簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題COSTMANAGEMENTOFLARGECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSINSOUTHMALAYSIA外文作者ADEASMIABDULAZIS,AFTABHAMEEDMEMON,ISMAILABDULRAHMAN,QADIRBUXALIASIMRANLATIF,SASITHARANNAGAPAN文獻出處IEEESYMPOSIUMONBUSINESS,ENGINEERINGANDINDUSTRIALAPPLICATIONS,2012如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3499單詞，22363字符，中文5366漢字。COSTMANAGEMENTOFLARGECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSINSOUTHMALAYSIAABSTRACTACHIEVINGPROJECTCOMPLETIONWITHINTHEESTIMATEDCOSTISFUNDAMENTALCRITERIAFORSUCCESSOFANYPROJECTHENCECOSTMANAGEMENTANDCONTROLISVERYIMPORTANTCONSIDERATIONFORENSURINGCOSTPERFORMANCEVARIOUSCOSTMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESCANBEAPPLIEDTHROUGHOUTTHEPROJECTLIFECYCLETOAVOIDPOORCOSTPERFORMANCEANDOVERRUNOFCOSTTHISSTUDYFOCUSEDASSESSINGPROJECTCOSTPERFORMANCEANDLEVELOFEFFECTIVENESSOFVARIOUSCOSTMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESIMPLEMENTEDINLARGECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTINSOUTHMALAYSIADATACOLLECTIONWASCARRIEDOUTTHROUGHSTRUCTUREDQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYWHICHRESULTEDINCOLLECTING97DATASAMPLESITWASFOUNDTHATMOSTOFPROJECTSFACECOSTOVERRUNPROBLEMWITHANAVERAGEOVERRUNINTHERANGEOF5TO10OFTHETOTALPROJECTCOSTMOSTEFFECTIVEAPPROACHESOFCOSTMANAGEMENTADOPTEDINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSWERECASHFLOWFORECASTING,TENDERBUDGETING/ESTIMATINGANDELEMENTALCOSTPLANVALUEMANAGEMENTANDCOSTCODESYSTEMWERERATEDASLESSEFFECTIVETECHNIQUEONEOFPOSSIBLEREASONFORLOWLEVELOFVALUEMANAGEMENTAPPLICATIONINMALAYSIANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYMAYBEUNAWARENESSOFTHEBENEFITSOFVALUEMANAGEMENTREALIZINGTHEADVANTAGESOFVALUEMANAGEMENT,ITSHOULDBECONSIDEREDTOIMPLEMENTTHISMETHODTOACHIEVEBETTERCOSTPERFORMANCEHOWEVER,COSTMANAGEMENTINCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYISLESSEFFECTIVEANDMOSTOFPROJECTSFAILTOACHIEVESUCCESSFULPROJECTCOMPLETIONRESULTINGINSIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFCOSTOVERRUNHENCE,THISSTUDYFOCUSEDONASSESSINGCOSTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSHOWEVER,THISSTUDYWASLIMITEDTOLARGEPROJECTSIETHEPROJECTWITHCONTRACTAMOUNTABOVERM5MILLION4INSOUTHMALAYSIAWHICHCONSISTSOFSTATESOFJOHOR,MELAKAANDNEGRISEMBILANIIRELATEDWORKSCOSTISTHEFUNDAMENTALANDMOSTSIGNIFICANTCONSIDERATIONTHROUGHOUTTHELIFECYCLEOFPROJECTHENCE,ITISVERYIMPORTANTTOKEEPCOSTCONTROLANDMANAGEMENTFROMTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEPROJECTASLACKOFCOSTMANAGEMENTLEADSTOCOTOVERRUNOFPROJECTSFIGURE1ILLUSTRATESCOSTMANAGEMENTPROCESSESITINDICATESTHATCOSTESTIMATINGPROCESSESUSESINFORMATIONFROMEXISTINGCOSTDATABASE,CONTRACTS,DESIGNANDPRODUCTIONPLANSONTHEOTHERHANDTHEINFORMATIONGENERATEDBYTHECOSTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSUPPORTSTHEDESIGNANDPRODUCTIONPLANNINGANDCONTROLPROCESSESANDSHOULDBEUSEDTOUPDATETHECOSTDATABASESIMILARLYTOPRODUCTIONPLANNINGANDCONTROL,COSTPLANNINGANDCONTROLISACYCLICALPROCESSITUSESINFORMATIONFROMTHECOSTESTIMATINGANDPRODUCTIONCONTROLPROCESSESTOPROVIDEFEEDBACKTOTHECOSTDATABASETHATWILLBEUSEDINFUTUREPROJECTASCONTRACTS,DESIGNSANDPRODUCTIONPLANNINGANDCONTROLAREDYNAMIC,HENCECOSTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSMUSTASSUMEAPROACTIVECHARACTERANDBEFLEXIBLETOABSORBCHANGESTHATMAYOCCUR5COSTENGINEERINGANDQUANTITYSURVEYINGENCOMPASSABROADVARIETYOFCOSTMANAGEMENTFUNCTIONSFOCUSINGONPROVIDINGINDEPENDENT,OBJECTIVE,ACCURATE,RELIABLECAPITALANDOPERATINGCOSTASSESSMENTSUSABLEFORINVESTMENTFUNDINGANDPROJECTCONTROL6

簡介：HIGHPERFORMANCEELECTRICALDRIVENHOTSPOTDETECTIONSOLUTIONFORFULLCHIPDESIGNUSINGANOVELDEVICEPARAMETERMATCHINGTECHNIQUERAMIFSALEM?,MOHAMEDALIMAM?,ABDELRAHMANELMOUSLY?,HAITHAMEISSA?,AHMEDARAFA?,ANDMOHABHANIS???MENTORGRAPHICSCORPORATION??THEAMERICANUNIVERSITYINCAIROABSTRACTWITHTHECONTINUOUSDEVELOPMENTOFTODAY’STECHNOLOGY,ICDESIGNBECOMESAMORECOMPLEXPROCESSTHEDESIGNERNOWNOTONLYTAKESCAREOFTHENORMALDESIGNANDLAYOUTPARAMETERSASUSUAL,BUTALSONEEDSTOCONSIDERTHEPROCESSVARIATIONIMPACTONTHEDESIGNTOPRESERVETHESAMECHIPFUNCTIONALITYWITHNOFAILUREDURINGFABRICATIONINTHECURRENTPROCESS,SCHEMATICDESIGNERSGOTHROUGHEXTENSIVESIMULATIONSTOCOVERALLTHEPOSSIBLEVARIATIONSOFTHEIRDESIGNPARAMETERSANDHENCEOFTHEDESIGNFUNCTIONALITYATTHESAMETIME,LAYOUTDESIGNERSPERFORMTIMECONSUMINGPROCESSAWARESIMULATIONSSUCHASLITHOGRAPHYSIMULATIONSONTHEFULLCHIPLAYOUT,WHICHIMPACTSTHEDESIGNTURNAROUNDTIMEINTHISPAPER,WEPRESENTAFASTPHYSICALLAYOUTANDELECTRICALAWAREDESIGNFORMANUFACTURABILITYDFMSOLUTIONTHATDETECTSHOTSPOTAREASINTHEFULLCHIPDESIGNWITHOUTREQUIRINGEXTENSIVEELECTRICALANDPROCESSSIMULATIONSNOVELALGORITHMSAREPROPOSEDTOIMPLEMENTTHEENGINESTHATAREUSEDTODEVELOPTHISSOLUTIONOURPROPOSEDFLOWISEXAMINEDONA45NMINDUSTRIALFINITEIMPULSERESPONSEFIRFULLCHIPTHEPROPOSEDMETHODOLOGYISABLETODEFINEALISTOFELECTRICALHOTSPOTDEVICESLOCATEDONTHEFIRCRITICALPATHTHATEXPERIENCEUPTO17VARIATIONINTHEIRDCCURRENTVALUESDUETOTHEEFFECTOFPROCESSANDDESIGNCONTEXTTHETOTALRUNTIMENEEDEDTOIDENTIFYANDDETECTTHESEELECTRICALHOTSPOTSONTHEFIRFULLCHIPTAKESNEARLY3MINUTES,COMPAREDTOHOURSWHENUSINGCONVENTIONALELECTRICALANDPROCESSSIMULATIONSINDEXTERMSPROCESSVARIATIONS,DESIGNFORMANUFACTURABILITYDFM,LITHOGRAPHYVARIATIONS,STRESSEFFECTS,ELECTRICALDESIGNFORMANUFACTURABILITYEDFM,PARAMETRICYIELD,HOTSPOTSIINTRODUCTIONASTECHNOLOGYMIGRATESFROM90NMDOWNTO45NM,ITISINCREASINGLYDIFFICULTTOACHIEVEFASTYIELDRAMPDUETORANDOMDEFECTS,PROCESSVARIATIONS,SYSTEMATICYIELDPROBLEMS,ANDOTHERLIMITATIONSREFERREDTOASDESIGNFORMANUFACTURINGDFMISSUESAT90NMANDBELOW,THESEPROBLEMSOFTENAPPEARASLAYOUTHOTSPOTSTOAVOIDDOWNSTREAMYIELDANDMANUFACTURINGPROBLEMSRELATINGTOLAYOUTHOTSPOTS,ITISIMPERATIVETHATHOTSPOTSAREADDRESSEDBYDIFFERENTDFMTECHNIQUESSUCCESSFULDFMTECHNIQUESENSUREHIGHFABRICATIONYIELDBYINCORPORATINGMANUFACTURABILITYAWAREMODELSINTOTHEDESIGNSTAGETOIDENTIFYANDREMOVEPOTENTIALLYPROBLEMATICPROCESSHOTSPOTSATYPICALDFMFLOWFOLLOWSANINCREMENTALPROCEDURE,USINGANEMBEDDEDLITHOGRAPHICSIMULATORFORHOTSPOTDETECTIONLITHOGRAPHICSIMULATIONS1,2AREPRECISEYETCOSTLYTORUNDUETOTHECOMPLEXCALCULATIONSINVOLVEDAREPRECISE,YETCOSTLYTORUN,DUETOTHECOMPLEXCALCULATIONSINVOLVEDPATTERNMATCHINGISANOTHERAPPROACHTHATALLOWSDESIGN,MANUFACTURING,ANDFAILUREANALYSISTEAMSTOIDENTIFY,ISOLATE,ANDDEFINEPROBLEMATICGEOMETRICCONFIGURATIONSPATTERNSDIRECTLYFROMADESIGNLAYOUTONCERECOGNIZEDANDDEFINED,THESEPATTERNSCANBEADDEDTOAPATTERNLIBRARYTHATCANBEUSEDTOAUTOMATICALLYSCANDESIGNSFORMATCHINGPATTERNS,WHICHCANTHENBEMODIFIEDORREMOVEDHOWEVER,SUCHTECHNIQUESEXPERIENCETWOMAJORDRAWBACKS1ACCURACYVSRUNTIMETRADEOFFTHEACCURACYOFTHEPATTERNMATCHINGTECHNIQUEDEPENDSONTHEQUALITYOFTHEPATTERNLIBRARYIE,THENUMBEROFPATTERNSIDENTIFIEDANDADDEDINTOTHELIBRARYHOWEVER,TOOMANYPATTERNSWILLLEADTOOVERESTIMATINGPOTENTIALHOTSPOTS,ANDDIRECTLYINCREASETHEDESIGNFLOWRUNTIME2PURELYGEOMTRICALBASEDTODAY’SPATTERNMATCHINGSOLUTIONSAREALLBASEDONGEOMETRICALRECOGNITION,WHICHDOESN’TDISTINGUISHTHOSETOPOLOGIESTHATAREELECTRICALLYCRITICALTOTHEDESIGNELECRTICALDRIVENDFMSOULTIONSHAVEBEENPROPOSED3,4AND5SHOWINGFAIRRESULTSANDGOODPERFORMANCE,HOWEVERTHESESOLUTIONSWEREDIRECTEDTOREDUCEONLYLITHOGRAPHYVARIATIONSBYPROPOSINGPERFORMANCEDRIVENOPTICALPROXIMITYCORRECTIONOPCSOLUTIONSANDSTANDARDCELLRECHARACTERIZATIONFIG1FROMLAYOUTTOSPICEINSTANCEPARAMETERSINOURPAPER,WEPROPOSEANOVELELECTRICALLYAWAREDEVICEPARAMETERBASEDMATCHINGTECHNIQUETHEDEVICEPARAMETERSREPRESENTEDINTHESPICEMODELSCONTAINDIFFERENTABSTRACTSOFINFORMATION,SUCHASTHELAYOUTGEOMETRY,THEDESIGNCONTEXT9781467310369/12/3100?2012IEEE22313THINTLSYMPOSIUMONQUALITYELECTRONICDESIGNFIG2PROPOSEDDESIGNCONTEXTAWAREANDELECTRICALDRIVENDFMSOLUTIONFIG3DEVICEPARAMETERSMATCHINGFLOWBINTENTDRIVENDESIGNENGINETHEPROPOSEDENGINEFIGURE4,AUTOMATICALLYGATHERSANNOTATIONANDDEVICE/NETINFORMATIONFROMTHESCHEMATICNETLISTTHISINFORMATIONISTHENPROCESSEDTOGENERATETEXT,MARKERLAYERS,OROTHERGEOMETRYIDENTIFICATIONONTHELAYOUTTOMARKTHEANNOTATEDDEVICES/NETSTHEANNOTATIONTYPEISCOMBINEDWITHTHETEXTANDMARKERLAYERNUMBERSTOGENERATESPECIFICRULESBASEDONTHEASSIGNEDANNOTATIONSTHESERULESARETHENTESTEDUSINGCALIBRETOOLS7TODETERMINEIFTHEINTENTWASCORRECTLYINTERPRETEDANDPROPERLYIMPLEMENTEDONTHEPHYSICALLAYOUTDESIGNFINALLY,THERESULTSAREREPORTEDANADDITIONALOPTIONUSESDEFINEDSTRUCTURESWITHCALIBREPERCFORTOPOLOGICALMATCHINGTHEFLOWCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPS1PARSINGTHESCHEMATICANNOTATIONSTHEFLOWASSUMESTHATTHEFRONTENDDESIGNERPLACESANNOTATIONSONTHESCHEMATICNETLISTINACERTAINFORMATTOINFORMTHEPHYSICALLAYOUTENGINEERSWITHCRITICALDEVICES/NETSORTHATCERTAINDEVICES/NETSHAVECERTAINELECTRICALCONSTRAINTSORSHOULDHAVESPECIALLAYOUTTREATMENTSTHISSTEPPARSESTHEANNOTATIONSPLACEDINTHESCHEMATICNETLISTANDIDENTIFIESTHESEANNOTATIONS2LINKINGTHESCHEMATICDATABASETOTHELAYOUTDATABASETHESECONDSTEPLINKSTHEPARSEDDEVICE/NETTOITSCORRESPONDINGMATEINTHELAYOUTTHEMAINLINKBETWEENTHESCHEMATICNETLISTANDTHELAYOUTISTHELAYOUTVSSCHEMATICLVSRULEDECKRUNNINGLVSONADESIGNGENERATESTHECROSSREFERENCINGDATABASETHATLINKSTHEDEVICE/NETONTHESCHEMATICTOITSCORRESPONDINGMATEONTHELAYOUTANDPROVIDESTHELAYOUTCOORDINATES3MARKINGTHEANNOTATEDDEVICESANDNETSONTHELAYOUTDATABASEFORDEVICECHECKS,THECOORDINATESOBTAINEDFROMTHECROSSREFERENCINGFILESPLACEAMARKINGTEXTLAYERONEACHAPPROPRIATEDEVICEHOWEVER,BECAUSEACOMPLETENETMAYBECOMPOSEDFROMMANYLAYERS,ONEPAIROFCOORDINATESISNOTENOUGHTOMARKTHENETFORNETCHECKS,SOALLNETCOORDINATESAREEXTRACTEDFROMTHELVSDATABASEASCRIPTISTHENUSEDTOORGANIZETHEDATAFROMTHEFIRSTTWOSTEPSANDGENERATETHEREQUIREDTEXTANDMARKERLAYERSIFTHEREAREGENERALCHECKSTHATMUST

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題INTRODUCTIONTOASPNETCORE外文作者FANIEREYNDERS文獻出處FANIEREYNDERSINTRODUCTIONTOASPNETCOREMMODERNAPIDESIGNWITHASPNETCORE22018922如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3105單詞，16580字符，中文6192漢字。INTRODUCTIONTOASPNETCOREFANIEREYNDERSACTIVESERVERPAGESASPWASFIRSTINTRODUCEDIN1998ASMICROSOFT’SFLAGSHIPDEVELOPMENTFRAMEWORKFORBUILDINGSERVERSIDETECHNOLOGIESITWASMEANTTOCOMPETEWITHOTHERWEBFRAMEWORKS,LIKEPHP,WHICHWASVERYPOPULARATTHETIMEITWASINITIALLYDEVELOPEDFORCREATINGANDRUNNINGDYNAMIC,INTERACTIVEWEBAPPLICATIONSUPONREQUESTINGANASPFILE,THEWEBSERVEREXECUTESANYCODEINTHEFILEANDRETURNSTHERESULTITPRODUCESTOTHEBROWSERINITIALLYONLYFOCUSEDONRENDERINGPUREWEBSITESINHYPERTEXTMARKUPLANGUAGEHTMLONTHESERVER,ASPALSOKNOWNASCLASSICASPEVOLVEDTOBECOMEASPNETIN2002ASPARTOFTHENETFRAMEWORKONEOFTHEMOSTUSEDFRAMEWORKSTODAYTHEASPNETFRAMEWORKISTHESUCCESSORTOCLASSICASPANDOFFERSAVASTVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONMODELSFORBUILDINGWEBBASEDAPPLICATIONSFITFORALMOSTANYSCENARIOTOOFTHETOPPERFORMINGFRAMEWORKSONTHETECHEMPOWERBENCHMARKSSITEHTTPS//WWWTECHEMPOWERCOM/BENCHMARKSFURTHERMORE,MULTIPLELANGUAGESARESUPPORTEDBYNETCORE,LIKEC,VB,ANDF,INCLUDINGMODERNPROGRAMMATICCONSTRUCTSLIKEGENERICS,LANGUAGEINTEGRATEDQUERYLINQ,ASYNCHRONOUSPROGRAMMING,ANDOTHERFEATURESONECOULDEXPECTFROMAMODERNLANGUAGEBUILTFROMTHEGROUNDUP,THEASPNETCOREFRAMEWORKISANOPENSOURCE,CROSSPLATFORMWEBPLATFORMFORDEVELOPINGCLOUDBASEDSERVERAPPLICATIONSITCANRUNONBOTHTHEFULLNETFRAMEWORKANDTHENETCOREFRAMEWORK,WHICHISNATIVELYCROSSPLATFORM,MEANINGAPPLICATIONSTARGETINGASPNETCORECANRUNEVERYWHEREASPNETCOREISOPTIMIZEDFORAPPLICATIONSDEPLOYEDBOTHTOTHECLOUDORONPREMISESMODULARITYISATTHEHEARTOFITSDESIGN,MAKINGITEXTREMELYFLEXIBLEANDEXTENSIBLEBYUSINGTHEAVAILABLETOOLINGFORASPNETCORE,YOUCANDEVELOPANDRUNYOURAPPLICATIONSONWINDOWS,LINUX,ANDMACNETCOREVSNETFRAMEWORKALTHOUGHNETCOREANDTHEFULLNETFRAMEWORKSHAREMANYCOMMONCOMPONENTS,THEREAREFUNDAMENTALDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHETWO,ANDCHOOSINGBETWEENTHEMDEPENDSONTHESCENARIOATHANDWHENTHEREISANEEDFORTHEAPPLICATIONTORUNCROSSPLATFORMORHAVEANARCHITECTUREBASEDONMICROSERVICES,TOPROMOTEHIGHAVAILABILITYANDSCALABILITY,ORTORUNSIDEBYSIDEWITHDIFFERENTVERSIONSOFNET,THENUSINGNETCOREWILLBETHERIGHTCHOICEUSETHENETFRAMEWORKIFTHEAPPLICATIONISCURRENTLYUSINGTHEFULLNETFRAMEWORKANDTHERECOMMENDATIONSUGGESTEDEXTENDINGINSTEADOFMIGRATING,ORIFTHEREARETHIRDPARTYLIBRARIES,TECHNOLOGIES,ORPLATFORMSTHATDONOTSUPPORTNETCORE

