簡(jiǎn)介：1MODELLINGANDTRANSIENTSTABILITYOFLARGEWINDFARMS1INTRODUCTIONDENMARKHASCURRENTLYABOUT2300MWWINDPOWERCAPACITYINONLANDANDFEWOFFSHORESETTINGS,WHICHCORRESPONDSTOMORETHAN20OFPOWERCONSUMPTIONINAVERAGEFURTHER,CONSTRUCTIONOFTWOLARGESCALEOFFSHOREWINDFARMSOF150MWPOWERCAPACITYEACHHASBEENANNOUNCEDTHEFIRSTLARGEOFFSHOREWINDFARMINDENMARKWILLBECONSTRUCTEDATHOMSREVBYTHEYEAR2002INTHEAREAOFTHESYSTEMOPERATORELTRATHISWILLBEFOLLOWEDBYTHEFIRSTINTHEAREAOFTHEEASTERNDANISHSYSTEMOPERATOR,ELKRAFTSYSTEM,LARGEOFFSHOREWINDFARMATRODSANDBYTHEYEAR2003THEINSTALLEDCAPACITYINONLANDSETTINGSANDINCOMBINEDHEATPOWERUNITSUHPWILLINCREASEASWELL,WHILSTTHEPOWERPRODUCTIONANDCONTROLABILITYOFTHECONVENTIONALPOWERPLANTSWITHRESPECTTOVOLTAGEANDFREQUENCYAREREDUCEDINTHEYEARSTOCOME,THEPOWERPRODUCTIONPATTERNINTHEDANISHPOWERSYSTEMWILLCHANGEFROMTHEPOWERSUPPLYFROMCONVENTIONALPOWERPLANTSASITISKNOWNTODAYTOAPOWERSUPPLYMIX,WHEREABOUT3040OFPOWERCONSUMPTIONINAVERAGEISCOVEREDBYWINDPOWERINOTHERWORDS,THEPOWERTECHNOLOGYWILLUNDERGOCHANGESFROMAWELLKNOWNTECHNOLOGYBUILTUPABOUTCONVENTIONALPOWERPLANTSTOAPARTLYUNKNOWNTECHNOLOGYWINDPOWERINTHEYEARTOCOMEITWILLBEFOCUSINGONMAINTAININGPOWERSYSTEMSTABILITYANDVOLTAGESTABILITY,FOREXAMPLEATASHORTCIRCUITFAULT,ENSURINGPOWERSUPPLYSAFETYANDOTHERIMPORTANTTASKSASAMOUNTOFWINDPOWERISDRASTICALLYINCREASINGTHISSITUATIONMAKESITNECESSARYTOFINDSOLUTIONSWITHRESPECTTOMAINTAININGDYNAMICSTABILITYOFTHEPOWERSYSTEMWITHLARGEAMOUNTOFWINDPOWERANDITSRELIABLEOPERATIONTHESESOLUTIONSAREBASEDONANUMBEROFREQUIREMENTSTHATAREFORMULATEDWITHRESPECTTOOPERATIONOFTHELARGEOFFSHOREWINDFARMSANDTHEEXTERNALPOWERSYSTEMINCASEOFFAILUREEVENTSINTHEEXTERNALSYSTEMTHEPAPERCONTAINSSEPARATESUBJECTSDEALINGWITHDESIGNOFWINDMILLSFORLARGEOFFSHOREAPPLICATIONSANDTHEIRCONTROLTHATSHALLBETAKENINTOACCOUNTWITHRESPECTTOIMPROVINGTHESHORTTERMVOLTAGESTABILITY2SYSTEMSTABILITYREQUIREMENTSINTERMSOFSHORTTERMVOLTAGESTABILITY,THEMAJORGOALISTHEVOLTAGEREESTABLISHING3ADJUSTTHESETPOINTSOFTHEWINDTURBINESBYTHEBLADEBYTHEBLADEANGLEADJUSTMENTSTHECOMPLETEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEWINDFARMISCHOSENBECAUSETHECOMMONLYASKEDQUESTIONCONCERNINGLARGEWINDFARMSISWHETHERTHERECANBEELECTROMECHANICALINTERACTIONBETWEENALARGENUMBEROFTHECLOSELYPLACEDWINDMILLSEXCITEDBYDISTURBANCESINTHEPOWERSYSTEMWHENTHEWINDMILLSAREWORKINGATDIFFERENTSETPOINTS,EQUIPPEDWITHRELATIVELYSOFTSHAFTSANDEVENHAVINGDIFFERENTMECHANICALDATA,ANDEQUIPPEDWITHCONTROLSYSTEMS,FORINSTANCEPITCHTHEMODELOFTHEOFFSHOREWINDFARMISIMPLEMENTEDINTHEDYNAMICSIMULATIONTOOLPSS/EANDCONSISTSOF80WINDTURBINESOF2MWPOWERCAPACITYEACH,SEEFIG1EACHWINDTURBINEISSIMULATEDBYAPHYSICALWINDMILLMODELCONSISTINGOF1THEINDUCTIONGENERATORMODELWITHREPRESENTATIONOFTHESTATORTRANSIENTS,2THEWINDMILLSHAFTSYSTEMMODEL,3THEAERODYNAMICMODELOFTHEWINDTURBINE,4THEPITCHCONTROLSYSTEMGIVENBYTHECONTROLLOGICANDTHEBLADESERVOFORCOMPUTATIONOFWINDTURBINEAERODYNAMICSTHEREAREUSEDAIRFOILDATAFORA2MWPITCHWINDMILLEQUIPPEDWITHANINDUCTIONGENERATOREACHWINDTURBINEISVIAITS07KV/30KVCONNECTEDTOTHEWINDFARMINTERNALNETWORKTHEINTERNALNETWORKISORGANISEDINEIGHTROWSWITH10WINDTURBINESINEACHROWWITHINTHEROWS,THEWINDTURBINESARECONNECTEDTHROUGHTHE30KVSEACABLESTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTWOWINDTURBINESINTHESAMEROWIS500MANDTHEDISTANCEBETWEENTWOROWSIS850MTHEROWSARETHROUGHTHE30KVSEACABLESCONNECTEDTOTHEOFFSHOREPLATFORMWITH30KV/132KVTRANSFORMERAND,THEN,THROUGHTHE132KVSEA/UNDERGROUNDCABLETOTHECONNECTIONPOINTINTHETRANSMISSIONSYSTEMONLANDTHEREISCHOSENANACCONNECTIONOFTHEOFFSHOREWINDFARMTOTHETRANSMISSIONNETWORKANIRREGULARWINDDISTRIBUTIONOVERTHEWINDFARMAREATHEREISASSUMEDSINCETHEWINDTURBINESARESHADOWINGEACHOTHERFORINCOMINGWINDTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEWINDFARMIS93ATTHEGIVENWINDDISTRIBUTIONANDTHEPOWERPRODUCTIONPATTERNISSHOWNINFIG1FURTHERMORE,THEWINDMILLINDUCTIONGENERATORSHAVEALITTLEDIFFERENTSHORTCIRCUITCAPACITIESVIEWEDFROMTHEIRTERMINALSINTOTHEINTERNALNETWORKANDTHISISWHYTHEWINDTURBINEINITIALSETPOINTSAREDIFFERENT

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄附錄一外文原文TEMPERATURECONTROLUSINGAMICROCONTROLLERANINTERDISCIPLINARYUNDERGRADUATEENGINEERINGDESIGNPROJECTJAMESSMCDONALDDEPARTMENTOFENGINEERINGSCIENCETRINITYUNIVERSITYSANANTONIO,TX78212ABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANINTERDISCIPLINARYDESIGNPROJECTWHICHWASDONEUNDERTHEAUTHOR’SSUPERVISIONBYAGROUPOFFOURSENIORSTUDENTSINTHEDEPARTMENTOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEATTRINITYUNIVERSITYTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPROJECTWASTODEVELOPATEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMFORANAIRFILLEDCHAMBERTHESYSTEMWASTOALLOWENTRYOFADESIREDCHAMBERTEMPERATUREINAPRESCRIBEDRANGEANDTOEXHIBITOVERSHOOTANDSTEADYSTATETEMPERATUREERROROFLESSTHAN1DEGREEKELVININTHEACTUALCHAMBERTEMPERATURESTEPRESPONSETHEDETAILSOFTHEDESIGNDEVELOPEDBYTHISGROUPOFSTUDENTS,BASEDONAMOTOROLAMC68HC05FAMILYMICROCONTROLLER,AREDESCRIBEDTHEPEDAGOGICALVALUEOFTHEPROBLEMISALSODISCUSSEDTHROUGHADESCRIPTIONOFSOMEOFTHEKEYSTEPSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSITISSHOWNTHATTHESOLUTIONREQUIRESBROADKNOWLEDGEDRAWNFROMSEVERALENGINEERINGDISCIPLINESINCLUDINGELECTRICAL,MECHANICAL,ANDCONTROLSYSTEMSENGINEERING1INTRODUCTIONTHEDESIGNPROJECTWHICHISTHESUBJECTOFTHISPAPERORIGINATEDFROMAREALWORLDAPPLICATIONAPROTOTYPEOFAMICROSCOPESLIDEDRYERHADBEENDEVELOPEDAROUNDANOMEGATMMODELCN390TEMPERATURECONTROLLER,ANDTHEOBJECTIVEWASTODEVELOPACUSTOMTEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMTOREPLACETHEOMEGASYSTEMTHEMOTIVATIONWASTHATACUSTOMCONTROLLERTARGETEDSPECIFICALLYFORTHEAPPLICATIONSHOULDBEABLETO2PROBLEMSTATEMENTTHEBASICIDEAOFTHEPROJECTISTOREPLACETHERELEVANTPARTSOFTHEFUNCTIONALITYOFANOMEGACN390TEMPERATURECONTROLLERUSINGACUSTOMDESIGNEDSYSTEMTHEAPPLICATIONDICTATESTHATTEMPERATURESETTINGSAREUSUALLYKEPTCONSTANTFORLONGPERIODSOFTIME,BUTIT’SNONETHELESSIMPORTANTTHATSTEPCHANGESBETRACKEDINA“REASONABLE”MANNERTHUSTHEMAINREQUIREMENTSBOILDOWNTOALLOWINGACHAMBERTEMPERATURESETPOINTTOBEENTERED,DISPLAYINGBOTHSETPOINTANDACTUALTEMPERATURES,ANDTRACKINGSTEPCHANGESINSETPOINTTEMPERATUREWITHACCEPTABLERISETIME,STEADYSTATEERROR,ANDOVERSHOOTALTHOUGHNOTEXPLICITLYAPARTOFTHESPECIFICATIONSINTABLE1,ITWASCLEARTHATTHECUSTOMERDESIREDDIGITALDISPLAYSOFSETPOINTANDACTUALTEMPERATURES,ANDTHATSETPOINTTEMPERATUREENTRYSHOULDBEDIGITALASWELLASOPPOSEDTO,SAY,THROUGHAPOTENTIOMETERSETTING3SYSTEMDESIGNTHEREQUIREMENTSFORDIGITALTEMPERATUREDISPLAYSANDSETPOINTENTRYALONEAREENOUGHTODICTATETHATAMICROCONTROLLERBASEDDESIGNISLIKELYTHEMOSTAPPROPRIATEFIGURE2SHOWSABLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHESTUDENTS’DESIGN

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文37303730字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（外文翻譯）（外文翻譯）題目姓名專業(yè)自動(dòng)化學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師二○一四年五月二○一四年五月外文翻譯2LOWPRICEDPC,TAKINGTHEPCASTHEUPPERMACHINE,TAKINGTHEDIFFERENTFUNCTIONCONTROLMODULESCOMPOSEDOFMULTIPLEMICROCOMPUTERSASTHELOWERMACHINES,THENAMASTERSLAVEDISTRIBUTEDANDINTELLIGENTCONTROLSYSTEMBASESONMICROCOMPUTERISMADEUP,BYWHICHBOTHBETTERMONITORINGANDCONTROL,DISPLAYANDDATACOLLECTIONORMANAGEMENTAREACHIEVED,BUTALSOLOWERCOSTOFSYSTEMISGETACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALNEEDIISYSTEMSTRUCTUREANDPRINCIPLETHEMOSTMARKEDFEATUREOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONCOMBINEDANDINTELLIGENTCONTROLSYSTEMGREENHOUSEISTHATOFINCORPORATINGWITHDATAACQUISITION,CONTROLANDMANAGEMENTASAWHOLE,MODULECOMBINATION,SIMPLESTRUCTURE,CONVENIENTHUMANCOMPUTERINTERACTION,ANDUSINGTECHNOLOGYOFINTELLIGENTEXPERTFUZZYCONTROL,WHICHCANADAPTTOAVARIETYOFCROPMANAGEMENTCONTROLINGREENHOUSETHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFTHESYSTEMISSHOWNINFIG1THESTRUCTUREOFTHEDISTRIBUTEDSYSTEMISCOMPOSEDOFTWOLAYERSTHEUPPERANDLOWERINTHETOPPRICEPCISTAKENASTHEHOSTTOMAKESYSTEMMANAGEMENTANDEXPERTSFUZZYOPERATIONININTELLIGENT,ANDTOPROVIDEAFRIENDLYHUMANCOMPUTERINTERFACE,ANDTOREALIZETHEUNITEDMONITORINGANDMANAGEMENTOFGREENHOUSETHELOWERISCOMPOSEDOFASERIESOFMODULESOFDIFFERENTFUNCTION,ANDINEACHMODULE,ASINGLECHIPOFAT89CISADOPTEDASTHELOWERMACHINE,RS485ISUSEDTOCOMMUNICATEPCWITHALLAT89C,ANDTHENTHECOLLECTION,PROCESSINGANDCONTROLOFTHEGREENHOUSEPARAMETERSISACHIEVEDEACHFUNCTIONMODULEISCOMPLETELYISOLATEDINELECTRICAL,ANYFAILUREONTHENODULEDOESNOTPRODUCEANYEFFECTONOTHERMODULESTHESYSTEMCOLLECTSSEPARATELYWAYSOFENVIRONMENTINFORMATIONTHROUGH

