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OFESSIONTHROUGHCOMMONGOALSANDFRAMEWORKSGLOBALSTANDARDSHAVEALSORECENTLYBEENDEVELOPEDINTHEPROPERTYFIELDMETHODSUSEDTOMEASUREPROPERTYASSETSSUCHASRESIDENTIALBUILDINGS,OFFICEBUILDINGS,RETAILCENTRESANDOTHERINCOMEPRODUCINGASSETSVARYMARKEDLYAROUNDTHEWORLDTHISISPARTICULARLYTHECASEWITHFLOORAREAMEASUREMENTSANDDEFINITIONSTHEIPMSC2015CONTENDTHATTHEREARENUMEROUSNATIONALANDREGIONALSTANDARDSTHATSUFFERFROMPROFESSIONALINCONSISTENCYWHICHHASADVERSERAMIFICATIONSPARTICULARLYFORINTERNATIONALINVESTORSTHESEISSUESULTIMATELYLEDTOALANDMARKMEETINGATTHEWORLDBANKPREMISESINWASHINGTONIN2013BETWEENMAJORORGANISATIONSWHOHAVEDEVELOPEDTHEIROWNMEASUREMENTCODESWITHTHESUPPORTOFMAJORGLOBALENTITIESSUCHASTHEWORLDBANK,THEINTERNATIONALMONETARYFUNDANDTHEBUILDINGOWNERSANDMANAGERSASSOCIATIONBOMATHESEORGANISATIONSFORMEDAGLOBALCOALITIONTOADDRESSTHISPROBLEMANDPLANTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAGLOBALMEASUREMENTSTANDARDTHISCOALITION,TITLEDTHEINTERNATIONALPROPERTYMEASUREMENTSTANDARDSCOALITIONIPMSC,HASGAINEDCONSIDERABLEMOMENTUMANDISDEVELOPINGSTANDARDSFORPROPERTYMEASUREMENTSEPARATELYFROMCONSTRUCTIONMEASUREMENTTHECOALITIONCOMPRISESOVERFIFTYNOTFORPROFIT,

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題ROBOTICCABLEINSPECTIONSYSTEMUSINGMICROCONTROLLERANDGPSTRACKER外文作者MERUGUMALLAMANOJKUMAR,PASUMARTHIVISHNUVARDHAN,PUDOTAIGNATIUSSIRISHA文獻出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFADVANCEDRESEARCHINELECTRICAL,ELECTRONICSANDINSTRUMENTATIONENGINEERING,VOL3,ISSUE3,MARCH2018如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2716單詞，16747字符字符就是印刷符，中文4401漢字。（如果字數(shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進行翻譯的。）ROBOTICCABLEINSPECTIONSYSTEMUSINGMICROCONTROLLERANDGPSTRACKERABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEMODELOFAMOBILEROBOTTHATCANINSPECTTHECONDITIONSINANUNDERGROUNDCABLETUNNELEVENINDANGEROUSENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSWHEREHUMANPRESENCEISHARMFULHENCE,THISROBOTSUBSTITUTESTHEINSPECTIONOFAHUMANINTHEUNDERGROUNDCABLETUNNELTHEROBOTDOESONLINEINSPECTIONTHROUGHTHETUNNELTRAVELLINGFROMONEENDTOOTHERENDANDALLTHEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEUNDERGROUNDTUNNELWITHRESPECTTOTEMPERATURE,PRESENCEOFHARMFULGASES,OBSTACLES,FIREACCIDENTS,FAILUREINSUPPLYETCISTRANSMITTEDWIRELESSLYTOADEVICEONTHEGROUNDHENCETHISKNOWLEDGEOFSITUATIONATTUNNELSENTBYTHEROBOTENABLESUSTOESTIMATETHEDANGERLEVELANDACCORDINGLYPLANTHEMEASURESTOADDRESSTHEPROBLEMINAFASTESTWAYPOSSIBLETHOUGHTHEREWERESEVERALAPPROACHESMADETOENABLETHISONLINEMONITORINGSYSTEM,THISPAPERPRESENTSTHEFUNCTIONINGOFROBOTWITHAGPSTRACKERWHICHGIVESTHECOORDINATESOFTHEFAULTLOCATIONANDTHISHELPSUSTOLOCATETHEEXACTFAULTLOCATIONREDUCINGTHETIMEANDWORKTOREPLACETHE2IRSENSORTHEIRSENSORISAGENERALPURPOSEPROXIMITYSENSORHEREWEUSEITFORCOLLISIONDETECTIONTHEMODULECONSISTSOFANIREMITTERANDIRRECEIVERPAIRASSHOWNIFFIG1THEHIGHPRECISIONIRRECEIVERALWAYSDETECTSANIRSIGNALTHEMODULECONSISTSOFA358COMPARATORICTHEOUTPUTOFSENSORISHIGHWHENEVERITISINIRFREQUENCYANDLOWOTHERWISETHEONBOARDLEDINDICATORHELPSUSERTOCHECKSTATUSOFTHESENSORWITHOUTUSINGANYADDITIONALHARDWARETHEPOWERCONSUMPTIONOFTHISMODULEISLOWITGIVESADIGITALOUTPUT3GASSENSORSEMICONDUCTORTYPECOMBUSTIBLEGASSENSORMQ2ISUSEDTODETECTTHEPRESENCEOFSMOKEANDOTHERHARMFULGASESLIKEMETHANEITCANDETECTTHECONCENTRATIONSINTHERANGE300–10000PPMVHISTHEHEATERVOLTAGEANDVCISTHETESTVOLTAGEVHSUPPLIESTHEWORKINGTEMPERATURETOTHESENSOR,WHILEVCISUSEDTODETECTVOLTAGEONVRLONLOADRESISTANCE

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題INTELLIGENTRESIDENTIALSECURITYALARMANDREMOTECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONSINGLECHIPCOMPUTER外文作者LIUZHENYA,WANGZHENDONG,CHENRONG,文獻出處20183RDIEEECONFERENCEONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICSANDAPPLICATIONS如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文1831單詞，11975字符字符就是印刷符，中文3007漢字。INTELLIGENTRESIDENTIALSECURITYALARMANDREMOTECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONSINGLECHIPCOMPUTERABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSINTELLIGENTRESIDENTIALBURGLARALARM,EMERGENCYALARM,FIREALARM,TOXICGASLEAKAGEREMOTEAUTOMATICSOUNDALARMANDREMOTECONTROLSYSTEM,WHICHISBASEDON89C51SINGLECHIPCOMPUTERTHESYSTEMCANBEAUTOMATICALARM,AUTOMATICCALLINGTHEPOLICEHOTLINENUMBERITCANBEUSEDVOICEALARMANDSHOWALARMOCCURREDADDRESSITCANSETUPANDMODIFYUSERPASSWORDITCANBERECORDABLEANDVOICESUGGESTIONITCANBEUSEDTELEPHONEREMOTECONTROLELECTRICALPOWERTHEALARMSYSTEMHASDESIGNINNOVATION,MULTIPLYFUNCTION,LOWCOST,HIGHRELIABILITYANDSOONIINTRODUCTIONWITHTHECOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYANDCONTROLTECHNOLOGYANDCOMMUNICATIONALTECHNOLOGY’SDEVELOPMENT,PEOPLE’SLIVINGSTANDARDHASIMPROVEDINCREASINGLYPEOPLESLIVINGCONDITIONSHAVECHANGED,SUCHASTHELIVINGENVIRONMENT’SSECURITYANDHOWCOMFORTABLETHEYFEELSOTHEINTELLIGENTRESIDENTIALBUILDING’SAUTOMATICEMERGEASTHETIMESREQUIREINTELLIGENTRESIDENTIALMUSTHAVESAFETYPRECAUTIONS,ANTITHEFTALARM,FIREALARM,TOXICGASLEAKAGEAUTOMATICALARMANDEMERGENCYCALLITISCIRCUIT,TELEPHONEINTERFACE,VOICECIRCUIT,DTMFCODECCIRCUIT,TELEPHONESIGNALDETECTIONCIRCUITANDTHEMAINCONTROLCIRCUITEACHMODULEISDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWSFIG1SYSTEMARCHITECTURECHARTADETECTINGCIRCUITTHEPARTCIRCUITISASTHEDETECTIONPARTOFTHEWHOLESYSTEM,USEDTODETECTTHEFTCASE,FIRE,TOXICGASLEAKAGEANDEMERGENCYCALLSIGNALSTHEFTPROOFDETECTIONISTOCOMPLETETHROUGHPYROELECTRICINFRAREDSENSORSENSORSAREINSTALLEDONTHEBALCONY,WINDOWSANDOTHERPLACEWHERETHIEVESAREEASYTOENTERTHEPARTCIRCUITISATTHEREADYSTATEUNDERNORMALCIRCUMSTANCESENSORSCATCHTHEFTINFORMATIONWHENSOMEONEENTERSTHESCOPEOFTHESURVEILLANCETHEN,WIRELESSMODULEWILLSENDTHEINFORMATIONTOTHE89C51SINGLECHIPCOMPUTERTHEDETECTIONOFFIREANDTOXICGASISTOCOMPLETEBYTHECORRESPONDINGDETECTIONSENSORS,EMERGENCYCALLSIGNALISSENTFROMUSERHANDHOLDREMOTECONTROLBWIRELESSTRANSMITTERRECEIVERCIRCUITTHETRANSMITTINGANDRECEIVINGCIRCUITOFTHEPARTMAKESUSEOFCMOSMANUFACTURINGPROCESSPRODUCEDBYALOWCOSTPT2262/PT2272WIRELESSREMOTECONTROLMODULETHEOPERATINGFREQUENCYOFITIS2MHZANDTHECOMMUNICATIONDISTANCEOFITIS100METERSABOVEUNDERNORMALCIRCUMSTANCES,TRANSMITTINGANDRECEIVINGMODULESAREINDORMANTSTATUSTHEMODULEISINNONDORMANTSTATUSWHENBEINDANGER,THENCODEDSIGNALISTRANSMITTEDTHERECEIVINGMODULEHASRECEIVEDHIGHFREQUENCYSIGNALDECODE,GENERATINGINTERRUPTSIGNALATTHESAMETIME