簡介：2600英文單詞，英文單詞，13500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4300字文獻出處文獻出處ENDOH,ITOM,OZEKITDEVELOPMENTOFTOYOTASTRANSAXLEFORMINIVANHYBRIDVEHICLESJJSAEREVIEW,2003,241109116DEVELOPMENTOFTOYOTA’STRANSAXLEFORMINIVANHYBRIDVEHICLESHIROATSUENDO,MASATOSHIITO,TATSUYAOZEKIABSTRACTINJUNE2001,TOYOTAMOTORCORPORATIONDEVELOPEDTHETOYOTAHYBRIDSYSTEMCVTTHSCFORMINIVANSANEWTRANSAXLEDEVELOPEDFORTHEFRONTDRIVEUNITOFTHETHSCSYSTEMISCOMPACT,LIGHTWEIGHT,ANDHIGHLYEFFICIENTTHEUNITACHIEVESEXCELLENTDRIVINGCOMFORTWITHSMOOTHSPEEDCHANGEBYCVTCONTROLANDPROVIDESHIGHLEVELDRIVINGPOWERCONTROLBYWETMULTIPLEDISCCLUTCHES1INTRODUCTIONCO2EMISSIONSREDUCTIONTHROUGHENHANCEDFUELECONOMYANDCLEANEXHAUSTEMISSIONSAREIMPORTANTDEVELOPMENTTHEMESINTHEAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRYADUALBENEFITTOTHEENVIRONMENTISACHIEVEDBYALLEVIATINGGLOBALWARMINGANDALSOBYPREVENTINGPOLLUTIONAHYBRIDSYSTEMTHATINCORPORATESANELECTRICMOTORISANEFFECTIVEMEANSOFIMPROVINGFUELECONOMYESPECIALLY,MINIVANSWITHLARGEANDHEAVYBODIESTYPICALLYHAVELOWERFUELECONOMIESTHANPASSENGERCARSTHUSTHEMERITSOFDEVELOPINGAHYBRIDTYPEMINIVANARESUBSTANTIALTOYOTA’STHSCFIG1ISTHEMOSTFAVORABLEHYBRIDSYSTEMFORMINIVANS1FIG1CONFIGURATIONOFTHSCANDTHSTHETHSCHYBRIDSYSTEMHASTHEFOLLOWINGFEATURESAREDUCEDDEPENDENCYONELECTRICMOTORPOWERTABLE1YIELDSFURTHERCOMPACTNESSANDLOWERCOSTATORQUEINCREASEMECHANISMWITHCVT,ANDCONTROLOFTHEDRIVEPOWERSOURCE,ENHANCEDRIVINGPERFORMANCEA4WDSYSTEM,MOSTDESIREDFORMINIVANS,HASBEENADOPTEDANELECTRIC4WDSYSTEMEXHIBITSIMPROVEDFUELECONOMYINFOURWHEELREGENERATIONANDORDINARYFWDOPERATIONTOACHIEVETHEMWEDESIGNEDANDDEVELOPEDANEWTRANSAXLEFORTHEFRONTDRIVEUNITOFTHSCSYSTEMTABLE1SPECIFICATIONOFTHSCANDTHSINPUTSAREINSTALLED,THROUGHTHEPLANETARYGEARS,ONTOTHEINPUTSHAFTTHATISCONNECTEDTOTHEPRIMARYPULLEYOFTHECVTENGINETORQUEISINPUTTOTHEPLANETARYGEARSVIATHETORSIONALDAMPERMOTORTORQUEISINPUTDIRECTLYINTOTHEPLANETARYGEARSTOCONTROLDRIVEPOWERSWITCHINGVIATHEWETMULTIPLEDISCCLUTCHINTHERATIOSHIFTSECTIONTHESUPERCVT’SMECHANISMISAPPLIEDITISNOTEDFORITSHIGHEFFICIENCYANDSMOOTHSPEEDCHANGINGSTEELPUSHBELTSAREUSEDTOPROVIDEAWIDERANGESHIFTRATIOTABLE2TABLE2SPECIFICATIONSOFTRANSAXLECVTBELTELEMENTWIDTH30MM/9BANDSPLANETARYGEARRATIOFORWARD1000,1754ETCMODEREVERSE100,0754REVFRICTIONMODEPULLEYRATIOFORWARD23960428REVERSE23961211FINALGEARRATIO5182SERVICEOILTOYOTAGENUINECVTFLUIDSHIFTRANGEPRNDBOVERALLLENGTH411MMMASSWET110KGPLANETARYGEARTYPEDOUBLEPINIONTYPEFIG3CROSSSECTIONOFOILPUMPUNITANELECTRONICALLYCONTROLLEDHYDRAULICMECHANISM,SOCALLED‘‘VALVEBODY’’ISMOUNTEDUNDER

簡介：開題報告正文開題報告正文一、本課題來源及研究的目的和意義一、本課題來源及研究的目的和意義本課題來源于生產(chǎn)實踐，與其研究的內(nèi)容以及變電站的研究水平不僅與我們的生活息息相關(guān)，還對我們的生活和生產(chǎn)起著至關(guān)重要的影響。隨著工業(yè)時代的發(fā)展，電力已成為人類歷史發(fā)展的主要動力資源，要科學(xué)合理的駕馭電力必須從電力工程的設(shè)計原則和方法上理解和掌握其精髓，提高電力系統(tǒng)的安全可靠性和運行效率。從而達到降低生產(chǎn)成本提高經(jīng)濟效益的目的。眾所周知，電能是發(fā)展國民經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)，是一種無形的、不能大量存儲的二次能源。電能的發(fā)、變、送、配電和用電，幾乎是在同一時間完成的，須相互協(xié)調(diào)與平衡。變電和配電是為了電能的傳輸和合理的分配，在電力系統(tǒng)中占很重要的地位，其都是由電力變壓器來完成的，因此變電所在供電系統(tǒng)中的作用是不言而語的。隨著高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用，對電能質(zhì)量和供電可靠提出了新的要求，高壓、超高壓變電站的設(shè)計和運行系統(tǒng)必須適應(yīng)這種新形勢，因此，改善電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)，提高供電能力與可靠性以及綜合自動化程度，以滿足日益增長的社會需求是電力企業(yè)的首要目標。變電所是聯(lián)系發(fā)電廠和用戶的中間環(huán)節(jié)，一般安裝有變壓器及其控制和保護裝置，起著變換和分配電能的作用。為了保證在送變電過程中的供電可靠性，首先要滿足的就是變電所的設(shè)計規(guī)范。進入21世紀后，我國電力仍將以較高的速度和更大的規(guī)模發(fā)展，電源和電網(wǎng)建設(shè)的任務(wù)仍很重。做為發(fā)電廠和用戶的中間環(huán)節(jié)，變換和分配電能的重要組成部分，將面臨電力體制改革和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力的雙重挑戰(zhàn)，如何合理的設(shè)計一個變電所，使之在技術(shù)上、管理上適應(yīng)電力市場化體制和競爭需要，促使電網(wǎng)互聯(lián)范圍的不斷擴大，是這次設(shè)計的主要目的。二、本課題所涉及的問題在國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀。我國自1882年有電以來，電力工業(yè)已經(jīng)走過了120多年的歷程。解放前，我國電力工業(yè)和其他工業(yè)一樣，處于極端落后的狀態(tài)，并帶有明顯的半殖民地的特點。新中國成立后的50多年中，電力工業(yè)以很高的速度發(fā)展，取得了世人矚目的成就。到1988年全國發(fā)電設(shè)備容量已達11000萬KW，其中火電占75％，與1949年相比增長了58倍。1998年全國裝機容量已達到277GW以上，躍居世界第2位。特別是進入本世紀90年代以來，我國的電力平均每年新增裝機容量17多GW，實現(xiàn)裝機容量8年翻一番，終于緩解了近50年的持續(xù)缺電局面，使電力供應(yīng)有所緩和。雖然從1997年開始到1998年，全國電力供應(yīng)緊張的狀況有了緩和，局部地方出現(xiàn)了電力供大于求，但是我國的用電水平還是很低的。到1998年，全國人均占有裝機容量022KW，發(fā)電量只有927KWH，這一水平只相當于世界平均水平的1/3左右，為發(fā)達國家的1/6～1/10，與富裕的小康生活水平對電力的要求也相差甚遠。電網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)薄弱，特別是500KV網(wǎng)架在大部分電網(wǎng)中尚未真正形成，電網(wǎng)的安全性差，可靠性低，自動化水平不高，電網(wǎng)調(diào)峰容量不足，損耗大，供電質(zhì)量差，遠遠不能適應(yīng)21世紀信息時代對電力供應(yīng)的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量的要求。我國電力工業(yè)2個方面的任務(wù)電系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定運行?？尚行苑治隹尚行苑治?、該課題研究所需要的知識和能力準備，通過我的努力應(yīng)該可以達到。2、該課題研究所需要的指導(dǎo)老師和咨詢的途徑已經(jīng)具備。3、該課題完成需要閱讀電力系統(tǒng)分析、高電壓技術(shù)、發(fā)電廠電氣部分、繼電保護系統(tǒng)、電力工程概論等書籍。4、該課題需要進行互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進行資料查詢，需要到圖書館進行相關(guān)期刊雜志的查詢工作，需要準確的計算，需要設(shè)備選型和校驗，需要設(shè)計繼電保護的配置，完成CAD制圖。5、該課題研究所需要的物質(zhì)、環(huán)境條件不是很高，通過努力能夠較好的解決。四、完成本課題的工作方案及進度計劃；四、完成本課題的工作方案及進度計劃；1周結(jié)合設(shè)計內(nèi)容復(fù)習(xí)所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識，做好理論準備；其次進行與設(shè)計有關(guān)的調(diào)研活動及其資料的收集，完成開題報告。2周，選擇主變的容量和臺數(shù)；確定電氣一次主接線方案。35周短路電流計算，選擇各級導(dǎo)線型號和截面，選擇一次電氣設(shè)備。6周防雷保護和接地設(shè)置計算，繼電保護計量裝置配置。710周，完成有關(guān)圖紙的繪制。1112周，整理并撰寫設(shè)計說明書五、主要參考文獻五、主要參考文獻電力系統(tǒng)分析何仰贊華中科技大學(xué)出版社發(fā)電廠電氣部分姚春球中國電力出版社供電技術(shù)余健明機械工業(yè)出版社繼電保護原理劉學(xué)軍中國電力出版社高電壓技術(shù)周澤存中國電力出版社電力工程概論韋剛中國電力出版社

簡介：6200英文單詞，英文單詞，34萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文1萬字萬字文獻出處文獻出處ALONSOAD,ONEILLMATOWHATEXTENTDOESRESTAURANTKITCHENDESIGNINFLUENCECONSUMERS’EATINGOUTEXPERIENCEANEXPLORATORYSTUDYJJOURNALOFRETAILDIFFERENCESWEREALSONOTICEDAMONGSEVERALAGEGROUPSOVERALL,THEFINDINGSCOULDBEBENEFICIALFORTHERESTAURANTSECTORINUNDERSTANDINGCONSUMERS’BEHAVIOURANDPOTENTIALLYIDENTIFYINGSEGMENTSTHATPAYMOREATTENTIONTOOPENRESTAURANTKITCHENSTYLEKEYWORDSRESTAURANTSKITCHENSTYLEOPENVERSUSCLOSEDKITCHENSTYLEEATINGOUTEXPERIENCECONSUMERSINTRODUCTIONINITSENDLESSJOURNEYOFPROVIDING,HOSTINGANDCONTRIBUTINGTOWARDSCONSUMERS’MEMORABLEEXPERIENCES,THEHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYCONTINUESTOEVOLVEINMANYWAYSMOREOVER,INASECTORHOSPITALITY/RESTAURANTINWHICHDEVELOPMENTSININNOVATION,FORINSTANCE,INTHEFORMOFFOOD,EQUIPMENT,TECHNOLOGY,TRENDSFAST/SLOWFOODS,LOCALPRODUCE,ORGANICPRODUCEANDSOON,COMPETITIONANDOTHERCHALLENGESARECONSTANTLYOCCURRING,RESTAURATEURSNEEDTOBEPREPAREDTOADDRESSMULTIPLEPRESSURESANDDEMANDSSIMULTANEOUSLYTOAGREATEXTENT,RESTAURATEURSLOOKATTHEIRFOODANDSERVICECOMPONENTSASDRAWINGCARDSANDASTHEIRMAINREVENUESOURCESHOWEVER,THEREAREALSOVIEWSTHATMANYRESTAURATEURSHAVEACCEPTEDTHATTHEFOODANDSERVICEELEMENTSARENOLONGERCOREASPECTSOFTHEDININGEXPERIENCEFORMANYCONSUMERSINSTEAD,OTHERELEMENTSCANALSOPLAYACRITICALROLEFINKELSTEIN,1989AUTY,1992BITNER,1992MOREKNOWLEDGEABOUTAREASORDIMENSIONSTHATCONSUMERSAREINCREASINGLYPAYINGATTENTIONTOCOULDBEEXAMPLE,INTHECASEOFFAMILYORINDIVIDUALLYOWNEDRESTAURANTS,INAREASTHAT,ASMAYBETHECASEOFOPENVERSUSCLOSEDKITCHENSTYLE,COULDPOTENTIALLYENCOURAGEMORERESTAURANTPATRONAGELITERATUREREVIEWPARTOFTHECONTEMPORARYHOSPITALITYLITERATURESUGGESTSTHATTHEWAYMANYRESTAURANTOPERATIONSAREDESIGNEDCANBECRITICALFORTHEIRLONGTERMSURVIVALWITHREGARDTOHOTELRESTAURANTS,FOREXAMPLE,STIPANUK2006REFERSTOTHECASEOFONE‘SUBURBANHYATTREGENCY’P446TOILLUSTRATETHEPOTENTIALFORSUCCESSWHENSERIOUSCONSIDERATIONISGIVENTOBASICDESIGNASPECTSREFERRINGTOTHEHYATTREGENCY’SCASE,STIPANUK2006EXPLAINSTHAT‘THERESTAURANTISHIGHLYSUCCESSFULINPARTBECAUSEITOFFERSDIFFERENTMOODSFORBREAKFASTORDINNER,FORFAMILYGROUPSORCOUPLES,ANDFORINFORMALMEALSORSPECIALOCCASIONDINNERS’P447STIPANUK’S2006ARGUMENTALSOILLUSTRATESTHEIMPORTANCEOFFLEXIBILITY,CONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENT,DEVELOPMENT,INNOVATION,ASWELLASATTENTIONTODETAILANDTODIFFERENTCONSUMERSEGMENTSWHILETHEREISLITTLEDOUBTTHATRESTAURANTDESIGNCANBEAVITALCOMPONENTFORHOSPITALITY/RESTAURANTESTABLISHMENTS,OTHERASPECTSTHATDENOTECONSUMERS’CONCERNWITHVERYBASICELEMENTSARESURPRISINGLYOFTENMISSINGINRESTAURANTENVIRONMENTSINTHISREGARD,STUDIESINVESTIGATINGFACTORSINFLUENCINGRESTAURANTCHOICEINDICATETHEIMPORTANCEOFCLEANLINESSTHROUGHOUTTHERESTAURANT,INCLUDINGINTHEKITCHENAKSOYDAN,2007SUCHOBVIOUSCONCERNWITHTHEESTABLISHMENT’SCLEANLINESSDEMONSTRATESTHATDESPITETHEDEVELOPMENTSTHATHAVETAKENPLACEATBOTHGOVERNMENTLEVELFOREXAMPLE,HYGIENEREGULATIONS,CONTROLS,FINESPLACEDUPONRESTAURANTSANDHOSPITALITYSECTORWISEFOREXAMPLE,MOREUSEOFTECHNOLOGY,TRAINING,COSTSOFCOMPLIANCE,MANYCONSUMERSCONTINUETOBESCEPTICALOFRESTAURANTS’FULFILMENTOFBASICCLEANLINESSREQUIREMENTSANDSTANDARDSINCONSUMERS’DEFENCE,THEMANYREPORTSOFFOODPOISONINGANDRESTAURANTBUSINESSESCLOSEDORFINEDFORBREAKINGHYGIENERULES/LAWS,NOTONLYINTHEUNITEDSTATESBUTALSOINTERNATIONALLYCULLEN,2010FALKENSTEIN,2010SCHRECK,2010SHAHEEN,2010AREREASONSPERSUADINGPATRONSTOBEAPPREHENSIVEOFRESTAURATEURS’FOODHANDLINGANDOVERALLHYGIENERELATEDPRACTICESTHUS,CONSUMERS’PAYINGATTENTIONTOTHEASPECTOFRESTAURANTCLEANLINESSCOULDBEINTERPRETEDASASAFETYMEASUREANDALSOASA‘PEACEOFMIND’REASSURANCEEXERCISEINTHISCONTEXT,THEOPPORTUNITYTOSEEANDSCRUTINISEWHATGOESON‘BEHINDTHESCENES’,ASISARGUABLYTHECASEOFOPENRESTAURANTKITCHENSETTINGS,MAYPOSITIVELYCONTRIBUTETOWARDSCONSUMERS’PEACEOFMINDACCORDINGTOBARABANANDDUROCHER2010,INTHE1990SOPENRESTAURANTKITCHENDESIGNBECAMEPOPULARINMANYHOSPITALITYSCENARIOSMEDIAINTERESTTHROUGHARTICLESPRESENTINGRESTAURANTSTHATFEATUREOPENKITCHENDESIGNDEMONSTRATESTHATTHISCONCEPTCONTINUESTOBEWIDELYUSEDSEE,FOREXAMPLE,BRUNI,2005RAISFELDANDPATRONITE,2005FERREN,2010PARMLEY,2010VIRBILA,2010WEISSTUCH,2010APARTFROMALLOWINGCONSUMERSTOMONITOR–THATIS,ASMUCHASCONSUMERSCANMONITOR–CLEAN/HYGIENICFOODHANDLINGDURINGTHEIREATINGOUTEXPERIENCE,THEREAREOTHERMOTIVATIONSFORCHOOSINGARESTAURANTWHERETHECOOKSAREINTHEFRONTLINEANDCANBESEENIN‘FULLACTION’FOREXAMPLE,CHOWETALFORTHCOMINGMENTIONTODAY’SPOPULARITYOFTVSHOWSFOREXAMPLE,IRONCHEF,THECHOPPINGBLOCKANDALSOTHE‘GLAMOUR’ASPECTOFSOMEETHNICCUISINESFOREXAMPLE,JAPANESERESTAURANTSASFOODSAREPREPAREDINFRONTOFGUESTSINTHESESCENARIOS,CHEFSEXHIBITTHEIRCUTTING,FILLETINGANDRELATEDSKILLS,THUSPROVIDINGANENTERTAINMENTCOMPONENTTHATMAYDRAWGROUPSOFCONSUMERSWHOAREINTERESTEDINTHISSIDEOFFOODPREPARATIONANDOVERALLDININGEXPERIENCEDESPITETHEALLEGEDINTERESTANDPREFERENCEOFOPENKITCHENDESIGNAMONGMANYINDIVIDUALS,