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）專用紙第1頁(yè)附錄英文原文ASTUDYONAGCSCHEMEBASEDONREALTIMEFREQUENCYCHARACTERISTICSHYUNSHINPARK,CHUNGNAMNATIONALUNIVERSITY,KOREAMRHSPARKHANMAILNETCHUNGNAMNATIONALUNIVERSITY,KOREAKJKIMCNUACKRABSTRACTAUTOMATICGENERATIONCONTROLAGCHASBEENONEOFTHEIMPORTANTISSUESINTHEOPERATIONOFLOCALAREAANDINTERCONNECTEDPOWERSYSTEMSAGCPROVIDESPOWERDEMANDSIGNALSFORAGCPOWERGENERATORSTOCONTROLFREQUENCYINAGC,SOMEVARIABLESOFPOWERSYSTEMSUCHASFREQUENCYANDPOWERGENERATIONAREMEASUREDTOCALCULATETHEAREACONTROLERRORACETHEACEVALUEISANIMPORTANTFACTOROFAGCPERFORMANCEGENERALLY,ACEVALUEISDETERMINEDBYACONSTANTFREQUENCYBIASFACTOROFPOWERSYSTEMOR1OFLOADMETHODTHEACEVALUEBASEDONTHECONSTANTFREQUENCYBIASFACTOROR1OFLOADMETHOD,HOWEVER,MAYNOTREPRESENTTHEREALTIMESTATUSOFPOWERSYSTEMCORRECTLYTHEINCORRECTACEVALUEISACAUSEOFOVERREGULATIONOFPOWERSYSTEMTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEMETHODTODECIDEACTUALFREQUENCYBIASFACTORONREALTIMEFREQUENCYCHARACTERISTICSINTHISPAPER,THEACTUALFREQUENCYBIASFACTORISDETERMINEDBYTHEMEASUREDVARIABLESSUCHASGENERATORPOWEROUTPUTCHANGEANDFREQUENCYDEVIATIONDUETODISTURBANCEOFPOWERSYSTEMTHEACTUALFREQUENCYBIASFACTORCALCULATEDISUSEDTODETERMINETHEACEOFPOWERSYSTEMTHEAGCDIVIDESTHECALCULATEDACEAMONGAGCPOWERGENERATORSPERIODICALLYTHEPERIODISDETERMINEDBYTHETIMEOFRECOVEREDFREQUENCYTHISPAPERALSOPRESENTSTHESIMULATIONRESULTSFORTHEPOWERSYSTEMMODELABOUTTHEPROPOSEDAGCSCHEMETHESIMULATIONRESULTSSHOWTHATTHEPERFORMANCEOFAGCISIMPROVEDWHENTHEPROPOSEDAGCSCHEMEISAPPLIEDTOAGCIINTRODUCTIONTHESCHEDULINGANDCONTROLOFPOWERGENERATIONAREVITALASPECTSINTHEDAILYOPERATIONOFPOWERSYSTEMSGENERALLY,ENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMISPROVIDEDTOCONTROLTHEELECTRICALPOWEROUTPUTSOASTOSUPPLYEVERCHANGINGSYSTEMLOADFORPOWERASECONOMICALLYASPOSSIBLEAUTOMATICGENERATIONCONTROLAGCPROGRAM畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）專用紙第3頁(yè)FSNOMINALFREQUENCYBFREQUENCYBIASFACTORΔPTIEPOWERINTERCHANGEDEVIATIONΔFFREQUENCYDEVIATIONFREQUENCYBIASFACTOR,B,ISDETERMINEDASFOLLOWSBSYS???REQ?DREQ???（??R1???R2???R3???????RN）WHERERSPEEDREGULATIONPARAMETERORDROOPDLOADDAMPINGCONSTANTBSYSSYSTEMFREQUENCYBIASFACTORREQSYSTEMDROOPSINCETHEOBJECTIVEOFAGCISTOREGULATEGENERATIONOFUNITS,THEINPUTOFAGCSHOULDBETHEACTUALACEWHENTHEFREQUENCYBIASOFTHEACEMATCHESWITHTHEACTUALFREQUENCYBIASOFTHEAREA,THECALCULATEDACEANDTHEACTUALACEAREIDENTICAL3HOWEVER,ITISNOTPRACTICALTOCONSIDERTHEFREQUENCYBIASFACTOROF2ASTHEACTUALFREQUENCYBIAS,BECAUSETHEACTUALFREQUENCYBIASISNONLINEARLYRELATEDTOTHEOPERATINGSTATEOFCONTROLAREA,IE,FREQUENCY,LOAD,GENERATIONANDVOLTAGE2FOREXAMPLE,THESPEEDDROOPCHARACTERISTICIDEALLYRANGESFROM3TO5PERCENTHOWEVER,THEACTUALSPEEDDROOPCHARACTERISTICMAYTHUSEXHIBITINCREMENTALREGULATIONRANGINGFROM2TO12PERCENT,DEPENDINGONTHEUNITOUTPUT2THESPEEDDROOPCHARACTERISTICALSODEPENDSONTHETYPEOFUNITS,SUCHASSTEAMUNITANDHYDRAULICUNITFOREXAMPLE,STEAMTURBINESHAVEANUMBEROFCONTROLVALVES,EACHHAVINGNONLINEARFLOWAREAVERSUSPOSITIONCHARACTERISTIC2THEGENERATORRESPONSEISNOTALWAYSPREDICTABLEANDHASTIMEDELAYLOADDAMPINGCHARACTERISTIC,D,ISTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECHANGESINACTUALLOADDUETOACHANGEINFREQUENCYTHERELATIONSHIPCANNOTBEMEASUREDANDVARIESCONTINUOUSLYWITHTHESYSTEMSTATUSTYPICALVALUESOFDARE1TO2PERCENT2THEREFORE,THEFIXEDESTIMATEDFREQUENCYBIASVALUESUCHAS2ISNOTTHESAMEASTHEACTUALFREQUENCYBIASIFTHEESTIMATEDFREQUENCYBIASISMUCHHIGHERTHANTHEACTUALFREQUENCYBIAS,THENVARIATIONSINTHECALCULATEDACECANBEMUCHLARGERTHANVARIATIONSINTHEACTUALACEITCAUSESOFTENOVERREGULATIONTHEAGCDEPENDSONTHECALCULATEDACEUSINGCONSTANTFREQUENCYBIASUSINGSYSTEMFREQUENCY,GENERATORREGULATIONANDLOADDAMPINGASINPUTSTHEREFORE,ITISCRITICALTOGETACTUALFREQUENCYBIASVALUEFORBETTERAGCPERFORMANCEINCONCLUSION,ACECALCULATIONMETHODUSINGCONSTANTFREQUENCYBIASCANNOTREPRESENTTHEACTUALPOWERSYSTEMSTATUSCORRECTLYBONEPERCENTOFLOADMETHODNORTHAMERICAELECTRICRELIABILITYCOUNCILNERCOFFERSSEVERALPOSSIBLEWAYSTOCALCULATEFREQUENCYBIASTHEGENERALPRACTICEISTOESTABLISHFREQUENCYBIASINEACHCONTROLAREAONCEAYEARBASEDONTHEAREA’SNATURALREGULATIONCHARACTERISTIC1/RDCORRESPONDINGTOTHEFORECASTEDPEAKLOADOFTHECOMINGYEAR4ITISCALLEDAS“1

簡(jiǎn)介：1出處出處INSTRUMENTATION,COMMUNICATIONS,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,ANDBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGICICIBME,2009INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONIEEE,200915中文中文2315字基于模型預(yù)測(cè)控制利用不確定集方法的魯棒優(yōu)化基于模型預(yù)測(cè)控制利用不確定集方法的魯棒優(yōu)化摘要（原文上知網(wǎng)檢索THEROBUSTOPTIMIZATIONBASEDMODELPREDICTIVECONTROLUSINGBOXUNCERTAINTYSET）論文考慮了魯棒優(yōu)化魯棒優(yōu)化RORO在模型預(yù)測(cè)控制中的應(yīng)用。這個(gè)優(yōu)化方法包含了不確定數(shù)據(jù)，也就意味著當(dāng)解決方案必須確定時(shí)優(yōu)化問(wèn)題的數(shù)據(jù)并不是精確的被知道。魯棒優(yōu)化RO已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于各種適用場(chǎng)合，在本文中，展現(xiàn)了在模型預(yù)測(cè)控制型預(yù)測(cè)控制MPCMPC中的應(yīng)用?；谀Ｐ皖A(yù)測(cè)控制的魯棒優(yōu)化基于模型預(yù)測(cè)控制的魯棒優(yōu)化ROROBASEDMPCBASEDMPC被用于廢熱鍋爐控制的仿真模擬之中。關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)偶問(wèn)題，魯棒優(yōu)化，模型預(yù)測(cè)控制，內(nèi)點(diǎn)法，二次模型性能I介紹MPC是一種控制算法，顯性的使用過(guò)程的模型通過(guò)最小化一個(gè)目標(biāo)函數(shù)。這個(gè)模型被用來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)的過(guò)程輸出。眾所周知，MPC在過(guò)程工業(yè)中處理限制性的多變量的控制問(wèn)題。知道過(guò)程輸出，一個(gè)控制序列能夠被計(jì)算用來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)函數(shù)。然而，工廠中每一步只用控制信號(hào)的第一個(gè)元素，這就是被熟知的區(qū)間后退策略。在下一次采樣時(shí)會(huì)重復(fù)上一次的計(jì)算方法。在優(yōu)化過(guò)程中，MPC用一個(gè)線性動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程的模型，線性輸入的限制，輸出，和輸入的減小量最終在一個(gè)最優(yōu)控制的一次規(guī)劃或二次規(guī)劃中。在這種情況中，工廠的動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程是不確定的，魯棒MPC已經(jīng)有了解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題策略，適用于描述不確定性的一般方法工廠使用各種可用的數(shù)學(xué)模型文獻(xiàn)中可用的框架。接下來(lái)，考慮到閉環(huán)魯棒性的一組性能指數(shù)會(huì)被選擇。魯棒MPC然后通過(guò)在每個(gè)采樣間隔求解魯棒最優(yōu)控制序列獲得。區(qū)間后退策略在每個(gè)采樣間隔都被用來(lái)完成MPC算法。這個(gè)方法降低了容量和大量的計(jì)算，用于能夠處理不確定問(wèn)題的優(yōu)化項(xiàng)目。最近，一種叫做RO的方法在數(shù)學(xué)編程和應(yīng)用研究中被廣泛研究。RO方法被設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)解決優(yōu)化問(wèn)題，當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)不確定或只知道不確定集中的數(shù)據(jù)。這種方法最先被BENTAL和NEMIROVSKI采用。RO被用來(lái)發(fā)展一種新的魯棒MPC，用來(lái)優(yōu)化橢圓不確定型。被提議的魯棒MPC在處理工廠中由于不確定性造成的擾動(dòng)有很好的作用，用RO的工廠的線性模型中，不確定因素不需要完全確定。相反，當(dāng)發(fā)展優(yōu)化模型時(shí)，它能夠被簡(jiǎn)化和合并在后來(lái)的公式化中。通過(guò)在魯棒優(yōu)化中用不確定箱子類型，本文把公式化的魯棒MPC看做RO。這種新類型的魯棒MPC在設(shè)計(jì)魯棒MPC時(shí)給出了一種全新的觀點(diǎn)，在工廠存在不確定問(wèn)題時(shí)。II公式化問(wèn)題3預(yù)測(cè)輸入現(xiàn)在變成因此，預(yù)測(cè)輸出能進(jìn)一步化簡(jiǎn)為如果可測(cè)的干擾量帶入計(jì)算，等式變?yōu)槭街?，BDM是可測(cè)的干擾量矩陣，DK是可測(cè)的干擾量，等式用輸入增量表示如下

