHANACURRENTLYFACESNUMEROUSFOODSAFETYCHALLENGESSUCHASMICROBIALCONTAMINATIONAFLATOXINCONTAMINATIONPOLYCYCLICAROMATICHYDROCARBONSPAHINSMOKEDFISHANDMEATSMERCURYINFISHPESTICIDERESIDUESINGRAINS,LEGUMES,VEGETABLE,ANDFRUITSFOODADULTERATIONANDMISUSEOFFOODADDITIVESALLOFWHICHIMPACTPUBLICHEALTHMINISTRYOFHEALTH,2013RASFF,2004E2007THEANNUALOUTPATIENTREPORTEDCASESOFFOODBORNEILLNESSESSUCHASDIARRHOEA,TYPHOID,ANDCHOLERAINGHANAISABOUT420,000WITHANNUALDEATHRATENOTLESSTHAN65,000FOODANDDRUGAUTHORITY,2006IN2006ALONE,ATOTALOF90,692PEOPLEDIEDFROMFOODANDPERSONALHYGIENERELATEDILLNESSESINTHECOUNTRYFOODANDDRUGAUTHORITY,2006FOODBORNEILLNESSESAREINFACTONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTUNDERLYINGFACTORSFORMALNUTRITIONWITHASERIOUSIMPACTONTHEGROWTHANDIMMUNESYSTEMSOFINFANTSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESFAO,2005INGHANA,MANYSTREETFOODSHAVEBEENFOUNDNOTTOCONFORMTOFOODSAFETYSTANDARDSANDAMIXEDMETHODAPPROACHWASADOPTEDIEQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVETOACHIEVEANINDEPTHINSIGHTINTOCONSUMERPERCEPTIONSOFTHESAFETYOFFASTFOODBRYMAN,2004THEQUALITATIVESTAGEFACILITATEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFASURVEYQUESTIONNAIREWHILETHEUSEOFQUANTITATIVEMETHODMADEITEASIERTODOTHESTUDYONLARGERSAMPLEANDMAKEGENERALIZABLECONCLUSIONSORTOCOMPAREFINDINGSACROSSDIFFERENTGROUPSTHREEFOCUSGROUPSONEEACHWITHMALEANDFEMALECONSUMERSWHOWERESTUDENTSANDTHETHIRDONEWITHPERSONSINEMPLOYMENTN?12FOREACHWEREHELDTOEXPLOREANDCOLLATEBROADVIEWSANDCONSUMERSPERSONALOPINIONSABOUTFOODSAFETYISSUESANDHOWTHESEARELINKEDWITHFASTFOODCONSUMPTIONDATAFROMTHEFOCUSGROUPDISCUSSIONSWASANALYSEDTOIDENTIFYEMERGENTTHEMESHUBERMANMILES,1994THETHEMESANDSOMESPECIFICISSUESIDENTIFIEDWERETHENUSEDTOCONSTRUCTAQUESTIONNAIRE,WHICHHADOPENENDEDQUESTIONSBUTINMOSTCASES,RESPONDENTSWEREASKEDTOINDICATETHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYWEREWORRIEDABOUTFOODSAFETYISSUES,SOMEOFWHICHHAVEBEENASSOCIATEDWITHFASTFOODTHERESPONSESWERERATEDONAFIVEPOINTLIKERTSCALEWHERE1REPRESENTED‘VERYWORRIED’,4REPRESENTED‘NOTATALLWORRIED’,AND5REPRESENTED‘DONTKNOW’USINGTHESEMISTRUCTUREDQUESTIONNAIRE,ACROSSSECTIONALCONSUMERSURVEYWASCONDUCTEDIN20FASTFOODRESTAURANTS,WHICHWERESYSTEMATICALLYSAMPLEDFROMTHEFOURZONESOFACCRAACCRAEAST,WEST,CENTRALANDNORTHTHESAMPLINGFRAMEWASALISTOF61FASTFOODRESTAURANTSTHATWEREOFGOODSTANDINGTHATIS,RESTAURANTSTHATHADOBTAINEDORRENEWEDTHEIRLICENCESWITHTHEGHANATOURISMAUTHORITY,ANINSTITUTIONTHATISSUESLICENSESTORESTAURANTSINTHEACCRAMETROPOLITANAREAAMABYDECEMBER2012THESAMPLESIZEOFRESPONDENTSUSEDFORTHECONSUMERSURVEYWASBASEDONTHEAMAPOPULATIONOFAPPROXIMATELY2MILLIONUSINGA5MARGINOFERRORAND95CONFIDENCELEVEL,THEQUALTRICSONLINESAMPLESIZECALCULATOR2011GAVEASAMPLESIZEOF385HOWEVER,INTOTAL,425RESPONDENTS,15YEARSANDOLDER,SELECTEDBYCONVENIENCESAMPLINGTECHNIQUEPARTICIPATEDINTHESURVEYTHISSAMPLINGTECHNIQUEWASCHOSENBECAUSEOFTHEEXPECTATIONTHATPARTICIPATIONWOULDBEBASEDONASELFSELECTIONOFINDIVIDUALSWILLINGTOPARTICIPATEINTHESURVEYCASTILLO,2009THEQUESTIONNAIRESWEREADMINISTEREDFACETOFACESOFIELDASSISTANTSWEREAVAILABLETOHELPEXPLAINTHEQUESTIONSANDWRITEOUTRESPONSESINALANGUAG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簡介：4200英文單詞，英文單詞，24500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文7300字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處ASRARULHAQM,KUCHINKEKPIMPACTOFLEADERSHIPSTYLESONEMPLOYEES’ATTITUDETOWARDSTHEIRLEADERANDPERFORMANCEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFROMPAKISTANIBANKSJFUTUREBUSINESSJOURNAL,2016,215464IMPACTOFLEADERSHIPSTYLESONEMPLOYEES’ATTITUDETOWARDSTHEIRLEADERANDPERFORMANCEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFROMPAKISTANIBANKSMUHAMMADASRARULHAQ,KPETERKUCHINKEABSTRACTTHISPAPERREPORTSTHEFINDINGSOFASTUDYEXAMININGTHEIMPACTOFMANAGERS’LEADERSHIPSTYLESONSUBORDINATES’PERFORMANCETHEIMPACTOFLEADERSHIPSTYLESONEMPLOYEEPERFORMANCEOUTCOMESISEXPLOREDTHEORETICALLYANDTESTEDEMPIRICALLYINTHEPAKISTANIBANKINGSECTORTHESAMPLEOFTHESTUDYCONSISTEDOF224FULLTIMEEMPLOYEESINTHEBANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTANFINDINGSOFTHISSTUDYREVEALTHATTHEREEXISTSASIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIPANDEMPLOYEEPERFORMANCEOUTCOMESHOWEVER,LAISSEZFAIRELEADERSHIPSTYLESHOWEDNEGATIVERELATIONSHIPWITHEMPLOYEEPERFORMANCEOUTCOMESINTERMSOFEFFECTIVENESS,ANDEMPLOYEESATISFACTIONBANKINGINDUSTRYINPAKISTANISPRONETONUMEROUSCHALLENGESINCLUDINGEMPLOYEETURNOVERMODELPRESENTEDINTHESTUDYWILLBEHELPFULFORTHEHUMANRESOURCEMANAGERSANDTOPMANAGEMENTTODESIGNEFFECTIVELEADERSHIPDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMSHRDDEPARTMENTCANBEESTABLISHEDANDHRDPROFESSIONALSCANBEHIREDTOASSISTTHEMANAGERSINORGANIZINGTRAININGANDDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMSFURTHER,ITMAYHELPTODESIGNSTRATEGIESTOSATISFY,RETAINANDMOTIVATETHEEMPLOYEESALSO,ITWILLHELPTHEMANAGERSDECIDE,WHICHLEADERSHIPSTYLETHEYSHOULDCHOOSEINTERMSOFOUTCOMESKEYWORDSTRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIPTRANSACTIONALLEADERSHIPPERFORMANCEPAKISTANBANKING1INTRODUCTIONUNCERTAINTYINGLOBALMARKETHASMADEORGANIZATIONSMOREAWAREANDPRONETOADOPTCHANGEONACONTINUOUSBASISTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHEBUSINESSOPERATIONSREQUIRESTHATTHEREMUSTBEANEFFECTIVEPARTICIPATIONFROMEVERYLEVELOFTHEORGANIZATIONINADDITIONTOLAND,LABOR,ANDCAPITAL,HUMANRESOURCEISALSOANIMPORTANTASSETOFORGANIZATIONITPLAYSAKEYROLEINTHESMOOTHRUNNINGOFTHEORGANIZATIONANDACHIEVINGITSGOALSINTHISEVERCHANGINGANDCOMPETITIVEGLOBALMARKET,HUMANRESOURCECANBECOMETHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOFTHEORGANIZATION,IFMANAGEDEFFECTIVELYTHISISEVIDENTFROMLITERATURETHATLEADERSHAVESIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONSUBORDINATESTHESIGNIFICANCEOFLEADERSHIPSTYLEINCREASESINTHESERVICESSECTOR,ASITHASDIRECTIMPACTONECONOMICDEVELOPMENTTHEREFORE,THEDEVELOPMENTANDGROWTHINSERVICESSECTORENSURESTHEOVERALLGROWTHOFNATIONALECONOMY,ESPECIALLYINADEVELOPINGCOUNTRYTHEBANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTANISGROWINGGRADUALLYTHATHASGIVENRISETOINTENSECOMPETITIONAMONGBANKSTHEREFORE,INORDERTOSTAYAHEADOFCOMPETITORS,BANKSCANMANAGETHEIRHUMANRESOURCESEFFECTIVELYBYEMPLOYINGDIFFERENTLEADERSHIPSTYLESINTHISREGARDACCORDINGTOSAARIANDJUDGE2004,USEOFTRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIPCANBOOSTUPEMPLOYEES’MORALEANDRESULTINJOBSATISFACTIONASTHEBANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTANISFACINGDIFFERENTPROBLEMSLIKEHIGHTURNOVER,LACKOFCOMMITMENTANDJOBSTRESSAMONGEMPLOYEESASRARULHAQ,2015,THEIMPORTANCEOFEFFECTIVELEADERSHIPHASINCREASEDTHEREFORE,THEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOEXAMINETHEIMPACTOFMANAGERS’LEADERSHIPSTYLESONEMPLOYEEPERFORMANCE2PROBLEMSTATEMENTOFDEBATE,BUTNOCOMMONDEFINITIONHASBEENAGREEDUPONACCORDINGTOJONGANDHARTOG,2007,LEADERSHIPCANBEDEFINEDASAPROCESSOFINFLUENCINGPEOPLETOGETTHEDESIREDOUTCOMESANDERSEN2016STATEDTHATLEADERSARETHEONESWHOSTIMULATE,MOTIVATE,ANDRECOGNIZETHEIREMPLOYEESINORDERTOGETWORKDONEANDACHIEVETHEDESIREDRESULTSLEADERSADOPTVARIOUSLEADERSHIPSTYLESINORDERTOMOTIVATEANDSTIMULATETHEEMPLOYEESLOKANDCRAWFORD2004CLAIMEDTHATLEADERSHIPCANBETTERPREDICTTHESUCCESSORFAILUREOFANORGANIZATIONTHISSTUDYISANEFFORTTOEXPLORETRANSFORMATIONAL,TRANSACTIONALANDLAISSEZFAIRESTYLESOFLEADERSHIPANDUNDERSTANDITSIMPACTONTHEATTITUDEOFEMPLOYEESTOWARDSTHEIRLEADERSANDPERFORMANCEINTHEBANKINGSECTOROFPAKISTAN31TRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIPTRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIPISMORELIKEVISIONARYLEADERSHIP,INWHICHLEADERSMOTIVATETHEIREMPLOYEESTOEXCEEDCERTAINEXPECTATIONSHATERDOUCET,FREDETTE,SIMARD,INSPIRATIONALMOTIVATIONINTELLECTUALSTIMULATIONANDINDIVIDUALIZEDCONSIDERATIONIDEALIZEDINFLUENCEISALSOKNOWNASCHARISMATICLEADERSHIPLEADERSPOSSESSINGIDEALIZEDINFLUENCE,ACTASAROLEMODELTOTHEIRFOLLOWERSTHEYSTRICTLYFOLLOWSTRONGETHICALANDMORALVALUESIDEALIZEDINFLUENCEISOFTWOTYPESATTRIBUTEDANDBEHAVIORALINATTRIBUTEDIDEALIZEDINFLUENCE,CHARACTERISTICSOFLEADERSARECONSIDEREDIMPORTANTONTHEOTHERHAND,ACTIONSOFTHELEADERARETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONINBEHAVIORALINFLUENCEININSPIRATIONALMOTIVATION,LEADERSHAVEANOPTIMISTICVIEWANDSETHIGHSTANDARDSFORFOLLOWERSTHEYAREENTHUSIASTIC,ANDENCOURAGETHEIRFOLLOWERSTOACCOMPLISHHIGHERGOALSINTELLECTUALSTIMULATIONENSURESTHATEMPLOYEESAREAWAREOFTHEIRPROBLEMSANDCAPABLEENOUGHTOTHINKABOUTTHEIRPROBLEMSINAMORECREATIVEMANNERINTELLECTUALSTIMULATIONENABLESEMPLOYEESTOUNDERSTAND,CONCEPTUALIZE,ANDCOMPREHENDTHEIRPROBLEMSINADDITION,ITMAKESEMPLOYEESCAPABLEOFANALYZINGANDSOLVINGTHEIRPROBLEMSINUNUSUALWAYSBASSAVOLIO,1997INDIVIDUALCONSIDERATIONMEANSTHATEVERYEMPLOYEEGETSSPECIALATTENTIONBASEDONHIS/HERPERSONALCHARACTERISTICSANDNEEDSTHEYLISTENTOTHEIREMPLOYEES,ADVISETHEMANDTEACHTHEMONINDIVIDUALBASISTRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSTHROUGHINDIVIDUALCONSIDERATIONBRINGOUTTHEBESTINTHEIRFOLLOWERS32TRANSACTIONALLEADERSHIP

簡介：中文中文3950字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處QASHOUI,TAFRESHIHV,POURDEYHIMIBANINVESTIGATIONOFTHERADIATIVEHEATTRANSFERTHROUGHNONWOVENFIBROUSMATERIALSJJOURNALOFENGINEEREDFABRICSFIBERSJEFF,2009,41非織造纖維材料輻射傳熱的研究非織造纖維材料輻射傳熱的研究IMADQASHOU,HOOMANVAHEDITAFRESHI,BEHNAMPOURDEYHIMI摘要在這項(xiàng)研究中，表面對表面輻射模型的FLUENTCFD代碼是用來研究纖維材料輻射傳熱的反應(yīng)。非穩(wěn)態(tài)傳熱方程求解的溫度和熱流以及周圍的纖維構(gòu)成無紡布纖維材料。它表明，對于一個固定的纖維直徑，織物擁有更高的固體體積分?jǐn)?shù)（SVF），材料的平均溫度上升越慢。我們的模擬結(jié)果也表明，對于一個固定的SVF，纖維直徑有通過媒體上的非定常的熱傳遞的影響可以忽略不計(jì)。在本文中特別感興趣的是材料厚度的熱量滲透的效果。結(jié)果表明，通過增加材料的厚度來定額SVF以及纖維直徑，其瞬態(tài)熱傳導(dǎo)呈指數(shù)級下降。上述發(fā)現(xiàn)在我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中得到了證實(shí)。纖維介質(zhì)內(nèi)模擬輻射傳熱纖維介質(zhì)內(nèi)模擬輻射傳熱表面模型提出了一種獲得在灰色的漫反射表面的一個外殼的輻射交換強(qiáng)度場方法。兩個表面之間的能量交換，取決于它們的大小、間距和取向。這些參數(shù)是通過所謂的觀點(diǎn)占因素。從另一個表面的表面后入射能量的量是表面對表面的視圖因子，既FJK。視圖因子,FJK是分?jǐn)?shù)的能量離開表面K的事件表面J。入射能量通量QIN,K可以通過能量通量離開所有其他表面的方式來表達(dá)AKQIN,K＝（1）??NJKJOUTJFQA1J,AK表示K的表面積，F(xiàn)JK表示K和J表面之間的視圖因子（N是表面的數(shù)量）。表面模型主要假設(shè)的是表面輻射能量之間的交流不受介質(zhì)作用分開它們。FLUENT軟件運(yùn)用灰度擴(kuò)散模型，假設(shè)如果一定量的輻射能量（E）的表面上入射，（ΡE）的一小部分被反射，一小部分（ΑE）被吸收，一小部分（ΤE）被發(fā)送。此外FLUENT軟件還假定，傳熱面的熱輻射是不透明的。因此，透射率對其的影響可以忽略不計(jì)。反射的能量通量是依賴于周圍的入射能量通量，然后可以表示為離開所有其他表面的能量通量的入射能量通量。其中可以使用下式表示K反射的能量QOUT,KΕKΣT4ΡKQIN,K（2）QOUT,K表示離開表面的能量通量，ΕK表示輻射率，Σ是玻爾茲曼常數(shù)，QIN,K表示從周圍表面上入射的能量通量。在另一種形式中，所述式中，F(xiàn)LUENT軟件利用光能傳遞?方程。一個表面K放出的總能量由下式給出JKEKΡ（3）JNKJJF??1J其中EK代表面K的發(fā)射功率。為了減少計(jì)算的費(fèi)用，時間和存儲要求，當(dāng)存在大量的輻射表面，F(xiàn)LUENT會采用聚類技術(shù)（詳細(xì)信息見FLUENT的操作手冊）。