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題DESIGNOFWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTER外文作者HANHONGTAN,QIYANYAN文獻出處IOPCONFSERIESMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING，2017如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2641單詞，16420字符字符就是印刷符，中文3858漢字。DESIGNOFWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONSINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,WEMAINLYINTRODUCEAMULTIFUNCTIONWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNEDWITH51SINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERTHISCONTROLLERHASAUTOMATICANDMANUALWATER,SETTHEWATERTEMPERATURE,REALTIMEDISPLAYOFWATERANDTEMPERATUREANDALARMFUNCTION,ANDHASASIMPLESTRUCTURE,HIGHRELIABILITY,LOWCOSTTHECURRENTWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLLERONTHEMARKETBASICALLYUSEBIMETALTEMPERATURECONTROL,TEMPERATURECONTROLACCURACYISLOW,POORRELIABILITY,ASINGLEFUNCTIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMICROELECTRONICSTECHNOLOGY,MONOLITHICMICROPROCESSORFUNCTIONISINCREASING,THEPRICEISLOW,INALLASPECTSOFWIDELYUSEDINTHEWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLLERINTHEAPPLICATIONOFSINGLECHIP,WITHASIMPLEDESIGN,HIGHRELIABILITY,EASYTOEXPANDTHEADVANTAGESOFTHEFUNCTIONISBASEDONTHEAPPEALBACKGROUND,SOTHISPAPERFOCUSESONTHETEMPERATURECONTROLLERINTHECIRCUMSTANCESWILLMAKETHEEFFECTOFCLASSROOMTEACHINGGREATLYREDUCED3DESIGNTHISPAPERINTRODUCESAMULTIFUNCTIONWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNEDWITH51SINGLECHIPMICROCOMPUTERWITHAUTOMATICANDMANUALWATERSUPPLY,SETWATERTEMPERATURE,REALTIMEDISPLAYWATERQUANTITYANDTEMPERATUREANDALARMFUNCTION,ANDHASTHECHARACTERISTICSOFSIMPLESTRUCTURE,HIGHRELIABILITYANDLOWCOSTTHECURRENTWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLLERONTHEMARKETBASICALLYUSEBIMETALTEMPERATURECONTROL,TEMPERATURECONTROLACCURACYISLOW,POORRELIABILITY,ASINGLEFUNCTIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMICROELECTRONICSTECHNOLOGY,MONOLITHICMICROPROCESSORFUNCTIONISINCREASING,THEPRICEISLOW,INALLASPECTSOFWIDELYUSEDINTHEWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLLERINTHEAPPLICATIONOFSINGLECHIP,WITHASIMPLEDESIGN,HIGHRELIABILITY,EASYTOEXPANDTHEADVANTAGESOFTHEFUNCTIONWATERTEMPERATURECONTROLLERMAINLYTOACHIEVETHECONTROLOFWATERTEMPERATURE,ANDTOMEETTHEINDIVIDUALNEEDSOFDIFFERENTUSERSSOAMORECOMPLETECONTROLLERSHOULDHAVETHEFOLLOWINGFUNCTIONSWATERTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTANDDISPLAYWATERMEASUREMENTANDDISPLAYUSERSETTINGSSUCHASWATERTEMPERATURESETTINGS,TIMINGSETTINGS,ETCONTHEHEATINGTUBECONTROLFUNCTIONSOMEFUNCTIONKEYSSUCHASREGULARAUTOMATICWATER,CONSTANTTEMPERATURECONTROL,MANUALLYADDWATER,MANUALHEATING,ETCTHEFLOWCHARTOFTHECONCRETEDESIGNSCHEMEISSHOWNINFIG1

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題THEFACTORSAFFECTINGCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEDEVELOPMENTOFSMESANEMPIRICALSTUDY外文作者JIANZHENGYANG，NACHUANYANG，LIFANYANG文獻出處THETHIRTEENTHWUHANINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONEBUSINESS，2015如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3676單詞，26392字符字符就是印刷符，中文6135漢字。THEFACTORSAFFECTINGCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEDEVELOPMENTOFSMESANEMPIRICALSTUDYABSTRACTRECENTLY,THEREARETWOMAINLYMETHODSFORSMESOPERATINGCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEINCHINAONEISONLINESTOREOFFIRMSVIATHECROSSBORDERTHIRDPARTYPLATFORMTHEOTHERISTHEONLINESTOREOFFIRMSBUILTBYTHEMSELVESFOREXPORTMARKETSEXPANSIONBASEDONTHEANALYSISOFCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEPROCESS,WEEXPLOREFOURFACTORSWHICHMAYAFFECTTHEMODESELECTIONOFCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEOFSMES,NAMELYEMARKETING,ELECTRONICPAYMENT,ELECTRONICCUSTOMSANDINTERNATIONALLOGISTICSFORTHEMETHODOLOGY,WEUSEPROBITMODELOFLOGITMODELINGANDTHENHAVETHEFINDINGTHATTHETHREEFACTORSEMARKETING,ELECTRONICCUSTOMSANDINTERNATIONALLOGISTICSARETHEIMPACTOFSMESCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEMODESELECTION,ANDFURTHERFINDTHATMOSTOFSMESWHOAREWEAKATCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEOPERATIONSTAYONTHIRDPARTYCROSSBORDERECOMMERCESERVICEPLATFORMBASEDONTHEFINDING,WEALSOHAVESOMECONCLUSIONINORDERTOASSISTSMESDEVELOPMENT,THEGOVERNMENTSHOULDESTABLISHANDIMPROVETHETRADEINFORMATIONALPLATFORMMEANWHILE,THEYSHOULDENCOURAGETHECROSSBORDERECOMMERCETHIRDPARTYPLATFORMTOBECOMEBIGGERANDSTRONGERANDIMPROVEELECTRONICCUSTOMSCLEARANCECONTINUOUSLYTORAISELARGESCALECROSSBORDERLOGISTICFIRMSANDTHIRDPARTIESWITHGOODSERVICE,STRONGMARKETING,ELECTRONICCUSTOMSANDINTERNATIONALELECTRONICCOMMERCELOGISTICSARETHEIMPACTOFSMESCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEMODESELECTION,ANDFURTHERFINDTHATTHEDISADVANTAGEDSMESWILLRAPIDLYIMPROVETHEAPPLICATIONSTANDARDSOFCROSSBORDERECOMMERCETHEREFOREEXPANDINTERNATIONALMARKETSHAREIFGOVERNMENTMAKEAPPROPRIATEPOLICYADJUSTMENTSANDTHETHIRDPARTYPLATFORMMAKECORRESPONDINGCHANGESINMANAGEMENTOPERATION2LITERATUREREVIEWHOWTOGUIDEENTERPRISESTOEXPANDTHEINTERNATIONALMARKETINTHENEWSITUATIONOFWORLDECONOMYDEPRESSIONISNOTONLYANEWPROBLEMOFENTERPRISES,BUTALSOACHALLENGETHATWEHAVETOFACETOGETRIDOFTHE“MIDDLEINCOMETRAP”PANAGARIYA2000ANALYZEDTHEIMPACTOFELECTRONICCOMMERCEONINTERNATIONALTRADESHEARGUESTHATINTHESHORTTERM,CROSSBORDERECOMMERCEREVENUEWILLBECONCENTRATEDINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,BUTINTHELONGRUN,ALEAPFROGDEVELOPMENTWILLBEACHIEVEDBYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHROUGHCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEASSOMEDEVELOPMENTSTAGESOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYCANBESKIPPED1TERZI2011PROVEDCROSSBORDERECOMMERCEWOULDREDUCETRADEBARRIERSANDPROMOTETRADEGROWTHAFTERCOMPARISONANDANALYSISOFTHEDATAPROVIDEDBYOECD2SAVRULANDKILI?2011,THROUGHTHESTUDYOF20072009INDEXDATAOFTHEEUMEMBERSTATESINECONOMICRECOVERYPHASE,DISCOVEREDECOMMERCECOULDINCREASECOUNTRIES’MARKETSHAREANDBEMOREADVANTAGEINALLASPECTSOFTHETRANSACTIONTHANTHETRADITIONALTRADE,SOTHATENHANCECORPORATECOMPETITIVENESSAYDIN2011ANDKAVAKLIOGLU2011CAMETOTHESAMECONCLUSIONAFTERCONTENTANALYSIS34INTHESTUDYOFFACTORSAFFECTINGCROSSBORDERECOMMERCE,RAMANATHAN2012EMPIRICALSTUDIEDOFTHEIMPACTOFMARKETINGONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSMESINTAIWANAFTERQUESTIONNAIRESCOLLECTION,FACTORANALYSISANDREGRESSIONANALYSIS5YOOSHIN2010ARGUEDTHATELECTRONICPAYMENTISALSOANIMPORTANTPARTOFCROSSBORDERECOMMERCECANIMPROVETRANSACTIONCONVENIENCE6INADDITION,URCIUOLI2013FOUNDTHATELECTRONICCUSTOMSCLEARANCEPLATFORMCOULDFACILITATEBUSINESSOPERATIONSANDSAVECLEARANCECOSTSBYSURVEYANALYSISOFTHEWORLDCUSTOMSORGANIZATIONWCOANNUALMEETINGOFTHECOUNCIL7RAUS2009ANDSOMERESEARCHESALSOILLUSTRATETHISPOINT8SAMIEE2008,ZHONGQUANZOU2008,NGUYEN2013EMPIRICALSTUDIEDANDCLARIFIEDTHEROLEOFINTERNATIONALLOGISTICSSERVICESTHROUGHOUTTHECROSSBORDERECOMMERCEPROMOTIONWITHFACTORANALYSIS91011

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題DESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEAEGISSINGLECHIPSECUREPROCESSORUSINGPHYSICALRANDOMFUNCTIONS外文作者GEDWARDSUH,CHARLESWO’DONNELL,ISHANSACHDEV,ANDSRINIVASDEVADAS文獻出處INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONCOMPUTERARCHITECTUREISCA05，2005如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文9169單詞，49797字符，中文15005漢字。DESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEAEGISSINGLECHIPSECUREPROCESSORUSINGPHYSICALRANDOMFUNCTIONSABSTRACTSECUREPROCESSORSENABLENEWAPPLICATIONSBYENSURINGPRIVATEANDAUTHENTICPROGRAMEXECUTIONEVENINTHEFACEOFPHYSICALATTACKINTHISPAPERWEPRESENTTHEAEGISSECUREPROCESSORARCHITECTURE,ANDEVALUATEITSRTLIMPLEMENTATIONONFPGASBYUSINGPHYSICALRANDOMFUNCTIONS,WEPROPOSEANEWWAYOFRELIABLYPROTECTINGANDSHARINGSECRETSTHATISMORESECURETHANEXISTINGSOLUTIONSBASEDONNONVOLATILEMEMORYOURARCHITECTUREGIVESAPPLICATIONSTHEFLEXIBILITYOFTRUSTINGANDPROTECTINGONLYAPORTIONOFAGIVENPROCESS,UNLIKEPRIORPROPOSALSWHICHREQUIREAPROCESSTOBEPROTECTEDINENTIRETYWEALSOPUTFORWARDASPECIFICMODELOFHOWSECUREAPPLICATIONSCANBEPROGRAMMEDINAHIGHLEVELLANGUAGEANDCOMPILEDTORUNONOURSYSTEMFINALLY,WEEVALUATEAFULLYFUNCTIONALFPGAIMPLEMENTATIONOFOURPROCESSOR,ASSESSTHEIMPLEMENTATIONTRADEOFFS,COMPAREPERFORMANCE,ANDDEMONSTRATETHEBENEFITSOFPARTIALLYPROTECTINGAPROGRAMPHYSICALATTACKSWEPRESENTINTHISPAPERTHEAEGISSINGLECHIPSECUREPROCESSORARCHITECTUREWHICHUSESPHYSICALRANDOMFUNCTIONSORPHYSICALUNCLONABLEFUNCTIONS,PUFS,TOVERITABLYCREATEANDMAINTAINSECURESECRETSPUFSHAVEBEENPREVIOUSLYPROPOSEDIN5WESHOWHOWTOUSEAPUFFORRELIABLESECRETGENERATIONANDHOWTOUSEPUFSECRETSTODESIGNANDBUILDASECUREPROCESSOROURSECUREPROCESSORARCHITECTUREISABLETOPROVIDETHESECUREENVIRONMENTSMENTIONEDWHICHARENECESSARYFORTRUSTEDANDPRIVATECOMPUTATIONTOGUARANTEEATAMPEREVIDENTENVIRONMENT,OURPROCESSORPROTECTSAGAINSTPHYSICALATTACKSONMEMORYANDPREVENTSANYPHYSICALORDIGITALTAMPERINGOFPROGRAMSBEFORETHEIREXECUTIONPHYSICALMEMORYTAMPERINGISPRECLUDEDBYAHARDWAREINTEGRITYVERIFICATIONALGORITHM,ANDPRIVATETAMPERRESISTANTEXECUTIONMAINTAINSPRIVACYTHROUGHEFFICIENTONCHIPMEMORYENCRYPTIONANDDECRYPTIONMETHODSOTHERSOFTWAREATTACKSARECOUNTEREDWITHARCHITECTURALMODIFICATIONSTOTHEPROCESSORGOVERNINGACCESSRIGHTS,WHICHAREUNDERTHECONTROLOFASECURITYKERNELMOREOVER,UNLIKEPRIORSECUREARCHITECTUREPROPOSALS,OURPROCESSORDOESNOTREQUIRETHATANAPPLICATIONREMAININASECUREEXECUTIONENVIRONMENTATALLTIMESWEHAVEADDEDANEWSUSPENDEDSECUREENVIRONMENT,WHICHISANENVIRONMENTTHATCANBESWITCHEDTOFROMWITHINASECUREENVIRONMENTTOALLOWTAMPEREVIDENTORTAMPERRESISTANTSTATETOPERSISTINSUSPENSIONWHILEUNPROTECTEDPROGRAMCODEISEXECUTEDTHISUNPROTECTEDEXECUTIONISPROHIBITEDFROMACCESSINGANYTHINGBELONGINGTOTHESECUREENVIRONMENT,ANDISREQUIREDTORETURNCONTROLFLOWTOASPECIFICPROGRAMLOCATIONASUSPENDEDSECUREENVIRONMENTENABLESAPPLICATIONSTOHAVEAMOREFLEXIBLETRUSTMODELFOREXAMPLE,ITALLOWSAPPLICATIONSTOINTEGRATELIBRARYANDAPIFUNCTIONALITYINTOTHEIRPROGRAMWITHOUTREQUIRINGTHOSELIBRARIESTOBEVERIFIABLYTRUSTEDASITISCOMMONLYTHECASETHATONLYSMALLREGIONSOFCODENEEDTOBETRUSTEDTOACHIEVETHESECURITYREQUIREMENTSOFTHEENTIREAPPLICATION,THISMETHODOFEXECUTIONISQUITEUSEFULEVENAPPLICATIONSWHICHCONTAINNOLIBRARIESCANBENEFITFROMTHISSAMEFEATURE,RESULTINGINPERFORMANCEGAINSTHISREDUCESTHEAMOUNTOFCODEWHICHISRUN

簡介：JOURNALOFTRANSPORTATIONTECHNOLOGIES,2015,5,18PUBLISHEDONLINEJANUARY2015INSCIRESHTTP//WWWSCIRPORG/JOURNAL/JTTSHTTP//DXDOIORG/104236/JTTS201551001HOWTOCITETHISPAPERERKAN,?ANDHASTEMOGLU,H2015BUILDINGEVACUATEMODULEFORURBANUNDERGROUNDPASSAGESSUBWAYSTATIONINTURKEYJOURNALOFTRANSPORTATIONTECHNOLOGIES,5,18HTTP//DXDOIORG/104236/JTTS201551001BUILDINGEVACUATEMODULEFORURBANUNDERGROUNDPASSAGESSUBWAYSTATIONINTURKEY?LKERERKAN,HASANHASTEMOGLUARCHITECTUREFACULTY,SULEYMANDEMIRELUNIVERSITY,ISPARTA,TURKEYEMAILILKERERKANSDUEDUTR,HASANHASTEMOGLUSDUEDUTRRECEIVED16OCTOBER2014REVISED8NOVEMBER2014ACCEPTED29NOVEMBER2014COPYRIGHT?2015BYAUTHORSANDSCIENTIFICRESEARCHPUBLISHINGINCTHISWORKISLICENSEDUNDERTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTIONINTERNATIONALLICENSECCBYHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BY/40/ABSTRACTTHEPRIMARYGOALOFCROWDEVACUATIONINURBANUNDERGROUNDPASSAGESORSUBWAYSISTOEVACUATEASMANYEVACUEESASPOSSIBLETOSAFEAREASINTHESHORTESTTIMEWHENEMERGENCYEVENTSOCCURTHISPAPERCHOOSESTHEUNDERGROUNDPASSAGESOFONEMETROINISTANBUL,TURKEYASRESEARCHOBJECT,ANDUSESASTUDYMETHODWHICHCOMBINESBYSITESINVESTIGATION,FIELDTESTANDCOMPUTERSIMULATIONOFTHECREATINGNEWSOFTWAREITISCALLEDBUILDINGEVACUATEMODULESOFTWAREWEPRESENTADEPTHANALYSISOFTHERELATEDFACTORSWHICHINCLUDETHENUMBERANDWIDTHOFPASSAGE,CHANNELIZATIONSETTINGANDTHENUMBEROFPEDESTRIANSWITHTHEEVACUATIONTIMEANDTHEINFLUENTIALEFFECTOFPUBLICOPINIONISEXPLAINEDBYUSINGBIGDATATECHNOLOGYINADDITION,PEDESTRIANSEVACUATIONCONDITIONARERECORDEDINTHREEEVACUATIONPERIOD,THEMORNINGPEAK,COMMONANDEVENINGPEAKBYTHEOBSERVATIONANDSTATISTICOBTAINEDWITHVIDEO,ANDBUILDTHEMODELTOSIMULATETHECHANGEOFEVACUATIONTIMEWITHPEDESTRIANSSOITREVEALSWHENTHENUMBEROFPEDESTRIANSREACHESTOMORETHAN200,EVACUATIONTIMEINCREASESSIGNIFICANTLYANDTHEFIELDEXPERIMENTANDSIMULATIONCONDITIONARECONSISTENTBASICALLYKEYWORDSTRANSPORTPLANNING,BUILDINGEVACUATEMODULE,CROWDEVACUATION,METROSTATION1INTRODUCTIONATPRESENT,THECROWDEVACUATIONOFUNDERGROUNDPASSAGESHASBECOMEANINDISPENSABLELINKINURBANEMERGENCYEVACUATIONOFTURKEY,BUTSTUDIESINTHISSUBJECTARENOTENOUGHHOWEVER,THESTUDYOFTHEASPECTISNOTSOMUCH,OFWHICHTHERELEVANTTHEORETICALBASISISSTILLRELATIVELYWEAK,EVENISVERYDIFFICULT12THEREFORE,THE?ERKAN,HHASTEMOGLU3FIGURE1SIMULATIONSCENARIOOFFOUREXITGATEFIGURE2NUMBEROFEXITEVACUATIONTIMEFIGURE3SHOWSTHATTHEINCREASEOFTHEEVACUATIONEXITWIDTHDIRECTLYIMPROVESTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEEVACUATIONWHENEXITSWIDTHIS3M,EVACUATIONTIMEIS798S,HOWEVER,WHENTHEWIDTHINCREASESTO6M,EVACUATIONTIMEIS396STHISMEANSTHATWHENTHEWIDTHOFEVACUATIONEXITMULTIPLIES,EVACUATIONTIMEDOESN’TDECREASEINEQUALPROPORTION,BUTNEEDMORETIMETHEREFORE,THEEXITWIDTHOFTHEBUILDINGFACILITIESSHOULDBESETRATIONALLYACCORDINGTOTHENEEDOFVENUES23PASSAGESCANALIZATIONSETTINGEVACUATIONSPEEDANDTHEINTERFERENCEAMONGPEDESTRIANSCANBEINFLUENCEDBYTHEWIDTHANDTHENUMBEROFEVACUATINGEXITSINADDITION,THEREASONABLEPASSAGECANALIZATIONSETALSOCANINCREASEPEDESTRIANS’EVACUATIONEFFICIENCYSTIMULATINGASITUATIONTHATTHEEVACUATIONDOORWIDTHIS1M,ANDTHENUMBEROFEVACUATIONIS100PEOPLE,ANDWITHAVELOCITYOF12M/SWESETUPFOURKINDSOFCIRCUMSTANCES,INWHICHPEDESTRIANEVACUATERESPECTIVELYONTHEIROWN,ONEPASSAGECANALIZATIONBEINGSET,TWOPASSAGECANALIZATIONBEINGSET,ANDTHREEPASSAGECANALIZATIONBEINGSETFIGURE4SHOWSTHATWHENTHEEMERGENCYEVACUATIONHAPPEN,SETTINGEFFECTIVECHANNELIZEDDIVERSIONOBJECTSATTHEENTRANCESANDEXITS,CANREDUCETHEEVACUATIONCONFLICTAMONGPEDESTRIANSANDALSOCANINCREASETHESPEEDANDEVACUATIONORDER,INORDERTOIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYANDSAFETYWHENTOOMANYCHANNELIZEDOBJECTSARESETUPINEVACUATINGEXITS,ITWILLGOTOOFARANDTHEEVACUATIONEFFICIENCYWILLBEREDUCED24THENUMBEROFPEDESTRIANSTHENUMBEROFPEDESTRIANSISALSOANIMPORTANTFACTORINTHISCASE,WEASSUME50,100,150,200,250,300PEOPLESEPARATELYAREEVACUATEDAT12M/S,ACROSSTHEUNDERGROUNDPASSAGEWITHLENGTHOF20METERANDTHEWIDTHOF2METERANDTHESCENARIOOFEVACUATIONSIMULATIONISSHOWNINFIGURE5ATBUILDINGEVACUATEMODULEBEMTHERELATIONOFNUMBEROFPEDESTRIANSANDEVACUATIONTIMEINFIGURE6FIGURE6SHOWSTHATTHEEVACUATIONTIMEISRISINGWITHTHENUMBEROFPEDESTRIANSINCREASINGHOWEVER,THETRENDGRAPHINDICATESTHATTHEVALUEOFEVACUATIONTIMEISNOTINCREASINGINPROPORTIONTOTHENUMBEROFPEDESTRIANSTHEMOREINCREASEOFTHEDEMANDOFTHENUMBEROFEVACUATEDPEDESTRIANS,ANDTHEHIGHERCONGESTIONIN

簡介：外文標題AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACH外文作者DRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLB文獻出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEANDCOMPUTING,APRIL2016,VOLUME6,ISSUENO4英文2873單詞，14698字符，中文4589漢字。此文檔是外文翻譯成品，無需調(diào)整復雜的格式哦下載之后直接可用，方便快捷只需二十多元。原文原文AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACHDRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLBABSTRACTTHEPLANNING,MANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFAIRPOLLUTIONNEEDTOBEADDRESSEDSIMULTANEOUSLYTOACHIEVETHEMAXIMUMOUTPUTTHEPRESENTPAPERSIGNIFYTHEIMPORTANCEANDHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHNEEDSTOBEINFUSEDINTOTHESYSTEMWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,PARTICULARLYBAGFILTERSTOCONTROLDUSTEMISSIONSANDWETSCRUBBERSTOCONTROLGASEOUSEMISSIONSBYWAYOFTHROWAWAYSCRUBBINGPROCESSES,REGENERATIVESCRUBBINGPROCESSES,DRYPROCESSESANDSPRAYTOWERSKEYWORDSAIRPOLLUTION,INTEGRATEDAPPROACH,DESIGNOFCONTROLSYSTEMSINTRODUCTIONTHETERM“AIRPOLLUTION”ISUSEDTODESCRIBESUBSTANCESTHATAREARTIFICIALLYINTRODUCEDINTOTHEAIRINTHEFORMOFGASESANDAIRBORNEPARTICLESWHICH,INEXCESS,AREHARMFULTOHUMANHEALTH,BUILDINGSANDECOSYSTEMSAIRPOLLUTIONISMAINLYCAUSEDBYCOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUEL,PROCESSINGOFMATERIALSANDDECOMPOSITIONOFORGANICMATTERSTHEMAINSOURCESOFAIRPOLLUTIONISFROMINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES,TRANSPORTSECTOR,HOUSEHOLDFUELBURNING,ANDOTHERCOMMERCIALACTIVITIESTHEPRESENTPAPERHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,THEDETAILSOFWHICHAREASUNDERPATHWAYCONTROLPATHWAYCONTROLISACONTROLSYSTEMTHROUGHWHICHTHEAIRPOLLUTANTSARERESTRICTEDORARRESTEDBETWEENASOURCEANDRECEPTORTHROUGHTHEMECHANISMOFSCAVENGINGANDFILTRATIONTHISCANBEACHIEVEDBYHAVINGAGREENBELTOFSUITABLESPECIESBETWEENSOURCEANDRECEPTORSUCHAGREENBELTWOULDBEABLETO3IMPINGEMENTCHAMBERS4PACKEDTOWER5JETSPRAYSCRUBBINGTOWER6VENTURYSCRUBBERBAGFILTERSDESIGNINTRODUCTIONFILTRATIONISAMONGTHEMOSTRELIABLE,EFFICIENT,ANDRATHERECONOMICALMETHODSBYWHICHPARTICULATEMATTERMAYBEREMOVEDFROMGASES?SUCHTYPEOFFILTERSAREREPRESENTEDBYVARIOUSFABRICBAGARRANGEMENTSANDCAPABLEOFHIGHDUSTLOADING,MORETHAN1GM/M3?INDEPTHORBEDFILTERS?REPRESENTEDBYFIBROUSARRAY,APAPERLIKEMAT,ANDOCCASIONALLY,ASADEEPPACKEDBEDPACKEDBEDSAREAPPLIEDWHENPARTICULATECONCENTRATIONISMUCHLESSDEEPPACKEDBEDSAREPREPAREDFROMCRUSHEDSTONEORBRICKS,WIRESCREENS,ORFIBERSOFMANYTYPESARRANGEDINDIVIDUALLYORINCOMBINATIONFABRICBAGFILTERS?EMPLOYEDTOCONTROLEMISSIONSINVOLVINGABRASIVES,IRRITATINGCHEMICALDUSTS,ANDEXHAUSTSFROMELECTRICFURNACES,OILFIREDBOILERS,OXYGENFEDCONVERTERSFORSTEELMAKINGPRINCIPLEOFOPERATIONFILTRATIONISPRINCIPALLYACCOMPLISHEDBYTHEPARTICLELAYERTHATACCUMULATESONTHEFABRICSURFACEPRESSURELOSSINCREASESWITHACCUMULATEDDUSTLAYER,THEREBYGASVELOCITYDECREASESTHUS,DUSTDISLODGINGOPERATIONISUNDERTAKENTOHAVEPROPERFILTRATIONMANYFABRICBAGFILTERSASSEMBLEDINONEUNITISCALLEDBAGHOUSECLASSIFICATIONOFFILTERS?FABRICORCLOTHFILTERSPROPERTIESOFFIBERMATERIALSRESISTANCETOATTACKBYFIBERSTRENGTHTEMPFACIDBASEORGANICSOLVENTCOSTOTHERSCOTTONSTRONG180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWWOOLMEDIUM210MEDIUMPOORGOODPAPERWEAK180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWNYLONSTRONG220MEDIUMGOODGOODEASYTOCLEANDACRONSTRONG280GOODMEDIUMGOODORLONMEDIUM250GOODMEDIUMGOODVINYLIDENECHLORIDEMEDIUM210GOODMEDIUMGOODPOLYETHYLENESTRONG250MEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMTETRAFLUOROETHYLENEMEDIUM500GOODGOODGOODEXPENSIVE

簡介：1MTECHCREDITSEMINARREPORT,ELECTRONICSYSTEMSGROUP,EEDEPT,IITBOMBAY,SUBMITTEDNOVEMBER2002FIRFILTERDESIGNTECHNIQUESAROJITROYCHOWDHURYROLLNO02307424SUPERVISORPROFPCPANDEYABSTRACTTHISREPORTDEALSWITHSOMEOFTHETECHNIQUESUSEDTODESIGNFIRFILTERSINTHEBEGINNING,THEWINDOWINGMETHODANDTHEFREQUENCYSAMPLINGMETHODSAREDISCUSSEDINDETAILWITHTHEIRMERITSANDDEMERITSDIFFERENTOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUESINVOLVEDINFIRFILTERDESIGNAREALSOCOVERED,INCLUDINGRABINER’SMETHODFORFIRFILTERDESIGNTHESEOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUESREDUCETHEERRORCAUSEDBYFREQUENCYSAMPLINGTECHNIQUEATTHENONSAMPLEDFREQUENCYPOINTSABRIEFDISCUSSIONOFSOMETECHNIQUESUSEDBYFILTERDESIGNPACKAGESLIKEMATLABAREALSOINCLUDEDINTRODUCTIONFIRFILTERSAREFILTERSHAVINGATRANSFERFUNCTIONOFAPOLYNOMIALINZANDISANALLZEROFILTERINTHESENSETHATTHEZEROESINTHEZPLANEDETERMINETHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEMAGNITUDECHARACTERISTICTHEZTRANSFORMOFANPOINTFIRFILTERISGIVENBYHZNNNZNH101FIRFILTERSAREPARTICULARLYUSEFULFORAPPLICATIONSWHEREEXACTLINEARPHASERESPONSEISREQUIREDTHEFIRFILTERISGENERALLYIMPLEMENTEDINANONRECURSIVEWAYWHICHGUARANTEESASTABLEFILTERFIRFILTERDESIGNESSENTIALLYCONSISTSOFTWOPARTSIAPPROXIMATIONPROBLEMIIREALIZATIONPROBLEMTHEAPPROXIMATIONSTAGETAKESTHESPECIFICATIONANDGIVESATRANSFERFUNCTIONTHROUGHFOURSTEPSTHEYAREASFOLLOWSIADESIREDORIDEALRESPONSEISCHOSEN,USUALLYINTHEFREQUENCYDOMAINIIANALLOWEDCLASSOFFILTERSISCHOSENEGTHELENGTHNFORAFIRFILTERSIIIAMEASUREOFTHEQUALITYOFAPPROXIMATIONISCHOSENIVAMETHODORALGORITHMISSELECTEDTOFINDTHEBESTFILTERTRANSFERFUNCTIONTHEREALIZATIONPARTDEALSWITHCHOOSINGTHESTRUCTURETOIMPLEMENTTHETRANSFERFUNCTIONWHICHMAYBEINTHEFORMOFCIRCUITDIAGRAMORINTHEFORMOFAPROGRAMTHEREAREESSENTIALLYTHREEWELLKNOWNMETHODSFORFIRFILTERDESIGNNAMELY1THEWINDOWMETHOD2THEFREQUENCYSAMPLINGTECHNIQUE3OPTIMALFILTERDESIGNMETHODS3RIPPLESINTHEFREQUENCYDOMAININORDERTOREDUCETHERIPPLES,INSTEADOFMULTIPLYINGHDNWITHARECTANGULARWINDOWWN,HDNISMULTIPLIEDWITHAWINDOWFUNCTIONTHATCONTAINSATAPERANDDECAYSTOWARDZEROGRADUALLY,INSTEADOFABRUPTLYASITOCCURSINARECTANGULARWINDOWASMULTIPLICATIONOFSEQUENCESHDNANDWNINTIMEDOMAINISEQUIVALENTTOCONVOLUTIONOFHDWANDWWINTHEFREQUENCYDOMAIN,ITHASTHEEFFECTOFSMOOTHINGHDWTHESEVERALEFFECTSOFWINDOWINGTHEFOURIERCOEFFICIENTSOFTHEFILTERONTHERESULTOFTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFTHEFILTERAREASFOLLOWSIAMAJOREFFECTISTHATDISCONTINUITIESINHWBECOMETRANSITIONBANDSBETWEENVALUESONEITHERSIDEOFTHEDISCONTINUITYIITHEWIDTHOFTHETRANSITIONBANDSDEPENDSONTHEWIDTHOFTHEMAINLOBEOFTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFTHEWINDOWFUNCTION,WNIEWWIIISINCETHEFILTERFREQUENCYRESPONSEISOBTAINEDVIAACONVOLUTIONRELATION,ITISCLEARTHATTHERESULTINGFILTERSARENEVEROPTIMALINANYSENSEIVASMTHELENGTHOFTHEWINDOWFUNCTIONINCREASES,THEMAINLOBEWIDTHOFWWISREDUCEDWHICHREDUCESTHEWIDTHOFTHETRANSITIONBAND,BUTTHISALSOINTRODUCESMORERIPPLEINTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEVTHEWINDOWFUNCTIONELIMINATESTHERINGINGEFFECTSATTHEBANDEDGEANDDOESRESULTINLOWERSIDELOBESATTHEEXPENSEOFANINCREASEINTHEWIDTHOFTHETRANSITIONBANDOFTHEFILTERSOMEOFTHEWINDOWSPARK87COMMONLYUSEDAREASFOLLOWS1BARTLETTTRIANGULARWINDOWWN112NNN0,1,2,,N1/292112NNNN1/2,,N10,OTHERWISE25GENERALIZEDCOSINEWINDOWSRECTANGULAR,HANNING,HAMMINGANDBLACKMANWNA–BCOS2PN1/N1CCOS4PN1/N1N0,1N1100OTHERWISE6KAISERWINDOWWITHPARAMETER?1/1212OOINNINWN0,1,,N1110OTHERWISETHEGENERALCOSINEWINDOWHASFOURSPECIALFORMSTHATARECOMMONLYUSEDTHESEAREDETERMINEDBYTHEPARAMETERSA,B,CTABLEIVALUEOFCOEFFICIENTSFORA,BANDCFROMPARK87WINDOWABCRECTANGULAR100HANNING05050

簡介：3300英文單詞，英文單詞，17萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文5000字文獻出處文獻出處BRECHERC,BRUMMM,KR?MERMDESIGNOFGEARHOBBINGPROCESSESUSINGSIMULATIONSANDEMPIRICALDATAJPROCEDIACIRP,2015,33484489DESIGNOFGEARHOBBINGPROCESSESUSINGSIMULATIONSANDEMPIRICALDATACBRECHER,MBRUMM,MKR?MERABSTRACTGEARHOBBINGISONEOFTHEMOSTPRODUCTIVEMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESFORPREMACHININGCYLINDRICALGEARSTHEPROCESSDESIGNASWELLASTHETOOLSELECTIONISOFTENBASEDONEXPERIENCEORISLIMITEDTOANITERATIVEPROCEDUREEXISTINGMETHODSFORPROCESSANDTOOLDESIGNARELIMITEDREGARDINGTHESIZEOFTHEGEARSANDTHEPROCESSPARAMETERSTHEOBJECTIVEPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERISTOSUPPORTTHEPROCESSDESIGNBYSUGGESTINGPROCESSPARAMETERSTOACHIEVETHISGOAL,ASIMULATIONFORCONTINUOUSGEARHOBBINGWASDEVELOPEDBYCALCULATINGPLANARINTERSECTIONSOFTRANSVERSESECTIONSOFBOTHGEARANDTOOL,THEGENERATEDCHIPGEOMETRIESAREDETERMINEDDUETOTHEGENERALAPPROACHOFPOSITIONINGTOOLANDWORKPIECEINTHEPROGRAM,ALLCONTINUOUSPROCESSESWITHDEFINEDCUTTINGEDGESCANBESIMULATEDTHEGENERATEDCHIPGEOMETRIESAREANALYZEDANDCHARACTERISTICVALUESFOREACHPOSITIONOFTHETOOLAREDEFINEDBESIDETHECHIPGEOMETRIES,OTHERPARAMETERSSUCHASWORKINGAREASANDTHELENGTHOFAXISMOVEMENTSARECALCULATEDTOOSINCETHESIMULATIONPROCESSISTIMECONSUMING,ITISNOTPOSSIBLETOCALCULATEEACHHOBBINGPROCESSFORDIFFERENTDESIGNSALSO,THESIMULATIONPROGRAMCANNOTBEIMPLEMENTEDINTOTHEMACHINECONTROLDUETOTHENEEDEDCOMPUTINGCAPACITYTHUS,ALARGEAMOUNTOFHOBBINGPROCESSESWITHVARYINGGEARGEOMETRIESASWELLASDIFFERENTTOOLSWITHTHECORRESPONDINGPROFILESARECALCULATEDINADVANCEBYTHEUSEOFREGRESSIONANALYSIS,THERESULTSOFTHESEVARIATIONSARETRANSFERREDTOAPPROXIMATIONFORMULASAFTERWARDS,WHICHAREEASYTOCALCULATEANDTOIMPLEMENTINTOOTHERSOFTWAREPRODUCTSTOSUPPORTTHETOOLANDPROCESSDESIGN,EXISTINGHOBBINGPROCESSESWILLBESIMULATEDWITHTHEHELPOFTHEDEVELOPEDMANUFACTURINGSIMULATIONANDTHERESULTSWILLBESTOREDINADATABASEBYCOMPARINGTHERESULTSOFTHEAPPROXIMATIONFORMULASWITHTHEVALUESINTHEDATABASE,ITISPOSSIBLETOEVALUATEAGIVENPROCESSKEYWORDSMACHININGGEARHOBBINGPROCESSDESIGNEXPERTSYSTEMSIMULATION1INTRODUCTIONFORDESIGNINGGEARHOBBINGPROCESSES,CERTAINVALUESARENECESSARYTHATCANBECOMPAREDANDDETERMINEDUNAMBIGUOUSLYANESTABLISHEDVALUEFORHOBBINGISTHEMAXIMUMCHIPTHICKNESSDETERMININGTHECHIPTHICKNESSCANBECONDUCTEDACCORDINGTODIFFERENTMETHODSANDFORMULASACOMMONANDINDUSTRIALLYASWELLASSCIENTIFICALLYESTABLISHEDWAYISTHEAPPROXIMATIONFORMULAFORTHEMAXIMUMCHIPTHICKNESSACCORDINGTOHOFFMEISTER18THEAPPROXIMATIONFORMULAREPRESENTSASIMPLIFIEDCALCULATIONTHATISBASEDONEMPIRICALSTUDIESUPTOTHEMODULEOFMN4MMINVESTIGATIONSHAVESHOWNTHATFORGEARSOFLARGERMODULES,THERESULTSACCORDINGTOHOFFMEISTERDEVIATEFROMTHEACTUALCHIPTHICKNESSANDUNDERRATETHEM10TODEFINEARELIABLEPROCESSDESIGNOFLARGEMODULEGEARS,ADEPENDABLEMETHODFORCALCULATINGTHEMAXIMALLYOCCURRINGCHIPTHICKNESSINAPROCESSISNECESSARYFORTHISPURPOSE,ANEWFORMULAFORCALCULATINGTHEMAXIMUMCHIPTHICKNESSUPTOMODULESOFMN30MMWILLBECREATEDINORDERTOACHIEVETHISOBJECTIVE,AVARIATIONMODELWILLBESETUPTHISALLOWSDETERMININGAPPROXIMATIONFUNCTIONSFORDIFFERENTCHARACTERISTICVALUESBYMEANSOFRESULTSOFARESULTSOFAGEOMETRICALPENETRATIONCALCULATIONINRECENTPAST,HIPKE17DEVELOPEDAMETHODFORCALCULATINGPROCESSPARAMETERSFORHSSHOBSTHEMETHODISBASEDONTHEAVERAGECHIPTHICKNESSANDCUTTINGLENGTHALTOGETHER,THEMODULERANGEINTHESEMENTIONEDSTUDIESISMN10MMWHILEHOFFMEISTERANDHIPKEUSEDGEARSUPTOMN4MM,THEFORMULASOFMUNDTINCLUDEGEARSWITHMN10MMBECAUSENONEOFTHESESSTUDIESPROVIDEACOMPREHENSIVEMETHODFORTHEFULLMODULERANGEOFCURRENTLYUSEDGEARS,THEALTERNATIVEISTODESIGNAPROCESSBYTHEMAXIMUMCHIPTHICKNESSASWELLASEXPERIENCEONTHISBASIS,ANOBJECTIVEPROCESSDESIGNISNEARLYIMPOSSIBLE22CALCULATIONMETHODSFORTHECHIPLOADINGEARHOBBINGTOCALCULATETHECHIPTHICKNESSINGEARHOBBING,DIFFERENTMETHODSCANBEUSEDASIMPLEANDEFFECTIVEOPTIONISTHEMAXIMUMCHIPTHICKNESSACCORDINGTOHOFFMEISTER,1HOFFMEISTERAPPROXIMATESTHEREALMAXIMUMCHIPTHICKNESSBYEXPONENTIALANDPOTENTIALFUNCTIONSWITHINFLUENCEFACTORSOFTOOL,WORKPIECEANDPROCESSTHESEFACTORSARETHEMODULEMN,THENUMBEROFWORKPIECETEETHZ2,THEHELIXANGLEΒ,ADDENDUMMODIFICATIONFACTORXP,THEAXIALFEEDFA,THECUTTINGDEPTHTASWELLASTHENUMBEROFGAPSNI0ANDTHENUMBEROFTHREADSZ0THETOOLPROFILEWITHPRESSUREANGLEANDTHETOOLTIPRADIUSHADBEENNEGLECTEDINTHEINVESTIGATIONSANOTHERMETHODFORCALCULATINGTHECHIPTHICKNESSESISUSINGAPROCESSSIMULATIONSOFTWARESUCHASSPARTAPROTHESOFTWAREWASDEVELOPEDATTHEWZLOFTHERWTHAACHENUNIVERSITY,FIG28FIG2FEATURESOFSPARTAPROINPUTPARAMETERSARETHEGEOMETRICALINFORMATIONOFTHEWORKPIECELIKEMODULE,NUMBEROFTEETHANDOUTSIDEDIAMETERASWELLASTHETOOLDATAANDITSPROFILEGEOMETRYWITHTHEGIVENAXIALFEED,APENETRATIONCALCULATIONISEXECUTEDANDTHEUNDEFORMEDCHIPGEOMETRIESOCCURRINGINTHEHOBBINGPROCESSAREDETERMINEDAFTERWARDS,THESEGEOMETRIESAREANALYZEDANDCHARACTERISTICVALUESSUCHASTHEMAXIMUMANDAVERAGECHIPTHICKNESSHCU,MAXANDHCU,AV,THESPECIFICCHIPVOLUMEV?ANDTHEMAXIMUMANDAVERAGECUTTINGLENGTHLMAXANDLAVARECALCULATEDTHEVALUESARETHENDISPLAYEDALONGTHEUNROLLEDCUTTINGEDGEASWELLASMAXIMUMANDAVERAGEVALUESFORTHEWHOLEPROCESSBESIDESTHESEVALUES,SPARTAPROISCAPABLEOFCALCULATINGTHECUTTINGFORCESOFTHEHOBBINGPROCESSANDTHEPROFITABILITY

簡介：TRIBOLOGYINTERNATIONAL4020071179–1185TRIBOLOGICALINVESTIGATIONOFCAF2NANOCRYSTALSASGREASEADDITIVESLIBOWANGA,B,BOWANGA,XIAOBOWANGA,WEIMINLIUA,?ASTATEKEYLABORATORYOFSOLIDLUBRICATION,LANZHOUINSTITUTEOFCHEMICALPHYSICS,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,LANZHOU730000,CHINABGRADUATESCHOOL,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,BEIJING100039,CHINARECEIVED17MAY2006RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM22SEPTEMBER2006ACCEPTED20DECEMBER2006AVAILABLEONLINE12FEBRUARY2007ABSTRACTCALCIUMFLUORIDECAF2NANOCRYSTALSWITHAVERAGEGRAINSIZEOF60NMWERESYNTHESIZEDVIAAPRECIPITATIONMETHODTHEMORPHOLOGYANDSTRUCTUREOFNANOCRYSTALSWERECHARACTERIZEDBYMEANSOFTRANSMISSIONELECTRONMICROSCOPYTEMANDXRAYPOWDERDIFFRACTIONXRDTEMANDXRDSHOWEDTHATCAF2NANOCRYSTALSARECUBICPARTICLESINSUBMICRONSCALETHETRIBOLOGICALPROPERTIESOFTHEPREPAREDCAF2NANOCRYSTALSASANADDITIVEINLITHIUMGREASEWEREEVALUATEDWITHAFOURBALLTESTERTHERESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHESENANOCRYSTALSEXHIBITEXCELLENTANTIWEAR,FRICTIONREDUCTIONANDEXTREMEPRESSUREEPPROPERTIESITWASALSOFOUNDTHATTHEEPANDANTIWEARCAPABILITIESOFTHEGREASEARENOTPROPORTIONALTOTHECONTENTOFCAF2NANOCRYSTALSBUTTHEREEXISTEDACERTAINVALUETHERUBBEDSURFACEAFTERFRICTIONTESTWASINVESTIGATEDWITHXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYANDSCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPYTOUNDERSTANDTHEACTIONMECHANISMTHERESULTSSHOWTHATABOUNDARYFILMMAINLYCOMPOSEDOFCAF2,CAO,IRONOXIDEANDSOMEORGANICCOMPOUNDSWASFORMEDONTHERUBBEDSURFACEAFTERFRICTIONTESTANDTHETHICKNESSOFBOUNDARYFILMWASABOUT12NMTHEDISPROPORTIONOFSTOICHIOMETRICRATIOOFCAANDFINBOUNDARYLUBRICATIONFILMINDICATESTHATTRIBOCHEMICALREACTIONOFCAF2NANOCRYSTALSOCCURREDONTHEWORNSTEELSURFACEATSEVERETRIBOLOGICALCONDITIONSR2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSCAF2NANOCRYSTALSLUBRICATIONADDITIVEANTIWEARLITHIUMGREASE1INTRODUCTIONBECAUSEOFTHESPECIALPHYSICALANDCHEMICALPROPERTIES,NANOSCALEMATERIALSHAVERECEIVEDCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONINVARIOUSRESEARCHFIELDS1,2INTRIBOLOGY,SOMENANOMATERIALSHAVEBEENPROVEDTOHAVEGREATPOTENTIALASLUBRICATINGMATERIALSORFORDEVELOPMENTOFADVANCEDLUBRICATIONTECHNOLOGYSOFAR,ANUMBEROFNANOCRYSTALSHAVEBEENSYNTHESIZEDANDUSEDASADDITIVESOFLUBRICATINGOIL3–6THEYCANGREATLYIMPROVETHEANTIWEARCAPABILITY,REDUCEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENT,EXHIBITEXTREMEPRESSUREPROPERTIESANDEVENRETARDTHERMOINDUCEDOXIDATIONOFLUBRICATIONOIL/GREASEMOSTOFREPORTEDNANOADDITIVESEITHERCONTAINHEAVYMETALSLIKEZN,CU,PBETALORINVOLVESULPHURATOMS,WHICHISAPOTENTIALTHREATTOENVIRONMENTGREENNANOPARTICLEADDITIVESARESTRONGLYREQUIREDINTHISREGARDALKALIMETALSALTISANALTERNATIVECHOICEALKALIFLUORIDESCAF2,LIF2,BAF2GENERALLYHAVELOWSHEARSTRENGTHANDSTABLETHERMOPHYSICALANDTHERMOCHEMICALPROPERTIESATELEVATEDTEMPERATURESTHEREFORE,THEYCOULDONLYBEUSEDASHIGHTEMPERATURELUBRICANTFOREXAMPLE,CAF2ISBRITTLEATLOWTEMPERATUREANDHASNOLUBRICATINGPROPERTIESBUTWHENTHETEMPERATURERISES,ITUNDERGOESATRANSITIONFROMABRITTLESTATETOAPLASTICSTATEANDTHENCANFUNCTIONASALUBRICANTINMAKINGSELFLUBRICATINGCOMPOSITES7–9WHENBEINGUSEDINTHEFORMOFTHINLUBRICANTFILMSORCOMPONENTOFSELFLUBRICATEDMETALMATRIXCOMPOSITE,CAF2EXHIBITSEFFECTIVESELFLUBRICATIONPROPERTIESATTEMPERATURESASLOWAS4001C10–13,WHICHISLARGELYARESULTOFREDUCEDSIZEDUETOSMALLSCALEEFFECT,NANOSIZEDMATERIALSUSUALLYHAVEDRAMATICALLYLOWEREDMELTINGPOINTSCOMPAREDWITHTHEIRBULKCOUNTERPARTSTHEREFORE,ITSEEMSATTRACTIVETOHAVEASTUDYONCAF2NANOCRYSTALSBEINGUSEDASEFFECTIVEADDITIVESFORGREASEOROILATLOWEREDTEMPERATURESOPRESENTWORKREPORTEDONTHESYNTHESISOFCAF2NANOCRYSTALSOBTAINEDTHROUGHASIMPLEPRECIPITAARTICLEINPRESSWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/TRIBOINT0301679X/SEEFRONTMATTERR2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JTRIBOINT200612003?