簡(jiǎn)介：PROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCE12009776–784WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIATHE6THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONMININGSCIENCERELIABILITYHYPERSTATICNETBEAMSTRUCTUREFINITEELEMENTDYNAMICOPTIMIZATION1INTRODUCTIONTHESTRUCTURALSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESSNEEDSTOBEIMPROVEDWITHTHEMAXIMIZATIONOFSCREENINGMACHINESTHEENLARGEMENTOFSTRUCTUREOFVIBRATINGSCREENWILLLEADTOTHEINCREASEOFVIBRATIONMASSANDEXCITINGFORCEDYNAMICLOADONTHEVIBRATINGSCREENISALSOINCREASEDWHICHWILLLEADTOAGREATERDEFORMATION,TEAROFTHESIDEPLATE,FRACTUREOFTHECROSSBEAM,ANDTHUSAFFECTSTHESERVICELIFEOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENSERIOUSLY13CONVENTIONALSTATICSTRENGTHCALCULATIONANDANALOGYMETHODWASUSEDINTHEDESIGNOFVIBRATINGSCREENINOURCOUNTRYATPRESENTWHICHNEGLECTTHEDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICINFLUENCEOFHIGHERMODALFREQUENCIESONTHEVIBRATINGSCREEN4HIGHEXCITINGFORCEISLIKELYTOLEADTOFATIGUEDAMAGEOFVIBRATINGSCREENENGINEERINGEXPERIENCEINDICATESTHATTHESCREENCANALSOBE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8651683590092BJ?á???êé??WYMZHAOCUMTEDUCN187/09/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVDOI101016/JPRO20090912385220EPSPROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCETHESTRUCTUREANDLOADONTHEVIBRATINGSCREENSHOULDBECONSIDEREDACCORDINGTOACTUALOPERATINGCONDITIONTOMAKETHEFINITEELEMENTMODELACCURATEANDEFFECTIVETHEMAINSTRUCTUREADOPTEDSOLIDELEMENTSOLID95ANDSOLID92THESPRINGUSEDCOMBINE14ANDTHEVIBRATIONGENERATORWASSIMPLIFIEDASLUMPEDMASSELEMENTMASS21THEIMAGINARYBEAMWASINTRODUCEDTOREPLACETHEFLANGE,CONSIDERINGTHESTIFFNESSOFFLANGESANDIGNORINGITSMASSTHEBEARWASSIMPLIFIEDASSLEEVEANDTHEEXCITINGFORCEDISTRIBUTEDONTHEINNERFACEOFTHESLEEVEUNIFORMLYTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELWASFINISHEDINANSYS,ASSHOWNINFIG3FIG3FINITEELEMENTMODELOFVIBRATINGSCREENPKOKKíìê??üê?íéêá?íá???ó?á?NATURALCHARACTERISTICISCOMPOSEDOFNATURALFREQUENCY,NATURALVIBRATIONMODESANDOTHERMODALPARAMETERSONEPURPOSEOFNATURALCHARACTERISTICANALYSISISTOAVOIDRESONANCEANDHARMFULVIBRATIONMODETHERESULTSISALSOUSEDTOPROVIDENECESSARYBASISFORDYNAMICRESPONSEANALYSIS8BLOCKLANCZOSMETHODWITHHIGHPRECISIONANDCOMPUTATIONSPEEDWASUSEDSOLVENATURALCHARACTERISTICTHEFIRSTTWELVEMODALRESULTSARESHOWNINTABLE1TABLE1MODALCALCULATIONRESULTSOFVIBRATINGSCREENSETNATURALFREQUENCY?HZNATURALMODESOFVIBRATION1166RIGIDMOTIONALONGZAXIS2288RIGIDMOTIONALONGXAXIS3292RIGIDMOTIONALONGYAXIS4343RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDYAXIS5394RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDXAXIS6418RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDZAXIS71485BENDINGANDSWINGOFDISCHARGEENDALONGYAXIS81692TWISTOFSIDEPLATESALONGYAXISANDSWINGOFFEEDENDALONGZAXIS91898TWISTOFSCREENFRAMEALONGYAXIS102354REVERSALAROUNDXAXISANDBENDINGOFSCREENALONGZAXIS113341BENDINGANDTWISTOFFEEDENDALONGXAXIS123645FLEXURALOSCILLATIONSOFMIDDLEANDBACKOFTHESCREENALONGZAXISTABLE1SHOWTHATTHENATURALVIBRATIONMODESINCLUDERIGIDMOTIONANDBENDINGDEFLECTIONTHEFIRSTSIXVIBRATIONMODESARERIGIDMODALANDMODALFREQUENCYISLOWERWHICHDEPENDSONTHEVIBRATIONMASSANDSTIFFNESSOFSPRINGTHESEVENTHTOTWELFTHVIBRATIONMODESAREDEFORMABLEMODESANDMODALFREQUENCYLIESONSTRUCTURALSTIFFNESSOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENTHESEVENTHTOTENTHVIBRATIONMODESARESHOWNINFIG4FROMTABLE1ANDFIG4WEKNOWTHATTHEREARETWOELASTICMODALAROUNDTHEWORKINGFREQUENCY,THATARETHESEVENTHANDTHEEIGHTHMODALWHICHTAKEACENTRALPARTTOTHETOTALDEFORMATIONOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENANDAREEASYTOLEADTORESONANCETHESEVENTHMODALFREQUENCYIS1485HZ,THEBENDINGANDSWINGAMPLITUDEOFTHEDISCHARGEPLATEISGREATER,OFWHICHTHEMAXIMUMDEFORMATIONREACHES425MMTHERESULTSHOWSTHATTHEINTENSITYOFTHEDISCHARGEENDISWEAKERANDTHESTRUCTUREISEASYTOBREAKTHUSTHESTRUCTUREOFDISCHARGEENDNEEDSTOBEMODIFIEDTHEEIGHTHMODALFREQUENCYIS1692HZ,THEDEFORMATIONOFCONNECTIONPARTOFTWOSIDEPLATESANDTHEFEEDENDISA778/PROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCE12009776–784ZYUEMINETAL

簡(jiǎn)介：OUTOFPLANEFLEXURALBEHAVIOROFUNREINFORCEDREDBRICKWALLSSTRENGTHENEDWITHFRPCOMPOSITESAYMANSMOSALLAMCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,IRVINE,CA92604,USARECEIVED20MARCH2006ACCEPTED27JULY2006AVAILABLEONLINE27DECEMBER2006ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHERESULTSOFASTUDYFOCUSEDONEVALUATINGTHEOUTOFPLANEFLEXURALBEHAVIOROFTWOFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPCOMPOSITESYSTEMSFORSTRENGTHENINGUNREINFORCEDREDBRICKMASONRYWALLSTHEFULLSCALETESTSFOLLOWEDTHEINTERNATIONALCODECOUNCILEVALUATIONSERVICEICCESAC125PROCEDUREINTHEEXPERIMENTALPROGRAM,ATOTALOFFOURFULLSCALEDESTRUCTIVETESTSWERECONDUCTEDONUMRREDBRICKWALLSONEWALLSPECIMENWASUSEDASCONTROLASBUILTSPECIMENWITHOUTCOMPOSITES,ANDTHEREMAININGTHREEWALLSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEITHEREGLASS/EPOXYORCARBON/EPOXYCOMPOSITESYSTEMSWITHDIFFERENTFIBERARCHITECTURETHEEFFECTOFAPPLYINGACROSSPLYLAMINATEONTHEULTIMATEFAILUREMODEHASBEENINVESTIGATEDFULLSCALEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSCONFIRMEDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEFRPCOMPOSITESTRENGTHENINGSYSTEMSINUPGRADINGTHEOUTOFPLANEFLEXURALSTRUCTURALPERFORMANCEOFURMWALLSINADDITION,ANANALYTICALMODELWASDEVELOPEDTOPREDICTTHEULTIMATELOADCAPACITYOFTHERETROFITTEDWALLSTHEANALYTICALMODELINGISBASEDONDEFORMATIONCOMPATIBILITYANDFORCEEQUILIBRIUMUSINGSIMPLESECTIONANALYSISPROCEDUREAGOODAGREEMENTBETWEENTHEEXPERIMENTALANDTHEORETICALRESULTSWASOBTAINED?2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSALAMINATESBDELAMINATIONDMECHANICALTESTINGELAYUPMANUALINFRASTRUCTURE1INTRODUCTIONINGENERAL,UNREINFORCEDMASONRYURMBUILDINGSPERFORMPOORLYINEARTHQUAKESTWOTYPESOFFAILUREARECOMMONLYENCOUNTEREDINURMBUILDINGSSUBJECTEDTOSEISMICFORCESTHEFIRSTFAILUREMODEOCCURREDININPLANESHEARTHATAREDESIGNEDTOFORMTHELATERALLOADRESISTINGSYSTEMOFTHEBUILDINGTHEOTHERTYPEOFFAILUREISDUETOOUTOFPLANEBENDINGSTRESSESCAUSEDBYSEISMICINERTIALFORCESTHEEXCESSIVEOUTOFPLANEBENDINGISALSOAMAJORREASONFORTHELOSSOFLOADCARRYINGCAPACITYOFURMWALLSFIG1SHOWSATYPICALFAILUREOFUNREINFORCEDREDBRICKWALLDUETOEXCESSIVEOUTOFPLANESEISMICFORCESCOMPOSITESOFFERANATTRACTIVESTRENGTHENINGPROTOCOLFOREXISTINGANDHISTORICALUNREINFORCEDMASONRYSTRUCTURESINTHEPASTFEWDECADES,COMPOSITESHAVESUCCESSFULLYBEENUSEDINDIFFERENTCONSTRUCTIONAPPLICATIONSINCLUDINGSTRENGTHENINGOFREINFORCEDCONCRETE,STEELANDTIMBERSTRUCTURESANINDEPTHREVIEWOFDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONSOFCOMPOSITESINREPAIRANDREHABILITATIONISDISCUSSEDBYMOSALLAM1LATELY,SEVERALSTUDIESHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDONEVALUATINGTHEUSEOFPOLYMERICCOMPOSITESFORREPAIRANDSTRENGTHENINGBOTHUNREINFORCEDANDREINFORCEDMASONRYWALLSSUBJECTEDTOSEISMIC,WINDANDLATERALEARTHPRESSURETHEADVANTAGESOFUSINGCOMPOSITEMATERIALSINTHISAPPLICATIONAREIEASEOFAPPLICATION,IIPRESERVATIONOFTHEGEOMETRICALANDARCHITECTURALDETAILSOFTHEWALLS,IIITHEIRHIGHSTRENGTHTOWEIGHTRATIO,ANDIVTHEIRHIGHRESISTANCETOCORROSIONASCOMPAREDTOMETALLICSTRENGTHENINGSYSTEMSTHISPAPERPRESENTSASUMMARYOFEXPERIMENTALANDTHEORETICALRESULTSOFASTUDYTHATWASCONDUCTEDTOCHARACTERIZETHEOUTOFPLANEFLEXURALBEHAVIOROFUNREINFORCEDMASONRYWALLSEXTERNALLYSTRENGTHENEDWITHFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERICFRPCOMPOSITELAMINATES13598368/SEEFRONTMATTER?2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOMPOSITESB200607019EMAILADDRESSMOSALLAMUCIEDUWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/COMPOSITESBCOMPOSITESPARTB382007559–574ADDITION,THISISONEOFTHEFIRSTSTUDIESWHEREALLTESTPROCEDURESARECONFIRMEDWITHTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEINTERNATIONALCODECOUNCILEVALUATIONSERVICEICCESACCEPTANCECRITERIAAC125194EXPERIMENTALPROGRAM41WALLSPECIMENSATOTALOFFOURUNREINFORCEDREDBRICKSLARGESCALEWALLSPECIMENSWERECONSTRUCTEDANDTESTEDTOFAILURETHEDIMENSIONSOFTHEWALLSWERE264M264M867FT867FTANDONEBRICKWIDELARGEWALLDIMENSIONSWERESELECTEDTOAVOIDSCALEEFFECTSANDTOREFLECTTHEACTUALPERFORMANCEOFAWEAKMASONRYWALLUNDEROUTOFPLANEFLEXURALLOADINGCONDITIONSTABLE1DESCRIBESTHEWALLSPECIMENSEVALUATEDINTHISSTUDYASMENTIONEDEARLIER,THEINTERNATIONALCODECOUNCILEVALUATIONSERVICEICCESACCEPTANCECRITERIAAC12519PROCEDURESWEREFOLLOWEDFORALLTESTS42MORTARSTANDARDTYPESMORTARWASUSEDINCONSTRUCTINGTHESEWALLSTHEMORTARWASMIXEDTOTHEPROPORTIONSPECIFICATIONOFASTMC270STANDARDTHEAVERAGECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFTHEMORTARWASOBTAINEDBYTESTINGSIX508MM200DIAMETER1016MM400HIGHCYLINDERSTAKENFROMTHESAMEBATCHUSEDINFABRICATINGTHEWALLSPECIMENSTHEAVERAGESTRENGTHDF0MTOFTHEMORTARONTHEDAYOFTHETESTSWAS2137MPA3100PSI43REDBRICKSCOMMONREDCLAYBRICKSCASTAICREADILYAVAILABLEFROMBUILDINGSUPPLIERSWEREUSEDTHENOMINALDIMENSIONSWERE2032CM8IN1016CM4IN572CM214INTWOTYPESOFTESTSWERECONDUCTEDONTHEREDBRICKSIAUNITBRICKCOMPRESSIONTESTTODETERMINETHEULTIMATECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHREFERTOFIG2,ANDIIAPRISMTESTREFERTOFIG3TODETERMINETHECOMBINEDCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFTABLE1DESCRIPTIONOFWALLSPECIMENSTESTIDSPECIMEN’SDESCRIPTIONCONTROLUNREINFORCEDWCONTUASBUILTWALLNOCOMPOSITESRETROFITCARBON/EPOXYWCRET022PLIESOFUNIDIRECTIONALCARBON/EPOXYLAMINATEPARALLELTOEDGESUPPORTS0?2WCRET0901PLYOFUNIDIRECTIONALCARBON/EPOXYINEACHORTHOGONALDIRECTIONPERPENDICULARTOEDGESUPPORTSDIRECTION0?/90?1RETROFITEGLASS/EPOXYWERET023PLIESOFUNIDIRECTIONALEGLASS/EPOXYLAMINATEPARALLELTOEDGESUPPORTS03FIG2COMPRESSIONTESTFORUNITREDCLAYBRICKSFIG3SETUPANDRESULTSOFTHEPRISMTESTASMOSALLAM/COMPOSITESPARTB382007559–574561