簡介：4600英文單詞，英文單詞，23500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文7400字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處STEPANOVICIMODERNTECHNOLOGYANDCHALLENGESTOPROTECTIONOFTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYJANNALSFACLBELGRADEINTLED,2014,623167178MODERNTECHNOLOGYANDCHALLENGESTOPROTECTIONOFTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYIVANASTEPANOVI?THERIGHTTOPRIVACYISAFUNDAMENTALHUMANRIGHTANDCANBECATEGORISEDASAFIRSTGENERATIONHUMANRIGHTHOWEVER,ITISONEOFTHEMOSTCONTROVERSIALHUMANRIGHTSDUETOTHEFACTTHATITISNOTPROPERLYDEFINEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTECHNOLOGYHASCHANGEDOURUNDERSTANDINGOFPRIVACYANDSHIFTEDTHEBOUNDARYBETWEENPRIVATEANDPUBLIC,WHICHHASRESULTEDINCONFUSIONRELATEDTOTHEVERYMEANINGOFPRIVACYANDMADEUSQUESTIONTOWHATEXTENTWESHOULDPROTECTITANYWAYSECURITYISSUESCONTINUOUSLYUNDERMINETHEPROTECTIONOFPRIVACYBYIMPOSINGTHENEEDFORMORESURVEILLANCEANDCONTROLINSTEADOFBEINGCONSIDEREDASANATURALRIGHT,THERIGHTTOPRIVACYISCONSTANTLYBEINGCONTESTEDINTHISPAPERITISANALYSEDHOWNEWTECHNOLOGIESALTEREDOURUNDERSTANDINGOFPRIVACYANDBLURREDTHELINEBETWEENPRIVATEANDPUBLICSPACES,IMPOSINGMANYCHALLENGESTOPROTECTIONOFTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYIARGUETHATTHESECHALLENGESARECAUSEDBYTHELACKOFDEFINITIONOFPRIVACYANDPROPOSETHATWESHOULDRETHINKTHECONCEPTITSELFINORDERTOCREATEANEWOPERATIVEDEFINITIONWHICHWOULDENABLEBETTERPROTECTIONOFTHISFUNDAMENTALHUMANRIGHTWHICHISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPILLARSOFMODERNDEMOCRATICSOCIETYANDPROTECTSINDIVIDUALSFROMDESPOTICCONTROLLINGPOWERSKEYWORDSPRIVACY–THERIGHTTOPRIVACY–TECHNOLOGY–HUMANRIGHTS–SECURITY1INTRODUCTIONTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYISINCLUDEDINTHEUNIVERSALDECLARATIONOFHUMANRIGHTS,1INTERNATIONALCOVENANTONCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTS,2ANDINTHEEUROPEANCONVENTIONONHUMANRIGHTS,BUTTHEREARENUMEROUSCONTROVERSIESAROUNDTHEMEANINGOFTHENOTIONITSELF,ASWELLASTHEDEMARCATIONLINEBETWEENTHEPRIVATEANDPUBLICSPHEREONEOFTHEMAINREASONSFORTHISCONFUSIONISTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNTECHNOLOGYWHICHHASCAUSEDAMAJORSHIFTINOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHENOTIONOFPRIVACYITALMOSTSEEMSTHATNOBODYKNOWSTHEMEANINGOFTHEWORDANDTHISHASBIGREPERCUSSIONSINTHESPHEREOFLAWTHEPROBLEMISNOTSIMPLYWHATDOESTHEWORDMEAN,BUTWHATDOESITMEANTOUSHOWMUCHDOWEREALLYCAREFORPRIVACYTODAYTHISISSUEISOPENTOINTERPRETATIONANDSOMETIMESDEBATESARISEEVENINCOURTSWHENITGETSDIFFICULTTOMAKEDECISIONSJUSTBECAUSEPARTIESDISAGREEONTHEMEANINGANDVALUEOFPRIVACYTHISFUNDAMENTALHUMANRIGHTCONSTANTLYCOLLIDESWITHTHERIGHTTOSECURITYANDWEAREFORCEDTOCHOOSESIDESANDDECIDEWHOISGOINGTOBETHEWINNERWHILEMANYTHINKTHATTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYSHOULDBEDEFENDEDASONEOFTHEPILLARSOFDEMOCRACY,OTHERSARGUETHATPRIVACYISOVERESTIMATEDSINCE“WEHAVENOTHINGTOHIDE”4THEREBYLEGITIMISINGTHEEVERINCREASINGSURVEILLANCEANDCONTROLCONDUCTEDBYTHEMILITARY,POLICE,SECRETSERVICESANDEVENBANKS,MEDICALINSTITUTIONSANDBUSINESSCORPORATIONSCOLINBENNETTPOINTEDAWAYOUTOFTHISCONUNDRUMWHENHESTATEDTHATTHEREISNOCONSENSUSONHOWTODEFINETHENOTIONOFPRIVACY,BUTTHEREISSOMESORTOF“COMMONAGREEMENT”THATEVERYHUMANBEINGNEEDSITTOACERTAINEXTENTTHISISWHYTHEFIRSTTASKRELATEDTOTHEPROTECTIONOFPRIVACYSHOULDBEACCEPTINGTHEARBITRARINESSCONNECTEDTOITANDUNDERSTANDINGITASASOCIALCONSTRUCT,BUTALSOACCEPTINGITASSOMETHINGDESIRABLEKNOWINGITCOMMONSENSESUGGESTSTHATITISDEEPLYIMMORALWHATREALLYSEEMSWORRYINGISTHEFACTTHATSURVEILLANCEISIMPERCEPTIBLE,BUTNOTINTHESENSEOFBENTHAM’SINVISIBLEWATCHERTHE“INSPECTOR”ISREPLACEDBYSPYINGDEVICESSUCHASMINIFLYINGCAMERASANDRADIOFREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONCHIPS,OFWHICHWEARENOTEVENAWAREOFINTHISSENSE,PERHAPSITISNOTJUSTTHEGOVERNMENTTHATPOSESATHREATTOOURPRIVACYITSEEMSTHATSURVEILLANCETODAYISPRIMARILYLINKEDTOGLOBALCAPITALISM,WHILEINPREVIOUSEPOCHSITWASPERFORMEDMAINLYFORTHEPURPOSEOFGOVERNMENTALCONTROLINHISBOOK“THETRANSPARENTSOCIETY”,DAVIDBRINLISTSSURVEILLANCEGADGETSTHATARENOTJUSTUSEDBYTHEMILITARY,POLICEANDSECRETSERVICES,BUTAREALSOAVAILABLEFORCIVILIANSTOUSE,SUCHASINFRAREDOPTICS,CAMERAROBOTSANDSOUNDANDVIDEODEVICESFORINDOORMONITORINGINCOMPARISONTOTHOSEDEVICES,CCTVDOESNOTSEEMPSYCHOLOGICALLYDISTURBINGATALLTHOSESMALLPRIVACYINTRUDERSSEEMLIKEANEMBODIMENTOFDELEUZE’STHEORYABOUTASOCIETYOFCONTROLINWHICHEVERYONECONTROLSEVERYONEANDINSTEADOFONLYONEBIGBROTHER,THEREAREMILLIONSOFTHEMINVISIBLEANDUNCONTROLLABLE,ANARCHISTICSURVEILLANCEISINTHISSENSEAREALREASONFORPARANOIATHISINVISIBLESURVEILLANCESEEMSTOBEABYPRODUCTOFCAPITALISMEVERYTHING,EVENSURVEILLANCE,ISAVAILABLEFORSALETOAVOIDSUCHPOTENTIALDANGERSOFCAPITALISM,THERESHOULDBELAWSTHATCANEFFECTIVELYPREVENTTHEABUSEOFTECHNOLOGYNEWTECHNOLOGYALSOINVITESMANYOTHERFEARSONEOFTHEMISTHATTHEMACHINESWILLSPINOUTOFCONTROLANDTAKEOVERTHEWORLD,JUSTLIKEINTHEFILM“THEMATRIX”O(jiān)THERTHANTHAT,THEREISABELIEFTHATPEOPLEWILLBEGINTORELYONMACHINESTOMAKEDECISIONSINSTEADOFTHEMCONCERNINGPRIVACYITSELF,THEREISAFEARTHATSURVEILLANCESYSTEMSWILLBECOMESOUBIQUITOUSANDUNAVOIDABLETHATINDIVIDUALSWILLNOTEVENHAVEANOPPORTUNITYTODECIDEWHETHERTHEDATARECORDEDONCAMERASCANBEUSEDORNOTSOMETHEORETICIANSSUGGESTTHATTHEREISABIGRISKTHAT“SMARTSYSTEMSBECOMEBLACKBOXES,CLOSEDEVENTOCITIZENSWHOHAVETHESKILLSTOUNDERSTANDTHEMSMARTSYSTEMSWILLMAKETHEWORLDMORETRANSPARENTONLYIFTHEYTHEMSELVESARETRANSPARENT”ITISPRECISELYTHETRANSPARENCYOFTECHNOLOGYTHATMUSTBEPROVIDEDINORDERTOAVOIDTHEWORSTCONSEQUENCESOFITSDEVELOPMENTINORDERTOGETRIDOFOURFEARSANDRESTORETHEPRIVACYTHATWEHAVEPERHAPSLOSTINTHEPASTDECADE,WHENALLTHEMAJORCHANGESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDIGITALTECHNOLOGYOCCURRED,WEMUSTFIRSTACKNOWLEDGETHATTECHNOLOGYITSELFISNOTTHEPROBLEM,FORITCANBEUSEDINBOTHARIGHTANDWRONGWAYWECANSAYTHAT“TECHNOLOGYPRODUCESADVERSECONSEQUENCESFORTHEINDIVIDUAL,INPARTICULARHISRIGHTTOPRIVATELIFE,HISHUMANIDENTITY,HISDIGNITYANDHISAUTONOMY”FURTHERMORE,THEREARESEVERALCHARACTERISTICSOFTECHNOLOGYTHATAREAPOTENTIALTHREATTOHUMANRIGHTSFIRSTLY,NETWORKSAREENABLINGTHEFREETRANSITOFPERSONALDATASECONDLY,INTEGRATEDSERVICESDIGITALNETWORKSISDNAREENSURINGTHECOLLECTIONOFDATATHROUGHTELEMETRICMEANSWITHOUTTHEINTERVENTIONOFTHEINDIVIDUALACCORDINGLY,“THEREISADANGEROFTHESURVEILLANCEOFCITIZENS,CUTTINGANINDIVIDUALOUTOFTHEINFORMATIONCIRCUIT,COLLECTINGPERSONALINFORMATIONWITHOUTTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHESUBJECT,EXPLOITATIONOFTHOSEDATAFORDIFFERENTPURPOSES,ANDFINALLY,THEREISALSOFEAROFINCREASINGTHEPOWERSOFCERTAINPUBLICANDPRIVATEBODIESINTHEABSENCEOFDEMOCRATICCONTROLS”SINCETHEREISNOTYETAPROPERWAYTOPROTECTHUMANIDENTITY,DIGNITYANDPRIVACY,WENEEDSOMEKINDOFPRINCIPLEBASEDAPPROACHTOTHEAPPLICATIONOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYTOPROTECTTHOSEVALUESFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFTECHNOLOGYCANLEADTOEVENMORESEVEREINTRUSIONINTOPRIVATELIFETHEREFORE,THEPROBLEMMUSTBESOLVEDLEGALLYANDEVENONTHECONSTITUTIONALLEVELFIRSTLY,THEPROBLEM

