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簡介：FIELDSTATICLOADTESTONKAOPINGHSICABLESTAYEDBRIDGEIKUANGFANG1CHUNRAYCHEN2ANDISHANGCHANG3ABSTRACTFIELDLOADTESTINGISANEFFECTIVEMETHODFORUNDERSTANDINGTHEBEHAVIORANDFUNDAMENTALCHARACTERISTICSOFACABLESTAYEDBRIDGETHISPAPERPRESENTSTHERESULTSOFFIELDSTATICLOADTESTSONTHEKAOPINGHSICABLESTAYEDBRIDGE,THELONGESTCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEINTAIWAN,BEFOREITWASOPENTOTRAFFICATOTALOF40LOADINGCASES,INCLUDINGTHEUNITANDDISTRIBUTEDBENDINGANDTORSIONLOADINGEFFECTS,WERECONDUCTEDTOINVESTIGATETHEBRIDGEBEHAVIORTHEATMOSPHERICTEMPERATUREEFFECTONTHEVARIATIONSOFTHEMAINGIRDERDEFLECTIONSWASALSOMONITOREDTHERESULTSOFSTATICLOADTESTINGINCLUDETHEMAINGIRDERDEFLECTIONS,THEFLEXURALSTRAINSOFTHEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEGIRDER,ANDTHEVARIATIONSOFTHECABLEFORCESATHREEDIMENSIONALFINITEELEMENTMODELWASDEVELOPEDTHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEBRIDGEUNDERTHEPLANNEDLOADTESTCONDITIONSHASLINEARSUPERPOSITIONCHARACTERISTICSANDTHEANALYTICALMODELSHOWSAVERYGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEBRIDGERESPONSESFURTHERDISCUSSIONOFDEFLECTIONANDCABLEFORCESOFTHEDESIGNSPECIFICATIONSFORACABLESTAYEDBRIDGEISALSOPRESENTEDDOI101061/ASCE10840702200496531CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSBRIDGES,CABLESTAYEDFINITEELEMENTMETHODSTATICLOADSLOADTESTSMONITORINGTAIWANINTRODUCTIONMODERNCABLESTAYEDBRIDGES,AESTHETICALLYAPPEALINGANDTECHNICALLYINNOVATIVE,HAVEBECOMEINCREASINGLYPOPULARWORLDWIDEINTHEPASTDECADESTROITSKY1977GIMSING1999BECAUSEOFIMPROVEMENTSINANALYSISTOOLSANDCONSTRUCTIONTECHNOLOGY,THESPANLENGTHOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESHASBECOMEMUCHLONGERWITHINCREASINGSPANLENGTH,THEBEHAVIOROFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESBECOMESMORECOMPLEX,ANDTHEFUNDAMENTALCHARACTERISTICSSUCHASSTIFFNESS,VARIATIONSOFCABLEFORCES,ANDSTABILITYOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESBECOMEMOREIMPORTANTFOREVALUATINGTHESAFETYOFTHESEBRIDGESINGENERAL,FIELDLOADTESTINGISANEFFECTIVEMETHODTOINVESTIGATETHEFUNDAMENTALBEHAVIORANDTOESTABLISHTHEESSENTIALDATAOFACABLESTAYEDBRIDGEINADDITION,FORLONGSPANCABLESTAYEDBRIDGES,ESTABLISHINGAFINITEELEMENTMODELCORRELATEDREASONABLYWITHTHERESULTSOFFIELDLOADTESTSISIMPORTANTFORFUTUREMAINTENANCEWORKDURINGTHEPASTDECADE,SOMERESULTSOFFIELDLOADTESTSANDANALYTICALMODELSHAVEBEENREPORTEDFORLARGECABLESTAYEDBRIDGESHULSEYANDDELANEY1993PRESENTEDSTATICLOADTESTRESULTSANDCOMPARISONSWITHATWODIMENSIONALFINITEELEMENTMODELFORTHECAPTAINWILLIAMMOORECREEKCABLESTAYEDBRIDGECHANGETAL2001ANDZHANGETAL2001PRESENTEDTHEAMBIENTVIBRATIONTESTANDTHREEDIMENSIONAL3DFINITEELEMENTMODELFORTHEKAPSHUIMUNCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEINHONGKONGCUNHAETAL2001DESCRIBEDAMBIENTANDFREEVIBRATIONTESTRESULTS,SHOWINGGOODCORRELATIONWITHTHE3DFINITEELEMENTMODEL,FORTHEVASCODAGAMABRIDGEWORSAKETAL1992SUMMARIZEDTHEMODELINGOFTHECOMPONENTSOFAFINITEELEMENTMODEL,IE,THEPYLON,DECK,JOINTS,ANDCABLES,FORCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESCHANGESINTHESTAYEDCABLEFORCESCANRESULTINSIGNIFICANTVARIATIONSOFTHEINTERNALFORCESINBOTHTHEPYLONANDTHEDECKCASAS1994SHOWEDTHATA10CHANGEINCABLEFORCESWOULDCAUSEALMOST100VARIATIONSOFMOMENTINTHEPYLONANDABOUT300VARIATIONSOFMOMENTINTHEDECKBOTHDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONSTAGEOFACABLESTAYEDBRIDGEANDAFTERITISOPENEDTOTRAFFIC,ITISIMPORTANTTOACCURATELYASSESSTHEFORCESCARRIEDBYTHESTAYEDCABLESTODATE,THEREAREMANYMETHODSTOEVALUATETHECABLEFORCESFORCABLESTAYEDBRIDGES,SUCHASMEASUREMENTOFTHEFORCEINTHETENSIONINGJACK,APPLICATIONOFALOADCELLATTHEANCHORAGEDEVICE,MEASUREMENTOFELONGATIONOFTHECABLESDURINGTENSIONINGANDINSTALLATIONOFSTRAINGAUGESINTHESTRANDS,ETCSOMERESEARCHERSHAVEPRESENTEDDIFFERENTMETHODOLOGIESINMEASURINGTHEFORCESOFTHESTAYEDCABLESBASEDONTHEVIBRATIONMETHODSHINKEETAL1980CASAS1994SHIMADA1994ZUIETAL1996OFTHESE,THEAMBIENTVIBRATIONMETHODBASEDONTHEVIBRATINGCHORDTHEORYISARELATIVELYSIMPLEANDAPPROPRIATETECHNIQUETOASSESSTHEFORCESINTHESTAYEDCABLESCASAS1994THEEFFECTIVELENGTHANDNATURALFREQUENCIESOFTHESTAYEDCABLESARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORSRELATEDTOTHEACCURACYOFTHEPREDICTIONOFCABLEFORCESTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHECONFIGURATIONANDRESULTSOFFIELDSTATICLOADTESTSONTHEKAOPINGHSICABLESTAYEDBRIDGEINTAIWANTHERESPONSESOFTHELOADTESTINCLUDEDEFLECTIONSOFTHEDECK,LONGITUDINALSTRAINSOFTHEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEPCGIRDER,ANDVARIATIONOFTHECABLEFORCESTHEEFFECTIVELENGTHANDNATURALFREQUENCIESOFTHESTAYEDCABLESAREINVESTIGATEDTHEMEASUREDDEFLECTIONANDCABLEFORCESRELATEDTOTHEDESIGNSPECIFICATIONSOFTHECABLESTAYEDBRIDGEAREALSODISCUSSEDATHREEDIMENSIONALFINITEELEMENTMODELWASESTABLISHEDUSINGTHESAP2000PLUSPROGRAMANDCORRELATEDWITHTHERESULTSOFSTATICLOADTESTSFORFUTURERESEARCH1PROFESSOR,DEPTOFCIVILENGINEERING,NATIONALCHENGKUNGUNIV,TAINAN701,TAIWAN,ROCEMAILFANGLOUMAILNCKUEDUTW2DOCTORALCANDIDATE,DEPTOFCIVILENGINEERING,NATIONALCHENGKUNGUNIV,TAINAN701,TAIWAN,ROC3FORMERLY,GRADUATESTUDENT,DEPTOFCIVILENGINEERING,NATIONALCHENGKUNGUNIV,TAINAN701,TAIWAN,ROCNOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILAPRIL1,2005SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONMARCH7,2003APPROVEDONAUGUST26,2003THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL9,NO6,NOVEMBER1,2004?ASCE,ISSN10840702/2004/6531–540/1800JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