簡(jiǎn)介：PROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE002009000–000PROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIAINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTATIONALSCIENCE,ICCS2010PARALLELNEWTONKRYLOVSOLVERSFORMODELINGOFANAVIGATIONLOCKFILLINGSYSTEMHUNGVNGUYEN1,JINGRUCCHENG1,EALLENHAMMACK2,ANDROBERTSMAIER11USARMYENGINEERRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTCENTERERDCINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYLABORATORYITL,VICKSBURG,MS,391802USARMYENGINEERRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTCENTERERDCCOASTALANDHYDRAULICSLABORATORYCHL,VICKSBURG,MS,39180ABSTRACTTHEGALERKINLEASTSQUARESFINITEELEMENTMETHODFORSOLVINGTHEREYNOLDSAVERAGEDINCOMPRESSIBLETURBULENT3DNAVIERSTOKESEQUATIONSISEMPLOYEDTOSIMULATEANAVIGATIONLOCKFILLINGSYSTEMINTHENUMERICALCODEADAPTIVEHYDRAULICSADHTHELINEARSYSTEMISSOLVEDATEACHNONLINEARITERATIONWITHINEVERYTIMESTEPUSINGBICONJUGATEGRADIENTSTABILIZEDBICGSTABINCOMBINATIONWITHBLOCKJACOBIBJACOBIPRECONDITIONERS,ASITFAILEDTOSOLVETHELINEARSYSTEMBECAUSEOFDRAMATICCHANGESINFLOWVELOCITYANDPRESSUREEARLYINTHESIMULATIONTOOVERCOMETHISPROBLEM,WEUSEDTHEPORTABLEEXTENSIBLETOOLKITFORSCIENTIFICCOMPUTATIONPETSC,ANUMERICALLIBRARYTHATPROVIDESMULTIPLETYPESOFLINEARSOLVERSPETSCHASBEENINCORPORATEDINTOTHEADHCODETHEADHPETSCINTERFACEHELPSTOSYSTEMATICALLYINVESTIGATETHEBESTLINEARSOLVERFORANADHSIMULATIONWEFOUNDTHATAVARIANT,KNOWNASENHANCEDBICGSTABLINCOMBINATIONWITHTHEADDITIVESCHWARZMETHODASM,MADEITPOSSIBLETOSIMULATETHEJOHNDAYLOCKFILLINGSYSTEMTHEBICGSTABLSOLVERIMPROVEDTHERATEOFCONVERGENCEBECAUSEOFAMORERELIABLEUPDATESTRATEGYFORTHERESIDUALSINADDITION,THESIMULATIONWASRUNWITHVARIOUSNUMBERSOFPROCESSORSTHERESULTSHOWSGOODSCALINGOFSOLUTIONTIMEASTHENUMBEROFPROCESSORSINCREASESKEYWORDSNAVIGATIONLOCK,ITERATIVESOLVERS,ADH,PETSC,ANDTURBULENTFLOW1INTRODUCTIONANUMERICALMODELCAPABLEOFSIMULATINGFREESURFACEFLOWINCOMPLEX,3DSTRUCTURESISVITALFORDETAILEDEVALUATIONOFNAVIGATIONLOCKSANDLOCKCOMPONENTS12THEADAPTIVEHYDRAULICSADHCODEISAMODELTHATCANSIMULATESATURATEDANDUNSATURATEDGROUNDWATER,OVERLANDFLOW,2DAND3DSHALLOWWATERPROBLEMS,ANDTHE3DNAVIERSTOKESPROBLEMSSUCHAS3DFLOWINNAVIGATIONLOCKSADHEMPLOYSTHEGALERKINLEASTSQUARESFINITEELEMENTMETHODFORSOLVINGTHEREYNOLDSAVERAGEDINCOMPRESSIBLETURBULENT3DNAVIERSTOKESEQUATIONSTURBULENCEISMODELEDWITHANADVERSEPRESSUREGRADIENTEDDYVISCOSITYTECHNIQUEADHUSESTHENEWTONALGORITHMTOSOLVETHENONLINEARPROBLEM,ANDTHERESULTINGLINEARSYSTEMISNONSYMMETRICASIGNIFICANTPARTOFADHCOMPUTATIONTIMEISSPENTSOLVINGTHELINEARSYSTEMTHEREFORE,THEPERFORMANCEOFLINEARSOLVERSISOFGREATINTERESTCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL016016343607FAX016016342324EMAILADDRESSHUNGVNGUYENUSACEARMYMILC?2012PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE12012699–707WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIA18770509C?2012PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDDOI101016/JPROCS201004075OPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSEOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSEAUTHORNAME/PROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE002010000–000AREINCLUDEDINTHEINFLOWANDOUTFLOWFREESURFACEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSWEREAPPLIEDTOTHEVALVEWELLANDINTHEUPSTREAMBULKHEADADHCALCULATESTHEWATERSURFACELOCATIONUSINGAMOVINGMESHMETHODDURINGSIMULATIONTHE3DMESHCONTAINS213,391NODES,EACHWITHFOURDEGREESOFFREEDOMAND1,095,587TETRAHEDRALELEMENTSTHEELEMENTSHAVESIDESRANGINGFROM13MMONVALVESURFACETOABOUT076MFARFROMVALVEASSHOWNINFIG1BFIG1AFLOWDOMAINBUNSTRUCTUREDMESHWITHFINEMESHSIZENEARVALVE2NUMERICALRESULTS21NUMERICALRESULTSFORLOCKFILLINGSYSTEMTHEADHUSESITSOWNNEWTONSOLVERROUTINECURRENTLYWEONLYWRITETHEINTERFACEFORADHTOUSETHEPETSCKSPLINEARSOLVERANDPCPRECONDITIONERTOSOLVETHELINEARSYSTEMATEACHNEWTONSTEPTHEADHMATRICESWERECONVERTEDINTOABLOCKAIJBAIJFORMATBECAUSEOFFOURDEGREESOFFREEDOMPRESSUREP,U,V,ANDWVELOCITIESATEACHNODETHENUMERICALMODELFORTHEJOHNDAYLOCKFILLINGSYSTEMSIMULATESA100SECONDPHYSICALTIMETHETIMESTEPSARE01AND10SECONDFORPERIODSOF0TO10SECONDSAND10TO100SECONDS,RESPECTIVELYTHETIMESTEPSWERECHOSENABOVEBECAUSEOFADRAMATICCHANGEOFPRESSUREANDVELOCITYATTHEEARLYSTATEOFTHESIMULATIONHOWEVER,ADHEMPLOYSANADAPTIVETIMESTEP,BASEDUPONALOCALERRORESTIMATORTHISERRORESTIMATORHELPSTOINCREASEMODELEFFICIENCYWHILEMAINTAININGAGIVENACCURACYTHESIMULATIONWASRUNWITH32PROCESSORSONTHECRAYXT4SYSTEM,USINGBICGSTABLINCOMBINATIONWITHANADDITIVESCHAWARZASMPRECONDITIONERTHESTOPPINGCRITERIAAREBASEDONTHEL2NORMOFTHEPRECONDITIONEDRESIDUALORMAXIMUMNUMBEROFITERATIONSMAXITSCONVERGENCEISDETECTEDATKITERATIONSIF||RK||2?||B||2,WHERERDENOTESTHERESIDUAL,BTHERIGHTHANDSIDEVECTOR,?50X105THERELATIVETOLERANCE,ANDMAXITS5,000FIG2ASHOWSTHEBICGSTABLALGORITHMWHILEFIG2BSHOWSTHECONVERGENCERATEFORBICGSTABANDBICGSTABLWITHL2,4,AND8ATSIMULATIONTIMET0475SECONDFORL1,THISALGORITHMCOINCIDESWITHBICGSTABIFL?L1ISCLOSETOZERO,THENSTAGNATIONOREVENBREAKDOWNMIGHTOCCURTHEBICGSTABCONVERGENCERATEDEPICTSTHATTHETRUERESIDUALNORMSUDDENLYINCREASESAFTER300ITERATIONSANDTHEBICGSTABDIVERGENCESAFTER400ITERATIONSTHISEXPLAINSWHYTHEBICGSTABFAILSTOSIMULATETHELOCKFILLINGSYSTEMTHECONVERGENCERATESOFBICGSTABLWITHL2,4,AND8AREFOLLOWEDBYTHESAMEPATTERN,ANDSUDDENLYTHERATESABRUPTLYINCREASEANDQUICKLYSATISFYTHECONVERGENCECRITERIAINGENERAL,THEAVERAGECOMPUTATIONCOSTPERITERATIONISHIGHERWITHRESPECTTOTHENUMBEROFINNERPRODUCTANDVECTORUPDATESWHENLISLARGERHOWEVER,ASCANBESEENFROMFIG2B,THELARGERVALUESOFLGIVEASMALLERNUMBEROFITERATIONSANDGREATERPERFORMANCESINCETHESOLVERTIMESARE432187,354394,AND28745SECONDSFORL2,4,AND8,RESPECTIVELYTHEBICGSTABLISTHEEFFICIENTLINEARSOLVERBECAUSETHEAUXILIARYPOLYNOMIALCANBEUSEDTOGAINEFFICIENCYANDTOIMPROVERESIDUALREDUCTIONINADDITION,SLEIJPENANDVANDERVORST11SHOWTHATOCCASIONALLYREPLACINGTHEPRECONDITIONEDRESIDUALNORMWITHTHETRUERESIDUALNORMHVNGUYENETAL/PROCEDIACOMPUTERSCIENCE12012699–707701