簡介：7000英文單詞，英文單詞，38萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文11500字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處COWLARDA,BITTERNA,ABECASSISEMPISC,ETALFIRESAFETYDESIGNFORTALLBUILDINGSJPROCEDIAENGINEERING,2013,62169181FIRESAFETYDESIGNFORTALLBUILDINGSADAMCOWLARD,ADAMBITTERN,CECILIAABECASSISEMPIS,JOSéTOREROABSTRACTINANYSUBJECTAREARELATEDTOTHEPROVISIONOFSAFETY,FAILUREISTYPICALLYTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEMECHANISMFOREVOKINGRAPIDREFORMANDANINTROSPECTIVEASSESSMENTOFTHEACCEPTEDOPERATINGMETHODSANDSTANDARDSWITHINAPROFESSIONALBODYINTHEREALMOFTALLBUILDINGSTHEMOSTNOTABLEFAILURESINHISTORY,THOSEOFTHEWTCTOWERS,WIDELYACCEPTEDASFIREINDUCEDFAILURES,HAVENOTTOANYSIGNIFICANTEXTENTAFFECTEDTHEWAYTHEYAREDESIGNEDWITHRESPECTTOFIRESAFETYTHISISCLEARLYREFLECTEDINTHESURGEINNUMBERSOFTALLBUILDINGSBEINGCONSTRUCTEDSINCE2001THECOMBINATIONOFTHEMAGNITUDEANDTIMESCALEOFTHEWTCINVESTIGATIONCOUPLEDWITHTHEABSENCEOFMEANINGFULGUIDANCERESULTINGFROMITSTRONGLYHINTSATTHEOUTDATEDNESSOFCURRENTFIREENGINEERINGPRACTICEASADISCIPLINEINTHECONTEXTOFSUCHADVANCEDINFRASTRUCTURETHISISFURTHERREFLECTEDINTHECONTINUALSHIFTFROMPRESCRIPTIVETOPERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGNINMANYPARTSOFTHEWORLDDEMONSTRATINGANEVERGROWINGACCEPTANCETHATTHESEBUILDINGSAREBEYONDTHEREALMOFAPPLICABILITYOFPRESCRIPTIVEGUIDANCEINORDERFORTRUEPERFORMANCEBASEDENGINEERINGTOOCCURHOWEVER,SPECIFICPERFORMANCEGOALSNEEDTOBEESTABLISHEDFORTHESESTRUCTURESTHISWORKSEEKSTOHIGHLIGHTTHECRITICALELEMENTSOFAFIRESAFETYSTRATEGYFORTALLBUILDINGSANDTHUSATTEMPTTOHIGHLIGHTSOMESPECIFICGLOBALPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVESASURVEYOFTALLBUILDINGFIREINVESTIGATIONSISCONDUCTEDINORDERTOASSESSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCURRENTDESIGNSINMEETINGTHESEOBJECTIVES,ANDTHECURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTOFFIRESAFETYDESIGNGUIDANCEFORTALLSTRUCTURESISALSOANALYSEDONTHESETERMSTHECORRECTDEFINITIONOFTHEDESIGNFIREFOROPENPLANCOMPARTMENTSISIDENTIFIEDASTHECRITICALKNOWLEDGEGAPTHATMUSTBEADDRESSEDINORDERTOACHIEVETALLBUILDINGPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVESANDTOPROVIDETRULYINNOVATIVE,ROBUSTFIRESAFETYFORTHESEUNIQUESTRUCTURESKEYWORDSTALLBUILDINGSFIRESAFETYSTRATEGIESPERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGN1INTRODUCTIONTHENUMBEROFTALLBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTEDISINCREASINGLYEVERMORERAPIDLYFIG1THEYAREEVOLVINGINHEIGHT,CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS,USE,ANDCOMPARTMENTALCOMPOSITIONTHEEVOLUTIONOFHEIGHTISSTAGGERINGWHENITISCONSIDEREDTHATUNTILJANUARYOF2010,THETALLESTCOMPLETEDBUILDINGTAIPEI101STOODAT508M,AMANTLENOWHELDBYTHEBURJKHALIFAAT828MTHEINCREASINGNUMBEROF600MBUILDINGSBEINGCONCEIVEDHASLEDTOTHERECENTCOININGOFTHETERMMEGATALLACCORDINGTOSTATISTICSFROMTHECOUNCILONTALLBUILDINGSANDURBANHABITAT1,17OFTHETALLEST100BUILDINGSINTHEWORLD,ASOFTHEENDOF2011,WERECOMPLETEDWITHINTHATYEARTHEDRIVINGFORCESBEHINDTHISPROGRESSIONAREINEVITABLYFINANCIAL,POLITICALANDENVIRONMENTAL,BUTITISMODERNTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTS,BOTHSTRUCTURALANDMATERIAL,WHICHHAVETRULYENABLEDTHECONTINUEDEVOLUTIONOFTHESEBUILDINGSTHETALLBUILDINGOFTODAYISACOMPLETELYDIFFERENTENTITYTOTHATOFADECADEAGOWITHTHEPROPENSITYFORCHANGEEVENGREATERINTHEIMMEDIATEFUTUREADVANCEMENTSINSTRUCTURALENGINEERINGHAVEARISENTOMAKEPOSSIBLETHEINCREASEINHEIGHT,SIZEANDCOMPLEXITY,THEREDUCTIONOFCOSTANDCARBONFOOTPRINTASWELLASARCHITECTURALIMAGINATIONANDECONOMICVERSATILITYOFTHESEBUILDINGSINWHATISCOMINGTOBECONSIDEREDTHEERAOFTHETALLBUILDING,THERECENTEXPLOSIONINNUMBERSHASCAUSEDANUMBEROFENGINEERSANDGOVERNMENTALPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVESTOENABLEASUCCESSFULTALLBUILDINGFIRESAFETYSTRATEGY,ANDASSESSESFAILURESTATISTICSWHICHPROVIDEANINDICATIONOFOURCURRENTABILITYTOSUCCESSFULLYENGINEERTHEPRINCIPLEISSUESIDENTIFIED2FROMPRESCRIPTIONTOPERFORMANCETHETOOLSOFTHEFIRESAFETYENGINEERTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULINVESTIGATIONSARETHOSECONDUCTEDINANATMOSPHEREWHEREALLTHOSEINVOLVEDHAVESUFFICIENTKNOWLEDGETOMAKETHEMOSTOFTHEINVESTIGATIONANDTOTRANSFERTHATNEWKNOWLEDGEINTOTHEDESIGNPROCESSPOSSIBLYTHEGREATESTLEAPFORWARDINFIREENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGECAMEASARESULTOFSUCHAFAILUREINVESTIGATION16INTHISINSTANCEHOWEVERITWASTHEEXTENSIVERESEARCHCARRIEDOUTBYBOTHSIDESDURINGWORLDWARII,SPECIFICALLYWITHTHEINTENTIONOFTHECREATIONOFFAILURETHEEXTENSIVEDEVELOPMENTOFUNDERSTANDINGOFMETHODSBYWHICHFAILURECOULDBEINDUCEDBYFIREMEANTTHATLATER,FOLLOWINGAWIDERANGINGINTERNATIONALRESEARCHCOLLABORATION,THISCOULDBETRANSLATEDINTOSTATEOFTHEARTDESIGNGUIDANCE17THISEXAMPLEISALSOTYPICALOFHOWSOCIALRESPONSIBILITYASSOCIATEDTOFIRESAFETYHASHISTORICALLYBEENTRANSLATEDINTOCODESANDSTANDARDSESTABLISHINGPRESCRIPTIVEREQUIREMENTSFORBUILDINGSPRESCRIPTIVEREQUIREMENTSINDUCESAFETYFACTORSBYCONSTRAININGDESIGNOUTPUTTOPREESTABLISHEDBOUNDSASPECIFICFORMHASBEENSTUDIED,ANDITSRANGEOFPERFORMANCEESTABLISHEDANACCEPTABLEPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVEISIDENTIFIEDTHUSSOISTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEFORMCANBECHANGEDWHILSTSTILLACHIEVINGTHEPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVETHISMETHODOLOGYFORMSTHEBOUNDSTHATARETHENIMPLIEDBYPRESCRIPTIVERULESIFADESIGNERFOLLOWSTHESERULES,THEYWILLFALLWITHINTHEBOUNDSANDTHESAFETYOFTHEDESIGNWILLBEIMPLICITTHEIMPLEMENTEDSOLUTIONWILLINHERENTLYCARRYASIGNIFICANTSAFETYFACTORBECAUSEITHASTOBEROBUSTTOTHEVARIATIONSPERMITTEDWITHINTHEBOUNDSOFTHEPRESCRIPTIVERULESTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHISSAFETYFACTORISHOWEVER,NEVEREXPLICITLYDEFINEDCRITICALLY,THISSYSTEMISFOUNDEDONTHEINITIALFORMIDENTIFIEDFORANALYSISCHANGETHESYSTEMDRASTICALLY,ANDTHESAFETYFACTORCANNOLONGERBEIMPLIEDTHEREHA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簡介：585EFFECTSOFVARIOUSCONCENTRATIONURANIUMSOLUTIONSONURANIUMACCUMULATIONANDGROWTHPARAMETERSOFCYPERUSIRIALNIEXIAOQIN,DINGDEXING,LIGUANGYUE,GONGXINGZHONG,HUNAN,LIUYULONGKEYDISCIPLINELABORATORYFORNATIONALDEFENSEFORBIOTECHNOLOGYINURANIUMMININGANDHYDROMETALLURGY,UNIVERSITYOFSOUTHCHINA,HENGYANG421001,CHINAABSTRACTEFFECTSOFVARIOUSCONCENTRATIONURANIUMSOLUTIONSONURANIUMACCUMULATIONANDGROWTHPARAMETERSOFCYPERUSIRIALWERESTUDIEDAFTEREXPOSEDTOURANIUMSOLUTIONSFOR30D,THEUCONCENTRATIONSDRYWEIGHTINITSROOTSRANGEDBETWEEN4,158±611MG/KGFOR100MG/LURANIUMSOLUTIONAND48,605±1266MG/KGFOR2,500MG/LURANIUMSOLUTION,THEUCONCENTRATIONSINITSSHOOTSRANGEDBETWEEN366±26MG/KGFOR100MG/LURANIUMSOLUTIONAND8,224±856MG/KGFOR2,500MG/LSOLUTIONCONCENTRATION,RESPECTIVELY，ANDTHESEWEREONLY1/51/10OFTHOSEINTHEROOTSALLTHEGROWTHPARAMETERSEXCEPTGRADEOFGROWTHINHIBITIONHADTHESIMILARTENDENCYTHEYWOULDCOMETOAPEAKATAUCONCENTRATIONBETWEEN100MG/LAND250MG/LANDTHENSTEADILYDECLINEWITHASHARPDECREASEBETWEEN500AND2,500MG/LUKEYWORDSCYPERUSIRIALURANIUMACCUMULATIONGROWTHPARAMETERSPHYTOREMEDIATION1INTRODUCTIONURANIUMHASMANYIMPORTANTUSESINNUCLEARINDUSTRYAND,ASARESULT,URANIUMOREISSUBJECTTOINTENSIVEMININGHOWEVER,THEMININGACTIVITIESCAUSETHERELEASEOFUTOTHEENVIRONMENTREPRESENTSAPOTENTIALRISKOFCHEMICALANDRADIOLOGICALTOXICITYTOHUMANHEALTH1INRECENTYEARS,MANYRESEARCHERSHAVEMADEGREATEFFORTSTOTHEREMEDIATIONOFURANIUMCONTAMINATEDSOILANDHAVEFOUNDTHATPHYTOREMEDIATIONHASGREATPOTENTIALFORTHEREMEDIATIONPHYTOREMEDIATIONISAKINDOFTECHNOLOGYFORTREATINGENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSBYUSINGPLANTNUTRIENTPROCESSESOFTAKINGINWATERANDNUTRIENTTHROUGHROOTS,TRANSPIRINGTHEWATERANDNUTRIENTTHROUGHOUTLEAVESANDMETABOLIZINGORGANICCOMPOUNDS,SUCHASOILANDPESTICIDESTHEPLANTISCAPABLEOFABSORBINGANDBIOACCUMULATINGTOXICHEAVYMETALSSUCHASCHROMIUM,CADMIUM,LEAD,ZINC,ARSENICANDMERCURYTOSUCCESSFULLYMANIPULATEANDOPTIMISEFUTUREPHYTOEXTRACTIONTECHNOLOGIES,ITISARGUEDTHATAFULLYCOMBINEDUNDERSTANDINGOFSOILSUPPLYANDPLANTUPTAKEISNEEDED2AKEYTOTHESUCCESSOFUPHYTOEXTRACTIONISTOINCREASETHEACCESSIBILITYOFUINSOILTOPLANTSHUANG3INDICATEDTHAT,OFTHEORGANICACIDSACETICACID,CITRICACID,ANDMALICACIDTESTED,CITRICACIDWASTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEINENHANCINGUACCUMULATIONINPLANTS,ANDTHERESULTSSHOWEDTHATUPHYTOEXTRACTIONMAYPROVIDEANENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYALTERNATIVEFORTHECLEANUPOFUCONTAMINATEDSOILSRECENTLY,WESTUDIEDTHEURANIUMACCUMULATIONCHARACTERISCTICSOFNATIVEPLANTSINAURANIUMMILLTAILINGSREPOSITORYINSOUTHCHINAWEFOUNDTHATCYPERUSIRIALACCUMULATEDMOREUTHANOTHERPLANTSPECIESINTHEPRESENTWORK,THEGROWTHPERFORMANCESEOFCYPERUSIRIALINVARIOUSURANIUMCONCENTRATIONSOLUTIONSWEREINVESTIGATEDTHEOBJECTIVESWERETOKNOWITSTOLERANCETOURANIUM,ITSURANIUMACCUMULATIONANDTRANSLOCATIONCHARACTERISTICSANDTHEEFFECTSOFVARIOUSCONCENTRATIONURANIUMSOLUTIONSONITSGROWTHPARAMETERS2MATERIALSANDMETHODS21NUTRIENTSOLUTIONONTHEBASISOFTHENUTRIENTSOLUTIONCURRENTLYUSEDINHYDROPONICCULTUREDILUTEDHOAGLAND‘SSOLUTION,ANUTRIENTSOLUTIONWASDESIGNEDTOSATISFYBOTHNUTRITIONALREQUIREMENTSOFPLANTSANDURANIUMSPECIATIONINSOLUTIONPH60945MG/LCANO32,506MG/LKNO3,493MG/LMGSO4,25ML/LFEEDTAPH55,415ΜG/LKI,31ΜG/LH3BO3,1115ΜG/LMNSO4,43ΜG/LZNSO4,125ΜG/LNA2MOO4,0125ΜG/LCUSO4AND0125ΜG/LCOCL2PHOSPHORUSSOURCEWASEXCLUDEDFROMTHESOLUTIONTOPREVENTPHOSPHATEURANIUMCOMPLEXESFROMFORMINGBYADDINGCERTAINAMOUNTOFTHEURANIUMSTANDARDSOLUTIONTOTHENUTRIENTSOLUTION,WITHPH58ADJUSTEDBYTITRATIONOFSODIUMCARBONATE10G/LANDSODIUMBICARBONATE5G/LBUFFERSOLUTIONSSEVENSOLUTIONSWITHTHE587233CALCULATIONSANDANALYSISTHEWATERBIOCONCENTRATIONCOEFFICIENTBCWHICHREFLECTSTHEPLANTCAPACITYTOABSORBURANIUMFROMTHEURANIUMWATERWASDEFINEDASBCROOT/WATERUCONCENTRATIONINROOTPARTOFPLANT,DWDRYWEIGHT/UCONCENTRATIONINWATERBCSHOOT/WATERUCONCENTRATIONINSHOOTPARTOFPLANT,DW/UCONCENTRATIONINWATERTHETRANSLOCATIONCOEFFICIENTTCUSEDFOREVALUATINGTHEURANIUMTRANSLOCATIONCAPACITYFORTHESHOOTPARTOFAPLANTWASDEFINEDASTCSHOOT/ROOTUCONCENTRATIONINSHOOTPARTOFPLANT,DW/UCONCENTRATIONINROOTPARTOFPLANT,DWTOLERANCEINDEXMEANBIOMASSOFPLANTSPECIESWITHURANIUMTREATMENT/MEANBIOMASSOFCONTROLPLANTSPECIES100GRADEOFGROWTHINHIBITIONDRYMASSOFCONTROLPLANTS?DRYMASSOFUTREATEDPLANTS/DRYMASSOFCONTROLPLANTS100RESULTSAREPRESENTEDASMEAN±SD,THEEXPERIMENTALDATAWERESUBJECTTOANANALYSISOFVARIANCEANOVAUSINGTHESPSS160SOFEWERE3RESULTS31UPTAKEANDBIOCONCENTRATIONANDTRANSLOCATIONOFURANIUMEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDONTHEURANIUMUPTAKEBYCYPERUSIRIAL,AFTERITWASEXPOSEDTOAMODIFIEDHOAGLAND‘SNUTRIENTSOLUTIONFORVARIOUSPERIODSOFTIMETHEUCONCENTRATIONSINITSROOTSDWRANGEDBETWEEN4,158±611MG