/NOVEMBER/DECEMBER2004/531JBRIDGEENG20049531540DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYUNIVERSITYOFMELB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簡介：INTJADVMANUFTECHNOL200731797–804DOI101007/S0017000502325ORIGINALARTICLEZHIQILIUTATSUYANAKAMURACOMBINATIONOFROBOTCONTROLANDASSEMBLYPLANNINGFORAPRECISIONMANIPULATORRECEIVED22MARCH2005/ACCEPTED1AUGUST2005/PUBLISHEDONLINE15FEBRUARY2006SPRINGERVERLAGLONDONLIMITED2006ABSTRACTTHISPAPERRESEARCHESHOWTOREALIZETHEAUTOMATICASSEMBLYOPERATIONONATWOFINGERPRECISIONMANIPULATORAMULTILAYERASSEMBLYSUPPORTSYSTEMISPROPOSEDATTHETASKPLANNINGLAYER,BASEDONTHECOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADMODEL,THEASSEMBLYSEQUENCEISFIRSTGENERATED,ANDTHEINFORMATIONNECESSARYFORSKILLDECOMPOSITIONISALSODERIVEDTHEN,THEASSEMBLYSEQUENCEISDECOMPOSEDINTOROBOTSKILLSATTHESKILLDECOMPOSITIONLAYERTHESEGENERATEDSKILLSAREMANAGEDANDEXECUTEDATTHEROBOTCONTROLLAYEREXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHEFEASIBILITYANDEFFICIENCYOFTHEPROPOSEDSYSTEMKEYWORDSMANIPULATORASSEMBLYPLANNINGSKILLDECOMPOSITIONAUTOMATEDASSEMBLY1INTRODUCTIONOWINGTOTHEMICROELECTROMECHANICALSYSTEMSMEMSTECHNIQUES,MANYPRODUCTSAREBECOMINGVERYSMALLANDCOMPLEX,SUCHASMICROPHONES,MICROOPTICALCOMPONENTS,ANDMICROFLUIDICBIOMEDICALDEVICES,WHICHCREATESINCREASINGNEEDSFORTECHNOLOGIESANDSYSTEMSFORTHEAUTOMATEDPRECISIONASSEMBLYOFMINIATUREPARTSMANYEFFORTSAIMINGATSEMIAUTOMATEDORAUTOMATEDASSEMBLYHAVEBEENFOCUSEDONMICROASSEMBLYTECHNOLOGIES1–3HOWEVER,MICROASSEMBLYTECHNIQUESOFHIGHFLEXIBILITY,EFFICIENCY,ANDRELIABILITYSTILLOPENTOFURTHERRESEARCHTHISPAPERRESEARCHESHOWTOREALIZETHEAUTOMATICASSEMBLYOPERATIONONATWOFINGERMICROMANIPULATORAMULTILAYERASSEMBLYSUPPORTSYSTEMISPROPOSEDAUTOMATICASSEMBLYISACOMPLEXPROBLEMWHICHMAYINVOLVEMANYDIFFERENTISSUES,SUCHASTASKPLANNING,ASSEMBLYSEQUENCESGENERATION,EXECUTION,ANDCONTROL,ETCITCANBESIMPLYDIVIDEDINTOTWOPHASESTHEASSEMBLYPLANNINGANDTHEROBOTCONTROLATTHEASSEMBLYPLANNINGPHASE,THEINFORMATIONNECESSARYFORASSEMBLYOPERATIONS,SUCHASTHEASSEMBLYSEQUENCE,ISGENERATEDATTHEROBOTCONTROLPHASE,THEROBOTISDRIVENBASEDONTHEINFORMATIONGENERATEDATTHEASSEMBLYPLANNINGPHASE,ANDTHEASSEMBLYOPERATIONSARECONDUCTEDSKILLPRIMITIVESCANWORKASTHEINTERFACEOFASSEMBLYPLANNINGTOROBOTCONTROLSEVERALROBOTSYSTEMSBASEDONSKILLPRIMITIVESHAVEBEENREPORTED4–6THEBASICIDEABEHINDTHESESYSTEMSISTHEROBOTPROGRAMMINGROBOTMOVEMENTSARESPECIFIEDASSKILLPRIMITIVES,BASEDONWHICHTHEASSEMBLYTASKISMANUALLYCODEDINTOPROGRAMSWITHTHEPROGRAMS,THEROBOTISCONTROLLEDTOFULFILLASSEMBLYTASKSAUTOMATICALLYASKILLBASEDMICROMANIPULATIONSYSTEMHASBEENDEVELOPEDINTHEAUTHORS’LAB,ANDITCANREALIZEMANYMICROMANIPULATIONOPERATIONSINTHESYSTEM,THEASSEMBLYTASKISMANUALLYDISCOMPOSEDINTOSKILLSEQUENCESANDCOMPILEDINTOAFILEAFTERIMPORTINGTHEFILEINTOTHESYSTEM,THESYSTEMCANAUTOMATICALLYEXECUTETHEASSEMBLYTASK7THISPAPERATTEMPTSTOEXPLOREAUSERFRIENDLY,ANDATTHESAMETIMEEASY,SEQUENCEGENERATIONMETHOD,TORELIEVETHEBURDENOFMANUALLYPROGRAMMINGTHESKILLSEQUENCEITISANEFFECTIVEMETHODTODETERMINETHEASSEMBLYSEQUENCEFROMGEOMETRICCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADMODELSMANYAPPROACHESHAVEBEENPROPOSEDEG,8–11THISPAPERAPPLIESASIMPLEAPPROACHTOGENERATETHEASSEMBLYSEQUENCEITISNOTINVOLVEDWITHTHELOWLEVELDATASTRUCTUREOFTHECADMODEL,ANDCANBEREALIZEDWITHTHEAPPLICATIONPROGRAMMINGINTERFACEAPIFUNCTIONSTHATMANYCOMMERCIALCADSOFTWAREPACKAGESPROVIDEINTHEPROPOSEDAPPROACH,ARELATIONSGRAPHAMONGDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSISFIRSTCONSTRUCTEDBYANALYZINGTHEASSEMBLYMODEL,ANDTHEN,POSSIBLESEQUENCESARESEARCHED,BASEDONZLIUPTCJAPANCOMPANY,OJI525617,KITAKU,TOKYO,1140002,JAPANEMAILLIUZHIQIECOMPMETROUACJPTEL8142677114246FAX814267727TNAKAMURADEPARTMENTOFPRECISIONENGINEERING,TOKYOMETROPOLITANUNIVERSITY,KITAKU,JAPANCONSTRAINT,THEREMAININGDEGREESOFFREEDOMARER1{X,Y,ROTZ}FORTHECOLLINEARCONSTRAINT,THEREMAININGDEGREESOFFREEDOMARER2{Z,ROTZ}R1ANDR2CANALSOBEREPRESENTEDASR1{1,1,0,0,0,1}ANDR2{0,0,1,0,0,1}HERE,1MEANSTHATTHEREISADEGREEOFSEPARATIONBETWEENTHETWOPARTSR1∩R2{0,0,0,0,0,1},ANDSO,THEDEGREEOFFREEDOMAROUNDTHEZAXISWILLBEIGNOREDINTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPSINTHECASETHATTHEREISALOOPINTHERELATIONGRAPH,SUCHASPARTSPART5,PART6,ANDPART7INFIG2,THELOOPHASTOBEBROKENBEFORETHEMATINGDIRECTIONISCALCULATEDUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONTHATALLPARTSINTHECADMODELAREFULLYCONSTRAINEDANDNOTOVERCONSTRAINED,THEFOLLOWINGSIMPLEAPPROACHISADOPTEDFORTHEPARTTINTHELOOP,CALCULATETHENUMBEROF1SINNTI?RI1\RI2\\RINWHERERIKISTHEREMAININGDEGREESOFFREEDOMOFCONSTRAINTKBYPARTIFOREXAMPLE,INFIG2,GIVENTHATTHENUMBEROF1SINUPART5,PART7ANDUPART6,PART7ISLARGERTHANUPART5,PART6ANDUPART6,PART5,RESPECTIVELY,THENITCANBEREGARDEDTHATTHEPOSITIONOFPART7ISDETERMINEDBYCONSTRAINTSWITHBOTHPART5ANDPART6,WHILEPART5ANDPART6CANBEFULLYCONSTRAINEDBYCONSTRAINTSBETWEENPART5ANDPART6WECANUNITEPART5ANDPART6ASONENODEINTHERELATIONGRAPH,ALSOCALLEDACOMPOSITENODE,ASSHOWNINFIG2BTHECOMPOSITENODEWILLBEREGARDEDASASINGLEPART,BUTITISOBVIOUSTHATTHECOMPOSITENODEIMPLIESANASSEMBLYSEQUENCE2CALCULATEMATINGDIRECTIONSFORALLNODESINTHERELATIONGRAPHAGAIN,FORTHEEXAMPLEINFIG3,BEGINNINGATTHESTATETHATTHESHAFTANDTHEHOLEAREASSEMBLED,SEPARATETHEPARTINONEDEGREEOFSEPARATIONBYACERTAINDISTANCELARGERTHANTHEMAXIMUMTOLERANCE,ANDTHENCHECKIFINTERFERENCEOCCURSSEPARATIONINBOTH±XAXISAND±YAXISOFR1CAUSESTHEINTERFERENCEBETWEENTHESHAFTANDTHEHOLESEPARATIONINTHEZDIRECTIONRAISESNOINTERFERENCETHEN,SELECTTHEZDIRECTIONASTHEMATINGDIRECTION,WHICHISREPRESENT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簡介：4900英文單詞，英文單詞，28500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文9200字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處MANEESHAGRAWALA,WILMOTLI,FLORAINEBERTHOUZOZDESIGNPRINCIPLESFORVISUALCOMMUNICATIONJCOMMUNICATIONSOFTHEACM,2011,5446069DESIGNPRINCIPLESFORVISUALCOMMUNICATIONMANEESHAGRAWALA,WILMOTLI,ANDFLORAINEBERTHOUZOZVISUALCOMMUNICATIONVIADIAGRAMS,SKETCHES,CHARTS,PHOTOGRAPHS,VIDEO,ANDANIMATIONISFUNDAMENTALTOTHEPROCESSOFEXPLORINGCONCEPTSANDDISSEMINATINGINFORMATIONTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEVISUALIZATIONSCAPITALIZEONTHEHUMANFACILITYFORPROCESSINGVISUALINFORMATION,THEREBYIMPROVINGCOMPREHENSION,MEMORY,ANDINFERENCESUCHVISUALIZATIONSHELPANALYSTSQUICKLYFINDPATTERNSLURKINGWITHINLARGEDATASETSANDHELPAUDIENCESQUICKLYUNDERSTANDCOMPLEXIDEASOVERTHEPASTTWODECADESANUMBEROFBOOKSHAVECOLLECTEDEXAMPLESOFEFFECTIVEVISUALDISPLAYSONETHINGISEVIDENTFROMINSPECTINGTHEMTHEBESTARECAREFULLYCRAFTEDBYSKILLEDHUMANDESIGNERSYETEVENWITHTHEAIDOFCOMPUTERS,HANDDESIGNINGEFFECTIVEVISUALIZATIONSISTIMECONSUMINGANDREQUIRESCONSIDERABLEEFFORTMOREOVER,THERATEATWHICHPEOPLEWORLDWIDEGENERATENEWDATAISGROWINGEXPONENTIALLYYEARTOYEARGANTZETALESTIMATEDWECOLLECTIVELYPRODUCED161EXABYTESOFNEWINFORMATIONIN2006,ANDTHECOMPOUNDGROWTHRATEBETWEEN2007AND2011WOULDBE60ANNUALLYWEARETHUSEXPECTEDTOPRODUCE1,800EXABYTESOFINFORMATIONIN2011,10TIMESMORETHANTHEAMOUNTWEPRODUCEDIN2006YETACQUIRINGANDSTORINGTHISDATAIS,BYITSELF,OFLITTLEVALUEWEMUSTUNDERSTANDITTOPRODUCEREALVALUEANDUSEITTOMAKEDECISIONSTHEPROBLEMISTHATHUMANDESIGNERSLACKTHETIMETOHANDDESIGNEFFECTIVEVISUALIZATIONSFORTHISWEALTHOFDATATOOOFTEN,DATAISEITHERPOORLYVISUALIZEDORNOTVISUALIZEDATALLEITHERWAY,THERESULTSCANBECATASTROPHICFOREXAMPLE,TUFTEEXPLAINEDHOWMORTONTHIOKOLENGINEERSFAILEDTOVISUALLYCOMMUNICATETHERISKSOFLAUNCHINGTHECHALLENGERSPACESHUTTLETONASAMANAGEMENTIN1986,LEADINGTOTHEVEHICLE’SDISASTEROUSFAILUREWHILEROBISONETAL20ARGUEDTHEENGINEERSMUSTNOTBEBLAMEDFORTHECHALLENGERACCIDENT,BETTERCOMMUNICATIONOFTHERISKSMIGHTHAVEPREVENTEDTHEDISASTERSKILLEDVISUALDESIGNERSMANIPULATETHEPERCEPTION,COGNITION,ANDCOMMUNICATIVEINTENTOFVISUALIZATIONSBYCAREFULLYAPPLYINGPRINCIPLESOFGOODDESIGNTHESEPRINCIPLESEXPLAINHOWVISUALTECHNIQUESCANBEUSEDTOEITHEREMPHASIZEIMPORTANTINFORMATIONORDEEMPHASIZEIRRELEVANTDETAILSFOREXAMPLE,THEMOSTIMPORTANTINFORMATIONINASUBWAYMAPISTHESEQUENCEOFSTOPSALONGEACHLINEANDTHETRANSFERSTOPSTHATALLOWRIDERSTOCHANGELINESMOSTSUBWAYPASSENGERSDONOTNEEDTOKNOWTHETRUEGEOGRAPHICPATHOFEACHLINEBASEDONTHISINSIGHT,MAPDESIGNERHARRYBECKREDESIGNEDTHEMAPOFTHELONDONUNDERGROUNDIN1933USINGTWOMAINPRINCIPLESSTRAIGHTENINGTHESUBWAYLINESANDEVENLYSPACINGTHESTOPSTOVISUALLYEMPHASIZETHESEQUENCEOFSTOPSANDTRANSFERPOINTSSEEFIGURE1SUCHDESIGNPRINCIPLESCONNECTTHEVISUALDESIGNOFAVISUALIZATIONWITHTHEVIEWER’SPERCEPTIONANDCOGNITIONOFTHEUNDERLYINGINFORMATIONTHEVISUALIZATIONISMEANTTOCONVEYINTHEFIELDOFDESIGN,THEREISALONGSTANDINGDEBATEREGARDINGTHEINTERACTIONOFAESTHETICANDFUNCTIONALPROPERTIESOFDESIGNEDARTIFACTSWEDONOTSEEKTOENGAGEINTHISDEBATEHERERATHER,WEFOCUSONHOWPARTICULARDESIGNCHOICESAFFECTTHEPERCEPTIONANDCOGNITIONOFTHEVISUALIZATION,NOTTHEAESTHETICSTYLEOFTHEVISUALIZATIONACCORDINGLY,WEUSETHETERM“DESIGNPRINCIPLE”ASASHORTHANDFORGUIDELINESTHATHELPIMPROVEVIEWERS’COMPREHENSIONOFVISUALLYENCODEDINFORMATIONEMPHASIZETHESHAPEOFTHEMISSINGGEOMETRYANDSPATIALRELATIONSHIPSAMONGPARTSOURSYSTEMINCORPORATESSUCHPRINCIPLESTOGENERATEINTERACTIVECUTAWAYANDEXPLODEDVIEWILLUSTRATIONSMIDDLE,RIGHTSTAGE1IDENTIFYDESIGNPRINCIPLESWEIDENTIFYDOMAINSPECIFICDESIGNPRINCIPLESBYANALYZINGTHEBESTHANDDESIGNEDVISUALIZATIONSWITHINAPARTICULARINFORMATIONDOMAINWECONNECTTHISANALYSISWITHRESEARCHONPERCEPTIONANDCOGNITIONOFVISUALIZATIONSSTAGE2INSTANTIATEDESIGNPRINCIPLESWEENCODETHEDESIGNPRINCIPLESINTOALGORITHMSANDINTERFACESFORCREATINGVISUALIZATIONSANDSTAGE3EVALUATEDESIGNPRINCIPLESWEMEASUREIMPROVEMENTSININFORMATIONPROCESSING,COMMUNICATION,ANDDECISIONMAKINGTHATRESULTFROMOURVISUALIZATIONSTHESEEVALUATIONSALSOSERVETOVALIDATETHEDESIGNPRINCIPLESWEHAVEUSEDTHISTHREESTAGEAPPROACHTOBUILDAUTOMATEDVISUALIZATIONDESIGNSYSTEMSINTWODOMAINSCARTOGRAPHICVISUALIZATIONANDTECHNICALILLUSTRATIONINTHEDOMAINOFCARTOGRAPHICVISUALIZATIONSWEHAVEDEVELOPEDAUTOMATEDALGORITHMSFORCREATINGROUTEMAPSANDTOURISTMAPSOFCITIES8INTHEDOMAINOFTECHNICALILLUSTRATIONWEHAVEDEVELOPEDAUTOMATEDTECHNIQUESFORGENERATINGASSEMBLYINSTRUCTIONSOFFURNITUREANDTOYSANDFORCREATINGINTERACTIVECUTAWAYANDEXPLODEDVIEWILLUSTRATIONSOFCOMPLEXMECHANICAL,MATHEMATICAL,ANDBIOLOGICALOBJECTSHERE,WEFOCUSONARTICULATINGTHETECHNIQUESWEHAVEUSEDTOIDENTIFYANDEVALUATETHEDESIGNPRINCIPLESFOREACHDOMAINTHESETECHNIQUESGENERALIZETOOTHERDOMAINS,ANDAPPLYINGOURTHREESTAGEAPPROACHWILLRESULTINABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESTRATEGIESPEOPLEUSETOMAKEINFERENCESFROMVISUALIZATIONSFIGURE3EXPLODEDVIEWSOFCOMPLEXMATHEMATICALSURFACESAREDESIGNEDTOREVEALLOCALGEOMETRICFEATURESSUCHASSYMMETRIES,SELFINTERSECTIONS,ANDCRITICALPOINTSSTAGE1IDENTIFYDESIGNPRINCIPLESDESIGNPRINCIPLESAREPRESCRIPTIVERULESDESCRIBINGHOWVISUALTECHNIQUESAFFECTTHEPERCEPTIONANDCOGNITIONOFTHEINFORMATIONINADISPLAYINSOMECASES,THEYAREEXPLICITLYOUTLINEDINBOOKSFOREXAMPLE,BOOKSONPHOTOGRAPHYTECHNIQUESEXPLAINTHERULESFORCOMPOSING