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL869314968166FAX869318277088EMAILADDRESSWMLIULZBACCNWLIUQUITEUNIFORMANDTHEAVERAGEGRAINSIZEISABOUT60NM,WHICHISINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHECALCULATEDRESULTFROMTHEXRDPATTERNSMOSTOFTHECAF2PARTICLESAREINCUBICSHAPE,ANDWELLDISPERSEDONTHECOPPERGRIDFIG3SHOWSTEMIMAGEOFTHECAF2DISPERSEDINLITHIUMHYDROXYSTEARATESOAPFIBREAFTERREMOVINGTHEOILFROMTHISPICTURE,WECANSEETHATTHECAF2NANOCRYSTALSCOULDBEWELLDISPERSEDINHYDROXYSTEARATESOAPFIBERWHENADDEDINGREASETHEREISNOAPPARENTAGGREGATIONEVENAFTERREMOVALOFOIL32TRIBOLOGICALPROPERTIESOFCAF2NANOCRYSTALSFIG4DISCLOSESVARIATIONOFTHEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTANDWEARSCARDIAMETERWITHTHECONCENTRATIONOFCAF2ADDITIVESITCANBESEENTHATTHEANTIWEARANDFRICTIONREDUCTIONPROPERTIESOFLITHIUMGREASEISIMPROVEDBYTHEADDITIONOFCAF2NANOCRYSTALSUPONADDITIONOFEVEN05OFCAF2,BOTHFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTANDWEARSCARDECREASEDDRAMATICALLYHOWEVER,ITSHOWSATRANSITCONCENTRATIONATAROUND1,AFTERWHICHFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTANDWEARSCARSLIGHTLYINCREASEDTHEREFORE,THEOPTIMUMCONCENTRATIONISABOUT1WTATTHISPOINT,THEWEARSCARDIAMETERANDTHEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTCOULDBEREDUCED29AND19,RESPECTIVELYTHEMAXIMUMNONSEIZURELOADSPBVALUEOFLITHIUMGREASEANDLITHIUMGREASECONTAINING1WTCAF2ADDITIVESARESHOWNINTABLE1ITISSEENTHATTHEADDITIVEISABLETOINCREASETHEPBVALUESOFTHELITHIUMGREASECONSIDERABLY,ROUGHLYBY48ITMEANSTHEEXTREMEPRESSUREPROPERTYOFTHELITHIUMGREASECANBEREMARKABLYIMPROVEDBYCAF2NANOCRYSTALSFIGS5AND6GIVETHEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTANDTHEWEARSCARDIAMETERASAFUNCTIONOFAPPLIEDLOADSFORLITHIUMGREASEALONEANDLITHIUMGREASECONTAINING1WTOFCAF2NANOCRYSTALSITCANBESEENTHATTHEFRICTIONCOEFFICIEN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簡介：?92001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDSILICONINAGRICULTURELEDATNOFFGHSNYDERANDGHKORND6RFEREDITORS185CHAPTER11METHODSFORSILICONANALYSISINPLANTS,SOILS,ANDFERTILIZERSGHSNYDERUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA,EVERGLADESRESEARCHANDEDUCATIONCENTER,POBOX8003,BELLEGLADE,FL33430USATHECLASSICALMETHODFORDETERMININGTOTALSILICONSICONTENTOFVARIOUSMATERIALSHASBEENCONVERSIONOFINSOLUBLESILICATESINTOSODIUMSILICATETHROUGHHIGHTEMPERATUREFUSIONWITHSODIUMHYDROXIDE,OROTHERSODICBASESTHESICANTHENBEDETERMINEDBYAVARIETYOFMETHODS,INCLUDINGGRAVIMETRIC,COLORIMETRIC,ANDABSORPTION/EMISSIONSPECTROMETRYSILICONALSOHASBEENDETERMINEDGRAVIMETRICALLYINPLANTTISSUEASTHERESIDUEAFTERACIDDIGESTIONWEHAVEDEVELOPEDASIMPLE,INEXPENSIVE,ANDRAPIDMETHODFORSOLUBLIZINGSIINPLANTTISSUETHATFACILITATESANALYSISOFALARGENUMBEROFSAMPLESWHENANALYZINGSOILSANDFERTILIZERS,AMETHODFORGAUGINGTHEPLANTAVAILABLESI,RATHERTHANTOTALSI,GENERALLYISDESIREDANUMBEROFSOILTESTMETHODSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSOMEREQUIREEXTENDEDINCUBATIONPERIODS,FIELDMOISTSOIL,OROTHERPROCEDURESTHATINHIBITADOPTIONBYROUTINESOILTESTINGLABORATORIESSILICONEXTRACTEDBYACETICACIDHASBEENCORRELATEDTOSIUPTAKEBYRICEORYZASATIVALANDRICEGRAINYIELDUSINGTHISMETHOD,THEEVERGLADESSOILTESTINGLABORATORYANALYSESNEARLYFIVETHOUSANDSAMPLESANNUALLYSINCESIFERTILIZERSOURCESDIFFERINSICONTENTANDSISOLUBILITY,ANALYTICALMETHODSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORPREDICTINGTHEIRRELATIVEABILITYTOPROVIDEPLANTAVAILABLESIWEUSEACOLUMNLEACHINGMETHODBASEDONSIELUTIONINTRISBUFFERPH7FORTHEEVALUATIONOFPOTENTIALSISOILAMENDMENTSHOWEVER,GREENHOUSEANDFIELDEVALUATIONSAREESSENTIALFORMAKINGFINALDETERMINATIONS111INTRODUCTIONALTHOUGHTHECOMPOUNDSIO2WASISOLATEDFROMVARIOUSPLANTTISSUESINTHELATE18THCENTURY,THEPUREELEMENTSIWASFIRSTISOLATEDBYBERZELIUSIN1823HEOBTAINEDITBYCOMBININGPOTASSIUMFLUOROSILICATEWITHPOTASSIUMURRY,1983,IE,K2SIF64KMET,6KFSIMETATMANYPROCEDURESFORDETERMININGTHESICONTENTOFAWIDEVARIETYOFMATERIALSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSINCETHATTIMENEVERTHELESS,ALTHOUGHTHEREAREAFEWCOMPENDIAOFMETHODSFOREXAMININGMINERALSILICATES,IE,JACKSONETAL1986,THEREAREVIRTUALLYNONETHATALSOREVIEWMETHODSFORCHEMICALLYANDPHYSICALLYANALYZINGPLANTMATERIALSFORSI,ANDFORDETERMININGTOTALASWELLASPLANTAVAILABLESIINSOILSANDFERTILIZERSANATTEMPTISMADETOPROVIDESUCHCOMPREHENSIVEINFORMATIONONSIANALYSISINTHISPAPERHOWEVER,PROCEDURESARENOTPRESENTEDINDETAILWHENTHEYCANBEREFERENCEDINENGLISHLANGUAGEJOURNALPUBLICATIONSTHATAREWIDELYAVAILABLE187POLYETHYLENETUBES,ANDANAUTOCLAVEASSPECIALIZEDEQUIPMENTTHEAIDPROCEDUREISWELLADAPTEDTOHANDLINGBATCHESOF40ORMORESAMPLESATATIMETHEPROCEDUREUSESTHEAUTOCLAVETODEVELOPPRESSURE,RATHERTHANDEVELOPINGPRESSUREINSEALEDDIGESTIONVESSELSBELLANDSIMMONS1997FOUNDNOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEBETWEENSIANALYSESOFANATIONALINSTITUTESSTANDARDSTECHNOLOGYNISTPINENEEDLESTANDARDNO1575BYAVARIETYOFMETHODSANDTHATBYTHEAIDPROCEDURERECOGNIZINGTHEUNAVAILABILITYOFNISTSTANDARDSFORSI,THEYUSEDTHEAIDPROCEDURETODETERMINESIINSEVERALOTHERNISTPLANTSAMPLESTANDARDSASWELLNONOZAMSKYETAL1984ALSODESCRIBEDA“RAPID“TECHNIQUEFOREXTRACTINGSIFROMPLANTTISSUEBYTHEIRMETHOD,GROUNDPLANTMATERIALWASSHAKENOVERNIGHTATROOMTEMPERATUREINASOLUTIONOFHC1ANDHF,ANDREMAININGPLANTDEBRISWASREMOVEDBYFILTRATIONMETHODSFORPREVENTINGFORMATIONOFLESSSOLUBLEFLUOROSILICATESWEREDISCUSSED11222SPECTROMETRICANALYSISOFDISSOLVEDSILICONALTHOUGHDISSOLVEDSICANBEDETERMINEDBYATOMICABSORPTIONSPECTROMETRYAASUSINGANITROUSOXIDEACETYLENEFLAMEEATONETAL,1995ORBYINDUCTIVELYCOUPLEDATOMICPLASMASPECTROMETRYICP,ICAPJONESANDDREHER1996,ITISPROBABLYMOSTOFTENDETERMINEDBYEITHERMANUALORAUTOMATEDCOLORIMETRYBECAUSEOFTHELOWERCOSTOFTHEINSTRUMENTATION,ANDTHELOWERDETECTIONLIMITSSILICONISDETERMINEDCOLORIMETRICALLYLIGHTABSORPTIONSPECTROMETRYEITHERBYTHEYELLOWSILICOMOLYBDICACIDPROCEDUREORBYTHEBLUESILICOMOLYBDOUSACIDPROCEDURETHELATTERGENERALLYISPREFERREDBECAUSEOFITSGREATERSENSITIVITYTHETWOMETHODSARESIMILAR,EXCEPTTHATTHEBLUECOLORISDEVELOPEDTHROUGHTHEADDITIONOFAREDUCINGSOLUTIONTHESAMPLECONTAININGDISSOLVEDSIISREACTEDWITHAMMONIUMMOLYBDATEKILMER,1965HALLMARKETAL,1982TARTARICACIDISADDEDTOMINIMIZEINTERFERENCEBYPINTHEFORMOFAPHOSPHOMOLYBDATECOMPLEXAFTERREDUCTIONWITHASOLUTIONCONTAININGSODIUMSULFITE,SODIUMBISULFITE,AND1AMINO2NAPHTHOL4SULFONICACID,THEINTENSITYOFTHEBLUECOLORTHATDEVELOPSISMEASUREDAT650RAGTHISMETHODWILLDETECTASLITTLEAS002MGSIL1BUNTING,1944BOTHTHEYELLOWSILICOMOLYBDICACIDMETHODANDTHEBLUESILICOMOLYBDOUSACIDPROCEDUREAREPRESENTEDINSTANDARDMETHODSEATONETAL,1995ASMETHOD4500SIDAND4500SIE,RESPECTIVELYTHELATTERCANBECONDUCTEDWITHAUTOMATEDCOLORIMETRYANALYTICALINSTRUMENTSMETHOD4500SIFINEATONETAL,1995,WHICHISUSEFULFORLARGESAMPLENUMBERS11223NONDESTRUCTIVESPECTROMETRICMETHODSFORDETERMININGTOTALSILICONSEVERALMODERNTECHNIQUESHAVEBEENUSEDTODETERMINETHETOTALSICONTENTOFSOILS,PLANTS,ANDFERTILIZERSWITHOUTPREANALYSISSOLUBILIZATIONOFTILEMATRIXXRAYFLUORESCENCESPECTROSCOPYXRFS,WHICHALSOISKNOWNASXRAYEMISSIONSPECTROGRAPHYORXRAYSPECTROCHEMICALANALYSIS,ASSESSESTHEPRESENCEANDCONCENTRATIONOFSIINSOILANDPLANTMATERIALSBYMEASURINGTHECHARACTERISTICSECONDARYRADIATIONEMITTEDFROMASAMPLETHATHASBEENEXCITEDWITHANXRAYSOURCEKARATHANASISANDHAJEK,1996ALTHOUGHCERTAINLIMITATIONSEXIST,EXCELLENTEQUIPMENTHASBEENDEVELOPEDINRECENTYEARS,MAKINGITPOSSIBLETORAPIDLYANALYZEAGREATVARIETYOFSAMPLESNEARINFRAREDSPECTROSCOPYNIRSALSOHASBEENUSEDTONONDESTRUCTIVELYDETERMINESIINVARIOUSMATERIALSTHEREISASOUNDCHEMISTRYBASISFORUSINGTHISMETHODFORDETERMININGTHECONTENTOFWATERANDNITROGENINSAMPLES,BUTFOROTHERELEMENTSANDCONSTITUENTSTHEBASISISLESSCLEARSTATISTICALASSOCIATIONSBETWEENNIRSSPECTRAOFSTANDARDSAMPLESANDUNKNOWNSCANBECONSTRUCTEDWHENALARGEDATABASEEXISTSFORTHEMATRIX,BUTTHECORRELATIONSBETWEEN