/KGFOR100MG/LURANIUMSOLUTIONAND48,605±1,266MG/KGFOR2,500MG/LURANIUMSOLUTION,UCONCENTRATIONSINITSSHOOTSDWRANGEDBETWEEN366±26MG/KGFOR100MG/LURANIUMSOLUTIONAND8,224±856MG/KGFOR2,500MG/LURANIUMSOLUTION,ANDTHESEWEREONLY1/51/10OFTHOSEINTHEROOTSATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEEXPERIMENTSWHENTHEPLANTSWEREATSEEDLINGSTAGE,THEROOTSFROMTHESOLUTIONWITHHIGHUCONCERTRATIONCONTAINMOREUTHANROOTSFROMSOLUTIONWITHLOWUCONCERTRATION,WHICHISINACCORDANCEWITHTHETOTALUOFEACHSOLUTIONANDTHEREHASSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESP005ASGENERALLYOBSERVED,THETRANSFEROFUFROMROOTTOSHOOTISLIMITED5ROOTUINWATERMG/L1002505007501000150020002500UINPLANTMG/KG0100002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簡介：JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY1972008268–278JOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JMATPROTECANALYTICALANDEMPIRICALMODELINGOFTOPROLLERPOSITIONFORTHREEROLLERCYLINDRICALBENDINGOFPLATESANDITSEXPERIMENTALVERIFICATIONAHGANDHIA,?,HKRAVALBACKPITHAWALLACOLLEGEOFENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY,NRMALVANTEMPLE,VIAMAGDALLAPORT,SURATDUMASROAD,SURAT395007,GUJARAT,INDIABSVNATIONALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,ICHHANATH,SURAT395007,GUJARAT,INDIAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED28JANUARY2007RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM26MAY2007ACCEPTED10JUNE2007KEYWORDSROLLERBENDINGSPRINGBACKANALYTICALSTUDYEMPIRICALMODELINGUNCERTAINTYANALYSISABSTRACTREPORTEDWORKPROPOSESANANALYTICALANDEMPIRICALMODELTOESTIMATETHETOPROLLERPOSITIONEXPLICITLYASAFUNCTIONOFDESIREDFINALRADIUSOFCURVATUREFORTHREEROLLERCYLINDRICALBENDINGOFPLATES,CONSIDERINGTHECONTACTPOINTSHIFTATTHEBOTTOMROLLERPLATEINTERFACESEFFECTOFINITIALSTRAINANDCHANGEOFMATERIALPROPERTIESDURINGDEFORMATIONISNEGLECTEDTOPROLLERPOSITIONSFORLOADEDRADIUSOFCURVATUREAREPLOTTEDFORACERTAINSETOFDATAFORCENTERDISTANCEBETWEENBOTTOMROLLERSANDBOTTOMROLLERRADIUSAPPLYINGTHEMETHODOFLEASTSQUAREANDMETHODOFDIFFERENTIALCORRECTIONTOTHEGENERATEDDATA,AUNIFIEDCORRELATIONISDEVELOPEDFORTHETOPROLLERPOSITION,WHICHINTURNISVERIFIEDWITHTHEEXPERIMENTS,ONAPYRAMIDTYPETHREEROLLERPLATEBENDINGMACHINEUNCERTAINTYANALYSISOFTHEEMPIRICALCORRELATIONISREPORTEDUSINGTHEMCCLINTOCK’SMETHOD?2007ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONLARGEANDMEDIUMSIZETUBESANDTUBULARSECTIONSAREEXTENSIVELYINUSEINMANYENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONSSUCHASTHESKELETONOFOILANDGASRIGS,THECONSTRUCTIONOFTUNNELSANDCOMMERCIALANDINDUSTRIALBUILDINGSHUAETAL,1999THEHULLOFSHIPSMAYHAVESINGLE,DOUBLEORHIGHERORDERCURVATURES,WHICHCANBEFABRICATEDSEQUENTIALLYFIRSTBYROLLFORMINGORBENDINGTOGETTHESINGLECURVATURE,ANDTHENLINEHEATINGTOGETTHEDOUBLEORHIGHERORDERCURVATUREASROLLERBENDINGISPERFORMEDATLEASTONCEINTHESEQUENTIALPROCESS,ITSEFFICIENTPERFORMANCEISAPREREQUISITEFORTHEACCURATEFORMINGOFTHEDOUBLEORMULTIPLECURVATURESURFACESSHINETAL,2001INVIEWOFTHECRUCIALIMPORTANCEOFTHEBEND?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL912616542507FAX912612723999EMAILADDRESSANISHGANDHI2002YAHOOCOINAHGANDHIINGPROCESS,ITISRATHERSURPRISINGTOFINDTHATROLLERBENDINGPROCESSINTHEFIELDHASBEENPERFORMEDINAVERYNONSYMMETRICALMANNERNORMALPRACTICEOFTHEROLLERBENDINGSTILLHEAVILYDEPENDSUPONTHEEXPERIENCEANDSKILLOFTHEOPERATORWORKINGWITHTHETEMPLATES,ORBYTRIALANDERROR,REMAINSACOMMONPRACTICEINTHEINDUSTRYTHEMOSTECONOMICALANDEFFICIENTWAYTOPRODUCETHECYLINDERSISTOROLLTHEPLATETHROUGHTHEROLLINASINGLEPASS,FORWHICHTHEPLATEROLLERFORMINGMACHINESHOULDBEEQUIPPEDWITHCERTAINFEATURESANDMATERIALHANDLINGDEVICES,ASWELLASACNCTHATCANHANDLETHEENTIREPRODUCTIONPROCESSKAJRUPANDFLAMHOLZ,2003MANYTIMESMOSTOFTHEPLATEBENDINGMANUFACTURERSEXPERIENCELOWPRODUCTIVITYDUETOUNDERUTILIZATIONOFTHEIRAVAILABLEEQUIPMENTTHEREPEATABILITYANDACCURACYREQUIREDTOUSETHE09240136/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2007ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJMATPROTEC200706033270JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY1972008268–278FIG1–SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFTHREEROLLERBENDINGPROCESSTHICKNESST,PLATEWIDTHW,MATERIALPROPERTIESE,N,K,AND?,CENTERDISTANCEBETWEENTWOBOTTOMROLLERSA,TOPROLLERPOSITIONU,TOPROLLERRADIUSRTANDBOTTOMROLLERRADIUSR1RAVAL,2002THECAPACITYOFTHEPLATEBENDERISDEFINEDBYTHEPARAMETERSSUCHASTIGHTESTBENDRADIUSWITHTHEMAXIMUMSPANANDDESIGNEDTHICKNESSOFTHEPLATEANDTHEAMOUNTOFSTRAIGHTPORTIONRETAINEDATTHEENDPORTIONSOFTHEPLATE2BENDINGANALYSISBENDINGANALYSISISBASEDONSOMEOFTHEBASICASSUMPTIONSSUMMARIZEDBELOWTHEMATERIALISHOMOGENEOUSANDHASASTABLEMICROSTRUCTURETHROUGHOUTTHEDEFORMATIONPROCESSDEFORMATIONOCCURSUNDERISOTHERMALCONDITIONSPLANESTRAINCONDITIONSPREVAILTHENEUTRALAXISLIESINTHEMIDPLANEOFTHESHEETBAUSCHINGEREFFECTISNEGLECTEDANALYSISISBASEDONPOWERLAWMATERIALMODEL,IE?KΕNPRESTRAINISNEGLECTEDCHANGEOFMATERIALPROPERTIESDURINGDEFORMATIONISNEGLECTEDPLATEISWITHTHEUNIFORMRADIUSOFCURVATUREFORSUPPORTEDLENGTHBETWEENBOTTOMROLLERS21GEOMETRYOFBENDINGINTHINSHEETS,NORMALSECTIONMAYBECONSIDEREDTOREMAINPLANEONBENDINGANDTOCONVERGEONTHECENTEROFCURVATUREMARCINIAKANDDUNCAN,1992ITISALSOCONSIDEREDTHATTHEPRINCIPALDIRECTIONOFFORCESANDSTRAINCOINCIDEWITHTHERADIALANDCIRCUMFERENTIALDIRECTIONSOTHATTHEREISNOSHEARINTHERADIALPLANEANDGRADIENTOFSTRESSANDSTRAINAREZEROINCIRCUMFERENTIALDIRECTIONTHEMIDDLESURFACEHOWEVERMAYEXTENDFIBERSAWAYFROMTHEMIDDLESURFACEAREDEFORMEDASSHOWNINFIG2INITIALLYTHELENGTHOFTHEFIBERAB0ISASSUMEDFIG2–DEFORMATIONINFIBERAB0ASL0INTHEFLATSHEETTHEN,UNDERTHEACTIONOFSIMULTANEOUSBENDINGANDSTRETCHINGTHEAXIALSTRAINOFTHEFIBERAB0ISOFTHEFORMΕLLN?LSL0?LN?1Y??