簡介：IEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERELECTRONICS,VOL16,NO3,MAY2001293GENERATIONCONTROLCIRCUITFORPHOTOVOLTAICMODULESTOSHIHISASHIMIZU,MEMBER,IEEE,MASAKIHIRAKATA,TOMOYAKAMEZAWA,ANDHISAOWATANABEABSTRACTPHOTOVOLTAICMODULESMUSTGENERALLYBECONNECTEDINSERIESINORDERTOPRODUCETHEVOLTAGEREQUIREDTOEFFICIENTLYDRIVEANINVERTERHOWEVER,IFEVENAVERYSMALLPARTOFPHOTOVOLTAICMODULEPVMODULEISPREVENTEDFROMRECEIVINGLIGHT,THEGENERATIONPOWEROFTHEPVMODULEISDECREASEDDISPROPORTIONATELYTHISGREATERTHANEXPECTEDDECREASEOCCURSBECAUSEPVMODULESWHICHDONOTRECEIVEADEQUATELIGHTCANNOTOPERATEONTHENORMALOPERATINGPOINT,BUTRATHEROPERATEASLOADSASARESULT,THETOTALPOWERFROMTHEPVMODULESISDECREASEDIFEVENONLYASMALLPARTOFTHEPVMODULESARESHADEDINTHEPRESENTPAPER,ANOVELCIRCUIT,REFERREDTOASTHEGENERATIONCONTROLCIRCUITGCC,WHICHENABLESMAXIMUMPOWERTOBEOBTAINEDFROMALLOFTHEPVMODULESEVENIFSOMEOFTHEMODULESAREPREVENTEDFROMRECEIVINGLIGHTTHEPROPOSEDCIRCUITENABLESTHEINDIVIDUALPVMODULESTOOPERATEEFFECTIVELYATTHEMAXIMUMPOWERPOINTTRACKING,IRRESPECTIVEOFTHESERIESCONNECTEDPVMODULESYSTEMINADDITION,THETOTALGENERATEDPOWERISSHOWNEXPERIMENTALLYTOINCREASEFORTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUPUSEDINTHEPRESENTSTUDYINDEXTERMSACINTERACTIVEINVERTER,MULTISTAGECHOPPER,PHOTOVOLTAICMODULEIINTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,AWARENESSOFTHEIMPORTANCEOFPROTECTINGTHEGLOBALENVIRONMENTHASBEENGROWING,LEADINGTOCALLSFORPROGRESSINTHEEFFECTIVEUSEOFENERGYINVARIOUSFIELDSASARESULT,NOTONLYMETHODSFORSAVINGENERGY,BUTALSOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHENEWENERGYSOURCESHASBEENINVESTIGATEDPVCELLSARECURRENTLYCONSIDEREDTOBEANEWENERGYSOURCE,ANDAGREATDEALOFRESEARCHHASBEENCONDUCTEDINTHISFIELDOVERTHELASTFEWDECADESASARESULT,THEMAJORDISADVANTAGESPREVIOUSLYASSOCIATEDWITHTHEAPPLICATIONOFPVPOWERGENERATION,SUCHASINITIALCOST,GENERATIONEFFICIENCY,ANDRELIABILITY,NOLONGERPRESENTSUCHASIGNIFICANTPROBLEMPVGENERATIONISAFLEXIBLEPOWERGENERATIONMETHODWHICHISAPPLICABLEINBOTHSMALLANDLARGEPOWERGENERATIONPLANTS,IE,PLANTSTHATGENERATEANYWHEREFROMLESSTHAN3KVATOOVER100KVAINRECENTYEARS,INTERESTINSMALLPVPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMSDESIGNEDTOBEINSTALLEDANDUSEDINTHEHOUSEHASGROWNHOWEVER,ESPECIALLYINURBANAREAS,VARIOUSPROBLEMSLIMITTHEEFFECTIVENESSANDECONOMICFEASIBILITYOFPVPOWERGENERATIONWHENATYPICALURBANHOMEISEQUIPPEDWITHAPVPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEM,MANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDNOVEMBER15,1999REVISEDFEBRUARY3,2001RECOMMENDEDBYASSOCIATEEDITORKSMEDLEYTSHIMIZUISWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,TOKYOMETROPOLITANUNIVERSITY,TOKYO1920397,JAPANEMAILSHIMIZUEEIMETROUACJPMHIRAKATAISWITHTHEFUJIELECTRICCOMPANY,LTD,MIE5130816,JAPANEMAILHIRAKATAMASAKIFUJIELECTRICCOJPTKAMEZAWAISWITHTHEHITACHICOMPANY,LTD,CHIBA2758611,JAPANEMAILKAMEGMNARASHINOHITACHICOJPHWATANABEISWITHTHETOSHIBACOMPANY,LTD,TOKYO1830043,JAPANEMAILHISAOWTAATTNEJPPUBLISHERITEMIDENTIFIERS0885899301040431FIG1SERIESANDPARALLELCONNECTIONOFPHOTOVOLTAICMODULESASERIESCONNECTIONBPARALLELCONNECTIONTHEPVMODULESARENORMALLYINSTALLEDONTHEROOFTHUS,INADDITIONTOSHADOWSCREATEDBYCLOUDS,THOSECREATEDBYNEIGHBORINGHOMES,TREES,UTILITYAND/ORTELEPHONEPOLES,ANDPOWERLINECABLESSOMETIMESPARTIALLYCOVERTHESEPVMODULESINCONVENTIONALPVPOWERSYSTEMS,THESESHADOWSLOWERTHEOVERALLGENERATIONPOWERTOALARGERDEGREETHANWASINITIALLYEXPECTEDTHUS,THECONSTRUCTIONCOSTISINCREASED,BECAUSETHENUMBEROFPVMODULESINSTALLEDONTHEROOFMUSTBEINCREASED,ANDASARESULT,PVPOWERGENERATIONWILLBELESSATTRACTIVETHEREFORE,THEPRESENTAUTHORSDEVELOPEDANEWCIRCUIT,CALLEDTHEGENERATIONCONTROLCIRCUITGCC,WHICHMAINTAINSGENERATIONPOWEREVENWHENSOMEOFTHEPVMODULESARESHADEDFROMLIGHTINTHISMETHOD,GCCCONTROLSINDIVIDUALLYTHEOPERATIONPOINTOFEACHOFTHEPVMODULES,INCLUDINGTHESHADEDPVMODULES,SOASTOGENERATETHEMAXIMUMPOWERFOREACHOFTHEMODULESASARESULT,THEDECREASEINTHETOTALGENERATIONPOWERISMINIMIZEDINTHEPRESENTPAPER,THECHARACTERISTICSANDPROBLEMSASSOCIATEDWITHPARALLELCONNECTEDANDSERIESCONNECTEDPVMODULESAREDISCUSSEDNEXT,THEPRINCIPLEBYWHICHTHEGENERATIONCONTROLCIRCUITOPERATESISPRESENTEDINRELATIONTOSOLVINGTHEABOVEMENTIONEDPROBLEMSTWOTYPESOFPRACTICALCIRCUITCONFIGURATIONSFORGCCAREPROPOSEDANDTHECONTROLSCHEMESOFTHESECONFIGURATIONSAREDESCRIBEDINADDITION,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPROPOSEDCIRCUITISCONFIRMEDEXPERIMENTALLY1–4IICONNECTIONMETHODSOFPVMODULESANDASSOCIATEDPROBLEMSACONNECTIONMETHODSINTHEPVPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEM,MULTIPLEPVMODULESAREGENERALLYCONNECTEDINSERIES,ASSHOWNINFIG1A,INORDERTO0885–8993/011000?2001IEEESHIMIZUETALGENERATIONCONTROLCIRCUITFORPHOTVOLTAICMODULES295THEAXISFOREXAMPLE,,AND,ANDTHE–CURVEOFEACHPVMODULEWHENTHEOUTPUTCURRENTOFTHEPVSYSTEMISINCREASEDFROMZEROTOTHEMAXIMUMCURRENT,THEOPERATIONPOINTOFEACHPVMODULEMOVESASINDICATEDINFIG3B,FORPVANDFORPVTHISOPERATIONCHARACTERISTICREVEALSTHATNOTONLYTHENONSHADEDMODULES,BUTALSOTHESHADEDMODULE,CANOPERATEINTHEAREAWHEREEACHPVMODULECANGENERATEPOWERHENCE,THETOTALOUTPUTPOWERCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESEPVMODULES,THE–CURVE,ISOBTAINEDASSHOWNINFIG3BTHEN,THETOTALOUTPUTPOWER,,ISGIVENBY1WHERE,GENERATIONPOWERONPV,GENERATIONPOWERONPVIFEACHVOLTAGEISEQUIVALENTATTHEMAXIMUMPOWERPOINT,THEOUTPUTPOWER,,OBTAINEDATTHEMAXIMUMPOWERPOINT,INTHISCASEPOINT,BECOMES2WHERE,ANDARETHEMAXIMUMPOWERONPVANDPV,RESPECTIVELYCOPERATIONINSERIESCONNECTEDPVMODULESFIG4ASHOWSTHETYPICAL–CURVEFORPVMODULESCONNECTEDINSERIESFORTHESAMECONDITIONSSHOWNINFIG3AINSERIESCONNECTIONTHEGENERATIONCURRENTISTHESAMEFOREACHPVMODULETHEREFORE,THEOPERATINGPOINTOFEACHPVMODULEISGIVENBYTHEPOINTOFINTERSECTIONOFTHEOPERATIONLINE,PARALLELTOTHEAXISFOREXAMPLE,,AND,ANDTHE–CURVEOFEACHPVMODULEWHENTHEOUTPUTCURRENTOFTHEPVSYSTEMISINCREASEDFROMZEROTOTHEMAXIMUMCURRENT,THEOPERATIONPOINTOFEACHPVMODULEMOVESASINDICATEDINFIG4A,FORPVANDFORPVONOPERATIONLINE,THESHADEDPVMODULE,PV,GENERATESITSMAXIMUMPOWER,BUTTHENONSHADEDMODULE,PV,DOESNOTGENERATEITSMAXIMUMPOWERYETWHENTHEOPERATIONLINEMOVESTO,THEOPERATIONPOINTSOFEACHMODULEPVANDPVMOVETOAND,RESPECTIVELY,ANDTHEGENERATIONPOWERONPVINCREASESHOWEVER,THEOPERATIONPOINTOFPV,,MOVESTOTHENEGATIVEVOLTAGEREGIONBECAUSETHECURRENTGENERATEDFROMPVFLOWSTHROUGHTHEBYPASSDIODECONNECTEDINANTIPARALLELWITHPV,ANDTHERESULTANTGENERATIONPOWERONPVBECOMESNEGATIVETHISMEANSTHATTHESHADEDPVMODULECANNOTGENERATEANYPOWERANDCAUSESAPOWERLOSSONOPERATIONLINE,THENONSHADEDPVMODULE,PV,GENERATESTHEMAXIMUMPOWER,,BUTTHESHADEDMODULE,PV,CAUSEAPOWERLOSSHENCE,THEOUTPUTPOWER,,ONTHISSYSTEMISDECREASEDTO3THETOTALOUTPUTPOWERCHARACTERISTICOFTHISPVSYSTEM,THE–CURVE,ISOBTAINEDINTHESAMEMANNERANDISSHOWNINFIG4BTWOPEAKSINPOWEREXIST,BUTTHEOUTPUTPOWERSATFIG4GENERATIONCHARACTERISTICSFORTWOSERIESCONNECTEDPVMODULESAI–VCHARACTERISTICSBP–VCHARACTERISTICSTHESEPEAKPOINTSAREMUCHSMALLERTHANTHATOFTHEPARALLELCONNECTEDCONDITIONSHOWNINFIG3BALTHOUGHONLYTWOPVMODULECONNECTIONISDESCRIBEDINTHEPRESENTPAPER,THEMECHANISMBYWHICHPOWERREDUCTIONOCCURSFORMULTIPLEPVMODULESTHATARECONNECTEDINSERIESISSIMILARTOTHATFORTWOPVMODULECONNECTIONIIIGENERATIONCONTROLCIRCUITGCCAOPERATIONPRINCIPLESOFTHEGENERATIONCONTROLCIRCUITGCCFIG5AANDBSHOWTHEOPERATIONPRINCIPLESOFTHEPROPOSEDGENERATIONCONTROLCIRCUIT,INWHICHPVMODULESARECONNECTEDINSERIESTHEGCCHASMULTIPLEVOLTAGESOURCES,TO,ANDTHESUMOFTHESEVOLTAGE,TO,ISEQUIVALENTTOTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGE,,ONTHESYSTEMALSO,VOLTAGESOURCESTHROUGHARECONNECTEDINPARALLELTOPVMODULESPVTHROUGHPV,RESPECTIVELYFORTHECIRCUITSHOWNINFIG5A,NOTONLYTHEOUTPUTPOWEROFTHISSYSTEMBUTALSOTHEPOWERFORGCCAREALWAYSSUPPLIEDFROMTHEOUTPUTTERMINALONTHESERIESCONNECTEDPVMODULEHOWEVER,FORTHECIRCUITSHOWNINFIG5B,THEVOLTAGESOURCE,FROMTO,ONGCCGENERATESTHEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEOUTPUTPOWERINTWOWAYSBECAUSEINPUTTERMINALS,SUCHASANDINFIG5A,DONOTEXISTTHEREFORE,WHILESOMEOFTHESEVOLTAGESOURCESGENERATEPOSITIVEOUTPUTPOWER,THEOTHERSOURCESGENERATENEGATIVEOUTPUTPOWER,ANDHENCETHESUMOFALLOFTHESEPOWERSSHOULDBEZERO

簡介：7500英文單詞，英文單詞，41萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文12萬字萬字文獻出處文獻出處GR?NMANK,SOUKKAR,J?RVI‐K??RI?INENT,ETALFRAMEWORKFORSUSTAINABLEFOODPACKAGINGDESIGNJPACKAGINGTECHNOLOGYANDSCIENCE,2013,264187200FRAMEWORKFORSUSTAINABLEFOODPACKAGINGDESIGNKAISAGR?NMAN,RISTOSOUKKA,TERHENJ?RVIK??RI?INEN,JUHAMATTIKATAJAJUURI,MIKAKUISMA,HETAKAISAKOIVUPURO,MARGAREETTAOLLILA,MARJAPITK?NEN,OLLIMIETTINEN,FRANSSILVENIUS,RABBETHUN,HELENAWESSMANANDLASSILINNANENTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFPACKAGESHAVEBEENFOUNDTOBERELATIVELYSMALLCOMPAREDWITHTHEFOODITEMSTHEYCONTAINFURTHERMORE,FROMTHEENVIRONMENTALANDOPERATIONALPOINTOFVIEW,THEMOSTSIGNIFICANTTASKOFTHEPACKAGEISTOPROTECTTHEPRODUCT,WHICHISIMPORTANTTOACKNOWLEDGEINTHEPACKAGINGDESIGNPROCESSTHISSTUDYINTRODUCESAGUIDINGFRAMEWORKFORDESIGNINGSUSTAINABLEFOODPACKAGINGINTHISAPPROACH,THEENTIRELIFECYCLEOFTHEPRODUCT–PACKAGECOMBINATIONISTAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEEMPHASISISONTHEPREVENTIONOFFOODLOSSESINPACKAGINGDESIGNASAMAJORENVIRONMENTALCRITERIONCONSIDERATIONOFTHEPROPERTIESOFBOTHTHEPACKAGEANDTHEPRODUCTITSELFWHENDESIGNINGTHEFINALPACKAGEWILLLEADTOABETTERENDRESULTWITHSMALLERPRODUCTLOSSESANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSBYUSINGDIFFERENTASSESSMENTMETHODSINTHEDIFFERENTSTAGESOFTHEPACKAGINGDESIGN,THESUSTAINABILITYOFTHEPACKAGECANBEENHANCEDTHEDECISIONMAKINGOFTHEPACKAGINGDESIGNERISFACILITATEDWITHMETHODSTHATAREINTRODUCEDSTEPBYSTEPANDINACERTAINORDERTHATWILLALSOALLOWFORCORRECTIVEMEASURESTHROUGHBACKLOOPSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHEPURPOSEISTOINTEGRATESUSTAINABILITYASPECTSATALLSTAGESFIRMLYINTOTHEDESIGNPROCESSKEYWORDSPACKAGINGDESIGNFOODLOSSESENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSSUSTAINABILITYINTRODUCTIONWHENCONSIDERINGPACKAGES,THEDOMINATINGENVIRONMENTALISSUESINTHERECENTPASTHAVEBEENMATERIALUSEANDRECYCLINGPOSSIBILITIESPACKAGINGISOFTENSTILLCONSIDEREDONLYASABURDENFORTHEENVIRONMENTANDASANNOYINGWASTE,WHICHFILLSOURTRASHCANSANDLANDFILLSWESHOULDLOOKBEYONDTHISDISTRACTINGANDTOSOMEEXTENTFALSEASSUMPTIONANDREMINDOURSELVESABOUTTHEMAINTASKOFPACKAGINGITISTOPROTECTANDDISTRIBUTETHERIGHTPRODUCTTOTHERIGHTENDUSERINASAFE,COSTEFFICIENTANDUSERFRIENDLYWAYAPACKAGINGTHATFAILSTOFULFILTHESETASKSWILLLEADTOUNNECESSARYWASTEDUETODAMAGESOFTHEPACKEDPRODUCTS,THUSCAUSINGGREATANDCOMPLETELYREDUNDANTENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSRECENTLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTSINDICATETHATTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFPACKAGINGARESMALLCOMPAREDWITHTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFTHEPACKEDFOODPRODUCTSTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFTHEFOODLOSSES–IFTHEYOCCUR–CONSTITUTEAGREATERSHAREOFENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSTHANTHEPRODUCTIONOFTHEPACKAGECONTAININGTHEFOODFOREXAMPLEINLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTSMADEFORRYEBREADANDCOLDCUTS,THECARBONFOOTPRINTOFPACKAGESWASFOUNDTOCONSTITUTEONLY1–3SHAREOFTHECARBONFOOTPRINTOFTHEWHOLEPRODUCT–PACKAGECOMBINATIONFORPOLYPROPYLENEPACKAGESOFASOYBASEDDRINK,THESHAREOFTHEPACKAGEWASFOUNDTOBEABITHIGHER,10–13ALSOTHEOTHERSTUDIEDENVIRONMENTALCATEGORIES,EUTROPHICATIONANDACIDIFICATION,SHOWEDSIMILARRESULTSINDICATINGLOWENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSFORTHEPACKAGEASANEXCEPTION,PRODUCTSSUCHASBEVERAGESHAVELOWERENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSBECAUSEOFWATERBEINGTHEMAJORRAWMATERIALINTHEPRODUCTION,ANDTHEREFORE,THERELATIVECONTRIBUTIONOFPACKAGESOFTHEPRODUCT–PACKAGECOMBINATIONISFOUNDTOBEHIGHER,IFTHEDEPLETIONOFWATERRESOURCESORTHEDAMAGETOWATERSYSTEMISCONSIDEREDTOBEIRRELEVANTINTHESTUDIEDSYSTEMAREAWHERETHEPACKAGEISPLANNEDTOBEUSED,ANDTHEREFORE,SOMESCREENINGOFTHECRITERIAISREASONABLESOMETOOLSTHATAREBASEDATLEASTPARTLYONLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTLCAAREALSOINUSE,EGTHEPIQETTOOLANDTHEPACKINTOOLBYENVIROWISETHESETOOLSAREMEANTTOBEUSEDBYTHEPACKAGINGDESIGNERSTHEMSELVESTHEREHAVEBEENPOSITIVEEXPERIENCESOFTHEUSEOFPIQETINTHEPACKAGINGDEVELOPMENTINDUSTRY,ANDTHUSITPROVIDESANAFFORDABLEANDPRACTICALLCABASEDASSISTANCETOTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSUSINGMETHODSWITHTOOLIMITEDSCOPEANDDEPTH,WHICHMAYBETHECASEWITHTHEPACKINTOOL,THEREMAYBEARISKOFOVERSIMPLIFICATIONORMISTAKESINTHEINTERPRETATIONOFSYSTEMBOUNDARIESORRESULTSALSOTHEDEFININGOFTHEFUNCTIONALUNITMAYBERESTRICTEDREBITZERETALRECOMMENDTHEUSEOFABROAD,FUNCTIONBASEDFUNCTIONALUNITTOMINIMIZETHEDIFFERENCESINSTUDIEDPRODUCTSYSTEMALTERNATIVESANALYSINGTHETOTALLIFECYCLEIMPACTSWITHTHEHELPOFLCAPROVIDESASYSTEMATICASSESSMENTOFTHEENVIRONMENTALLOADOFTHEPACKAGINGIFTHEPRINCIPLESOFLCAAREFOLLOWEDTHEPACKAGECANNOT,HOWEVER,BEDISTINGUISHEDFROMTHEPRODUCTITCONTAINSANDASSESSEDASANINDEPENDENTPRODUCTTHEPROBLEMWITHLCACONCERNINGPACKAGESANDFOODPRODUCTSISTHATTHEFOODLOSSESAREOFTENNEGLECTEDTHEPACKAGEDPRODUCTWOULDBEIMPORTANTTOINCLUDEINTHELCASTUDYASTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFPRODUCTLOSSESAREINMOSTCASESGREATERTHANTHOSEOFTHEPRODUCTIONOFTHEPACKAGE,THEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFPRODUCTLOSSESATALLSTAGESOFTHELIFECYCLESHOULDALSOBECONSIDEREDSVANESETALPRESENTAMETHODOLOGYFORSUSTAINABLEPACKAGINGDESIGNWHERESEVERALINDICATORSAREGROUPEDINTOFIVEMAINCATEGORIESENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY,DISTRIBUTIONCOSTS,PRODUCTPROTECTION,MARKETACCEPTANCEANDUSERFRIENDLINESSEACHCATEGORYCONSISTSOFAFEWINDICATORSORMETHODSTOEVALUATETHEPARTICULARCATEGORYTHEEMPHASISOFTHISMETHODOLOGYISONTHEINCLUSIONOFALSOTHEINDIRECTIMPACTSOFPACKAGINGEGPRODUCTLOSSES,TRANSPORTEFFICIENCYHOWEVER,INTHEMETHODOLOGY,THEAUTHORSNEITHEREVALUATETHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHESEINDICATORSCOMPAREDWITHEACHOTHERNORGIVEANYADVICEONHOWTHEPACKAGINGDESIGNERSHOULDOPERATEINTRADEOFFSITUATIONS,ALTHOUGHTHESPIDERDIAGRAMSUSEDBYSVANESETALMAYBEHELPFULINVISUALIZINGPOSSIBLETRADEOFFSANLCAAPPROACHISRECOMMENDEDWHENANALYSINGENVIRONMENTALTRADEOFFSTOHELPINDECISIONMAKINGSITUATIONSTHISAPPROACHPRESENTEDBYSVANESETALDOESNOTGIVEADVICEONATWHICHPOINTTHEPACKAGINGDESIGNERSHOULDUSETHESUGGESTEDMETHODSTHISCOULDHINDERTHEDAYTODAYWORKOFTHEPACKAGINGDESIGNERASSVANESETALNOTE,ATOOCOMPLICATEDMETHODWILLNOTBETAKENINTOUSE21ACLEARWORKINGORDERTHATCOULDBEINTEGRATEDINTHEDESIGNPROCESSMIGHTPROMOTETHEUSEOFTHESEMETHODOLOGIESINTHISPAPER,THEFRAMEWORKFORDESIGNINGASUSTAINABLEPRODUCT–PACKAGECOMBINATIONISPRESENTEDFORFOODITEMSINCONDITIONSSIMILARTOTHOSEFACEDBYTHEFINNISHPACKAGINGINDUSTRYINORDERTOMAXIMIZETHEBENEFITSOFCHECKLISTSANDOTHERTOOLSFORSUSTAINABLEPACKAGINGDESIGN,ITISADVANTAGEOUSTOADAPTTHEPACKAGEDESIGNTOTHEPRODUCTDESIGNPHASEINTEGRATEDPRODUCT–PACKAGEDEVELOPMENTISSUGGESTED,EGBYBRAMKLEVASTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFTHEFOODPRODUCTSAREUSUALLYHIGHERTHANTHEIMPACTSOFTHEPACKAGES,THISINDICATESTHENEEDTODESIGNTHEPRODUCTANDTHEPACKAGESIMULTANEOUSLYTOOPTIMIZETHECOMPREHENSIVENESSOFTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHEULTIMATEGOALOFTHISOPTIMIZATIONISTHEPREVENTIONOFPRODUCTLOSSES,ORINTHISCASE,FOODLOSSESTHEAPPROACHCOMBINESDIFFERENTEVALUATIONMETHODSTOADVISEPACKAGINGDESIGNERSINTHEIRGOALTOCREATEASUSTAINABLEPRODUCT–PACKAGECOMBINATIONTHEPRESENTEDFRAMEWORKISSUPPOSEDTOGUIDETHEPACKAGINGDESIGNERTOIMPLEMENTTHEBESTPRACTICESAVAILABLEINACERTAINORDERINTHE

簡介：2800英文單詞，英文單詞，15500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4600字文獻出處文獻出處THONGKAMSUKP,SUDASNAK,TONDEETWASTEGENERATEDINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONACURRENTSITUATIONINTHAILANDJENERGYPROCEDIA,2017,138411416WASTEGENERATEDINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONACURRENTSITUATIONINTHAILANDPOOMBETETHONGKAMSUK,KRICHKANOKSUDASNA,ANDTUSANEETONDEEABSTRACTTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYISONEOFTHEKEYECONOMICDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIESINTHAILANDANINCREASINGOFTHECONSTRUCTIONSECTORALSOCONTRIBUTEDTOTHEINCREASINGOFENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONITWASESTIMATEDABOUT1330OFALLSOLIDWASTEDEPOSITIONINLANDFILLSWORLDWIDECOMPRISEDCONSTRUCTIONANDDEMOLITIONWASTETHEINTERNATIONALRESEARCHESWERESHOWEDTHATTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYGENERATEDHIGHVOLUMEORQUANTITIESOFMATERIALWASTEOFTENATTRIBUTEDTOTHELACKOFONSITEMATERIALCONTROLCONSEQUENTLY,REDUCINGCONSTRUCTIONWASTEWASBECOMINGAKEYENVIRONMENTALISSUEINTHEBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHISPAPERAIMEDTOPROVIDEANOVERVIEWOFWASTEGENERATEDINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONANDTHESITUATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONWASTEMANAGEMENTINTHAILANDBYINVESTIGATINGTHESTATISTICALINFORMATIONONCONSTRUCTIONWASTEANDWASTEMANAGEMENTOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGPROJECTS,THEANALYSISOFENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSWASCONDUCTEDTOIDENTIFYTHEMOSTPOTENTIALMATERIALSFORMINIMIZINGCONSTRUCTIONWASTEKEYWORDSKEYWORDSCONSTRUCTIONWASTEMANAGEMENT,CWM,SUSTAINABLEOFENVIRONMENT,HIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTION1INTRODUCTIONOVERTHEPASTTENYEARS,THAILANDHASENJOYEDEXCEPTIONALLYRAPIDECONOMICGROWTH,ACHIEVINGAGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPGROWTHOFUPTO35ANNUALLYHTTP//WWWTRADINGECONOMICSCOM/THAILAND/GDP/FORECAST1ASSEENINFIG1FIG1THAILAND’SOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPHOWEVER,INPARALLELWITHTHISIMPRESSIVEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTASEVEREDEGRADATIONOFTHAI’SENVIRONMENTCAUSEDINPARTBYTHELARGEAMOUNTOFWASTEGENERATEDBYCONSTRUCTIONACTIVITIESASSOCIATEDWITHEXPANDINGURBANIZATIONANDINFRASTRUCTUREPROGRAMTHETERM‘CONSTRUCTIONANDDEMOLITIONCDWASTE’HASBEENWIDELYUSEDFORREFERRINGTOTHESOLIDWASTEPRODUCEDDURINGNEWCONSTRUCTION,RENOVATION,ANDDEMOLITIONOFBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES2CONSTRUCTIONANDDEMOLITIONWASTEACCOUNTFORALARGESHAREOFALLSOLIDWASTEFIG2AREAOFBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONBYTYPEOFBUILDINGANDAREAWHOLEKINGDOM2015ISTOTALAREAAPPROXIMATELY72,837,337M2OFWEREPERMITTEDFORCONSTRUCTIONTHEREFORE,APPROXIMATELY4,200,59585TONSOFBUILDING–RELATEDCONSTRUCTIONWASTEWEREGENERATEDINTHAILANDIN2014THEINEVITABLERESULTWASNEGATIVELYONTHEENVIRONMENTWILLOCCURDURINGCONSTRUCTIONANDTHELANDFILLAREAISNOTENOUGHFORTHEVOLUMEOFCONSTRUCTIONWASTEBYCDWASTEGENERATIONINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONWASBASEDONTHESURVEYONCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSTHETOPTENOFCDWASTEGENERATIONFOUNDINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONWASCONCRETE,TILES,CEILING,STEEL,WOOD,MATERIALSPACKAGE,ALUMINUM,PLASTIC,GLASS,ANDSANDETCTHEREWEREALOTOFENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSANDPOLLUTIONGENERATIONINDIFFERENTFIELDSASSEENINTABLE13CURRENTPRACTICEOFCDWASTEMANAGEMENTINTHAILAND31CURRENTPRACTICEOFCDWASTEMANAGEMENTFROMCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYCDWASTESGENERATIONFROMHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONSITESAREMAINLYCOMPOSEDOFCONCRETE,STEEL,SANDANDWOODTHEAMOUNTSOFCDWASTEGENERATEDVARYFROMSITETOSITEANDDEPENDONTHEDESIGNBYARCHITECTURES,CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALMANAGEMENT,STORAGE,ANDEXPERTISEOFTHEWORKERSONSITEINGENERAL,CONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESSEGREGATEDONLYREUSABLEANDRECYCLABLECDDEBRISSUCHSTEELLEFTFROMTHECUTOFF,FRAMEWORKWOODFORREUSEANDSTEELANDALUMINUMSCRAPFORRECYCLETHERESTOFCDWASTEAFTERSEGREGATION,SUCHASCONCRETEDEBRISANDTHECUTOFFPILESWEREMIXEDWITHOTHERTYPESOFWASTEWILLBEDISPOSEDASFILLMATERIALTRANSPORTATIONSOFCDWASTEWASOPERATEDBYCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESTHEMSELVESORBYHIRINGOTHERSTOREMOVEANDDISPOSECDWASTEOFFSITESTHEREUSABLEANDRECYCLABLECDWASTEWERESTOREDATCONSTRUCTIONSITESORTRANSFERREDANDKEPTATCOMPANYWAREHOUSESMOSTOFCONSTRUCTIONSITESHAVELIMITEDAREAFORCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSTORAGEANDNOTAVAILABLEFORCDWASTESEGREGATIONSOMESITESNEEDTORENTVACANTLANDNEARBYFORSITESTORAGEALSOSITEMANAGERSDIDNOTREALIZETHEBENEFITOFCDWASTESEGREGATIONANDBELIEVETHATWASTETIMEANDMONEYTHEREFORE,MAJORPROBLEMSOFCDWASTESEGREGATIONARETHELIMITEDAVAILABLEAREASANDATTITUDEOFSITEMANAGERSTOWARDCDWASTESEGREGATIONTABLE1CDWASTEGENERATIONINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSANDPOLLUTIONGENERATION

簡介：VOL5,NO2INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENT132STRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENTINSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESZONGSHENGLIUSCHOOLOFACCOUNTING,SHANDONGECONOMICUNIVERSITY,JINAN250014,CHINAEMAILSDJNLZSYAHOOCOMCNABSTRACTALONGWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSOCIALECONOMYANDTHEPROGRESSOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,CHINESEENTERPRISESAREBEINGINASTAGEFILLEDWITHOPPORTUNITIESANDDANGERSTHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHECONNOTATIONANDSIGNIFICANCEOFSTRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,ELABORATESTHEPROBLEMSINTHEFINANCIALSTRATEGIESCONDUCTEDBYSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESTOGETHERWITHTHECAUSESANDPROPOSESSOMECOUNTERMEASURESFINALLYKEYWORDSSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES,STRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,PROBLEMS,COUNTERMEASURESTHEUNCERTAINTYOFANENTERPRISE’SFINANCIALENVIRONMENTFILLSITSFINANCIALACTIVITIESWITHRISKSINADDITIONTOOPPORTUNITIES,QUITEALOTOFDANGERSARISEFROMTIMETOTIMEINITSFINANCIALMANAGEMENTTHEREFORE,ITHASBECOMETHEKEYTOTHESUCCESSOFANENTERPRISE’SFINANCIALMANAGEMENTWHETHERITCANKEEPTRACKOFTHETRENDSOFCHANGESANDABSORBEWHATISUSEFULWHILEREJECTINGWHATISHARMFULSTRATEGICMANAGEMENTIDEASARESIGNIFICANTINENTERPRISES’FINANCIALMANAGEMENTSINCEWEMUSTMAKEEFFORTSTOANALYZEANDGRASPTHEGENERALENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENTTENDENCYOFANENTERPRISEANDTHEREFORETOIMPROVETHEADAPTABILITY,CHANGEABILITYANDAPPLICABILITYOFFINANCIALMANAGEMENTTOUNCERTAINENVIRONMENTCURRENTLY,OVER10,000,000SMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESHAVEPASSEDTHEINDUSTRIALANDCOMMERCIALREGISTRATION,TAKINGUP90OFTHETOTALENTERPRISESINCHINAACCORDINGLY,THEIRSTRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENTISOFPARTICULARIMPORTANCE,WHICHISALSOTHETOPICOFTHISPAPER1CONNOTATIONANDMAINCONTENTSOFSTRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENTSTRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENTREFERSTOFINANCIALMANAGEMENTTHEORIESACCORDINGTOWHICHFINANCINGSHOULDBECONDUCTEDINTHEMOSTPROPERWAY,THECOLLECTEDCAPITALSHOULDBEUTILIZEDANDMANAGEDINTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEWAYINENTERPRISESANDDECISIONSONTHEREINVESTMENTANDDISTRIBUTIONOFPROFITSSHOULDBEMADEMOSTREASONABLYACCORDINGTOITSCONNOTATION,WECANSUMUPTHETHREEMAINCONTENTSOFSTRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,INCLUDINGFINANCINGSTRATEGY,INVESTMENTSTRATEGYANDPROFITDISTRIBUTIONSTRATEGYDETAILSAREASFOLLOWSFINANCINGSTRATEGYHIGHLYDEVELOPEDMODERNENTERPRISESARECHARACTERIZEDBYSHARPGROWTHINSALESWHENFACEDUPWITHSUCHASITUATION,ENTERPRISESTENDTOHAVEGREATDEMANDSFORCAPITALSINCESTOCKSANDRECEIVABLESAREINCREASEDASWELLTHEGREATERTHETENSIONOFSALESGROWTHIS,THEGREATERCAPITALDEMANDSWILLBETHEREFORE,FINANCINGSTRATEGYISOFSIGNIFICANCEINSTRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENTTHEFUNCTIONSOFFINANCINGSTRATEGYLIEINCLARIFYINGTHEGUIDELINESFORFINANCING,LAYINGDOWNFINANCINGOBJECTIVES,ESTABLISHINGTHEOVERALLSCALE,CHANNELSANDMETHODSOFFINANCING,ARRANGINGSTRATEGICSCHEMESOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREOPTIMIZATION,LAYINGDOWNRELEVANTCOUNTERMEASURESINORDERTOACHIEVETHEFINANCINGOBJECTIVES,ANDFINALLYPREDICTINGANDCOLLECTINGTHEAMOUNTOFCAPITALTHEENTERPRISENEEDSINVESTMENTSTRATEGYASTHECOREOFSTRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,THISSTRATEGYDETERMINESWHETHERANENTERPRISECANALLOCATEITSCAPITALANDRESOURCESINAREASONABLEANDEFFECTIVEWAYORNOTINVESTMENTSTRATEGYINVOLVESTHECONFIRMATIONOFTHEINVESTMENTDIRECTIONOFFIXEDASSETS,CORPORATESCALEANDCAPITALSCALE,THEINVESTMENTCHOICESRELATEDTOEXTERNALEXPANSIONORINTERNALEXPANSION,THEREFORMOFOLDPRODUCTSORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWONES,INDEPENDENTORJOINTOPERATION,INVESTMENTWITHSELFCAPITALORWITHLOANSANDDECISIONSONTHEPERCENTAGEBETWEENFIXEDASSETSANDCURRENTASSETS,INVESTMENTSTRATEGIESWITHRISKSANDTHOSEDURINGINFLATIONPROFITDISTRIBUTIONSTRATEGYTHISSTRATEGY,INCLUDINGTHEMANAGEMENTOFCAPITALGAINSANDTHEESTABLISHMENTOFSTOCKBONUSDISTRIBUTION,MAINLYDEALSWITHTHEPROPORTIONANENTERPRISEPUTSASIDEINALONGRUNFORREPRODUCTIONONANEXPANDEDSCALE,IMPROVEMENTOFEMPLOYEES’WELFAREANDTHEIRLIVINGSTANDARDSPROFITDISTRIBUTIONSTRATEGYISINTENDEDTOSATISFYTHEDEMANDSFOREQUITYCAPITALINTHEDEVELOPMENTANDIMPROVEMENTOFENTERPRISES’CORECOMPETITIVENESSBASEDONRELEVANTINVESTMENTSTRATEGYANDFINANCINGSTRATEGYMEANWHILE,WHENCARRYINGOUTTHISSTRATEGY,ENTERPRISESAREEXPECTEDTOESTABLISHTALENTORIENTEDDISTRIBUTIONPOLICIESBYEXPLORINGEFFECTIVEMETHODSTOAPPLYTHOSEIMPORTANTELEMENTSSUCHASKNOWLEDGE,TECHNIQUE,VOL5,NO2INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENT134TOOMUCHEMPHASISISPUTONMONEYINSTEADOFPROPERTIES,CAUSINGSERIOUSWASTEOFASSETSACTUALLY,QUITEAFEWSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESARELACKINGINEFFECTIVEMANAGEMENTOFTHEIRRAWMATERIALS,SEMIMANUFACTUREDGOODS,FIXEDASSETSANDSOON,ASARESULTOFWHICHASSETWASTESAREQUITESERIOUS3CAUSESOFTHEPROBLEMSINSTRATEGICFINANCIALMANAGEMENTOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDCHINESEENTERPRISES31RIGIDMANAGEMENTPATTERN,LAGGARDMANAGEMENTIDEAANDMANAGERS’POORQUALITYATPRESENT,MOSTSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESESPECIALLYTHOSEPRIVATEONESEMPLOYHIGHLYUNIFICATIONOFOWNERSHIPANDMANAGEMENTRIGHTSINWHICHTHEINVESTORISTHEMANAGERWHOSEPOWERCANNOTBERESTRICTEDINANYCASEHAVINGNOCLEARDIVISIONOFDUTIESANDSTRICTREGULATIONS,THESEMANAGERSDON’TEMBODYFINANCIALMANAGEMENTINTOANEFFECTIVECORPORATEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,NOTTOMENTIONREGARDINGFINANCIALSTRATEGIESASASIGNIFICANTPARTOFTHEENTERPRISE’SOVERALLSTRATEGIES,HENCELESSENINGTHEIRSIGNIFICANCEANDFUNCTIONTHESEMANAGERSDON’TBELIEVEINSTRATEGYBUTGOODLUCK,NOTSYSTEMBUTTIESOFBLOOD,NOTPROCEDURESBUTTACKLINGKEYPOINTS,NOTMANAGEMENTBUTTECHNOLOGYANDMARKETESPECIALLYFORTHOSEENTERPRISESVENTURINGOUTOFNICHES,UNFAVORABLEENVIRONMENTISTHECHIEFOFFENDERINADDITION,MANAGERS’POORQUALITYISALSOANIMPORTANTCAUSEFORTHEFAILUREOFFINANCIALSTRATEGIESITISWELLKNOWNTHATMOSTMANAGERSINSMALLANDMEDIUMCHINESEENTERPRISESHAVEPOORCOMPREHENSIVEQUALITY,INSUFFICIENTMANAGEMENTEXPERIENCESANDLOWEFFICIENCYBECAUSETHEYHAVEN’TGONETHROUGHANYSYSTEMATICLEARNINGOFMANAGEMENTTHEORIESANDSPECIALPROFESSIONALTRAININGTHEREFORE,THEYARENOTABLETOHAVEREASONABLEPREDICTIONS,DECISIONS,BUDGETS,CONTROL,ANALYSISANDEVALUATIONBASEDONTHEIROWNCHARACTERISTICSANDTHEMARKET,TOHAVEANALYSISONFINANCIALENVIRONMENTANDLAYDOWNAPPLICABLEANDFEASIBLESTRATEGIESFORFINANCING,INVESTMENTASWELLASPROFITDISTRIBUTIONORTOFULLYREALIZETHEIMPORTANCEOFFINANCIALBUDGETINGANDTHEREFORETOHAVEEFFECTIVECONTROLOVERITSIMPLEMENTATIONINORDERTOSERVETHEOVERALLGOALSOFTHEIRENTERPRISES’DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESINABETTERWAY32LACKINGINDEPENDENTFINANCINGSYSTEMWITHDIVERSIFIEDCHANNELSWITHCHANGEABLEMARKET,OPERATIONRISKSAREGREATER,SOAREFINANCIALONESCAUSEDBYALARGEAMOUNTOFDEBTANDHIGHFINANCINGCOST,HENCERESULTINGINENTERPRISES’LOWCREDITBESIDES,THEIRCREDITISALSOAFFECTEDBYTHEIRNONTRANSPARENTOPERATIONPROCESS,NONSTANDARDIZEDFINANCIALREPORTSASWELLASASYMMETRICALINFORMATION,HENCELEADINGTOTHEDIFFICULTYINACHIEVINGFINANCINGGOALSSEENFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFFINANCINGSYSTEM,THESEENTERPRISES’LACKOFINDEPENDENTFINANCINGSYSTEMWITHDIVERSIFIEDCHANNELSHASGREATLYRESTRICTEDTHEIRFINANCINGSTRATEGIESFIRST,THEREISNONATIONALINSTITUTIONORPREFERENTIALPOLICIESTOASSISTSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESWITHTHEIRMANAGEMENT,CAUSINGTHEIRUNFAVORABLEFINANCINGSITUATIONSECOND,DUETOTHESEENTERPRISES’PRIVATENATURE,SOMEBANKSSETRIGIDREQUIREMENTSFORLOANSBECAUSEOFSOMETRADITIONALIDEASANDADMINISTRATIVEINTERFERENCESTHIRD,THEREARENOENOUGHFINANCIALAGENCIESANDLOANGUARANTEEINSTITUTIONSSPECIALLYSERVINGFORSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESFOURTH,MOSTSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESHAVENODIRECTFINANCINGRIGHTSANDCANNOTISSUESTOCKSORBONDSTHEMAINBOARDMARKETISINACCESSIBLEANDTHESECONDBOARDONEISTORISKY33POORINVESTMENTABILITYANDLACKINGFEASIBILITYRESEARCHESSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESSUFFERFROMINSUFFICIENTREGISTEREDCAPITAL,LIMITEDOPERATIONCAPITAL,HENCEPOORINVESTMENTABILITYFOCUSINGONSHORTTERMGOALSTORECOVERINVESTMENT,THEYHAVETORELYONSIMPLEREPRODUCTIONINSTEADOFEXPANDEDONEINADDITION,WITHOUTANYSPECIALINSTITUTIONFORMARKETANALYSIS,THEIRINVESTMENTACTIVITIESTENDTOBEBASEDONTHEIRPERCEPTIONANDTHEREFOREBLINDNESSTHESEDECISIONMAKERSUSUALLYFAILTOHAVEANOVERALLGRASPOFTHECHARACTERISTICSORPRINCIPLESOFMARKETECONOMYORTOPURSUEREASONABLEECONOMICPROFITSWITHTHEIRPROPEROPERATIONATTHECAPITALMARKETTHEIRPOORABILITIESAREALSOREFLECTEDINTHESHORTAGEOFSOMEFEASIBILITYRESEARCHESONTHEIRSHRINKANDEXPANSIONSTRATEGIES,HOWTOCHOOSEFINANCINGCHANNELSANDSTRUCTURES,HOWTOESTABLISHNEWINVESTMENTDIRECTIONSANDSOONALLTHESEGREATLYAFFECTTHEESTABLISHMENTANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFANENTERPRISE’SSTRATEGICFINANCIALGOALS34INCOMPLETEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMLEADINGTOINEFFECTIVECONTROLINCOMPLETEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMCOMMONLYEXISTINSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISES,WHICHISPROFOUNDLYMANIFESTEDINHAVINGNOORJUSTINCOMPLETEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEM,HENCEFAILINGTOEFFECTIVELYRESTRAINTHEIROWNECONOMICBEHAVIORINSTITUTIONALLYALOTOFENTERPRISESHAVENODEPARTMENTFORINTERNALAUDITTOGUARANTEETHESTRICTIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEIRFINANCIALSYSTEMEVENIFSOMEESTABLISHSUCHADEPARTMENT,ITSLACKOFINDEPENDENCEMAYLEADTOINEFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLASARESULT,FINANCIALMANAGEMENTASWELLASFINANCIALSTRATEGIESWILLBEGREATLYAFFECTED4COUNTERMEASURESFORSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESINCHINASEENFROMTHEABOVE,THEPROBLEMSINPRESENTSMALLANDMEDIUMCHINESEENTERPRISESAREMAINLYATTRIBUTEDTOTHEIRINTERNALCAUSESANDEXTERNALENVIRONMENTTHEREFORE,SOMEEFFECTIVECOUNTERMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENFROMTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTS41ESTABLISHINGRIGHTFINANCIALGOALSANDFIRMSTRATEGICSENSEANENTERPRISE’SFINANCIALGOALSARENOTONLYTHEDIRECTIONOFITSEFFORTSBUTANEFFECTIVESTANDARDTOMEASUREWHETHERITS