簡(jiǎn)介：INTJCARS20138379–393DOI101007/S115480120789ZORIGINALARTICLEPOSITIONINGERROREVALUATIONOFGPUBASED3DULTRASOUNDSURGICALNAVIGATIONSYSTEMFORMOVINGTARGETSBYUSINGOPTICALTRACKINGSYSTEMIKUMASATORYOICHINAKAMURARECEIVED6FEBRUARY2012/ACCEPTED29JULY2012/PUBLISHEDONLINE22AUGUST2012?CARS2012ABSTRACTPURPOSEANEARREALTIMETHREEDIMENSIONAL3DULTRASOUNDNAVIGATIONSYSTEMHASBEENDEVELOPEDFORGUIDINGSURGERYINVOLVINGINTERNALORGANSTHATMOVEANDCHANGESHAPEEG,ABDOMINALSURGERY,FETALSURGERYINPRACTICALAPPLICATIONS,SIGNIFICANTERRORSARISEBETWEENTHEACTUALNAVIGATIONIMAGEPOSITIONSDEPENDINGONTHETIMEDELAYOFTHESYSTEMTHEREFORE,THEPOSITIONINGERROROFTHESYSTEMRELATIVETOTHETARGETVELOCITYWASEVALUATEDMETHODSWEDEVELOPEDAMETHODFOREVALUATINGTHEPOSITIONINGERROROFAGRAPHICSPROCESSINGUNITBASED3DULTRASOUNDSURGICALNAVIGATIONSYSTEMWITHANOPTICALTRACKINGSYSTEMFORMOVINGTARGETSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHISSYSTEMWASQUANTITATIVELYEVALUATEDINTERMSOFITSIMAGEPROCESSINGRUNTIME,TARGETREGISTRATIONERRORTRE,ANDPOSITIONINGERRORFORAMOVINGTARGETTHEPOSITIONINGERRORWASEVALUATEDFORAPHANTOMWITHANOPTICALTRACKINGMARKERMOVINGATSPEEDSOF5–25MM/S,ANDTHENAVIGATIONTARGETWASTHECENTERPOINTOFTHEPHANTOMTHEIMAGINGRANGEOFTHEVOLUMEDATAWASSETTOTHEMAXIMUMANGLEANDRANGEOFTHEULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMUPDATERATE4HZRESULTSTHEIMAGEPROCESSINGRUNTIMEWAS2743±480MS,ANDTHETREWAS150±028MMTHEPOSITIONINGERRORWAS424±012MMFORATARGETMOVINGATASPEEDOF10MM/SAND536±010MMFORONEMOVINGAT15MM/SISATODEPARTMENTOFMEDIAARCHITECTURE,FACULTYOFSYSTEMINFORMATIONSCIENCEENGINEERING,FUTUREUNIVERSITYHAKODATE,1162KAMEDANAKANO,HAKODATE,HOKKAIDO0418655,JAPANRNAKAMURABDEPARTMENTOFMEDICALSYSTEMENGINEERING,GRADUATESCHOOLOFENGINEERING,CHIBAUNIVERSITY,133YAYOICHO,INAGEKU,CHIBA2638522,JAPANEMAILRYOICHINFACULTYCHIBAUJPCONCLUSIONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFANULTRASOUNDNAVIGATIONSYSTEMWASQUANTITATIVELYEVALUATEDBYUSINGTHEPOSITIONINGERRORFORAMOVINGTARGETTHISNAVIGATIONSYSTEMDEMONSTRATEDHIGHCALCULATIONSPEEDANDPOSITIONINGACCURACYFORAMOVINGTARGETTHEREFORE,ITISSUITABLETOGUIDETHESURGERYOFABDOMINALINTERNALORGANSEG,INFETALANDABDOMINALSURGERIESTHATMOVEORCHANGESHAPEDURINGBREATHINGANDSURGICALAPPROACHESKEYWORDSSURGICALNAVIGATIONIMAGEGUIDEDULTRASOUNDGPUCUDAINTRODUCTIONSURGICALNAVIGATIONSYSTEMSAREUTILIZEDINFIELDSSUCHASCRANIALNERVESURGERY,HEADANDNECKSURGERY,OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY,ANDORTHOPEDICSAPOPULARSTRATEGYISTOUSESUCHNAVIGATIONSYSTEMSFORHIGHLYACCURATEANDSAFESURGERIESTHESENAVIGATIONSYSTEMSGUIDESURGICALINSTRUMENTSBYUSINGPREOPERATIVEMEDICALIMAGEDATAOFBODYPARTSRECENTLY,INTRAOPERATIVEMEDICALIMAGEDATAHAVEBEENUSEDTOENABLENAVIGATIONTOTISSUESTHATMOVEANDCHANGESHAPEDURINGSURGERYEG,ABDOMINALORGANS,BLOODVESSELSBVS,TUMORSINTRAOPERATIVEIMAGESHAVEBEENPROVIDEDFORREALTIMEUPDATESINSYSTEMSBASEDONXRAYFLUOROSCOPY,ULTRASOUND,ANDMAGNETICRESONANCEMRGIVENTHATINTRAOPERATIVEIMAGESCANBEACQUIREDATHIGHSPEEDANDLOWCOST,NUMEROUSIMAGENAVIGATIONSYSTEMSANDMETHODSBASEDONANULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMHAVEBEENREPORTEDTHESEREPORTSSHOWTHATSURGICALNAVIGATIONOFABDOMINALORGANSCANBEREALIZEDEFFECTIVELY1–6INONESUCHSYSTEM,THEULTRASOUNDPROBEISROTATEDATHIGHSPEED,ANDATHREEDIMENSIONAL3DIMAGEISCONSTRUCTEDFROMTHEACQUIREDTWODIMENSIONAL2DULTRASOUNDIMAGES123INTJCARS20138379–393381FIG1SYSTEMCONFIGURATIONFOR3DULTRASOUNDSURGICALNAVIGATIONSYSTEMACCURACYDUETOTHETIMEDELAYOFTHESYSTEMANDTHESPEEDOFAMOVINGTARGETGPUBASED3DULTRASOUNDSURGICALNAVIGATIONSYSTEMTOACHIEVETHEOBJECTIVEOFDEVELOPINGASYSTEMTOENABLENAVIGATIONTOINTERNALORGANSEG,ABDOMINALORGANS,WAFLES,FETALSURGERYINNEARREALTIME,WEDEVELOPEDAGPUBASEDFAST3DULTRASOUNDSURGICALNAVIGATIONSYSTEMTHISSYSTEMNAVIGATEDSURGICALINSTRUMENTSBYUSING3DPOSITIONDATAFROMANOPTICAL3DTRACKINGSYSTEMANDULTRASOUNDVOLUMEDATAFROMTHEULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMASSHOWNINFIG1,OURSYSTEMCONSISTSOFANULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMPROSOUNDΑ7HITACHIALOKAMEDICAL,LTDWITHAUSBLANADAPTERUE1000TG2PLANEXCOMMUNICATIONSINC,A3DULTRASOUNDPROBECONSISTINGOFAMECHANICALCONVEXSECTORASU1010HITACHIALOKAMEDICAL,LTD,ANOPTICAL3DTRACKINGSYSTEMPOLARISVICRANDIINC,ANDAWORKSTATIONWITHGPUSTHEWORKSTATIONCONSISTSOFACPUCOREI7950PROCESSORINTELCORP,ADISPLAYGPUGLADIACGTX580ELSAJAPANINC,ACOMPUTATIONALGPUTESLAC2050NVIDIACORP,AMOTORCONTROLLERBOARDPCI7414VINTERFACECORP,ANDANOPERATINGSYSTEMWINDOWS7PROFESSIONAL64BIT,MICROSOFTTHEUSBLANADAPTERISUSEDTOTRANSMITULTRASOUNDVOLUMEDATAFROMTHEULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMTOTHEWORKSTATIONTHEOPTICALTRACKINGMARKERISATTACHEDTOTHEULTRASOUNDPROBE,ANDTHECOORDINATESYSTEMSFORTHEOPTICALTRACKINGSYSTEM,TRACKINGMARKEROFTHEULTRASOUNDPROBE,ANDULTRASOUNDIMAGEAREINTEGRATEDINADDITION,THEMOTORCONTROLLERBOARDCONTROLSTHEMOTOROFANEVALUATIONPHANTOMOURNAVIGATIONSYSTEMPROVIDESUSEFULINFORMATIONABOUTTHECURRENTPOSITIONANDORIENTATIONOFASURGICALINSTRUMENTDURINGSURGERYTHEGRAPHICUSERINTERFACEGUIOFOURNAVIGATIONSYSTEMWASSHOWNINFIG2THEGUIOFTHESYSTEMCONSISTSOFATABOFNAVIGATIONFUNCTIONBUTTONSASWELLASVOLUMERENDERINGANDCROSSSECTIONALIMAGESTHECROSSSECTIONALIMAGESCONSISTOFTRANSVERSETRS,SAGITTALSAG,ANDCORONALCORIMAGESOFTHEINSTRUMENTSOURSYSTEMCANBEUSEDVERYEASILYITISSWITCHEDTOTHENAVIGATIONMODEONLYAFTERTHENAVIGATIONSTARTBUTTONISCLICKEDFIG2,ANDTHESYSTEMAUTOMATICALLYADJUSTSTOALLRESOLUTIONSOFVOLUMEDATAMOREOVER,THESYSTEMCANBEUSEDWITHOUTREGISTRATIONTOINTEGRATETHEULTRASOUNDPROBEANDULTRASOUNDIMAGECOORDINATESYSTEMSINADVANCEDURINGSURGERYBELOWWEDESCRIBEHOWTHISNAVIGATIONSYSTEMHELPSGUIDESURGICALINSTRUMENTSBYACQUIRING3DULTRASOUNDVOLUMEDATAANDPROCESSINGGUIDINGIMAGESBYUSING3DPOSITIONINFORMATIONFIRST,THESYSTEMACQUIRESULTRASOUNDVOLUMEDATAINCLUDINGIMAGINGPARAMETERSFROMTHEULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMBYUSINGTCP/IPTHEVOLUMEDATAARETRANSMITTEDIMMEDIATELYAFTERDATAACQUISITIONBEFORETHEIMAGESARECALCULATEDANDDISPLAYEDINTHEULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMTHEUPDATERATEOFTHEULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMFOR3DIMAGEDISPLAYSRANGEDFROMABOUT03TOOVER10HZ,DEPENDINGONTHEIMAGINGPARAMETERSOFTHEVOLUMEDATAINADDITION,VOLUMEDATATRANSFERISINITIATEDAUTOMATICALLYWHENTHEREALTIME3DFUNCTIONOFTHEULTRASOUNDDIAGNOSTICSYSTEMISACTIVATEDSECOND,POSITIONINFORMATIONFORTHESURGICALINSTRUMENTSANDTHATFORTHEULTRASOUNDPROBEAREMEASUREDBYTHEOPTICALTRACKINGSYSTEMTHESYSTEMTHENCALCULATESTHEVOLUMERENDEREDANDCROSSSECTIONALIMAGESOFTHE123

簡(jiǎn)介：CHAPTERSIXCONDUCTEDEMISSIONSANDSUSCEPTIBILITYINTHISCHAPTERWEWILLINVESTIGATETHEMECHANISMBYWHICHEMISSIONSAREGENERATEDANDARECONDUCTEDOUTOFTHEPRODUCTALONGTHEPRODUCT’SACPOWERCORDREGULATORYAGENCIESIMPOSELIMITSONTHESECONDUCTEDEMISSIONSBECAUSETHEYAREPLACEDONTHECOMMERCIALPOWERSYSTEMNETOFTHEINSTALLATIONTHECOMMERCIALPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMINANINSTALLATIONISALARGEARRAYOFWIRESCONNECTINGTHEVARIOUSPOWEROUTLETSFROMWHICHTHEOTHERELECTRONICSYSTEMSINTHEINSTALLATIONRECEIVETHEIRACPOWERITTHEREFOREREPRESENTSALARGE“ANTENNA”SYSTEMFROMWHICHTHESECONDUCTEDEMISSIONSCANRADIATEQUITEEFFICIENTLY,CAUSINGINTERFERENCEINTHEOTHERELECTRONICSYSTEMSOFTHEINSTALLATIONTHUSTHECONDUCTEDEMISSIONSMAYCAUSERADIATEDEMISSION,WHICHMAYTHENCAUSEINTERFERENCEORDINARILY,THEREDUCTIONOFTHESECONDUCTEDEMISSIONSISSOMEWHATSIMPLERTHANTHEREDUCTIONOFRADIATEDEMISSIONSSINCETHEREISONLYONEPATHFORTHESEEMISSIONSTHATNEEDSTOBECONTROLLEDTHEUNIT’SPOWERCORDHOWEVER,ITISIMPORTANTTOREALIZETHATIFAPRODUCTFAILSTOCOMPLYWITHTHELIMITSONCONDUCTEDEMISSIONS,COMPLIANCEWITHTHELIMITSONRADIATEDEMISSIONSISAMOOTPOINTTHEREFORECONTROLLINGCONDUCTEDEMISSIONSOFAPRODUCTHASEQUALPRIORITYWITHTHECONTROLOFRADIATEDEMISSIONSONCEAGAIN,MANUFACTURERSOFELECTRONICPRODUCTSREALIZETHATSIMPLYCOMPLYINGWITHTHEREGULATORYLIMITSONCONDUCTEDANDRADIATEDEMISSIONSDOESNOTREPRESENTACOMPLETEDESIGNFROMTHESTANDPOINTOFEMCAPRODUCTMUSTBEREASONABLYINSENSITIVETODISTURBANCESTHATAREPRESENTONTHEPOWERSYSTEMNETINORDERTOENSURERELIABLEOPERATIONOFTHEPRODUCTFOREXAMPLE,LIGHTNINGMAYSTRIKETHEPOWERTRANSMISSIONLINESTHATFEEDPOWERTOTHEINSTALLATIONTHISMAYCAUSEDISTURBANCESTHATRANGEFROMACOMPLETELOSSOFCOMMERCIALPOWERWHICHNOPRODUCTISEXPECTEDTOWITHSTANDTOMOMENTARYPOWERLOSSDUETOPOWERSYSTEMCIRCUITBREAKERSATTEMPTINGTORECLOSEWHICHAPRODUCTISEXPECTEDTOWITHSTANDWITHOUTLOSSOFINTRODUCTIONTOELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITY,SECONDEDITION,BYCLAYTONRPAULCOPYRIGHT2006JOHNWILEYSONS,INC13611THELINEIMPEDANCESTABILIZATIONNETWORKLISNTHEPURPOSEOFTHECONDUCTEDEMISSIONTESTISTOMEASURETHENOISECURRENTSTHATEXITTHEPRODUCT’SACPOWERCORDCONDUCTORSTHESEEMISSIONSCOULDBESIMPLYMEASUREDWITHACURRENTPROBEHOWEVER,THEREQUIREMENTTHATTHEMEASUREDDATABECORRELATABLEBETWEENMEASUREMENTSITESMAYRENDERTHISSIMPLETESTUNREALISTICTHEIMPEDANCESEENLOOKINGINTOTHEACPOWERSYSTEMWALLOUTLETSVARIESCONSIDERABLYOVERTHEMEASUREMENTFREQUENCYRANGEANDFROMOUTLETTOOUTLETANDBUILDINGTOBUILDING1THISVARIABILITYINTHELOADINGPRESENTEDTOTHEPRODUCTAFFECTSTHEAMOUNTOFNOISETHATISCONDUCTEDOUTTHEPOWERCORDINORDERTOMAKETHISCONSISTENTBETWEENTESTSITES,THEIMPEDANCESEENBYTHEPRODUCTLOOKINGOUTTHEPRODUCT’SACPOWERCORDMUSTBESTABILIZEDFROMMEASUREMENTSITETOMEASUREMENTSITETHISISTHEFIRSTOBJECTIVEOFTHELISNTOPRESENTACONSTANTIMPEDANCETOTHEPRODUCT’SPOWERCORDOUTLETOVERTHEFREQUENCYRANGEOFTHECONDUCTEDEMISSIONTESTALSO,THEAMOUNTOFNOISETHATISPRESENTONTHEPOWERSYSTEMNETVARIESFROMSITETOSITETHIS“EXTERNAL”NOISEENTERSTHEPRODUCT’SACPOWERCORD,AND,UNLESSITISSOMEHOWEXCLUDED,WILLADDTOTHEMEASUREDCONDUCTEDEMISSIONSITISDESIREDTOMEASUREONLYTHOSECONDUCTEDEMISSIONSTHATAREDUETOTHEPRODUCT,ANDTHISGIVESTHESECONDOBJECTIVEOFTHELISNTOBLOCKCONDUCTEDEMISSIONSTHATARENOTDUETOTHEPRODUCTBEINGTESTEDSOTHATONLYTHECONDUCTEDEMISSIONSOFTHEPRODUCTAREMEASUREDTHEREFORETHETWOOBJECTIVESOFTHELISNARE1TOPRESENTACONSTANTIMPEDANCE50VBETWEENTHEPHASECONDUCTORANDTHESAFETYWIRETHE“GREENWIRE”ANDBETWEENTHENEUTRALCONDUCTORANDTHESAFETYWIRE,AND2TOPREVENTEXTERNALCONDUCTEDNOISEONTHEPOWERSYSTEMNETFROMCONTAMINATINGTHEMEASUREMENTTHESETWOOBJECTIVESARETOBESATISFIEDONLYOVERTHEFREQUENCYRANGEOFTHECONDUCTEDEMISSIONTEST150KHZ–30MHZANOTHERSUBTLEBUTUNSTATEDREQUIREMENTFORTHELISNISTHATITBEABLETOPASSTHE60HZ50HZPOWERREQUIREDFOROPERATIONOFTHEPRODUCTTHELISNSPECIFIEDFORUSEINTHECONDUCTEDEMISSIONMEASUREMENTISSHOWNINFIG62THEPURPOSEOFTHE1MFCAPACITORSBETWEENPHASEANDGREENWIREANDBETWEENNEUTRALANDGREENWIREONTHECOMMERCIALPOWERSIDEISTODIVERT“EXTERNALNOISE”O(jiān)NTHECOMMERCIALPOWERNETANDPREVENTTHATNOISEFROMFLOWINGTHROUGHTHEMEASUREMENTDEVICEANDCONTAMINATINGTHETESTDATASIMILARLY,THEPURPOSEOFTHE50MHINDUCTORSISTOBLOCKTHATNOISETHEPURPOSEOFTHEOTHER01MFCAPACITORSISTOPREVENTANYDCFROMOVERLOADINGTHEINPUTOFTHETESTRECEIVERITISINSTRUCTIVETOCOMPUTETHEIMPEDANCESOFTHESEELEMENTSATTHELOWERFREQUENCYLIMIT,150KHZ,ANDTHEUPPERFREQUENCYLIMIT,30MHZ,OFTHEFCCREGULATORYLIMITTHESEAREELEMENTZ150KHZZ30MHZ50MH471V94248V01MF1061V0053V1MF106V00053VTHUSTHECAPACITORSARELOWIMPEDANCESOVERTHEMEASUREMENTFREQUENCYRANGE,ANDTHEINDUCTORPRESENTSALARGEIMPEDANCETHE1KVRESISTORSACTASSTATICCHARGEPATHS61MEASUREMENTOFCONDUCTEDEMISSIONS

簡(jiǎn)介：ASPORTACTIVITIESMONITORINGSYSTEMBASEDONACCELERATIONANDROTATIONMICROELECTROMECHANICALSENSORS原文1ABSTRACTALTHOUGHTHEREARESEVERALTECHNOLOGICALTOOLSTOAIDSPORTSTRAINING,MOSTOFTHEMAREHIGHCOSTSOLUTIONSANDGENERALLYVERYSPECIFICTOAPARTICULARSPORT,WHICHHINDERSTHEDIFFUSIONOFSUCHTECHNOLOGIESTHISPAPERPRESENTSALOWCOSTNONINVASIVEMICROCONTROLLERSPORTACTIVITIESMONITORINGSYSTEMSAMSPROTOTYPE,WHICHISBASEDONACCELERATIONANDROTATIONMICROELECTROMECHANICALSENSORSMEMSFOROBTAININGBIOMECHANICALDATADURINGTHEATHLETE’STRAINING,WITHOUTLEAVINGTHENATURALENVIRONMENTOFHISACTIVITIESTHESENSORSSIGNALSAREWIRELESSLYTRANSMITTEDFROMTHESAMSTOTHECOMPUTERINORDERTOPROCESSTHEDATA,THROUGHANEASYANDINTUITIVEVIRTUALINSTRUMENTVIINTERFACEDEVELOPEDINLABVIEWTHISVISAVESANDDISPLAYSREALTIMEDATAINAGRAPHICFORMTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSWEREOBTAINEDINTWODIFFERENTENVIRONMENTSFIRSTWEUSEDASTATIONARYBIKEANDTHENWETESTEDTHESAMSINAPROFESSIONALCYCLETRACKTHESYSTEMALLOWSTHEACCELERATIONACQUISITIONINTHERANGEFORM±1,5GUNTIL±10GANDROTATIONINTHESPANOF±50O/STHEMAXIMUMTRANSMISSIONRANGEISABOUT70MTHESAMSHASASMALLSIZE37X49X20MMANDLIGHTWEIGHT40G,MAKINGITAVERSATILEMONITORINGSYSTEMTOAIDATHLETESANDCOACHESDURINGTHETRAINING,ALLOWINGREFINEMENTSONTHETECHNIQUETHESAMSISALSOASUITABLETOOLFORTHEPHYSICALEDUCATIONRESEARCHAREAKEYWORDSACCELEROMETER,GYROSCOPE,SPORTMONITORING,VIRTUALINSTRUMENTATION,WIRELESSCOMMUNICATION,REALTIMEFEEDBACKIINTRODUCTIONCURRENTLYADVANCESONMICROELECTRONICSANDMEMSSENSORS,AREEACHTIMESMALLER,WITHLOWPOWERCONSUMPTIONANDAFFORDABLEPRICESMAKINGITMOREFEASIBLEANDPERMITTINGITSAPPLICATIONONSPORTSACCELEROMETERS,GYROSCOPES,MICROPHONESANDCAMERASAMONGOTHERS,LENDTHEMSELVESSUITABLETOAWIDERANGEOFSPORTSAPPLICATIONS1,MAKINGPOSSIBLETOOBTAINBIOMECHANICAL,PHYSICALORCOGNITIVEINFORMATIONFROMMONITORINGTHEATHLETESPERFORMANCEDURINGTHEIRTRAININGSORSPORTPRACTICESNEWWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSTANDARDSLIKEBLUETOOTHANDZIGBEETM,PROVIDEAPLATACCELEROMETERSTHEMMA7260INTRODUCEDIN2005BYFREESCALETM5ANDTHEMMA72616AREMEM’STRIAXISACCELERATIONSENSORSWITHSELECTABLESENSITIVITY1,5/2/4/6G,LOWCURRENTCONSUMPTION500ΜA,SLEEPMODE3ΜA,LOWVOLTAGEOPERATION2,2TO3,6VANDLOWCOST3,35USDTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEISRATIOMETRICANDPROPORTIONALTOTHEACCELERATION,THISSIMPLYMEANSTHATTHEOUTPUTOFFSETVOLTAGEANDSENSITIVITYWILLSCALELINEARLYWITHAPPLIEDSUPPLYVOLTAGETABLEIPRESENTSTHETYPICALSENSITIVITYFOR3,3VPOWERSUPPLYVOLTAGEANDFIGURE2SHOWSTHESENSORDYNAMICACCELERATIONAXISGYROSCOPESTHEIDG300ANDIDG1004AREANINTEGRATEDDUALAXISANGULARRATESENSORSGYROSCOPESBOTHOFTHEMUSEINVENSENSETM’SPROPRIETARYANDPATENTEDMEMSTECHNOLOGYWITHVERTICALLYDRIVEN,VIBRATINGMASSESTOMAKEAFUNCTIONALLYCOMPLETE,DUALAXISANGULARRATESENSOR7THEOUTPUTVOLTAGEOFTHEGYROSCOPEISPROPORTIONALTOTHEANGULARVELOCITYTHEIDG300FULLSCALERANGEIS±500O/S,SENSITIVITY2MV//S,LOWVOLTAGEOPERATION3,0TO3,3VANDLOWCOST30USDFORIDG10048THEMAINDIFFERENCEISTHEFULLSCALERANGE±50O/S,ANDTHESENSITIVITY4MV/O/SFIGURE3PRESENTSTHEROTATIONAXISANDTHEGYROSCOPEBOARDWITCHISGOINGTOBEPARTOFTHESAMS,ALLOWINGTOOBTAINTHEYAWROTATION

簡(jiǎn)介：1ABSTRACTTHECOMBUSTIONSYSTEMOFCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERCFBBISACOMPLEXOBJECTWITHMULTIVARIABLE,LARGEDELAY,TIGHTLYCOUPLING,NONLINEARANDSLOWTIMEVARYINGITISDIFFICULTTOBUILDTHEPRECISEMATHEMATICMODELOFTHEOBJECTANDTOACCURATELYCONTROLTHEOBJECTWITHTHETRADITIONALCONTROLMETHODSINTHISPAPER,THEOBJECTISDYNAMICALLYDECOUPLEDBYAFEEDFORWARDCOMPENSATORTHEN,THEOBJECTISRESPECTIVELYCONTROLLEDBYTHREECONTROLLERS,PIDCONTROLLER,FUZZYCONTROLLERANDSELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZY–PIDCONTROLLERTHESIMULATIONEXPERIMENTSARECARRIEDOUTTHROUGHCONTRASTWITHFORMERCONTROLLERSINMATLABSIMULATIONENVIRONMENTTHESIMULATIONRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZYPIDCONTROLLERISSUPERIORTOTHEGENERALPIDCONTROLLERANDTHEGENERALFUZZYCONTROLLERINSPEEDINESS,STABILITY,ADAPTABILITY,ROBUSTNESSANDABILITYOFANTIDISTURBANCEINDEXTERMSCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERDECOUPLINGFUZZYCONTROLMULTIVARIABLESELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZYPIDCONTROLI．INTRODUCTIONHECIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERCFBBHASBEENWIDELYUSEDASACLEANCOALCOMBUSTIONTECHNIQUEFORITSHIGHCOMBUSTIONEFFICIENCY,WIDEADAPTABILITYTOCOALRANKS,LOADADJUSTINGPERFORMANCEANDLOWPOLLUTION14HOWEVER,DUETOITSSPECIALSTRUCTUREANDTHECOMPLEXITYOFCOMBUSTIONMECHANISM,THECOMBUSTIONPROCESSHASCOMPLEXFEATURES,SUCHASHIGHLYNONLINEAR,TIMEVARYING,LARGEDELAYANDMULTIVARIABLEDECOUPLING,ETCITISVERYDIFFICULTTOESTABLISHITSPRECISEMATHEMATICALMODEL58,ANDTOCONTROLTHEOBJECTWITHTHETRADITIONALCONTROLMETHODSATPRESENT,THECOMMONCONTROLMETHODISTHATTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREISFOCALLYCONTROLLED,MEANWHILE,THEPRIMARYAIRFLOWISADJUSTEDACCORDINGTOTHEBESTAIRCOALRATIO,ANDTHEBEDTEMPERATUREISCONTROLLEDINTHEREQUIREDRANGE9THEMETHODCAN’TMAINTAINTHEBEDTEMPERATUREINTHEBESTRANGEWHILEKEEPINGTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREINTHISPAPER,ONTHEBASISOFDECOUPLINGMODELOFTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREANDTHEBEDTEMPERATURE10,THESELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLER1118WHICHHASBETTERADAPTABILITYANDTHISWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYLEADINGACADEMICDISCIPLINEPROJECTOFSHANGHAIMUNICIPALEDUCATIONCOMMISSIONPROJECTNUMBERJ51301ANDNATURESCIENCEKEYFOUNDATIONOFSHANGHAIMUNICIPALEDUCATIONCOMMISSIONPROJECTNUMBER06ZZ69ALLOFTHEAUTHORSAREWITHCOLLEGEOFELECTRICPOWERANDAUTOMATION,SHANGHAIUNIVERSITYOFELECTRICPOWER,YANGPUDISTRICT,SHANGHAI,200090,CHINAEMAILCHENGQIMINGSINACOMBETTERROBUSTNESS,ISUSEDTOCONTROLTHESTEAMPRESSUREANDTHEBEDTEMPERATURETOGETTHEBETTERCONTROLEFFECTSII．THECHARACTERISTICSOFCFBBANDTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEDECOUPLEDCONTROLSYSTEMOFCFBBTHEKEYREASONSTHATCFBBCOMBUSTIONSYSTEMISDIFFICULTTOCONTROL,ARETHESTRONGCOUPLINGRELATIONSBETWEENMULTIINPUTSCOAL,PRIMARYAIR,SECONDARYAIR,DRAWINGWIND,RECYCLEMATERIALANDMULTIOUTPUTSBEDTEMPERATURE,MAINSTEAMPRESSURE,THEFURNACENEGATIVEPRESSURE,OXYGENCONTENT,THEMOSTIMPORTANTRELATIONINTHESECOUPLINGRELATIONSISTHECOUPLINGRELATIONBETWEENBEDTEMPERATUREANDMAINSTEAMPRESSURE56INCHINA,CFBBAREUSUALLYDESIGNEDWITHOUTEXTERNALHEATEXCHANGERTOENSURESIMPLESTRUCTUREANDLOWCOSTTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREANDTHEBEDTEMPERATUREWITHSTRONGLYCOUPLEDRELATIONARECONTROLLEDBYREGULATINGTHECOALAMOUNTANDTHEPRIMARYAIRAMOUNTTHISCONTROLMETHODISWIDELYUSEDTOTHEACTUALCONTROLOFCFBBCOMBUSTIONSYSTEMINCHINA12THEREFORE,INTHISPAPER,THEBEDTEMPERATUREISCONTROLLEDBYTHEPRIMARYAIRAMOUNT,ANDTHEMAINSTEAMPRESSUREISREGULATEDBYTHECOALAMOUNTINTHISPAPER,THEDOMESTIC75T/HCFBBISSELECTEDASTHEOBJECTOFSIMULATIONEXPERIMENTSTHETRANSFERFUNCTIONMATRIXOFTHESYSTEMATTHELOADRANGEOF70TO100ISGOTTEN16???????????????????????????????????????12602230212221121101160036012600066011638767811803860QBSESSESQBSGSGSGSGPTSSB1WHERETB,P0ARERESPECTIVELYBEDTEMPERATUREANDMAINSTEAMPRESSUREB,Q1ARERESPECTIVELYCOALAMOUNTANDPRIMARYAIRAMOUNTG11,G12G21,G22ARERESPECTIVELYINPUTOUTPUTTRANSFERFUNCTIONSOFBTB,BP0,Q1TBANDQ1P0FROMEQ1TOSEE,THATTIMEDELAYSEXISTINBOTHCOALMAINSTEAMPRESSURELOOPANDCOALBEDTEMPERATURELOOPANDTHEREARESERIOUSLYCOUPLINGRELATIONSINCFBBSYSTEMTHEREFORE,DYNAMICFEEDFORWARDCOMPENSATIONISNEEDEDFORDYNAMICDECOUPLINGSYSTEMTOCONTROLTHESYSTEMBETTERDYNAMICFEEDFORWARDCOMPENSATIONISCOMMONLYUSEDFORSYSTEMDECOUPLING10FIG1ISTHESTRUCTUREOFTHERESEARCHONMULTIVARIABLEDECOUPLINGCONTROLSYSTEMFORCOMBUSTIONSYSTEMOFCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERQIMINGCHENG,RUIQINGGUO,ANDXUFENGDUT3TRIALANDERRORMETHODIV．THEDESIGNOFSELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLERFORCOMBUSTIONCONTROLSYSTEMOFCFBBATHESTRUCTUREOFCONTROLSYSTEMTHEPIDCONTROLLERHASMANYADVANTAGES,SUCHASSIMPLESTRUCTURE,MATURETHEORETICALBASIS,WIDEAPPLICABILITY,CONVENIENTPARAMETERTUNING,MUCHENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONTHEREFORE,THEPIDCONTROLLEROCCUPIESADOMINANTPOSITIONINTHEACTUALCONTROLSYSTEMBUTTHELINEARCHARACTERISTICSOFTHECONVENTIONALPIDCONTROLLERWITHFIXEDCONTROLPARAMETERSHAVEGOODCONTROLPERFORMANCEONLYWHENWORKINGNEAROPERATINGPOINTWHENTHESYSTEMISFARTHEROUTOFTHEOPERATINGPOINT,NONLINEARCONTROLCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEOBJECTISDIFFICULTTOMAINTAINTHEDYNAMICQUALITYOFPIDCONTROLTHEREFORE,FUZZYREASONINGISINTRODUCEDTOSOLVEDTHEPROBLEM,THEPARAMETERSOFPIDCONTROLLERBASEDONTHEINITIALPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSARECORRECTEDWITHADDINGFUZZYREASONINGTOIMPROVETHESYSTEMDYNAMICPERFORMANCEINSELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLER1618,THECONDITIONSANDTHEOPERATIONSOFCONTROLRULESAREEXPRESSEDBYFUZZYSETONTHEBASISOFPIDCONTROL,ANDTHESEFUZZYCONTROLRULESASWELLASOTHERINFORMATIONARESTOREDINTOCOMPUTERKNOWLEDGEBASES,THEN,ACCORDINGTOACTUALRESPONSEOFTHECONTROLSYSTEM,FUZZYREASONINGISCARRIEDOUTBYCOMPUTERTOACHIEVEBESTADJUSTMENTOFPIDCONTROLTHESTRUCTUREOFSELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZYPIDCONTROLSYSTEMISSHOWNINFIG5FIRSTLY,THESELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLERISDESIGNEDTOFINDTHEFUZZYRELATIONSBETWEENTHETHREECONTROLPARAMETERSNAMELY,PROPORTIONALCOEFFICIENTKP,DIFFERENTIALCOEFFICIENTKDANDINTEGRALCOEFFICIENTKIANDTHETWOSYSTEMVARIABLESTHATIS,ERRORE,ERRORDEVIATIONECTHEN,ΔKP,ΔKI,ΔKD,THECHANGESOFKP,KI,KDPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSAREONLINEAMENDEDONFUZZYTHEORYWITHMEASURINGEANDECDURINGTHESYSTEMOPERATIONFINALLY,THECONTROLSYSTEMHASGOODDYNAMICANDSTATICPERFORMANCETHEDIGITALPIDCONTROLLERUSUALLYCANBEEXPRESSEDASUKKPEKKIΣEIKDECK（4）INFUZZYREASONING,THEINPUTVARIABLESAREEANDEC,ANDTHEOUTPUTVARIABLESAREΔKP,ΔKI,ΔKDTHEPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSAREGIVENASKPKP0ΔKP，KIKI0ΔKI，KDKD0ΔKD（5）WHERE,KP0,KI0,KD0ARETHEINITIALSETTINGVALUESOFKD,KI,KDPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSBTHERULETABLESOFFUZZYCONTROLFROMTHECHARACTERISTICSOFPIDCONTROLTOKNOW,THESTRONGINTEGRALACTIONILEADSTOBIGOVERSHOOT,FASTRESPONSETHESTRONGDERIVATIVEACTIONDHASGOODSTABILITY,SMALLOVERSHOOT,SMALLABILITYOFANTIINTERFERENCEACCORDINGTOEANDECATDIFFERENTSTAGES,THESETTINGPRINCIPLEOFPIDCONTROLPARAMETERSAREGIVEN11,181WHENTHECONTROLLEDVARIABLESARECLOSETOSETTINGVALUES,THEINTEGRALACTIONWITHTHESAMESIGNASECCANAVOIDSOVERSHOOTANDOSCILLATION,ANDISBENEFICIALTOTHECONTROLWHENTHECONTROLLEDVARIABLESAREFARFROMSETTINGVALUES,THEINTEGRALACTIONWITHTHEOPPOSITESIGNASECANREDUCEOVERSHOOTANDAVOIDOSCILLATION2ATINITIALSTAGEOFPIDPARAMETERADJUSTMENT,ITCANAVOIDOVERSHOOTANDINCREASERESPONSESPEEDTHATKPISPROPERLYLARGEANDKIISSMALLORZEROATMIDDLESTAGE,LETTHEVALUESOFKPANDKIBEMODERATEWHILETAKINGACCOUNTTOSTABILITYANDCONTROLPRECISIONATLASTSTAGE,ITCANELIMINATETHEERRORSANDREDUCEOVERSHOOTTHATKPISREDUCEDANDKIISINCREASEDPROPERLY3DIFFERENTIALCOEFFICIENTKDCANINHIBITCHANGEOFCONTROLLEDVARIABLE,SHORTENSTEADYTIME,REDUCESTEADYSTATEERRORITISASUPPLEMENTTOKP,KITHEFUZZYSUBSETSOFINPUTANDOUTPUTVARIABLESOFFUZZYCONTROLLERARERESPECTIVELYE,EC,ΔKP,ΔKI,ΔKDTHELANGUAGEVALUESOFTHESEFUZZYVARIABLESAREIN{NB,NM,NS,ZO,PS,PM,PB},ANDTHEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSOFTHESEFUZZYVARIABLESAREALLSENSITIVELYTRIGONOMETRICFUNCTIONSWITHTHEVALUEFIELDIN3,3BYFUZZYREASONINGANDTESTMODIFICATIONBASEDONTHEABOVESETTINGPRINCIPLE,THEFUZZYCONTROLRULESOFTHESELFTUNINGPARAMETERFUZZYPIDCONTROLSYSTEMAREOBTAINEDANDSHOWNINTABLEIIITALLEIIFUZZYCONTROLRULESOFBP0CONTROLLOOPFIG5THESTRUCTUREOFSELFTUNINGFUZZYPIDCONTROLLER

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄附錄2中英文翻譯中英文翻譯英文原文英文原文ANEWLEVELMEASUREMENTMETHODBASEDONACOUSTICSTANDINGWAVEWANGZHIWENCHENGLINXUXIAOBINLIZHILIANGHANGZHOUDIANZHIUNIVERSITYEMAILMETERO3377692126COMABSTRACTANEWLEVELMEASUREMENTMETHODBASEDONACOUSTICSTANDINGWAVEISPRESENTEDFIRSTLY,THESYSTEMMODELABOUTTHEFREQUENCIESOFTHEACOUSTICSTANDINGWAVESISESTABLISHEDANDKALMANFILTERISUSEDTOPREPROCESSTHESTANDINGWAVEFREQUENCYITWILLINCREASETHEACCURACYOFLEVELMEASUREMENTBYREDUCINGTHEINFLUENCEOFENVIRONMENTNOISEANDMEASUREMENTERROR,WHICHAREUSUALLYIGNOREDBYMOSTOFACOUSTICLEVELMEASUREMENTMETHODSSECONDLY,THENEWCONVERSIONTECHNIQUECANBEGIVENTOCALCULATETHELEVELHEIGHTWITHESTIMATESOFSTANDINGWAVEFREQUENCIESFROMKALMANFILTERANDITCANOVERCOMETHESTRICTLIMITATIONABOUTFREQUENCYRANGEINEXISTINGCLASSICALMETHODMOREOVER,THEEXPERIMENTSSHOWTHEPROPOSEDMETHODEFFECTIVE1INTRODUCTIONTHELEVELMEASUREMENTMETHODSBASEDONSOUNDREFLECTIONPHENOMENAHAVEBEENUSEDSUCCESSFULLYINSOMEAREASOFTHEPROCESSINDUSTRY12WASTEWATERTREATMENT,CHEMICAL,PETROLEUM,ETCANDTHEMETHODBASEDONTHEACOUSTICSTANDINGWAVEREFLECTIONISIMPORTANTAMONGTHEMTHESOUNDWAVESAREEMITTEDVERTICALTOTHELIQUIDSURFACEANDTHEECHOSIGNALSWILLBESENTTOTHECONTROLLERTHENTHELEVELHEIGHTWILLBECALCULATEDBYTERMSOFTHECHARACTEROFTHESTANDINGWAVESEXTRACTEDFROMTHEECHOSIGNALS3THECOMMONSTANDINGWAVEMETHODSARESIMPLYEQUIPPEDWITHSINGLEWAVEGUIDETUBEITISNECESSARYTOMEASURESOUNDVELOCITYFORACCURATECALCULATIONOFLEVELHEIGHTHOWEVER,THEEXACTVALUEOFSOUNDVELOCITYCANHARDLYCOMPUTED,BECAUSEIT’SACOMPLEXPHYSICALQUANTITYRELATEDMAINLYTOTEMPERATURE,GASAMPLITUDEANDTHEVELOCITY,STANDINGWAVESWILLBEFORMED7WHENTHESOUNDWAVESTRAVELINTHEDIRECTIONVERTICALTOTHELEVEL,THEABOVECONDITIONSCANBESATISFIEDLETY1BETHEACOUSTICWAVEFROMTHETRANSMITTERANDY2BETHEREFLECTIONOFY1THROUGHTHELIQUIDSURFACEEXPRESSIONSOFBOTHARERESPECTIVELYY1ACOS2ΠFT?LΛ1Y2ACOS2ΠFTLΛ2ANDTHEIRSYNTHESIZEDWAVEISY2ACOS2ΠLΛCOS2ΠFT3WHEREAISTHEAMPLITUDEOFACOUSTICWAVE,FISTHEFREQUENCY,LISTHEDISTANCEFROMTHELIQUIDSURFACETOTHETOPOFTUBE,ΛI(xiàn)STHEWAVELENGTHOFTHEACOUSTICWAVELISTHELEVELHEIGHTNEEDEDTOBECALCULATEDWHENΛANDLSATISFYTHERELATIONBELOWL2NΛ,N1,2,4THEAMPLITUDEOFTHESYNTHESIZEDWAVEWILLREACHTHEPEAKITSWAVELENGTHISΛC/F,ANDTHENLNC2F5WHERECISTHESOUNDVELOCITY,FISTHEACOUSTICFREQUENCYANDTISTHECENTIGRADEFIGURE1LEVELGAUGEWITHSINGLETUBEFIGURE3LEVELGAUGEWITHDOUBLETUBES