ΕAΕB1WHEREΕAISTHESTRAINASSOCIATEDWITHTHEEXTENSIONOFMIDDLESURFACE,ΕBTHEBENDINGSTRAINAND?ISTHERADIUSOFCURVATUREOFTHENEUTRALSURFACE22MOMENTPERUNITWIDTHFORBENDINGWITHOUTTENSIONINTHECASEOFSIMPLEBENDINGWITHOUTAPPLIEDTENSIONANDWHERETHERADIUSOFCURVATUREISMORETHANSEVERALTIMESTHESHEETTHICKNESS,THENEUTRALSURFACEAPPROXIMATELYCOINCIDESWITHTHEMIDDLESURFACEIFTHEGENERALSTRESS–STRAINCURVEFORTHEMATERIALTAKESTHEFORM?FKΕNEQ2THEN,FORTHEPLASTICBENDING,APPLIEDMOMENTPERUNITWIDTHCANBEOFTHEFORMMARCINIAKANDDUNCAN,1992M2K??1?NN22N2?TN2323ELASTICSPRINGBACKINPLATESFORMEDBYBE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簡介：1PAPERTOBEPRESENTEDATTHEDRUIDSUMMERCONFERENCE2004ONINDUSTRIALDYNAMICS,INNOVATIONANDDEVELOPMENTELSINORE,DENMARK,JUNE1416,2004THEMEFLOCALUPGRADINGINGLOBALCHAINSRECENTFINDINGSHUBERTSCHMITZINSTITUTEOFDEVELOPMENTSTUDIESUNIVERSITYOFSUSSEXBRIGHTONBN19REENGLANDPHONE00441273678732FAX00441273621202HSCHMITZIDSACUKABSTRACTTHEUPGRADINGPROSPECTSOFLOCALENTERPRISESDIFFERACCORDINGTOTHETYPEOFGLOBALVALUECHAINTHEYFEEDINTOTHISISTHEMAINTHEMEOFTHEPAPERITPULLSTOGETHERRECENTEVIDENCEANDDRAWOUTTHESTRENGTHSANDLIMITATIONSOFTHEGLOBALVALUECHAINAPPROACHTOUPGRADINGTHEFOCUSONCHAINGOVERNANCEDOESNOTIMPLYTHATOTHERFACTORSARENOTIMPORTANTTHEPROPOSITIONISTHATTHEUPGRADINGOPPORTUNITIESOFLOCALENTERPRISESAREOFTENSTRUCTUREDBYTHERELATIONSHIPSINGLOBALVALUECHAINSINOTHERWORDS,THECHAINAPPROACHHASAPROFOUNDEFFECTONTHEORDEROFQUESTIONSASKEDINTHEDEBATEONUPGRADINGANDITPROVIDESANANALYTICALGRIPONTHELOCALGLOBALINTERFACEKEYWORDSUPGRADING,DEVELOPMENT,TRADE,GLOBALVALUECHAINS,INTERFIRMORGANISATION,PRODUCTIONCAPABILITIES,INNOVATIONCAPABILITIES3THESECONCLUSIONSWEREINFORMEDBYHISRESEARCHONTHEGARMENTCHAINSCONNECTINGUSBUYERSWITHTHEIREASTASIANSUPPLIERSOUROWNSUBSEQUENTRESEARCHPROVIDEDSOMESUPPORTFORTHESEPROPOSITIONSBUTALSOSHOWEDIMPORTANTDIFFERENCESSCHMITZANDKNORRINGA2000ITQUESTIONEDINPARTICULARTHE‘AUTOMATICCONVEYOR’IMPLIEDINTHEABOVEPOSITIONAMOREDIFFERENTIATEDVIEWSEEMEDNECESSARY3TYPOLOGIESOFCHAINGOVERNANCEANDUPGRADINGINORDERTOUNPACKAGETHECONNECTIONBETWEENCHAINGOVERNANCEANDUPGRADINGWEDISTINGUISHBETWEENFOURTYPESOFRELATIONSHIPSINGLOBALVALUECHAINSMARKETBASEDENTERPRISESDEALWITHEACHOTHERINARMSLENGTHTRANSACTIONSBALANCEDNETWORKENTERPRISESCOOPERATEANDHAVECOMPLEMENTARYCOMPETENCESBUTNOCONTROLOVEREACHOTHERCAPTIVENETWORKTHELEADFIRMSETSTHEPARAMETERSUNDERWHICHOTHERSINTHECHAINOPERATETHERELATIONSHIPISQUASIHIERARCHICALHIERACHYENTERPRISESAREVERTICALLYINTEGRATEDTHEPARENTCOMPANYCONTROLSITSSUBSIDIARIESTHEABOVEDISTINCTIONSHELPUSTOASKWHETHERSOMETYPESOFCHAINSOFFERLOCALPRODUCERSBETTERUPGRADINGPROSPECTSTHANOTHERSHOWEVER,INORDERTOADDRESSTHISQUESTIONITISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHALSOBETWEENDIFFERENTTYPESOFUPGRADINGOURCATEGORIESAREPROCESSUPGRADINGTRANSFORMINGINPUTSINTOOUTPUTSMOREEFFICIENTLYBYREORGANISINGTHEPRODUCTIONSYSTEMORINTRODUCINGSUPERIORTECHNOLOGYPRODUCTUPGRADINGMOVINGINTOMORESOPHISTICATEDPRODUCTLINESWHICHCANBEDEFINEDINTERMSOFINCREASEDUNITVALUESFUNCTIONALUPGRADINGACQUIRINGNEWFUNCTIONSINTHECHAINORABANDONINGEXISTINGFUNCTIONSTOINCREASETHEOVERALLSKILLCONTENTOFACTIVITIESINTERSECTORALUPGRADINGUSINGTHEKNOWLEDGEACQUIREDINPARTICULARCHAINFUNCTIONSTOMOVEINTODIFFERENTSECTORSTHISPAPERCONCENTRATESONTHEUPGRADINGEXPERIENCESINCHAINSWHICHARENEITHERMARKETBASEDNORHIERARCHICALINOTHERWORDS,ITCONCENTRATESONTHEINTERMEDIATETYPES,WHICHCONSTITUTEARELATIVENOVELTYINTHEGLOBALECONOMYANDHAVEGROWNRAPIDLYINIMPORTANCEWHATFOLLOWSISASELECTIONOFSOMEOFTHEMAINFINDINGS4FASTPROCESSANDPRODUCTUPGRADINGINCAPTIVERELATIONSHIPSONEOFTHECLEARESTFINDINGSFROMRECENTSTUDIESISTHATINCHAINSCHARACTERISEDBYCAPTIVERELATIONSHIPS,DEVELOPINGCOUNTRYPRODUCERSEXPERIENCERAPIDPRODUCTANDPROCESSUPGRADINGWHENITCOMESTOFUNCTIONALUPGRADING

簡介：USINGINTELLIGENTDATAANALYSISTODETECTABNORMALENERGYCONSUMPTIONINBUILDINGSJOHNESEEMJOHNSONCONTROLS,INC,507EASTMICHIGANSTREET,MILWAUKEE,WI53202,USARECEIVED31OCTOBER2005RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM11MARCH2006ACCEPTED18MARCH2006ABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANOVELMETHODFORDETECTINGABNORMALENERGYCONSUMPTIONINBUILDINGSBASEDONDAILYREADINGSOFENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDPEAKENERGYCONSUMPTIONTHEMETHODUSESOUTLIERDETECTIONTODETERMINEIFTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONFORAPARTICULARDAYISSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTTHANPREVIOUSENERGYCONSUMPTIONFORBUILDINGSWITHABNORMALENERGYCONSUMPTION,THEAMOUNTOFVARIATIONFROMNORMALISDETERMINEDUSINGROBUSTESTIMATESOFTHEMEANANDSTANDARDDEVIATIONTHISNEWDATAANALYSISMETHODWILLREDUCEOPERATINGCOSTSBYDETECTINGPROBLEMSTHATPREVIOUSLYWOULDHAVEGONEUNNOTICEDALSO,OPERATORSSHOULDSAVETIMEBYNOTHAVINGTOMANUALLYDETECTFAULTSORDIAGNOSEFALSEALARMSTHENEWDATAANALYSISMETHODHASSUCCESSFULLYDETECTEDHIGHENERGYCONSUMPTIONINMANYBUILDINGSTHISPAPERPRESENTSFIELDTESTRESULTSFORBUILDINGSTHATHADTHEFOLLOWINGPROBLEMS1CHILLERFAILUREANDAPOORCONTROLSTRATEGY,2POORDESIGNOFVENTILATINGANDAIRCONDITIONINGEQUIPMENT,AND3IMPROPEROPERATIONOFEQUIPMENTFOLLOWINGACHANGEINTHEELECTRICALPANEL2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSENERGYCONSUMPTIONFAULTDETECTIONOUTLIERANALYSISPERFORMANCEMONITORINGROBUSTSTATISTICS1INTRODUCTIONENERGYMANAGEMENTANDCONTROLSYSTEMSCANCOLLECTANDSTOREMASSIVEQUANTITIESOFENERGYCONSUMPTIONDATAFACILITYOPERATORSCANBEOVERWHELMEDWITHTHEQUANTITYOFDATAFORMANYOPERATORS,ITISNOTPOSSIBLETODETECTEQUIPMENT,DESIGN,OROPERATIONPROBLEMSBECAUSEOFDATAOVERLOADMODERNBUILDINGMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSHAVETWOSYSTEMSTOHELPTHEOPERATORSWITHTHISDATAOVERLOADALARMANDWARNINGSYSTEMSANDDATAVISUALIZATIONPROGRAMSTODAY,OPERATORSMUSTSELECTTHETHRESHOLDSFORALARMSANDWARNINGSTHISISADIFFICULTTASKIFTHETHRESHOLDSARETOOTIGHT,THENANUMBEROFFALSEALARMSAREISSUED,ANDIFTHETHRESHOLDSARETOOLOOSE,THENEQUIPMENTORSYSTEMFAILURESCANGOUNDETECTEDTHEDATAVISUALIZATIONPROGRAMSCANHELPBUILDINGOPERATORSDETECTANDDIAGNOSEPROBLEMS,BUTALARGEAMOUNTOFTIMECANBESPENTDETECTINGPROBLEMSALSO,THEEXPERTISEOFBUILDINGOPERATORSVARIESGREATLYNEWORINEXPERIENCEDOPERATORSMAYHAVEDIFFICULTYDETECTINGFAULTSANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFANOPERATORCANVARYWITHTHETIMEOFDAYORDAYOFTHEWEEKTHERESEARCHCOMMUNITYHASDEVELOPEDANUMBEROFMETHODSFORDETECTINGFAULTSINBUILDINGSANDHEATING,VENTILATING,ANDAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMSTWOMAJORRESEARCHEFFORTSHAVEBEENSPONSOREDBYTHEINTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCYANNEX251,2ANDANNEX343THEREARETWOBASICAPPROACHESTOFAULTDETECTIONANDDIAGNOSTICSINBUILDINGSACOMPONENTLEVELBOTTOMUPAPPROACHANDAWHOLEBUILDINGTOPDOWNAPPROACHTHECOMPONENTLEVELAPPROACHLOOKSFORFAULTSININDIVIDUALSYSTEMSSUCHASVARIABLEAIRVOLUMEBOXES,AIRHANDLINGUNITS,CHILLERS,ORBOILERSTHEWHOLEBUILDINGAPPROACHLOOKSFORUNUSUALBEHAVIORINHIGHLEVELMEASUREMENTSSUCHASTHEWHOLEBUILDINGCOOLING,HEATING,ORELECTRICALCONSUMPTIONCLARIDGEETAL4DESCRIBEANENERGYCONSUMPTIONREPORTMETHODTHATHELPSBUILDINGOPERATORSANDFACILITYMANAGERSIDENTIFYIFTHEBUILDINGSYSTEMSAREWORKINGPROPERLYTHEREPORTCONTAINSSCATTERPLOTSOFDAILYCHILLEDWATERENERGYCONSUMPTIONVERSUSAVERAGEDAILYTEMPERATUREANDDAILYHOTWATERCONSUMPTIONVERSUSAVERAGEDAILYTEMPERATUREFORA3MONTHPERIODFORTHELASTMONTH,THESCATTERPLOTUSESLETTERSM,T,W,H,F,S,UTOIDENTIFYTHEDAYSOFTHEWEEKTHELETTERSHELPSBUILDINGOPERATORSIDENTIFYOUTLIERSINENERGYCONSUMPTIONFORAPARTICULARDAYTHEREPORTALSOCONTAINSTWOANDTHREEDIMENSIONALTIMESERIESPLOTSOFCHILLEDWATERCONSUMPTIONANDWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENBUILDENERGYANDBUILDINGS39200752–58TEL14145244677FAX14145245810EMAILADDRESSJOHNSEEMGMAILCOM03787788/–SEEFRONTMATTER2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JENBUILD2006030333OUTLIERIDENTIFICATIONGESDMANYOUTLIERPROCEDUREANOUTLIERISANOBSERVATIONTHATAPPEARSTOBEINCONSISTENTWITHTHEMAJORITYOFOBSERVATIONSINADATASETFOREXAMPLE,INTHEDATASET{1,2,?1,0,3,2,101,?2},THEOBSERVATION101APPEARSTOBEANOUTLIERDATASETSMAYCONTAINMORETHANONEOUTLIERFOREXAMPLEINTHEDATASET{1,2,?1,0,3,2,101,?2,96,2,0,?209},THEOBSERVATIONS101,96,AND?209APPEARTOBEOUTLIERSBARNETANDLEWIS11PROVIDEDETAILSONSEVERALCOMMONOUTLIERIDENTIFICATIONMETHODSAFTERCOMPARINGSEVERALPOPULAROUTLIERIDENTIFICATIONMETHODS,IGLEWICZANDHOAGLIN9HIGHLYRECOMMENDTHEGENERALIZEDEXTREMESTUDENTIZEDDEVIATEESDMANYOUTLIERPROCEDURETHATWASPROPOSEDBYROSNER12BECAUSEITWORKSWELLUNDERAVARIETYOFCONDITIONSTHEGENERALIZEDESDMANYOUTLIERPROCEDURECANIDENTITYTHEELEMENTSINASETTHATAREOUTLIERSFIG2ISAFLOWCHARTFORDETERMININGONEORMOREOUTLIERSFROMASETOFNOBSERVATIONSX2{X1,X2,X3,,XN}THEUSERNEEDSTOSPECIFYTHEPROBABILITY,A,OFINCORRECTLYDECLARINGONEORMOREOUTLIERSWHENNOOUTLIERSEXISTANDANUPPERBOUND,NU,ONTHENUMBEROFPOTENTIALOUTLIERSCAREYETAL13SAIDTHEUPPERBOUNDNUCOULDBEDETERMINEDBYFINDINGTHELARGESTINTEGERTHATSATISFIESTHEFOLLOWINGINEQUALITYNU?05N?1FOLLOWINGAREDETAILSONTHENUMBEREDBLOCKSINFIG2?BLOCK1SETNOUT0THISSTEPISUSEDTOINITIALIZETHENUMBEROFOUTLIERSTOZERO?BLOCK2COMPUTEAVERAGEˉXOFELEMENTSINSETXTHEAVERAGEISDETERMINEDFROMˉX?PNJ?1XJN1WHEREXJISAMEMBEROFSETXANDNEQUALSTHENUMBEROFELEMENTSINSETX?BLOCK3COMPUTESTANDARDDEVIATIONSOFELEMENTSINSETXTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONISDETERMINEDFROMS?FFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIPNJ?1DXJ?ˉXT2N?1S2?BLOCK4S0THISBLOCKCHECKSIFTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONOFTHEELEMENTSINSETXISZEROIFTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONEQUALSZERO,THENTHEELEMENTSINSETXALLHAVETHESAMEVALUEANDTHEREARENOOUTLIERSINTHEREMAININGELEMENTSINSETXDURINGFIELDTESTINGOFTHISMETHOD,SEVERALDATASETSHADASTANDARDDEVIATIONOFZEROTOPREVENTADIVIDEBYZEROINBLOCK6,EXECUTIONGOESTOBLOCK10WHENTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONDETERMINEDINBLOCK3EQUALSZERO?BLOCK5FINDITHEXTREMEXE,IINSETXTHEEXTREMEELEMENT,XE,I,ISTHEELEMENTINSETXTHATISFURTHESTFROMˉXOFALLTHEELEMENTSINSETX,THEEXTREMEELEMENTXE,IMAXIMIZESTHEFUNCTIONJXJ?ˉXJWHEREXIISANELEMENTOFSETX?BLOCK6COMPUTEITHEXTREMESTUDENTIZEDDEVIATERITHEEXTREMESTUDENTIZEDDEVIATEISDETERMINEDFROMRI?JXEI?ˉXJS3WHERERIISANORMALIZEDMEASUREOFHOWFARTHEITHEXTREMEISFROMTHEAVERAGEVALUEˉXDETERMINEDINBLOCK2?BLOCK7COMPUTEITHCRITICALVALUELIROSNER12DEVELOPEDTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONFORDETERMININGTHECRITICALVALUELI?DN?ITTN?I?1PFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIDN?IT1TDN?I?1TT2N?I?1PTQ4WHERETN?I?1,PISTHESTUDENT’STDISTRIBUTIONWITHN?I?1DEGREESANDTHETAILAREAPROBABILITYPISDETERMINEDFROMP?A2DN?IT1T5ABRAMOWITZANDSTEGUN14REVIEWEQUATIONSFORESTIMATINGTHESTUDENT’STDISTRIBUTION?BLOCK8RILITHISBLOCKDETERMINESIFTHEITHEXTREMESTUDENTIZEDDEVIATE,RI,DETERMINEDINBLOCK6ISGREATERTHANTHEITHCRITICALVALUE,LI,DETERMINEDINBLOCK7?BLOCK9SETNOUTITHISBLOCKSETSTHENUMBEROFOUTLIERS,NOUT,EQUALTOI?BLOCK10REMOVEEXTREMEELEMENTXE,IFROMSETXTHEEXTREMEELEMENTXE,IISREMOVEDFROMSETXANDAFTERREMOVINGTHEEXTREMEELEMENTXE,I,THENUMBEROFELEMENTSINSETXISN?IIFIEQUALSNU,THENEXECUTIONGOESTOBLOCK11OTHERWISE,RETURNTOTHEFORLOOPONIJESEEM/ENERGYANDBUILDINGS39200752–5854FIG2FLOWCHARTFORIMPLEMENTINGROSNER’SGENERALIZEDMANYOUTLIERPROCEDURE

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