簡介：2500英文單詞，英文單詞，13500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4100字文獻出處文獻出處J?RGENSENRFTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYUNDERPRESSUREJNORDICOMREVIEW,2016,37165170THERIGHTTOPRIVACYUNDERPRESSURERIKKEFRANKJ?RGENSENTODAYWEAREFACINGSOMETHINGOFAPARADOXWITHREGARDTOOURRIGHTTOPRIVACYONTHEONEHAND,THEINTERNATIONALHUMANRIGHTSSYSTEMHASNEVERBEENCLEARERINITSMESSAGETHATTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYAPPLIESONLINEASWELLASOFFLINETHISMESSAGEHASBEENCONFIRMEDINUNRESOLUTIONS,BYTHEUNHIGHCOMMISSIONERFORHUMANRIGHTS,THECOUNCILOFEUROPE,THEEUROPEANCOURTOFHUMANRIGHTS,THEEUROPEANCOURTOFJUSTICEETCONTHEOTHERHAND,HOWEVER,THEREAREVERYFEWPOSSIBILITIESTOENFORCETHERIGHTTOPRIVACYONTHEINTERNETDATAISCOLLECTEDFROMALARGENUMBEROFPUBLICANDPRIVATEPLAYERSACROSSNATIONALBORDERSTHEREISAVERYLIMITEDIDEAOFTHESCOPEANDLITTLECONTROLWITHREGARDTOTHISDATACOLLECTIONUSERSROUTINELYGIVETHEIRCONSENTTOALLOWTHEIRDATATOBECOLLECTEDANDPRIVACYPOLICIESAREHARDTOACCESSANDAREONLYREADBYAMINORITYOFUSERSTHELEAKBYEDWARDSNOWDENOFDOCUMENTSFROMTHEUSINTELLIGENCESERVICE,WHICHSTARTEDINTHESUMMEROF2013,HASILLUSTRATEDTHEAMOUNTANDSCOPEOFTHEPERSONALINFORMATIONTHATCANBETAPPEDFROMTHEINTERNETINFRASTRUCTUREANDONLINESERVICESSNOWDEN’SREVELATIONSLEDTOTHEADOPTIONOFTHEFIRSTUNRESOLUTIONONTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYINTHEDIGITALAGEUNGENERALASSEMBLYRESOLUTIONNOA/RES/68/167ON18DECEMBER2013THESNOWDENCASEISABOUTTHEACCESSOFINTELLIGENCESERVICESTOPERSONALINFORMATION,BUTTHECURRENTCHALLENGESFORTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYAREMUCHBROADERBASICALLY,THECHALLENGESRELATETOTHEFACTTHATPERSONALINFORMATIONISINCREASINGLYBEINGCONSIDEREDASACOMMERCIALRAWMATERIAL,ANDTHATTODAYTHEREAREUNPRECEDENTEDPOSSIBILITIESTOHARVESTANDEXCHANGETHISRAWMATERIALMAYERSCH?NBERGERLANEETAL2014MATZNER2014INTHISCONTEXTTHEREISACLOSELINKBETWEENTHENATUREOFTHEMEDIADIGITAL,THEUSEOFPERSONALINFORMATIONANDTHECHALLENGESTHESEPOSETOPRIVACYTHEFOLLOWINGISABRIEFACCOUNTOFTHECURRENTCHALLENGESFACINGTHERIGHTTOPRIVACY,ASUMMARYOFTHEREGULATORYFRAMEWORKANDACOUPLEOFIDEASFORPOSSIBLESOLUTIONSRIGHTTOPRIVACYUNDERPRESSUREPRIVACYISAHUMANRIGHTACCORDINGTOTHE1948UNUNIVERSALDECLARATIONOFHUMANRIGHTSARTICLE12OFTHEDECLARATIONSTIPULATESTHAT“NOONESHALLBESUBJECTEDTOARBITRARYINTERFERENCEWITHHISPRIVACY,FAMILY,HOMEORCORRESPONDENCE,NORTOATTACKSUPONHISHONOURANDREPUTATIONEVERYONEHASTHERIGHTTOTHEPROTECTIONOFTHELAWAGAINSTSUCHINTERFERENCEORATTACKS”ANUMBEROFINTERNATIONALCONVENTIONSCONTAINSIMILARPROVISIONSTOPROTECTPRIVACY,INCLUDINGTHEUNCOVENANTONCIVILANDPOLITICALRIGHTSANDTHEEUROPEANCONVENTIONONHUMANRIGHTSMOREOVER,THERIGHTTOPRIVACYISPROTECTEDUNDERTHEEUCHARTERONFUNDAMENTALRIGHTSTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYISNOTABSOLUTE,BUTINTERVENTIONSMUSTFOLLOWHUMANRIGHTSSTANDARDS,INCLUDINGSTATUTORYAUTHORITY,ANDTHEYMUSTBENECESSARYANDPROPORTIONALTHEDUTYOFSTATESTOPROTECTPRIVACYAPPLIESBOTHOFFLINEANDONLINE,ASSTIPULATEDINTHEFIRSTUNRESOLUTIONONHUMANRIGHTSONTHEINTERNETIN2012UNHRC2012THEPRIVACYSTANDARDHASBEENSUBJECTTOEXTENSIVERESEARCHANDELUCIDATION,SINCETHEDEFINITIVEARTICLEBYWARRENANDBRANDEIS1890,INWHICHTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYISDEFINEDASTHERIGHTTOBELETALONETHEDOMINANTPERSPECTIVEHASFOCUSSEDONTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYASTHEPROCESSINGOFPERSONALDATATHEDATAPROTECTIONDIRECTIVEISBASEDONTHEPREMISETHATSPECIFICTYPESOFDATASHOULDBEPROTECTED,IE,INFORMATIONTHATDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYCANBETRACEDTOAPERSONTHISPERSONALINFORMATIONMAYONLYBEPROCESSEDINRELATIONTOAPREDEFINEDTARGETTHEREMUSTBEPROPORTIONALITYBETWEENTHEOBJECTIVEANDTHEDATACOLLECTEDASLITTLEDATAASPOSSIBLESHOULDBECOLLECTEDTHEUSERSHOULDGENERALLYGIVEHISORHERCONSENTANDSPECIFICSECURITYREGULATIONSSHOULDBEOBSERVEDHOWEVER,THEREALITYONTHEINTERNETISTHATTHECOMPLEXITYANDAMOUNTOFDATACOLLECTEDISHUGEANDOFTENAMIXTUREOFSEVERALTYPESOFDATADATAISCOLLECTEDACROSSCOUNTRIESANDVERYDIFFERENTCONTEXTSTHEUSEOFDATAISFARWIDERTHANTHEORIGINALPURPOSETHEREAREVERYDIFFERENTLEVELSOFSECURITYTHEREISPOORTRANSPARENCYWITHREGARDTOTHEPRACTICEOFENTERPRISESANDAUTHORITIESANDCONSENTISGRANTEDASAREQUIREMENTFORUSINGAGIVENSERVICERATHERTHANASACONSCIOUSCHOICETHESEFACTORSCHALLENGETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEEXISTINGDATAPROTECTIONRULES,INCLUDINGTHECONCEPTOFCONTROLTHROUGHCONSENTINADDITION,THEREARENOCOMMONBINDINGSTANDARDSFORDATAPROTECTIONATTHEINTERNATIONALLEVELTHEOECD’SGUIDELINESFORPROTECTIONOFPRIVACYANDTRANSNATIONALDATAFLOWOECD,1980/2013AREOFTENREFERREDTO,BUTTHEYAREMERELYGUIDELINESANDNOTBINDINGTHECOUNCILOFEUROPECONVENTIONNO108COE,1981REPRESENTSONEOFTHEFIRSTSTANDARDSFORTHEAREA,ANDLIKETHEEUREGULATIONS,ITHASUNDERGONEEXTENSIVEREVISION,AMONGOTHERTHINGSTOACCOUNTFORONLINESERVICESCONVENTIONNO108IS,HOWEVER,ONLYBINDINGFORMEMBERSTATESOFTHECOUNCILOFEUROPEATTHEGLOBALLEVEL,UNRESOLUTIONSHAVECONFIRMEDTHATTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYISUNDERSERIOUSPRESSUREINTHEONLINEDOMAIN,ANDTHATSTATESHAVEANOBLIGATIONTOENSURETHATNATIONALLEGISLATIONANDPRACTICESTHATINTRUDEONTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYMEETTHEINTERNATIONALHUMANRIGHTSSTANDARDSFORTHEAREAUNGENERALASSEMBLYRESOLUTIONSNOA/RES/68/167,18DECEMBER2013ANDNOA/RES/69/166,18DECEMBER2014HOWEVER,THESERESOLUTIONSARENOTBINDINGANDTHEYFOCUSPRIMARILYONGOVERNMENTNOTCOMMERCIALMONITORINGAFURTHERCHALLENGEISLINKEDTOTHEFACTTHATMOSTOFTHEINFRASTRUCTUREANDBASICSERVICESONTHEINTERNETTECHNICALINFRASTRUCTURE,INFORMATIONSEARCH,SOCIALNETWORK,ETCAREADMINISTRATEDBYPRIVATECOMPANIES,MANYOFWHICHAREAMERICANTHISPOSESANUMBEROFSPECIFICCHALLENGESWITHREGARDTOENFORCINGEULEGISLATIONONPERSONALDATA,ASILLUSTRATEDINTHERECENTSCHREMSCASECONCERNINGFACEBOOK′STRANSFEROFPERSONALDATAOFEUCITIZENS’TOTHEUNITEDSTATESASARESULTOFTHECASE,THEEUROPEANCOURTOFJUSTICEONOCTOBER6,2015,INVALIDATEDTHESAFEHARBORARRANGEMENT,WHICHGOVERNEDDATATRANSFERSBETWEENTHEEUANDTHEUNITEDSTATESMAXIMILLIANSCHREMSVDATAPROTECTIONCOMMISSIONER,CASEC362/14THEWAYFORWARDASMENTIONEDINTHEINTRODUCTION,THEREAREDIFFERENTIDEASASTOHOWTHERIGHTTOPRIVACYCANBESTRENGTHENEDINTHEONLINEDOMAINONEPRINCIPALPLAYERATTHEEUROPEANLEVELISTHEEUROPEANCOMMISSION,WHICHSINCE2011HASBEENWORKINGONANEXTENSIVEREFORMOFTHEDATAPROTECTIONDIRECTIVEINAPRIL2016,THENEWDATAPROTECTIONREGULATIONWASFINALLYADOPTEDANDWILLENTERINTOFORCEINALLEUMEMBERSTATESIN2018REGULATIONEU2016/679OFTHEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDOFTHECOUNCILOF27APRIL2016THEDATAPROTECTIONREGULATIONAIMSATAUNIFORMLEVELOFDATAPROTECTIONACROSSMEMBERSTATES,ANDINCLUDESANUMBEROFPROVISIONSTOINCREASEPROTECTIONFORINDIVIDUALS,ESPECIALLYWHENUSINGONLINESERVICESFOREXAMPLE,THEREQUIREMENTSFORCONSENTHAVEBEENSTRENGTHENED,THEPOSSIBILITYFOREXTENSIVEFINESHASBEENINTRODUCEDFORCOMPANIESTHATVIOLATETHERULES,ANDTHEREAREREQUIREMENTSTHATDATAPROTECTIONBEINCORPORATEDBOTHATTECHNICALANDORGANISATIONALLEVELSPRIVACYBYDESIGNANDPRIVACYBYDEFAULTTHENEWREGULATIONHASBEEN

簡介：5500英文單詞，英文單詞，3萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文8800字文獻出處文獻出處JIMéNEZBELTRáNFRANCISCO,LóPEZGUZMáNTOMáS,GONZáLEZSANTACRUZFRANCISCOANALYSISOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOURISMANDFOODCULTUREJSUSTAINABILITY,2016,85111ANALYSISOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOURISMANDFOODCULTUREFRANCISCOJAVIERJIMéNEZBELTRáN,TOMáSLóPEZGUZMáNANDFRANCISCOGONZáLEZSANTACRUZABSTRACTINRECENTYEARS,GASTRONOMYHASESTABLISHEDITSELFASONEOFTHEKEYELEMENTSFORTHEENHANCEMENT,SUSTAINABLEANDCONSOLIDATIONOFTOURISTDESTINATIONSTHEAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOCONTRIBUTETOTHEADVANCEMENTOFKNOWLEDGEONGASTRONOMICTOURISMINEUROPEANCOUNTRIES,SPECIFICALLYINTHEANALYSISOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENGASTRONOMY,CULTUREANDTOURISMASTHERESEARCHFOCUSESONTHECITYOFCóRDOBA,SPAINTHEMETHODOLOGYOFTHISRESEARCHINVOLVEDCONDUCTINGSURVEYSWITHFOREIGNTRAVELERSWHOWERELUNCHINGORDININGATVARIOUSRESTAURANTSINTHEHISTORICAREA,ANDTHESEFACILITIESWERECHARACTERIZEDBYHAVINGINTHEIRGASTRONOMICMENUSMAJORTYPICALCULINARYPRODUCTSOFTHECITYUSINGTHECONCEPTOFTAPAS,IE,THEPRESENTATIONOFGASTRONOMYTHROUGHSMALLPORTIONSOFFOODTHERESULTSOFTHESTUDYINDICATETHATTHEHEALTHYCOMPONENTOFTHEGASTRONOMYREPRESENTSTHEMAINDIMENSIONBASEDONTHEDETECTEDDIMENSIONS,THREETYPESOFINTERNATIONALVISITORSAREESTABLISHEDHEALTHYCULTURALTOURIST,CULTURALTOURISTANDGENERICTOURISTWHICHARECONSIDEREDVALIDANDUSEFULFORSEGMENTINGTHEMARKETTHISHIGHLIGHTSTHEIMPORTANCEGIVENTOGASTRONOMYBYTOURISTSASPARTOFTHECULTURALIDENTITYOFAPLACEANDTHESATISFACTIONACHIEVEDTHROUGHTHEGASTRONOMYOFTHECITYOFCóRDOBAKEYWORDSGASTRONOMYTAPASCULTURETOURISMSUSTAINABLE1INTRODUCTIONFOODTOURISMSTUDIESHAVEEMERGEDINRECENTDECADES,FOCUSINGONFOODDESTINATION,FOODTOURISTSANDHYGIENEISSUES,USINGBOTHQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEANALYSES1GASTRONOMICTOURISTSEXPERIENCEACOMPLETESENSORYEXPERIENCE,ESPECIALLYINTERMSOFFLAVOR,SUGGESTING,ACCORDINGTOCOHENANDAVIELI2,THATTHROUGHFOOD,TOURISTSRECEIVEAGREATERENGAGEMENTWITHTHEENVIRONMENTWHERETHEVISITTAKESPLACE,FARFROMTHEROLEOFSIMPLEOBSERVERTRADITIONALLYASSOCIATEDWITHTOURISTVISITSINADDITION,GASTRONOMYISPARTOFTHECULTURAL,SOCIAL,ENVIRONMENTAL,SUSTAINABLEANDECONOMICHISTORYOFNATIONSANDTHEIRPEOPLETHISISBECAUSEITREFLECTSACERTAINLIFESTYLEOFTHEDIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICALAREAS,STRENGTHENINGTRADITIONSINRURALAREASANDMODERNITYINURBANAREAS,ASITISSOMETHINGROOTEDINTHEIROWNCULTUREANDTRADITION3,ALTHOUGHTHISIMPLIESACONSTANTNEEDFORINNOVATIONINPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTOPROVIDEGREATERVALUEANDTHUSACHIEVEGREATERCOMPETITIVENESSINAGIVENLOCATIONINRELATIONTOOTHERDESTINATIONS4THEREFORE,LOCALANDREGIONALFOODCOULDGIVEADDEDVALUETOTHEDESTINATIONANDCONTRIBUTEINTHISWAYTOTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFTHEGEOGRAPHICAREA5,AND,INTHISSENSE,MANYRESEARCHERSHIGHLIGHTTHATEACHCOUNTRY/REGION/CITYSHOULDPROMOTEFOODASACENTRALATTRACTIONTOTOURISTS6ASDININGOUTANDTRYINGNATIONALANDLOCALCUISINESAREPLEASANTACTIVITIESFORMOSTTOURISTS6,7INFACT,GASTRONOMYINVOLVESATRANSFEROFKNOWLEDGEANDINFORMATIONABOUTTHEPEOPLE,CULTURE,TRADITIONSANDIDENTITYOFTHEVISITEDPLACE8SPANISHCUISINEISKNOWNINTERNATIONALLYFORVARIOUSASPECTSSUCHASITSINNOVATIVENATUREORTHEQUALITYOFTHERAWMATERIALUSEDINADDITION,PERHAPSONEOFTHEMOSTRECOGNIZABLEASPECTSOFTHISGASTRONOMYISTHEPRESENTATIONMADEOFTHECULINARYPRODUCTTHROUGHTHETAPACONCEPTWHICHWHICHMEANSTHATTHEDESTINATIONCANUSETHISITEMTOPROMOTETHISPLACEASACOMPONENTOFTHEPRODUCT,WHEREITDELVESINTOTHEDESIGNOFDININGOROENOLOGICALROUTESASEXPERIENCE,ADDRESSINGTHEEXISTENCEOFONEORMORELOCATIONSWHEREGASTRONOMYTAKESONADIFFERENTLEVELANDBECOMESACLAIMINITSELF,ANEXAMPLEOFTHISBEINGTHECUISINEMADEBYTHEGREATMASTERSANDASACULTURALPHENOMENON,PREMISEDONTHEEXISTENCEOFDIFFERENTFOODFESTIVALS22THISIMPLIESTHATTHISTYPEOFTOURISMWOULDHAVEAGREATERORLESSERDEGREEOFDEVELOPMENTACCORDINGTOTHELEVELOFCONNECTIONTHATTHECUISINEHASWITHTHECULTUREOFTHEPLACEWHEREITISSETTLED30,ASTHECUISINEPLAYSAROLEINSATISFYINGOFTHETOURISTEXPERIENCEANDASPARTOFTHECULTURALHERITAGEOFTHEDESTINATION8THEREFORE,THISTYPEOFTOURISMREINFORCESTHEIMPORTANCEOFLOCALINGREDIENTS,LEARNINGANDAPPRECIATIONOFTHEIROWNCONSUMPTION,ANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFCULINARYRESOURCESTHEPROMOTIONOFADESTINATIONTHROUGHITSOWNGASTRONOMYISCARRIEDOUTBYPRESENTINGACLEARDIFFERENTIATIONFROMITSCULINARYRESOURCES,WHICHMUSTHAVEACUISINETHATISRECOGNIZABLEBYTRAVELERSANDHAVEAVARIEDANDLARGENUMBEROFESTABLISHMENTSWHERETRAVELERSCANENJOYTHISCUISINEENRIGHTANDNEWTON31,INTHEIRRESEARCHONHONGKONG,SHOWHOWTHECUISINEISTHESECONDMOSTIMPORTANTELEMENTOFATTRACTION,SECONDONLYTOPUBLICSAFETYAND,ASAWAYOFEXAMPLE,EVENINFRONTOFCERTAINTOURISTATTRACTIONSFURTHERMORE,IFWECONSIDERITSRELATIVECOMPETITIVENESS,THECUISINEBECOMESTHEMOSTIMPORTANTATTRACTION,EVENSURPASSINGPUBLICSAFETYINSHORT,THESEAUTHORSCONCLUDETHATTHECUISINE,PUBLICSAFETY,NIGHTLIFEANDVISUALAPPEALARETHEFOURESSENTIALELEMENTSFORTHECOMPETITIVENESSOFADESTINATION,IFWECONSIDERBOTHTHERELATIVECOMPETITIVENESSANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHETOURISTATTRACTIONSASFORTHESEGMENTATIONOFTOURISTSACCORDINGTOTHEIRNATIONALITY,DISTINGUISHINGBETWEENDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALVISITORS,THEREAREDIFFERENTSTUDIESRELATEDTOTHEFOODANDBEVERAGETOURISMTHATANALYZEVISITORSEGMENTATIONINORDERTOPERFORMDIFFERENTEXPLORATORYSTUDIESTHUS,ALONSOETAL32PRESENTTHERESULTSOFANINVESTIGATIONTODETERMINETHESOCIODEMOGRAPHICPROFILESOFWINETOURISTSINNEWZEALANDSEGMENTEDBYNATIONALITYINADDITION,INTHEFIELDOFFOODTOURISM,NAMANDLEE6PRESENTASTUDYONTHESATISFACTIONOFINTERNATIONALVISITORSINTRADITIONALKOREANRESTAURANTSANDHORNGETAL33FOCUSONTHEANALYSISOFTHEPERCEPTIONOFBRANDEQUITYININTERNATIONALTOURISTSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREAREDIFFERENTSTUDIESTHATFOCUSONTHEANALYSISOFTHEPERCEPTIONSANDMOTIVATIONSOFFOREIGNERSWITHRESPECTTOTHEGASTRONOMYOFAPARTICULARPLACETHUS,WEINCLUDETHOSEOFGHANA34,CROATIA21,KOREA6,LAOS35ANDHONGKONG363DESCRIPTIONOFTHEGEOGRAPHICALAREATHECITYOFCóRDOBAISLOCATEDINSOUTHERNSPAIN,INTHEREGIONOFANDALUSIAITSPOPULATIONISAPPROXIMATELY325,000INHABITANTSANDITSECONOMYISMAINLYBASEDONTHETERTIARYSECTOR,EMPHASIZINGTOURISMTHEREININ1984,THEMOSQUECATHEDRALOFTHECITYWASDECLAREDAWORLDHERITAGESITEANDSUBSEQUENTLYIN1994,SOWASITSHISTORICCENTERMOREOVER,THEFIESTAOFTHEPATIOSWASDECLAREDANINTANGIBLECULTURALHERITAGEOFHUMANITYIN2012TODAY,THECITYISONEOFTHEMAJORBENCHMARKSOFCULTURALTOURISMBOTHINSPAINANDELSEWHEREINEUROPE,ANDITISAMEETINGPOINTFORTHOUSANDSOFTRAVELERSWHOARRIVETOTHECITYEACHYEARATTRACTEDBYITSRICHCULTURE,HERITAGEANDGASTRONOMYFOCUSINGONTHEGASTRONOMYOFTHECITYOFCóRDOBA,THISISTYPICALLYBASEDONTHEARABCULTURALHERITAGE,ACIVILIZATIONWHICHFLOURISHEDFORMANYDECADESINTHECITY,ANDWHOSECUISINEISBASEDONBOTHLITERARYANDARCHAEOLOGICALSOURCES,ANDITISBASEDPRIMARILYONTHEUSEOFLOCALPRIMARYPRODUCTSTHATAREINTHEGEOGRAPHICALAREAWITHINTHISLOCALRAWMATERIAL,OLIVEOILSTANDSOUT,BECAUSELETUSRECALLTHATTHECITYOFCóRDOBAISLOCATEDINTHEGEOGRAPHICALAREAOFANDALUSIAHOLDINGTHEWORLDSLARGESTPRODUCTIONOFTHISTYPEOFOILTHIS

簡介：中文中文5150字，字，3200英文單詞，英文單詞，17500英文字符英文字符文獻出處文獻出處ANGINERD,DEMIRGUCKUNTA,ZHUMHOWDOESDEPOSITINSURANCEAFFECTBANKRISKEVIDENCEFROMTHERECENTCRISISJJOURNALOFBANKINGFINANCE,2014,48312321HOWDOESDEPOSITINSURANCEAFFECTBANKRISKEVIDENCEFROMTHERECENTCRISISDENIZANGINER,ASLIDEMIRGUCKUNT,MINZHUABSTRACTDEPOSITINSURANCEISWIDELYOFFEREDINANUMBEROFCOUNTRIESASPARTOFAFINANCIALSYSTEMSAFETYNETTOPROMOTESTABILITYANUNINTENDEDCONSEQUENCEOFDEPOSITINSURANCEISTHEREDUCTIONINTHEINCENTIVEOFDEPOSITORSTOMONITORBANKSWHICHLEADTOEXCESSIVERISKTAKINGWEEXAMINETHERELATIONBETWEENDEPOSITINSURANCEANDBANKRISKANDSYSTEMICFRAGILITYINTHEYEARSLEADINGUPTOANDDURINGTHERECENTFINANCIALCRISISWEFINDTHATGENEROUSFINANCIALSAFETYNETSINCREASEBANKRISKANDSYSTEMICFRAGILITYINTHEYEARSLEADINGUPTOTHEGLOBALFINANCIALCRISISHOWEVER,DURINGTHECRISIS,BANKRISKISLOWERANDSYSTEMICSTABILITYISGREATERINCOUNTRIESWITHDEPOSITINSURANCECOVERAGEOURFINDINGSSUGGESTTHATTHE‘‘MORALHAZARDEFFECT’’OFDEPOSITINSURANCEDOMINATESINGOODTIMESWHILETHE‘‘STABILIZATIONEFFECT’’OFDEPOSITINSURANCEDOMINATESINTURBULENTTIMESTHEOVERALLEFFECTOFDEPOSITINSURANCEOVERTHEFULLSAMPLEWESTUDYREMAINSNEGATIVESINCETHEDESTABILIZINGEFFECTDURINGNORMALTIMESISGREATERINMAGNITUDECOMPAREDTOTHESTABILIZINGEFFECTDURINGGLOBALTURBULENCEINADDITION,WEFINDTHATGOODBANKSUPERVISIONCANALLEVIATETHEUNINTENDEDCONSEQUENCESOFDEPOSITINSURANCEONBANKSYSTEMICRISKDURINGGOODTIMES,SUGGESTINGTHATFOSTERINGTHEAPPROPRIATEINCENTIVEFRAMEWORKISVERYIMPORTANTFORENSURINGSYSTEMICSTABILITYKEYWORDSBANKRISK，SYSTEMICRISK，DEPOSITINSURANCE，BANKSUPERVISIONANDREGULATION，F(xiàn)INANCIALCRISIS1INTRODUCTIONINRESPONSETOTHEGLOBALFINANCIALCRISIS,ANUMBEROFCOUNTRIESSUBSTANTIALLYINCREASEDTHECOVERAGEOFTHEIRFINANCIALSAFETYNETSINORDERTORESTOREMARKETCONFIDENCEANDTOAVERTPOTENTIALCONTAGIOUSRUNSONTHEIRBANKINGSECTORSTHISHASREKINDLEDTHEDEBATEONTHEIMPACTOFDEPOSITINSURANCEONBANKINGSECTORSTABILITYANDPERFORMANCEWHILEPREVIOUSSTUDIESSUGGESTTHATDEPOSITINSURANCEEXACERBATESMORALHAZARDPROBLEMSINBANKLENDINGANDISASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERLIKELIHOODOFBANKINGCRISISDEMIRGUCKUNTANDDETRAGIACHE,2002,TOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGE,THEREISNOSTUDYTHATEXAMINESTHEIMPACTOFDEPOSITINSURANCEONBANKRISKANDSYSTEMICSTABILITYDURINGAPERIODOFGLOBALFINANCIALINSTABILITYTHISISANIMPORTANTGAPINTHELITERATURESINCEECONOMICTHEORIESSUGGESTTHATDEPOSITINSURANCEBRINGSBOTHBENEFITSANDCOSTSTHATARELIKELYTOVARYWITHECONOMICCONDITIONSTHATIS,WHILEDEPOSITINSURANCECANINCREASEMORALHAZARDANDMAKEFINANCIALSYSTEMSMOREVULNERABLETOCRISESDURINGGOODTIMES,ITCANALSOENHANCEDEPOSITORCONFIDENCEANDREDUCETHELIKELIHOODOFCONTAGIOUSBANKRUNSDURINGTURBULENTPERIODSSUCHASTHERECENTGLOBALFINANCIALCRISISTHENETEFFECTOFDEPOSITINSURANCEONBANKRISKANDSTABILITY,THEREFORE,DEPENDSONWHETHERTHEBENEFITSOFDEPOSITINSURANCECANOUTWEIGHITSCOSTSINTHISPAPER,WETAKEADVANTAGEOFTHEGLOBALFINANCIALCRISISANDSTUDYWHETHERDEPOSITINSURANCEANDBANKINGRISKANDBANKSYSTEMFRAGILITYINPOORINSTITUTIONALSETTINGS,GENEROUSDESIGNFEATURESTENDSTODESTABILIZETHEBANKINGSYSTEMANDTOUNDERMINEMARKETDISCIPLINEHOVAKIMIANETAL2003ANDLAEVEN2002SHOWTHATWEAKINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTSUNDERMINEDEPOSITINSURANCEDESIGNCULLETAL2004PRODUCEEVIDENCETHAT,INWEAKINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTSDEPOSITINSURANCEREDUCESFINANCIALDEVELOPMENTFEATURESOFACOUNTRY’SPRIVATEANDPUBLICCONTRACTINGENVIRONMENTSHAVEBEENSHOWNTOBEIMPORTANTINDEPOSITINSURANCEADOPTIONANDDESIGNDEMIRGUCKUNTANDKANE,2002INTHISPAPERWETESTTOSEEIFTHEIMPACTOFDEPOSITINSURANCEONBANKRISKANDSYSTEMICSTABILITYISDIFFERENTDURINGNORMALTIMESANDDURINGCRISESPERIODSITISPOSSIBLETHATTHEPOSITIVESTABILIZATIONEFFECTSOFDEPOSITINSURANCECANDOMINATETHENEGATIVEMORALHAZARDEFFECTSDURINGECONOMICDOWNTURNSDURINGDOWNTURNSBANKSMAYFACETIGHTENEDFUNDINGANDLIMITEDINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIES,LEAVINGLITTLEROOMFOREXCESSIVERISKTAKINGDEPOSITINSURANCECANTHENHELPENHANCEDEPOSITORCONFIDENCEANDPREVENTSYSTEMICBANKRUNSDURINGTHECRISIS,LEADINGTOLOWERRISKANDGREATERSYSTEMICSTABILITYDURINGNONSTRESSPERIODS,HOWEVER,THEREVERSECOULDBETRUESINCETHEREWOULDBEPLENTYOFINVESTMENTOPPORTUNITIESANDLITTLENEEDFORPREVENTINGBANKRUNSALTERNATIVELY,DEPOSITINSURANCECOULDALSOBEADESTABILIZINGORSTABILIZINGINFLUENCETHROUGHOUTTHEWHOLESAMPLEPERIODFORASAMPLEOF4109BANKSIN96COUNTRIESOVERTHETIMEPERIOD2004–2009,WEFINDSUPPORTIVEEVIDENCETHATTHEINFLUENCEOFDEPOSITINSURANCEONBANKRISKISDIFFERENTDURINGNORMALPERIODSANDDURINGSYSTEMICDOWNTURNSSPECIALLY,WESHOWTHATEXISTINGDEPOSITINSURANCECOVERAGEISASSOCIATEDWITHLOWERSYSTEMICSTABILITYANDHIGHERBANKRISKINTHE2004–2006PRECRISISPERIODHOWEVER,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDEPOSITINSURANCEANDBANKRISKANDSYSTEMICSTABILITYISREVERSEDINTHE2007–2009CRISISPERIODNEVERTHELESS,THEOVERALLEFFECTOFDEPOSITINSURANCEOVERTHEFULLSAMPLEWESTUDYREMAINSNEGATIVESINCETHEDESTABILIZINGEFFECTDURINGNORMALTIMESISGREATERINMAGNITUDECOMPAREDTOTHESTABILIZINGEFFECTDURINGGLOBALTURBULENCEOURPAPERISRELATEDTODEMIRGUCKUNTANDDETRAGIACHE2002,WHICHSTUDIESTHELINKBETWEENDEPOSITINSURANCEANDTHEOCCURRENCEOFBANKINGCRISISUNLIKEDEMIRGUCKUNTANDDETRAGIACHE2002WHOFOCUSONTHELIKELIHOODOFCRISISOFAPARTICULARCOUNTRY,WESTUDYTHEIMPACTOFDEPOSITINSURANCEONBANKRISKANDSYSTEMSTABILITYDURINGAGLOBALCRISISPERIODANDCOMPAREITTONORMALTIMESOURPAPERISALSORELATEDTOFAHLENBRACHETAL2011ANDBELTRATTIANDSTULZ2012,WHOINVESTIGATETHEDETERMINANTSOFBANKPERFORMANCEDURINGTHERECENTCRISISWHILETHEIRFOCUSISONBANKCHARACTERISTICSTHATAFFECTPERFORMANCE,WEFOCUSONTHEEFFECTOFDEPOSITINSURANCEONBANKRISKANDSTABILITYWEALSOADDTOTHELITERATURETHATHASSHOWNTHATFEATURESOFACOUNTRY’SPRIVATEANDPUBLICCONTRACTINGENVIRONMENTTOBEIMPORTANTINDEPOSITINSURANCEADOPTION,DESIGNANDPERFORMANCESEEFORINSTANCE,DEMIRGUCKUNTANDKANE,2002WESHOWTHATGOODSUPERVISIONCANAFFECTTHESTATEVARYINGBENEFITSANDCOSTSOFDEPOSITINSURANCESTRONGSUPERVISIONANDREGULATIONCANENHANCETHESTABILIZATIONEFFECTSDURINGCRISISPERIODSWHILEDAMPENINGTHENEGATIVEEFFECTSASSOCIATEDWITHMORALHAZARDDURINGNORMALTIMES

簡介：3300英文單詞，英文單詞，19萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文5700字文獻出處文獻出處?ZERF,TINAZTEPECEFFECTOFSTRATEGICLEADERSHIPSTYLESONFIRMPERFORMANCEASTUDYINATURKISHSMEJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2014,150778784EFFECTOFSTRATEGICLEADERSHIPSTYLESONFIRMPERFORMANCEASTUDYINATURKISHSMEFUNDA?ZER,CIHANTINAZTEPEABSTRACTMANYSTUDIESSUGGESTEDTHATADEVELOPMENTOFGOODLEADERSHIPISONEOFTHEDRIVINGFORCESFORTHESUCCESSOFSMESINTHEFUTURE,ANDEVIDENCESSUGGESTTHATINADEQUATELEADERSHIPANDMANAGEMENTSKILLSASPRIMARYFACTORSCONTRIBUTINGTOWARDSTHEFAILUREOFSMESRAZAK,2000,DAVIESETAL,2002INTHISSTUDY,WEEXAMINETOUNDERSTANDHOWTHESELEADERSHAVETHEGREATESTPOSITIVEIMPACTONFIRMPERFORMANCETHISSTUDYISSIGNIFICANTSINCETHEOUTCOMESWILLCONTRIBUTETOTHEBODYOFKNOWLEDGEINTHEFIELDOFLEADERSHIPANDSME’SFIRMPERFORMANCEINTURKEYTHEAIMINTHISSTUDYISTOINTERROGATETHESTRATEGICLEADERSHIPINTERMSOFDIFFERENTLEADERSHIPSTYLESANDTESTTHEEFFECTOFTHEMONPERFORMANCETHESTUDYISAPPLIEDTOANEXPORTCOMPANYINTURKEYTHESAMPLEISCONSISTEDOFWHITECOLLAREDMEMBERSWHOAREWORKINGINMANAGERIALANDNONMANAGERIALJOBPOSITIONSINDIFFERENTOFFICESOFTHECOMPANYATOTALOF215COMPLETERESPONSESWEREUSEDFORANALYSESINTERMSOFHYPOTHESISTESTING,THEFIRSTHYPOTHESISOFTHESTUDYISPARTIALLYSUPPORTEDASONLYRELATIONSHIPORIENTEDANDTRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIPSTYLESARESIGNIFICANTLYRELATEDTOFIRMPERFORMANCEASTOTHESECONDHYPOTHESISCOMPAREDTOOTHERLEADERSHIPSTYLESTRANSFORMATIONALLEADERSHIPHASASTRONGEREFFECTONFIRMPERFORMANCEWHENTHEMEANSOFLEADERSHIPSTYLESARECONSIDERED,ITISCLEARTHATINTHREECOUNTRIESMOSTCOMMONLEADERSHIPSTYLEISRELATIONSHIPORIENTEDTHISSTUDYCANBEREPEATEDBYINCREASINGTHENUMBEROFPARTICIPANTSANDALSOFORFURTHERSTUDIES,TOIDENTIFYTHEEFFECTSOFLEADERSHIPSTYLESONFIRMPERFORMANCEMOREPRECISELY,THENUMBEROFLEADERSHIPSTYLESMAYBEINCREASEDKEYWORDSSTRATEGICLEADERSHIPSTYLES,FIRMPERFORMANCE1INTRODUCTIONTHEIMPORTANCEOFSMESTOWORLDECONOMIESISWELLDOCUMENTEDBIRCH1989STOREY1994SMESFIRMSWITH200ORLESSEMPLOYEESMAKEUPTHELARGESTBUSINESSSECTORINEVERYWORLDECONOMYCULKINBPRODUCTMARKETPERFORMANCESALES,MARKETSHARE,ETCANDCSHAREHOLDERRETURNTOTALSHAREHOLDERRETURN,ECONOMICVALUEADDED,ETCINTHISSTUDY,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHECOMMERCIALSECTOR,WEINTENTTOCONCENTRATEONTHEFOLLOWINGELEVENFIRMPERFORMANCEOUTCOMESQUALIFIEDLABORCOMMITMENTOFEMPLOYEESJOBSATISFACTIONOFEMPLOYEESNEWPRODUCT/SERVICEDEVELOPMENTCAPABILITYPRODUCT/SERVICEQUALITYCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONSALESGROWTHMARKETSHAREGROWTHRETURNONSALESRETURNONASSETSOVERALLPROFITABILITYQUALIFIEDLABORISTHEAGGREGATEOFSKILLEDHUMANPHYSICALANDMENTALEFFORTUSEDINCREATIONOFGOODSANDSERVICESTHEBENEFITSOFHAVINGTHEBESTTRAINEDWORKERSUSINGTHEMOSTADVANCETECHNOLOGYCANBENULLIFIEDBYEMPLOYEESWHODONOTUSETHEIRENERGYANDSKILLSFORTHEBENEFITOFTHEORGANIZATIONWITHOUTEMPLOYEECOMMITMENT,THERECANBENOIMPROVEMENTINANYAREAOFBUSINESSACTIVITYACCORDINGTOMEYERANDALLEN1990,THEDEFINITIONOFCOMMITMENTISAPSYCHOLOGICALSTATETHATBINDSTHEINDIVIDUALTOTHEORGANIZATIONNOORGANIZATIONSINTODAY’SCOMPETITIVEWORLDCANPERFORMATPEAKLEVELSUNLESSEACHEMPLOYEEISCOMMITTEDTOTHEORGANIZATIONS’OBJECTIVESANDWORKSASANEFFECTIVETEAMMEMBERJOBSATISFACTIONISESSENTIALFORORGANIZATIONSINTERESTEDINDEVELOPINGANDRETAININGPRODUCTIVEEMPLOYEESFORORGANIZATIONALSUCCESSSIEGELLANE,1974ITISDEFINEDBYLOCKEASAPLEASURABLEANDPOSITIVEEMOTIONALSTATECAUSEDBYTHEAPPRAISALOFONE’SJOBORJOBEXPERIENCE1976,P1300SUCHADEFINITIONSUGGESTSTHATJOBSATISFACTIONCONTAINSANAFFECTIVECOMPONENTEMOTIONALSTATEANDANONAFFECTIVEORCOGNITIVECOMPONENTAPPRAISALORGAN,1988NEWPRODUCT/SERVICEDEVELOPMENTCAPABILITYISTHEPROCESSOFCONVERTINGKNOWLEDGEANDIDEASINTOBETTERWAYSOFDOINGBUSINESSORINTONEWORIMPROVEDPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTHATAREVALUEDBYTHECOMMUNITYPRODUCT/SERVICEQUALITYISTHEEXCELLENCEOFTHEPRODUCTORSERVICE–THESERVICEABILITYANDVALUETHATCUSTOMERSGAINBYPURCHASINGTHEPRODUCTORSERVICECUSTOMERSATISFACTIONISAMEASUREOFTHEDEGREETOWHICHAPRODUCTORSERVICEMEETSTHECUSTOMERSEXPECTATIONSSALESGROWTHISTHEINCREASEINSALESOVERASPECIFICPERIODOFTIME,OFTENBUTNOTNECESSARILYANNUALLYMARKETSHAREGROWTHISTHEPERCENTAGEOFTHETOTALSALESOFAGIVENTYPEOF

簡介：CONGESTIONPRICINGANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTOFURBANTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMJIANHUZHENGDEPARTMENTOFAUTOMOBILEENGINEERING,MINJIANGUNIVERSITY,FUZHOU,FUJIAN,350108,CHINAZJIANHU1028163COMABSTRACTTHERAPIDGROWTHINURBANIZATIONANDMOTORIZATIONGENERALLYCONTRIBUTESTOANURBANTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMTHATISECONOMICALLY,ENVIRONMENTALLYANDSOCIALLYUNSUSTAINABLETHERESULTHASBEENARELENTLESSINCREASEINTRAFFICCONGESTIONROADCONGESTIONPRICINGHASBEENPROPOSEDMANYTIMESASANECONOMICMEASURETOFIGHTCONGESTIONINURBANTRAFFIC,BUTHASNOTSEENWIDESPREADUSEINPRACTICEBECAUSEOFSOMEPOTENTIALIMPACTSOFROADPRICINGREMAINUNKNOWNTHEPAPERFIRSTREVIEWSTHECONCEPTOFSUSTAINABLETRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM,WHICHSHOULDMEETTHEGOALSOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONANDSOCIALJUSTICECOLLECTIVELYANDTHEN,BASEDONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFSUSTAINABLETRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM,HOWCONGESTIONPRICINGCANCONTRIBUTETOECONOMICGROWTH,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONANDSOCIALJUSTICEISEXAMINEDEXAMINATIONRESULTSHOWSTHATCONGESTIONPRICINGISAPOWERFULWAYTOPROMOTETHESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTOFURBANTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM1INTRODUCTIONURBANTRANSPORTATIONISAPRESSINGCONCERNINMEGACITIESAROUNDTHEWORLDALONGWITHCHINA’SRAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFURBANIZATIONANDMOTORIZATION,TRAFFICJAMSHASBECOMEAMOREANDMORESERIOUSPROBLEM,RESULTINGINGREATERTIMEDELAY,INCREASEOFENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDAIRPOLLUTION,DECREASEOFRELIABILITYOFROADNETWORKINMANYCITIESTRAFFICCONGESTIONISSEENASAHINDRANCETOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTNUMEROUSMETHODSCANBEUSEDTOADDRESSCONGESTIONANDREDUCETRANSPORTDENSITY,INCLUDINGBUILDINGNEWINFRASTRUCTURE,IMPROVINGMAINTENANCEANDOPERATIONOFINFRASTRUCTURE,ANDUSINGTHEEXISTINGINFRASTRUCTUREMOREEFFICIENTLYTHROUGHDEMANDMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES,INCLUDINGPRICINGMECHANISMSCONGESTIONPRICINGHASLONGBEENPROPOSEDASANEFFECTIVEMEASURETOCOMBATTRAFFICCONGESTIONTHEPRINCIPLEOBJECTIVEOFCONGESTIONPRICINGISTOALLEVIATECONGESTIONBYIMPLEMENTINGSURCHARGEFORTHEUSESELECTEDCONGESTEDFACILITIESDURINGPEAKTIMEPERIODSBYSHIFTINGSOMETRIPSTOOFFPEAKPERIODS,TOROUTESAWAYFROMCONGESTEDFACILITIES,ORTOHIGHEROCCUPANCYVEHICLES,ORBYDISCOURAGINGSOMETRIPSALTOGETHER,CONGESTIONPRICINGSCHEMESWOULDRESULTINSAVINGSINTIMEANDOPERATINGCOSTS,IMPROVEMENTSINAIRQUALITY,REDUCTIONSINENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDIMPROVEMENTSINTRANSITPRODUCTIVITYTHEREARELOTSOFSUCCESSFULAPPLICATIONSINSOMECOUNTRIESANDREGIONSINTHERESTOFTHEWORLDFOLLOWINGSINGAPOREINTHEEARLY1970SANDNORWEGIANTOLLRINGSINTHEMID1980S,THECITYOFLONDONINTRODUCEDITSAREATOLLINFEBRUARY2003UPTILLNOW,ITISTHEMOSTWELLKNOWNEXAMPLEOFALARGEMETROPOLITANAREATHATHASIMPLEMENTEDCONGESTIONPRICINGHOWEVER,CONGESTIONPRICINGHASNOTSEENWIDESPREADUSEINPRACTICEDUETOTHEORETICALANDPOLITICALREASONSSOMEPOTENTIALIMPACTSOFROADPRICINGREMAINUNKNOWN,ANDTHESUSTAINABILITYOFCONGESTIONPRICINGFORURBANDEVELOPMENTREQUIRESFURTHERSTUDYSUSTAINABILITYISNORMALLYTAKENASBASICOBJECTIVESINTHEASSESSMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONPOLICYTHEIDEAOFSUSTAINABLETRANSPORTATIONEMERGESFROMTHECONCEPTOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINTHETRANSPORTSECTORANDCANBEDEFINEDASFOLLOWS1,“SUSTAINABLETRANSPORTATIONINFRASTRUCTUREANDTRAVELPOLICIESTHATSERVEMULTIPLEGOALSOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,ENVIRONMENTSTEWARDSHIPANDSOCIALEQUITY,HAVETHEOBJECTIVETOOPTIMIZETHEUSEOFTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSTOACHIEVEECONOMICANDRELATEDSOCIALANDENVIRONMENTGOALS,WITHOUTSACRIFICINGTHEABILITYOFFUTUREGENERATIONSTOACHIEVETHESAMEGOALS”SUSTAINABLETRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSREQUIREADYNAMICBALANCEBETWEENTHEMAINPILLARSOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT,IEECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONANDSOCIALJUSTICEFORCURRENTANDFUTUREGENERATIONSINTHECONTEXTOFSUSTAINABLETRANSPORTSYSTEMS,HOWCONGESTIONPRICINGCANCONTRIBUTETOECONOMICGROWTH,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONANDSOCIALJUSTICEISEXAMINEDINTHISPAPERTHERESTOFTHEPAPERISSTRUCTUREDASFOLLOWSINSECTION2,THEIMPACTSOFCONGESTIONPRICINGONECONOMICDEVELOPMENTAREDESCRIBEDSECTION3PRESENTSTHECONTRIBUTIONTOENVIRONMENTPROTECTION,ANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSOCIALJUSTICEANDCONGESTIONPRICINGISANALYZEDSOMECONCLUSIONSAREGIVENINSECTION52ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT2008WORKSHOPONPOWERELECTRONICSANDINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM9780769533421/082500?2008IEEEDOI101109/PEITS200843449POLLUTION,NOISE,ANDCLIMATECHANGEMOTORVEHICLESARETHEDOMINANTPRODUCERSOFURBANAIRANDNOISEPOLLUTION,INCLUDINGCARBONMONOXIDE,OXIDESOFNITROGEN,ANDAIRBORNEPARTICULATESTHESEPOLLUTANTSAREKEYFACTORSINMANYRESPIRATORYAILMENTSSUCHASASTHMAASWELLAS“ARANGEOFOTHERHUMANHEALTHEFFECTS,FROMHEADACHESANDEYEIRRITATIONTOCANCER”8THEWORLDBANKESTIMATESTHAT05MILLIONPEOPLEINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESDIEEACHYEARFROMTRANSPORTRELATEDAIREMISSIONS,WITHASIMILARDEATHTOLLFROMTRAFFICACCIDENTS9TRANSPORTATIONCANNOTBEREPLACEDBECAUSEITISTHEPARTOFTHEPRODUCTIONCHAINFORTHISREASON,TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSMUSTBEDEVELOPEDANDSTANDARDIZED,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFTRANSPORTATIONSERVICEMUSTBEINCREASED,WHILETHEENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONMUSTBEDECREASEDORPREVENTEDEMISSIONFROMROADTRAFFICISACOMPLEXSYSTEMWITHANOUTPUTTHATCANNOTBECOMPLETELYMEASUREDITISNATURALTOANALYZETHEEMISSIONSFROMASAMPLEOFVEHICLESUNDERDIFFERENTDRIVINGCONDITIONSTHECALIFORNIAAIRRESOURCESBOARDPOINTESOUTTHATCONGESTIONSTOPANDGOTRAFFICSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASESEMISSIONSASANEXAMPLE,ONEREPORTESTIMATESTHATA10MILETRIP,USINGANAVERAGE1987AUTOMOBILE,RESULTSINRUNNINGEXHAUSTHCEMISSIONOF1GRAMSATASPEEDOF55MPHBUTTHATHCEMISSIONSWOULDBE7GRAMSATANAVERAGESPEEDOF20MPH,TYPICALOFSTOPANDGOCONDITIONS10THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEMISSIONSANDSPEEDCANBESEENINTABLE1TABLE1EMISSIONSLEVELINDIFFERENTSPEED11,12SPEEDKM/HCOG/KMCO2G/KMFUELCONSUMPTIONG/KM1048531013020280240963020520079401701706550125150556011514548701051384380095130401000811050WITHRESPECTTOAIRQUALITYIMPACTS,CONGESTIONPRICINGCANBEEXPECTEDTOIMPROVEAIRQUALITYINTWOWAYSTHEFIRSTIMPACTCOMESFROMTHEREDUCEDLEVELOFCONGESTIONONTHEFACILITY,COMPAREDWITHTHELEVELOFCONGESTIONONTHEUNPRICEDROADTHESECONDIMPACTONEMISSIONSISDUETOTHEREDUCEDNUMBEROFVEHICLESONTHEROADFACILITIESTOTHEEXTENTTHATHIGHERPRICESSUCCEEDINREDUCINGVEHICLEMILESTRAVELED,THEREWILLBEFEWERVEHICLESONTHEROADITISCLEARTHATREDUCEDTRAVELDEMANDINPEAKPERIODSREFLECTSFEWERANDSHORTERTRIPSBEINGMADEANDRESULTSINHIGHERTRAVELSPEEDSDURINGPEAKPERIODS,WITHCONSEQUENTREDUCTIONSINVEHICLESEMISSIONSDURINGPEAKPERIODSHOWEVER,THEBULKOFDAILYTRAVELOCCURRINGINOFFPEAKPERIODSMAYBENEGATIVELYAFFECTED,ASSOMEPEAKTRAVELERSSHIFTTHEIRTIMEOFTRAVELTOOFFPEAKPERIODSTOAVOIDTOLLSOVERALLBENEFICIALIMPACTSONAIRQUALITYMAYTHUSBESMALLERTHANTHATSUGGESTEDSIMPLYBYPEAKPERIODTRAVELDEMANDREDUCTIONSTHISREDUCTIONCANNOTBEMEASUREDDIRECTLY,BUTWILLHAVETOBECALCULATEDFROMTHEINFORMATIONONTRAFFICDIVERSION,CONGESTIONREDUCTION,ANDRIDESHARINGINCREASEINTHELONGTERM,CONGESTIONPRICINGCOULDLEADTOINCREASESINUSEOFALTERNATIVETRAVELMODESFORALLDAILYTRIPS,THUSREDUCINGTOTALDAILYEMISSIONS4SOCIALJUSTICESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTHASTHREEWIDELYAGREEDMETAGOALSSUSTAINABLEECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONANDSOCIALJUSTICEALLTHREEGOALSMUSTBEADDRESSEDTOGETHERIFDEVELOPMENTISTOBESUSTAINABLEMUCHATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,BUTLESSATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOSOCIALJUSTICESOCIALJUSTICEEQUITYCONTAINSECONOMICEQUITYANDENVIRONMENTALEQUITYECONOMICEQUITYISSUESRESULTINGFROMCONGESTIONPRICINGAREDIFFICULTTOADDRESSCOMPLETELYSOMEPEOPLEHAVEARGUEDTHATROADPRICINGISREGRESSIVE,INTHATITWILLBEARMOREHEAVILYONPOORERCARUSERS,SHORTDISTANCEJOURNEYS,ANDONTHOSELIVINGADJACENTTOTHECORDONSMOREGENERALLYCONCERNHASBEENEXPRESSEDATTHEIMPACTONTHOSEWHO,FORWHATEVERREASON,HAVENOCHOICEBUTTOTRAVELBYCARTHESEARGUMENTSCANBECOUNTEREDTOSOMEEXTENTBYDEVISINGMOREFLEXIBLECHARGINGREGIMESITHASTOBEACCEPTEDTHATANYFORMOFROADPRICINGWILLINTRODUCESOMEINEQUITIESTHEKEYISTOKEEPTHESETOMINIMUM,ANDTOFINDWAYSOFCOMPENSATINGTHOSEWHODONOTBENEFITFROMCONGESTIONPRICINGINPRACTICE,THELOWESTINCOMETRAVELERS,WHOTYPICALLYTRAVELBYPUBLICTRANSPORTORONFOOT,AREMOSTLIKELYTOBENEFITFORTHECONVENTIONALTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM,THETAXRATESONGASOLINE,WHICHARETHESAMEREGARDLESSOFWHETHERTRANSPORTUSERSARETRAVELINGDURINGCONGESTEDORUNCONGESTEDPERIODS,PROVIDENOINCENTIVEFORUSERSTOUSEINFRASTRUCTUREMOREEFFICIENTLYCONGESTIONPRICINGISEXPECTEDTOREDUCETHISUNFAIRBYIMPLEMENTINGSURCHARGEFORTHEUSESELECTEDCONGESTEDFACILITIESDURINGPEAKTRAFFICPERIODSUNDERCONGESTIONPRICING,RESIDENTSINSIDETHECORDONSHOULDPAYEXTRACHARGEINPEAKPERIODS,ANDSEEMLYHAVEANINCREASEINTRAVELCOSTSINFACT,THEREDUCTIONINCONGESTIONBROUGHTBYTHECORDONSINCLUDINGTIMESAVINGS,RESULTINGINLOWERTRAVELCOSTSTOCORDONRESIDENTSIFCONGESTIONPRICINGSCHEMEISWELLDESIGNED,ANDREVENUESCOLLECTEDTHROUGHCHARGESSHOULDBEDIRECTEDTOLOCALAUTHORITIESANDEARMARKEDFORFURTHERIMPROVEMENTSINTHETRANSPORTSITUATIONANDMITIGATIONOFTHECONGESTIONEFFECTSITISNODOUBTTHATCONGESTIONPRICINGSHOULDENHANCEECONOMICEQUITYAMONGALLINFRASTRUCTUREUSERS451