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簡介：3700英文單詞，英文單詞，21500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文6400字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處PANTEAM,GLIGORD,ANISCECONOMICDETERMINANTSOFROMANIANFIRMS’FINANCIALPERFORMANCEJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2014,124272281ECONOMICDETERMINANTSOFROMANIANFIRMS’FINANCIALPERFORMANCEMARIUSPANTEA,DELIAGLIGOR,CECILIAANISABSTRACTONEOFTHECENTRALQUESTIONSINENTREPRENEURSHIPISWHYSOMEFIRMSSUCCEEDANDOTHERSFAILDETERMININGWHATFACTORSINFLUENCEPERFORMANCEHASIMPLICATIONSFORPROSPECTIVEENTREPRENEURS,ASWELLASADVISORS,INVESTORS,MANAGERSANDSOFORTHTHUS,USINGEXTENSIVEDATAOVERAPERIODOF14YEARS,THISSTUDYEXPLORESANDTESTSTHESIGNOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMICROECONOMICFACTORSANDFINANCIALPERFORMANCETHEDATASETINCLUDES55ROMANIANINDUSTRIALCOMPANIESLISTEDATTHEBUCHARESTSTOCKEXCHANGEANDCOVERSTHEPERIODOF19992012THROUGHAPANELDATAANALYSIS,RESULTSINDICATETHATTHESIGNOFTHERELATIONSHIPISPOSITIVEANDSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTSUPPORTINGTHEIMPORTANCEANDINDEPENDENCEOFTHESETSOFFACTORSINEXPLAININGPERFORMANCEKEYWORDSFIRMPERFORMANCE,PERFORMANCEMEASUREMENT,RETURNONASSETS,RETURNONEQUITY,MICROECONOMICDETERMINANTS1INTRODUCTIONTHETOPICOFPERFORMANCEISARECURRENTTHEMEINMOSTBRANCHESOFMANAGEMENT,SUBJECTEDTONUMEROUSDEBATESINRECENTYEARS,ESPECIALLYREGARDINGTERMINOLOGY,LEVELSOFANALYSISANDASSESSMENTALTHOUGHTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEPERFORMANCECONCEPTISWIDELYRECOGNIZED,ITSTREATMENTINRESEARCHSETTINGSISOFTENLACKINGSINCENUMEROUSAUTHORSPRESENTPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTANDIMPROVEMENTMETHODSWITHOUTACLEAREXPLANATIONOFWHATISBEINGMEASUREDORIMPROVEDASSUCH,OURRESEARCHISFOCUSEDONANALYZINGTHECONNECTIONBETWEENSPECIFICECONOMICANDORGANIZATIONALFACTORSANDFIRM’SPERFORMANCE,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTPREVIOUSNATIONALANDINTERNATIONALSTUDIESANDTHEIRRESULTS,USINGECONOMETRICMODELINGONDATAACQUIREDFROM55ROMANIANCOMPANIESDURINGAPERIODOF14YEARS19992012THEORIGINALITYOFOURRESEARCHRELIESONTHEINFORMATIONALCONTENTOFOURRESULTSANDCONCLUSIONS,TAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEFACTTHATTHEPROPOSEDTOPICHASBEENMOSTLYTREATEDFROMADESCRIPTIVEPOINTOFVIEWINTHENATIONALLITERATUREANDTHATTHERELIABLEDATATHATOURRESEARCHPROVIDESCONTRIBUTESTOIMPROVINGTHEFIRM’SMAINOBJECTIVE–MAXIMIZINGSHAREHOLDERS’WEALTHTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSINTHENEXTSECTIONWEWILLPRESENTTHELITERATUREREVIEWCONCERNINGTHETOPICOFINTEREST,FOLLOWEDBYTHECONCEPTUALMODELANDHYPOTHESIS,METHODOLOGYANDFINDINGSWHILECONCLUSIONSANDFUTURERESEARCHPATHSMARKTHEWORK’SENDING2LITERATUREREVIEWTHELITERATUREONPERFORMANCEANDITSDETERMINANTSISRELATIVELYABUNDANTANDCONCENTRATEDONSEVERALASPECTSSTUDYOFTHEPERFORMANCECONCEPTDEFINITIONANDITSMEASUREMENT,EFFICIENCYANDEFFECTIVENESSANALYSISANDDETERMINANTSOFFIRMPERFORMANCEINTHISPAPERWEAREINTERESTEDINTHELASTMENTIONEDRESEARCHDIRECTIONTHEASSESSMENTOFPERFORMANCEISANINTEGRALCOMPONENTOFTHEMANAGEMENTPROCESSINANYTYPEOFCOMPANYINTHISCONTEXT,MANYAPPROACHESHAVEBEENDEVELOPED,AMONGWHICH,INRECENTYEARS,PRODUCTIVITYANDEFFICIENCYANALYSESASWELLASDIFFERENTTYPESOFPROFITABILITYRATIOSHAVEBEFORE1980THEROI,ROE,ROCEANDDERIVATESSIMONSROIMOSTIMPORTANTMEASUREFORINVESTORSITISARATIOOFTHEPROFITOUTPUTOFTHEBUSINESSASAPERCENTAGEOFFINANCIALINVESTMENTINPUTSROEADOPTINSTEADTHEPERSPECTIVEOFMANGERS,THOSEENTRUSTEDBYSHAREHOLDERSTOGENERATEPROFITASARATIOOFEQUITYROCEAVARIANTWHICHREFERSTOTHEASSETSWITHINAMANAGER’SDIRECTSPANOFCONTROL1982THEECONOMICVALUEADDEDMODELEVASTERNSTEWARTCOEVAISAFINANCIALMANAGEMENTSYSTEMTHATPROVIDESACOMMONLANGUAGEFOREMPLOYEESACROSSALLOPERATINGANDSTAFFFUNCTIONSANDALLOWSALLMANAGEMENTDECISIONSTOBEMODELLED,MONITORED,COMMUNICATEDANDCOMPENSATEDINASINGLEANDCONSISTENTWAY,ALWAYSINTERMSOFTHEVALUEADDEDTOSHAREHOLDERINVESTMENT1988THEACTIVITYBASEDCOSTINGABCCOOPERANDKAPLANABCWASINTRODUCEDTOADDRESSTHESHORTCOMINGSOFTYPICALSINGLEDRIVERVOLUMEBASEDCOSTACCOUNTINGSYSTEMSTHEIDEAATTHEBASEOFTHEMODELISTHATALLOFACOMPANY’SACTIVITIESTHATEXISTTOSUPPORTTHEPRODUCTIONANDDELIVERYOFGOODSANDSERVICESSHOULDBECONSIDEREDPRODUCTCOSTS1990THECUSTOMERVALUEANALYSISCVACUSTOMERVALUE,INCCVAAIMSTOBEAPMSEXCLUSIVELYMARKETDRIVEN,BYFIXINGALLPERFORMANCEMEASURESAROUNDMARKETPARAMETERSDECISIONMAKINGISBASEDONTHESEMEASURESTHEMODELWORKSTOGETHERWITHTOOLS,SUCHASVALUEPRICINGCHARTS,BENCHMARKINGANALYSIS,PRODUCTATTRIBUTESSCORECOMPARISON,PRIORITIESCHART,ETCTHEEXTREMEFOCUSONMARKET,THEMAINCHARACTERISTICOFTHEMODEL,ISALSOALIMITINGFACTOR1992THEBALANCEDSCORECARDBSCKAPLANANDNORTONTHEBSCPROPOSESAHOLISTICVIEWOFTHEORGANIZATIONBYINTEGRATINGFOURPERSPECTIVESOFPERFORMANCEFINANCIAL,CUSTOMER,INTERNALBUSINESS,ANDINNOVATIONANDGROWTHTHEFINANCIALPERSPECTIVESHAREHOLDERVALUEISTHEFINALAIMOFTHEBUSINESS,EVENIFTHEYRECOGNIZETHENEEDTOBALANCEWITHTHEOTHERTHREEDIMENSIONSTHEAUTHORSSTRESSTHEIMPORTANCEOFIDENTIFYINGTHEDRIVERSOFPERFORMANCEANDEMPHASIZECOMPANYALIGNMENTTOSTRATEGYTHROUGHTHEUSEOFPERFORMANCEMEASURES1994THESERVICEPROFITCHAINSPCHESKETTETALSPCHASTWOMILESTONESFRONTLINEWORKERSANDCUSTOMERTHATARETHECENTREOFMANAGEMENTCONCERNTHEAUTHORSESTABLISHEDAPATHCHARACTERIZEDBYCAUSEEFFECTRELATIONSAMONGPROFITABILITY,CUSTOMERLOYALTY,EMPLOYEESATISFACTIONANDPRODUCTIVITYTHEFRAMEWORKDOESNOTOFFERANYSPECIFICSUGGESTIONSFORIMPLEMENTATION1997THEINTEGRATEDPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTSYSTEMIPMSBITITCIETALIPMSARGUETHATTHEPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENTPROCESSISACLOSEDLOOPBYWHICHTH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