簡介：EFFECTIVENESSOFTUNEDMASSDAMPERSAGAINSTGROUNDMOTIONPULSESEMILIANOMATTA,PHD,PE1ABSTRACTITISKNOWNTHATTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTUNEDMASSDAMPERSTMDSDECREASESASTHEINPUTDURATIONSHORTENSASARESULT,THEIRUSEISCOMMONLYDISCOURAGEDAGAINSTSHORTDURATION,PULSELIKEGROUNDMOTIONS,SUCHASTHOSEOCCURRINGINNEARFIELDNFZONESINTHEPRESENCEOFFORWARDDIRECTIVITYORFLINGSTEPEFFECTSYETASYSTEMATICASSESSMENTOFSUCHCONTROLIMPAIRMENTISSTILLMISSINGINTHISPAPER,ARECENTANALYTICALMODELOFGROUNDMOTIONPULSESISAPPLIEDTOTHEDESIGNANDEVALUATIONOFTMDSAGAINSTIMPULSIVEEARTHQUAKESBASEDONTHISMODEL,FIRST,ANEWOPTIMIZATIONMETHODISINTRODUCEDASANALTERNATIVETOTHECLASSICALH‘APPROACHTHEN,THETWOSTRATEGIESARETESTEDONSINGLEANDMULTIDEGREESOFFREEDOMLINEARSTRUCTURESSUBJECTBOTHTOANALYTICALPULSESANDTOALARGESETOFNFRECORDSPOSSESSINGPULSELIKEFEATURESTHERESULTINGSTATISTICALEVALUATION,EXPRESSEDBYPERCENTILERESPONSESPECTRA,SHOWSTHEPROSANDCONSOFAPULSEORIENTEDTMDDESIGNANDIMPROVESTHEGENERALUNDERSTANDINGOFTMDPERFORMANCEUNDERIMPULSIVEGROUNDMOTIONSDOI101061/ASCEST1943541X0000629?2013AMERICANSOCIETYOFCIVILENGINEERSCEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGSTRUCTURALCONTROLSEISMICDESIGNDAMPINGEARTHQUAKERESISTANTSTRUCTURESGROUNDMOTIONIMPULSIVELOADSRESPONSESPECTRAAUTHORKEYWORDSEARTHQUAKEENGINEERINGTUNEDMASSDAMPEROPTIMALDESIGNNEARFIELDEARTHQUAKEGROUNDMOTIONPULSEMODELPERCENTILERESPONSESPECTRAINTRODUCTIONPASSIVETUNEDMASSDAMPERSTMDSAREWIDELYUSEDINCIVILENGINEERINGTOMITIGATEVIBRATIONSINDUCEDBYQUASISTATIONARYDYNAMICLOADSWINDS,SEAWAVES,PEDESTRIANS,BUTTHEIRSEISMICPERFORMANCEISKNOWNTODEPENDONGROUNDSHAKINGPROPERTIESKAYNIAETAL1981REQUIRINGTHEMOTIONOFTHEPRIMARYSTRUCTURETOREACTWITH,TMDSPROVEEFFECTIVEAGAINSTLONGDURATION,NARROWBANDGROUNDMOTIONS,BUTMAYFAILINREDUCINGTHEPEAKRESPONSETOIMPULSIVEQUAKESTHELITERATUREACKNOWLEDGESTHISINCONVENIENCESLADEKANDKLINGNER1983SHOWEDTHATATMDUNDERASHORTDURATIONINPUTMAYNOTHAVETIMETOPRODUCEASIGNIFICANTCONTROLACTIONUSINGSINUSOIDALEXCITATIONSOFFINITEDURATION,TSAI1995PROVEDTHATATMDWITH5MASSRATIOISUSELESSDURINGTHEFIRSTCYCLEOFTHERESPONSESINHAANDIGUSA1995DEVELOPEDCLOSEDFORMEXPRESSIONSFORTMDPERFORMANCEUNDERSHORTDURATION,WIDEBANDGROUNDMOTION,CONCLUDINGTHATTHEIREFFECTIVENESSISNEGLIGIBLEFORVERYSHORTDURATIONINPUTSANDQUADRATICALLYAPPROACHESITSSTATIONARYVALUEASTHEDURATIONINCREASESCHENANDWU2001OBSERVEDTHATUNDERIMPULSIVEGROUNDMOTIONTHEEFFICACYOFATMDISNOTFULLYDEVELOPEDWHENTHESTRUCTUREEXPERIENCESITSPEAKRESPONSE,ANDTHATTHEHEAVIERTHETMD,THESLOWERITREACHESITSFULLPOTENTIALLUKKUNAPRASITANDWANITKORKUL2001ANDPINKAEWETAL2003EXCLUDEDNEARFIELDNFIMPULSIVERECORDSFROMTHEIRANALYSESBECAUSETHEYWOULDBEHARDLYCONTROLLABLEUSINGTMDSTANIGUCHIETAL2008,TESTINGATMDONABASEISOLATEDSTRUCTURE,SHOWEDTHATTMDEFFECTIVENESSIS10LESSFORNFRECORDSTHANFORFARFIELDFFRECORDSLEUNGETAL2008PROPOSEDANEWTMDOPTIMIZATIONAGAINSTNONSTATIONARYGROUNDMOTIONSMODELEDASEVOLUTIONARYSTATIONARYRANDOMPROCESSES,BUTTHEYDIDNOTTESTITUNDERREALACCELEROGRAMSTHESESTUDIESDEMONSTRATETHATTHEPOSSIBLEDEFICIENCIESOFTMDSAGAINSTPULSELIKEEARTHQUAKESAREGENERALLYACKNOWLEDGEDHOWEVER,THELIMITEDNUMBEROFREALRECORDSUSEDINTHEANALYSESNONEOFTHESESTUDIESUSESMORETHANSEVENIMPULSIVERECORDS,ANDTHEWHOLEOFTHEMUSEATOTALOF16ONLYSHOWSTHATSUCHANISSUEISFARFROMFINDINGACONCLUSIVE,STATISTICALLYCONSISTENT,SYSTEMATIZATIONONETYPICALEXAMPLEOFPULSELIKEEARTHQUAKESISGIVENBYNFGROUNDMOTIONSGROUNDSHAKINGNEARAFAULTRUPTUREMAYBECHARACTERIZEDBYASHORTDURATIONIMPULSIVEMOTIONTHATEXPOSESSTRUCTURESTOHIGHINPUTENERGYATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHERECORDTHISPULSETYPEMOTIONCANBEEXPLAINEDTHROUGHTHECONCEPTSOFFORWARDDIRECTIVITYANDFLINGSTEPEFFECTSBRAYANDRODRIGUEZMAREK2004THEFORMERISBECAUSEOFTHEFAULTRUPTUREPROPAGATINGTOWARDTHESITEATAVELOCITYCLOSETOTHESHEARWAVEVELOCITY,CAUSINGMOSTOFTHESEISMICENERGYTOREACHTHESITEWITHINASHORTTIME,INTHEFORMOFALARGEENERGYPULSEATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHERECORD,MOSTLYORIENTEDINTHEFAULTNORMALDIRECTIONTHELATTERISBECAUSEOFPERMANENTGROUNDDISPLACEMENTSACCUMULATINGATTHESITEASARESULTOFTECTONICMOVEMENTSBOTHEFFECTSMAYRESULTINLARGEAMPLITUDE,LONGPERIODPULSESINTHEVELOCITYANDDISPLACEMENTTIMEHISTORIES,WHICHAREPARTICULARLYCHALLENGINGFORTHESTRUCTURALSAFETYOFLONGPERIODSTRUCTURESMANYSTUDIESHAVEBEENDEVOTEDTOIMPROVINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFSTRUCTURESEXPOSEDTONFGROUNDMOTIONTHEUSEOFSIMPLIFIEDANALYTICALMODELSOFGROUNDMOTIONPULSESMAYPROVEAVALIDTOOLFORTHESYSTEMATICDESIGNANDASSESSMENTOFSEISMOPROTECTIVESYSTEMSSEVERALMODELSAREAVAILABLEFORTHISPURPOSEMAKRISANDCHANG2000CLASSIFIEDNFVELOCITYPULSESINTOTYPESA,B,ANDCNTOINVESTIGATETHEPERFORMANCEOFVARIOUSDAMPINGDEVICESALAVIAND1POSTDOCTORALRESEARCHER,DEPTOFSTRUCTURALANDGEOTECHNICALENGINEERING,POLITECNICODITORINO,10129TURIN,ITALYEMAILEMILIANOMATTAPOLITOITNOTETHISMANUSCRIPTWASSUBMITTEDONJULY27,2010APPROVEDONAPRIL24,2012PUBLISHEDONLINEONAPRIL26,2012DISCUSSIONPERIODOPENUNTILJULY1,2013SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTHISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,VOL139,NO2,FEBRUARY1,2013?ASCE,ISSN07339445/2013/2188–198/2500188/JOURNALOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING?ASCE/FEBRUARY2013JSTRUCTENG2013139188198DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYUNIVERSITYOFLIVERPOOLON07/18/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDAND3,POSINGV50ANDT050S,ANDSCALEDTOHAVEAUNITARYMAXIMUMVALUETHEREFORE,THEINPUTSIGNALDEPENDSEXCLUSIVELYONTHEPULSEFREQUENCY,VP,ANDONTHEPAIROFBUILDUPANDDECAYPARAMETERS,NANDZPTHEN,FORANYASSIGNEDPAIRNANDZP,THEPULSETRANSFERFUNCTION,TFP,ISEVALUATEDFORTHECOMBINEDSYSTEM,REPORTINGTHEPULSEFREQUENCYVPINTHEABSCISSASANDTHECORRESPONDINGPEAKSTRUCTURALDISPLACEMENTINTHEORDINATESTHENEWHPDESIGNCONSISTSINNUMERICALLYFINDINGTHEOPTIMALTMDPARAMETERS,RANDZ,WHICHMINIMIZETHEMAXIMUMOFTFP,FORTHEASSIGNEDVALUESOFZS,M,N,ANDZPSTILLASSUMINGZS5002ANDMASBETWEEN0001AND100,ANDFURTHERTAKINGN51ANDZP504ASSOMEWHATREPRESENTATIVEOFTHEAVERAGEPULSE,ASWILLBEEXPLAINEDNEXT,THERESULTSOFSUCHNUMERICALOPTIMIZATIONAREPLOTTEDASWHITESQUARESINFIG1,THERESPONSERATIORBEINGEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFTFPASFORTHEH‘DESIGN,ACLOSEFORMAPPROXIMATIONCONTINUOUSLINESINFIG1MAYBEDERIVEDASROPT?ROPT,01TP1FFIFFIFFIFFIMPTM3?P22P3D1TP4M5T?ANDZOPT?P5M42P6M3TP7M22P8MM32P9M22P10MTP11D6TWHERECOEFFICIENTSPJARELISTEDINTABLE1EQS5AND6ANDFIG1MAYBEVALUABLETOOLSFORTMDDESIGNFIG1ALSOHELPSCLARIFYSIMILARITIESANDDIFFERENCESBETWEENH‘ANDHPDESIGNEDTMDSWITHBOTHMETHODS,ROPTDECREASESANDZOPTINCREASESFORINCREASINGMYETTHEHPDESIGNPRESENTSAMOREIRREGULARTRENDBECAUSEOFTHETRANSIENTCHARACTEROFTHEEXCITATION,ANDABOVEALL,PROVIDESMUCHLOWERFREQUENCYANDDAMPINGRATIOS,PARTICULARLYINTHECASEOFSMALLMASSRATIOSFURTHERMORE,WITHBOTHMETHODS,ROPTTENDSTODECREASEASMINCREASES,BUTTHEREISLITTLEADVANTAGEOBTAINEDININCREASINGMBEYOND10–20INTHEHPCASE,ROPTACTUALLYREACHESAMINIMUMAROUNDM545THEPERFORMANCEOFTHETMDAPPEARSSTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEIMPULSIVECHARACTEROFTHEGROUNDMOTION,ANDROPTRESULTSARESENSIBLYSMALLERINTHEH‘CASEHARMONICINPUTTHANINTHEHPCASEPULSELIKEINPUTINBOTHCASES,FORLARGEMVALUES,ROPTDECREASESSOMUCHTHATTHECLASSICALCONCEPTOFTUNING,WHICHIMPLIESFREQUENCYCLOSENESSR?1,NEEDSTOBEREVISED,ANDRATHERINTENDEDASTHEMEREADJUSTMENTOFTHEFREQUENCYRATIOTOITSOPTIMUMVALUE,NOMATTERHOWFARFROMUNITYWITHTHISINMIND,THETERMSTUNINGANDTMDSARESTILLUSEDINDEPENDENTLYOFTHEVALUESTAKENBYMORROPTASSUMINGFORINSTANCEM510,THETWODESIGNMETHODSARECOMPAREDINFIG2ONASDOFSTRUCTUREOFPERIODT51STHENUMERICALOPTIMIZATIONPROVIDESTHEFOLLOWINGTMDPARAMETERSR50873ANDZ50194FORTHEH‘DESIGN,ANDR50856ANDZ50026FORTHEHPDESIGNINFIG2A,THESTEADYSTATETRANSFERFUNCTIONSTFAREPLOTTEDFOR,RESPECTIVELY,THEUNCONTROLLEDSTRUCTURE,THEH‘CONTROLLEDSTRUCTURE,ANDTHEHPCONTROLLEDSTRUCTUREINFIG2B,THECORRESPONDINGPULSETRANSFERFUNCTIONSTFPAREREPORTEDINFIG2C,THEDISPLACEMENTTIMEHISTORYOFTHESDOFSTRUCTUREISREPORTEDUNDERTHEEFFECTOFANIMPULSIVEGROUNDMOTIONWITHAPULSEFREQUENCYOF08HZATRADEOFFCLEARLYEMERGESBETWEENTHETWODESIGNMETHODSTHEH‘DESIGN,OPTIMALAGAINSTSINEINPUTS,LOSESEFFECTIVENESSUNDERPULSELIKEINPUTSANDTHEHPDESIGN,OPTIMALFORPULSEMITIGATION,ISSEVERELYIMPAIREDINSTEADYSTATETERMSTHEREASONISTHAT,TOMINIMIZETHEPEAKRESPONSETOTHEPULSELOAD,THEHPDESIGNDECREASESTHETMDDAMPINGRATIOWITHRESPECTTOTHEH‘DESIGNASALREADYOBSERVEDINFIG1BTOSUCHANEXTENTTHATTHETHICKCURVEINFIG2ALOOKSMORELIKEFRAHM’SUNDAMPEDVIBRATIONABSORBERTHANLIKEDENHARTOG’STMDWARBURTON1982THEREDUCEDDAMPINGALLOWSTHETMDTOMORERAPIDLYRESPONDTOTHEIMPULSIVELOAD,BUTHINDERSITINREDUCINGTHETWOPEAKSOFTHESTEADYSTATETRANSFERFUNCTIONALSO,THEREDUCEDDAMPINGHASASECONDINCONVENIENCE,CLEARLYAPPARENTINFIG2C,OFDIMINISHINGTMDCAPABILITYTOCONTROLTHEPOSTPEAK,FREEDECAYRESPONSEOFTHESTRUCTURETHETWOMENTIONEDDRAWBACKS,TOGETHERWITHTHENEEDTORELYONPREDICTIONSOFPULSESFEATURES,POSETHEQUESTIONOFTHETRUEFIG1OPTIMALFREQUENCYRATIOA,DAMPINGRATIOB,ANDRESPONSERATIOCASAFUNCTIONOFTHEMASSRATIO,ACCORDINGTOTHEH‘DESIGNBLACKANDTHEHPDESIGNWHITENUMERICALRESULTSSQUARESANDTHEIRCLOSEDFORMAPPROXIMATIONACCORDINGTOEQS5AND6CONTINUOUSLINETABLE1NUMERICALVALUESOFCOEFFICIENTSINEQS5AND6COEFFICIENTVALUEI1004758I2003056I30002715I40007453P102926P202301P37534P430185P507269P603934P7007388P80001194P902978P10001214P11001407190/JOURNALOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING?ASCE/FEBRUARY2013JSTRUCTENG2013139188198DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYUNIVERSITYOFLIVERPOOLON07/18/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVED

簡介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENTOCTOBER,2009161CHINESELISTEDCOMPANIESPREFERENCETOEQUITYFUNDNONSYSTEMATICFACTORSHAOZENGCORRESPONDINGAUTHORSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,SOUTHCENTRALUNIVERSITYFORNATIONALITIESWUHAN430074,CHINAEMAILZENGHAO1011163COMJUNXIAXUAUDITINGDEPARTMENT,WUHANTONGJIHOSPITALWUHAN430030,CHINAABSTRACTTHISARTICLECONCENTRATESONTHELISTEDCOMPANIES’FINANCINGACTIVITIESINCHINA,ANALYSESTHEREASONSTHATWHYTHELISTEDCOMPANIESPREFERTOEQUITYFUNDFROMTHEASPECTOFNONSYSTEMATICFACTORSBYUSINGWESTERNFINANCINGTHEORIES,SUCHASFINANCINGCOST,TYPESANDQUALITIESOFTHEENTERPRISES’ASSETS,PROFITABILITY,INDUSTRYFACTORS,SHAREHOLDINGSTRUCTUREFACTORS,LEVELOFFINANCIALMANAGEMENTANDSOCIETYCULTURE,ANDCONCLUDESTHATTHEPREFERENCETOEQUITYFUNDISAREASONABLECHOICETOTHELISTEDCOMPANIESACCORDINGTOCHINESEFINANCINGENVIRONMENTATLAST,THEREARESOMECONCISESUGGESTIONSBEGIVENTORECTIFYTHECOMPANIES’PREFERENCETOEQUITYFUND?KEYWORDSEQUITYFUND,NONSYSTEMATICFACTORS,FINANCIALCOST1INTRODUCTIONTHELISTEDCOMPANIESINCHINAPREFERTOEQUITYFUND,ACCORDINGTOTHESTATISTICDATASHOWEDIN,THEAMOUNTOFTHELISTEDCOMPANIESFINANCEINCAPITALMARKETACCOUNTTO9587BILLIONSIN1997,AMONGWHICHEQUITYFUNDTAKETHEPROPORTIONOF725,ANDTHEPROPORTIONIS726IN1998AND723IN1999,ONTHEOTHERHAND,THEPROPORTIONOFDEBTFUNDTOTOTALFUNDISRESPECTIVE178,249AND251INTHOSETHREEYEARSTHEPROPORTIONOFEQUITYFUNDTOTOTALFUNDISLOWERINTHEDEVELOPEDCAPITALMARKETTHANTHATINCHINATAKEUSFOREXAMPLE,WHENAMERICANENTERPRISESNEEDTOFUNDINTHECAPITALMARKET,THEYPREFERTODEBTFUNDTHANEQUITYFUNDTHESTATISTICDATASHOWSTHAT,FROM1970TO1985,THEAMERICANENTERPRISES’DEBTFUNDFINANCEDOCCUPIEDTHE917PROPORTIONOFOUTSIDEFINANCING,MORETHANEQUITYFUNDYANDAWUETCFOUNDTHAT,APPROXIMATELY3/4OFTHELISTEDCOMPANIESPREFERREDTOEQUITYFUNDINCHINAMANYRESEARCHERSAGREEUPONTHATTHELISTEDCOMPANIES’OUTSIDEFINANCINGFOLLOWINGTHISORDERFIRSTONEISEQUITYFUND,SECONDONEISCONVERTIBLEBOND,THIRDONEISSHORTTERMLIABILITIES,LASTONEISLONGTERMLIABILITIESMANYRESEARCHERSUSUALLYANALYZEOURNATIONALLISTEDCOMPANIES’PREFERENCETOEQUITYFUNDWITHTHESYSTEMATICFACTORSARISINGINTHEREFORMOFOURNATIONALECONOMYTHEYTHOUGHTTHATITJUSTBECAUSEOFTHOSESYSTEMATICFACTSTHATMADETHELISTEDCOMPANIES’FINANCIALACTIVITIESBETRAYTOWESTERNCLASSICALFINANCINGTHEORYFOREXAMPLE,THE“PICKINGORDER”THEORYCLAIMSTHATWHENENTERPRISENEEDFUND,THEYSHOULDTURNTOINSIDEFUNDDEPRECIATIONANDRETAINEDEARNINGSFIRST,ANDTHENDEBTFUND,ANDTHELASTCHOICEISEQUITYFUNDINTHISARTICLE,THEAUTHORTHINKSTHATITISBECAUSEOFTHESPECIFICFINANCIALENVIRONMENTTHATACTIVATESTHEENTERPRISES’SUCHPREFERENCE,ANDTRYTOINTERPRETTHEREASONSOFTHATPREFERENCETOEQUITYFUNDBYCOMBINATIONOFNONSYSTEMATICFACTORSANDWESTERNFINANCIALTHEORIES2FINANCINGLCOSTOFTHELISTEDCOMPANYANDPREFERENCETOEQUITYFUNDACCORDINGTOWESTERNFINANCINGTHEORIES,CAPITALCOSTOFEQUITYFUNDISMORETHANCAPITALCOSTOFDEBTFUND,THUSTHEENTERPRISESHOULDCHOOSEDEBTFUNDFIRST,THENISTHETURNTOEQUITYFUNDWHENITFUNDOUTSIDEWESHOULDUNDERSTANDTHATTHISCONCEPTIONOF“CAPITALCOST”ISTAKENINTOACCOUNTBYINVESTORS,ITISSOMEWHATOPPORTUNITYCOSTOFTHEINVESTORS,CANALSOBECALLEDEXPECTEDRETURNSITCONTAINSOFRISKFREERATEOFRETURNSANDRISKRATEOFRETURNSARISINGFROMTHEINVESTORS’RISKINVESTMENTITISDIFFERENTWITHFINANCINGCOSTINESSENCEFINANCINGCOSTISTHECOSTARISINGFROMENTERPRISES’FINANCINGACTIVITIESANDUSINGFUND,WECANCALLITFUNDCOSTIFCAPITALMARKETISEFFICIENT,CAPITALCOSTSHOULDEQUALTOINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENTOCTOBER,2009163EDISONINTERNATIONALCOMPANYHASSTEADYAMOUNTOFCUSTOMERSANDMANYINTANGIBLEASSETS,THESESUPPLYITWITHHIGHLEVELOFPROFITABILITYANDABILITYTOGAINDEBTFUND,ITSDEBTACCOUNTTO672PROPORTIONSOFITSTOTALASSETSIN1999LISTEDCOMPANIESINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESORREGIONSALWAYSHAVEHIGHLEVELOFPROFITABILITYTAKEUSFOREXAMPLE,THEREAREMANYLISTEDCOMPANIESWHICHHAVEEXCELLENTPERFORMANCEINAMERICANCAPITALMARKETWHENDOBUSINESS,SUCHASJPMORGAN,ITSEPSIS1116PERSHAREIN1999BESIDESIT,GM,GE,COCACOLA,IBM,INTEL,MICROSOFT,DELLETCALLALWAYSAREPROFITABLEINHONGKONG,MOSTOFTHOSECOMPANIESWHOSESTOCKINCLUDEDINHANGSENGINDEXHAVETHELEVELOFEPSMORETHAN1HKD,MANYAREMORETHAN2HKDSUCHASCHEUNGKONGHOLDINGSLIMITED,ITSEPSIS766HKDBUTLISTEDCOMPANIESDONOTHAVESUCHEXCELLENTPERFORMANCEINPROFITABILITYINCHINAINLANDTHEIRPROFITABILITYISCOMMONLOWTAKETHEPERFORMANCEOF2000FOREXAMPLE,THEWEIGHTEDAVERAGEEPSOFTOTALLISTEDCOMPANIESISONLY020YUANPERSHARE,ANDTHEWEIGHTEDAVERAGEP/BIS265YUANPERSHARE,855PERCENTSOFTHESELISTEDCOMPANIESHAVENEGATIVEPROFITWITHLOWORNOPROFIT,THEBENEFITCANBEGAINEDFROMDEBTFUNDISVERYLITTLETHELISTEDCOMPANIESCANEVENSUFFERFROMTHEFINANCIALDISTRESSCAUSEDBYDEBTFUNDSOWITHTHECONSIDERATIONOFSHAREHOLDERS’INTEREST,THELISTEDCOMPANIESPREFERTOEQUITYFUNDWHENNEEDOUTSIDEFINANCIALSUPPORTINCHINA5INDUSTRYFACTORSANDPREFERENCETOEQUITYFUNDCHINASINDUSTRIALORGANIZATIONISDURINGTHECOURSEOFINTENSECHANGES,THATISTOSAYPROFITMARGININCREASEACCORDINGTOTHESCALESOFENTERPRISESLOOKEDFROMTHEFINANCINGPERSPECTIVE,LARGEENTERPRISESHAVEMORECONVENIENTFINANCINGCONDITIONSANDOCCUPYFINANCINGADVANTAGESINTHEFIERCECOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTTHESECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESMAYINCLUDEHAVINGMOREFUNDSFORRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,MARKETDEVELOPMENTFORLARGEENTERPRISESINTHISSENSE,THEINTERACTIONOFINDUSTRIALORGANIZATIONANDFINANCINGST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