簡(jiǎn)介：TEXTILERESEARCHJOURNALARTICLETEXTILERESEARCHJOURNALVOL793235–242DOI101177/0040517508093780WWWTRJSAGEPUBCOM?2009SAGEPUBLICATIONSLOSANGELES,LONDON,NEWDELHIANDSINGAPORESTUDIESONYARNHAIRINESSOFPOLYESTER/COTTONBLENDEDRINGSPUNYARNSMADEFROMDIFFERENTBLENDRATIOSSUATCANOGLU1ANDSKEVSERTANIRDEPARTMENTOFTEXTILEEDUCATION,MARMARAUNIVERSITY,G?ZTEPE,ISTANBUL34722,TURKEYHAIRINESSISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTPARAMETERSFORSPINNERSANDFORFURTHERPROCESSINGINTEXTILESSOMERESEARCHERS1INDICATETHATFORCOTTONYARNSTHESTATISTICALDISTRIBUTIONOFTHENUMBEROFPROTRUDINGENDSOFDIFFERENTLENGTHSISEXPONENTIALONTHEOTHERHAND,DUETOTHEHAIRINESSINTHEYARN,SOMEDEFECTSONTHEFABRICMAYAPPEARSOMEEXAMPLESINCLUDEWARPDRAWINANDWARPYARNTANGLINGDURINGTHEWEAVINGPROCESSANDHENCEWARPYARNBREAKAGES,PILLINGONTHEKNITTEDANDWOVENFABRICS,ANDSOMEDEFECTSONTHEAPPEARANCEOFFABRICS2FROMTHEBEGINNINGOFTHE1950S,HAIRINESSBECAMEONEOFTHEMEASURABLEYARNPARAMETERSANDSINCETHENHASBEENUSEDREGULARLYINYARNTESTINGYARNHAIRINESSISAFFECTEDSEVERALPARAMETERS,SOISDIFFICULTTOPREVENT3ITISDEFINEDASPROTRUDINGENDSOFYARNFROMTHEYARNBODYANDTHEFACTORSTHATAFFECTITINCLUDETYPEOFFIBERUSED,PRODUCTIONMETHODS,YARN,MACHINEPARAMETERS,ETC4,5SOMEPREVIOUSSTUDIES6,7HAVEREPORTEDTHATTHECAUSEOFHAIRINESSIESHORTFIBERS,LONGFIBERS,FIBERBRIDGES,FIBERLOOPS,LOOSEFIBERS,VERTICALFIBERS,ETCISDUETOTHEPOSITIONINGWITHINTHEYARNBODY,WHICHCANBESEENFROMPHOTOGRAPHSTAKENWITHANSCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPESEM1INTHISSTUDY,36TEXPOLYESTER/COTTONYARNSWERESPUNWITHFIVEBLENDRATIOSANDWITHTWOTRAVELERWEIGHTS8THECHANGESINYARNHAIRINESSANDOTHERYARNPROPERTIESWEREINVESTIGATEDDURINGTHESPINNINGOFYARNSUSINGDIFFERENTTRAVELERWEIGHTSTHENTHECHANGESOFYARNHAIRINESSVARIATIONANDOTHERYARNPARAMETERSWEREOBSERVEDFROMSEMABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,14DENIERAND32MMOFFIBERLENGTHPOLYESTERAND302MMFIBERLENGTHCOTTON435MICRONAIREROVINGSOF695TEXΑTEX107WEREBLENDEDWITHDIFFERENTPOLYESTER/COTTONRATIOSIE17/83,33/67,50/50,67/33,AND83/17THEYARNSWEREPRODUCEDATASPINDLESPEEDOF11,000REV/MINWITHA42MMRINGDIAMETER,WHERECTYPEHALFROUNDTRAVELERSOF85AND95MGWEREEMPLOYEDINRINGFRAMESTHERESULTING36TEXΑTEX375YARNSWEREEXAMINEDBYMEASURINGTHEIRTENSILESTRENGTH,ELONGATION,COUNT,TWIST,EVENNESS,ANDHAIRINESSTHENTHEYARNSWEREKNITTEDINTOFABRICSTOOBSERVEANDEVALUATEPILLINGPERFORMANCETHEOBSERVATIONSBASEDONSCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPESEMIMAGESWERECONCLUDEDBOTHONTHEHAIRINESSANDPILLINGVALUES,DEPENDINGONTHEBLENDPROPORTIONSAMONGTHEYARNSPRODUCED,THEBESTHAIRINESSWITHTHETRAVELEROF95MGWEIGHTWASOBTAINEDFROMTHEBLENDYARNWITHAPOLYESTER/COTTONRATIOOF33/67ANDTHEBESTPILLINGPARAMETERWASACCRUEDFROMTHEKNITTEDFABRICSWITHAPOLYESTER/COTTONRATIOOF83/17KEYWORDSRINGSPINNING,YARNHAIRINESS,PILLING,BLENDS,RINGTRAVELER1CORRESPONDENCEAUTHORTEL00902163365770FAX00902163378987EMAILSCANOGLUMARMARAEDUTRSTUDIESONYARNHAIRINESSOFPOLYESTER/COTTONBLENDEDRINGSPUNYARNSMADESCANOGLUANDSKTANIR237TRJ3MMLONGWEREMEASUREDEACHSAMPLEWASMEASURED15TIMES5TESTSFOREACHOF3COPIESANDTHERESULTSAREGIVENINTABLE5ANDTHEMEASUREDPERCENTAGEOFFIBERPROTRUDINGENDSISLISTEDINTABLE6FABRICPRODUCTIONANDDETERMINATIONOFPILLINGTOBEABLETOREFLECTTHEINFLUENCEOFHAIRINESSONTHEPRODUCEDFABRICS,EACHTYPEOFYARNWASKNITTEDONASOCKMACHINE,THELONATI4003AND3/4INCH,156NEEDLESTHESAMPLESWERECONDITIONEDUNDERASTANDARDATMOSPHERETABLE4YARNIMPERFECTIONSYARNTYPESMEANLINEARIRREGULARITYUMTHINPLACES1/KMTHICKPLACES1/KMNEPS1/KMTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MG8595859585958595PES/CO,17/8371769000145050PES/CO,33/677026800100007538PES/CO,50/50709690050145038PES/CO,67/33667660025003388PES/CO,83/17713650066298838TABLE5YARNHAIRINESSMEASUREMENTRESULTSYARNTYPESN13MMLONGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MG8595859585958595THEAVERAGENUMBEROFPROTRUDINGFIBERSAFTER15TESTSPES/CO,17/831768181764735658151163PES/CO,33/671526148573783730055045PES/CO,50/501990166777483135096135PES/CO,67/331924149875614830085051PES/CO,83/171970162755395025130096TABLE6THEMEASUREDPERCENTAGEOFFIBERPROTRUDINGENDSYARNTYPESTHENUMBEROFTOTALPROTRUDINGENDSN1N2N3S3N1N2N3S3TRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MGTRAVELERWEIGHT,MG85958595859585958595PES/CO,17/8320392111867860313527277477PES/CO,33/6716911638902966434822183227PES/CO,50/5021941885907884352514194472PES/CO,67/3321321640902913353723183931PES/CO,83/1722051787893910342223145853

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文37653765字附錄英文原文英文原文2008WORKSHOPONPOWERELECTRONICSANDINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMDESIGNANDPRACTICEOFANELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONPLCXIAOLINGYANG1,2,QUNXIONGZHU1,HONGXU11COLLEGEOFINFORMATIONSCIENCEANDGREATLYAFFECTSTHEELEVATOR’SRUNNINGQUALITYTHEREFORE,ENTRUSTEDBYANENTERPRISE,WEHAVEIMPROVEDELECTRICALCONTROLSYSTEMOFARELAYCONTROLLEDELEVATORINARESIDENTIALBUILDINGBYUSINGPLCTHERESULTSHOWEDTHATTHEREFORMEDSYSTEMISRELIABLEINOPERATIONANDEASYFORMAINTENANCETHEFIRSTSTEPFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEELEVATORCONTROLISTODEFINETHEBASICREQUIREMENTSINFORMALLY,THEELEVATORSBEHAVIORISDEFINEDASFOLLOWS1RUNNINGWITHASINGLEELEVATORGENERALLY,ANELEVATORHASTHREEOPERATIONSTATESNORMALMODE,FIREPROTECTIONMODEANDMAINTENANCEMODETHEMAINTENANCEMODEHASTHEHIGHESTPRIORITYONLYTHEMAINTENANCEMODEISCANCELEDCANTHEOTHEROPERATIONMODESBEIMPLEMENTEDTHENEXTISFIREPROTECTIONMODE,THEELEVATORMUSTRETURNTOTHEBOTTOMFLOORORBASESTATIONIMMEDIATELYWHENTHEFIRESWITCHACTSTHEELEVATORSHOULDTURNTONORMALOPERATIONMODEWHENTHEFIRESWITCHISRESETUNDERNORMALOPERATIONMODE,THECONTROLSYSTEM’SBASICTASKISTOCOMMANDEACHELEVATORTOMOVEUPORDOWN,TOSTOPORSTARTANDTOOPENANDCLOSETHEDOORBUTISHASSOMECONSTRAINTSASFOLLOWSEACHELEVATORHASASETOF9BUTTONSONTHECARCONTROLPANEL,ONEFOREACHFLOORTHESEBUTTONSILLUMINATEWHENTHEYAREPRESSEDANDCAUSETHEELEVATORTOVISITTHECORRESPONDINGFLOORTHEILLUMINATIONISCANCELEDWHENTHECORRESPONDINGFLOORISVISITEDBYTHEELEVATOREACHFLOOR,EXCEPTTHEFIRSTANDTHETOPFLOOR,HASTWOBUTTONSONTHEFLOORCONTROLPANEL,ONETOREQUESTANUPELEVATOR,ONETOREQUESTADOWNELEVATORTHESEBUTTONSILLUMINATEWHENTHEYAREPRESSEDTHEILLUMINATIONISCANCELEDWHENANELEVATORVISITSTHEFLOOR,THENMOVESINTHEDESIREDDIRECTIONTHEBUTTONSONTHECARCONTROLPANELORTHEFLOORCONTROLPANELAREUSEDTOCONTROLTHEELEVATOR’SMOTIONTHEELEVATORCANNOTPASSAFLOORIFAPASSENGERWANTSTOGETOFFTHERETHEELEVATORCANNOTSTOPATAFLOORUNLESSSOMEONEWANTSTOGETOFFTHERETHEELEVATORCANNOTCHANGEDIRECTIONUNTILITHASSERVEDALLONBOARDPASSENGERSTRAVELINGINTHECURRENTDIRECTION,ANDAHALLCALLCANNOTBESERVEDBYACARGOINGINTHEREVERSEDIRECTIONIFANELEVATORHASNOREQUESTS,ITREMAINSATITSCURRENTFLOORWITHITSDOORSCLOSED2PARALLELRUNNINGWITHTWOELEVATORSINTHISSITUATION,THEREARETWOELEVATORSTOSERVETHEBUILDINGSIMULTANEOUSLYITRUNSAT7AMTO9AMAND5PMTO7PMEVERYDAYWHENANELEVATORREACHESALEVEL,ITWILLTESTIFTHESTOPISREQUIREDORNOTITWILLSTOPATTHISLEVELWHENTHESTOPISREQUIREDATTHESAMETIME,TOBALANCETHENUMBEROFSTOPS,THEOPERATIONOFTWOELEVATORSWILLFOLLOWACERTAINDISPATCHINGPRINCIPLEANELEVATORDOESN’TSTOPATAFLOORIFANOTHERCARISALREADYSTOPPINGCOOPERATIONOFITSELECTRICPOWERDRIVINGSYSTEMANDLOGICCONTROLSYSTEM3SOFTWAREDESIGNDUETOTHERANDOMNATUREOFCALLTIME,CALLLOCATIONSANDTHEDESTINATIONOFPASSENGERS,THEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMISATYPICALREALTIME,RANDOMLOGICCONTROLSYSTEMHEREWEADOPTEDCOLLECTIVESELECTIVECONTROLMETHODWITHSIEMENSPLCS7200CPU226ANDITSEXTENSIONMODULESTHEREARE46INPUTPOINTSAND46OUTPUTPOINTSINTHESYSTEMTHEI/OPOINTSARESHOWEDINTABLEIANDTABLE2ABOUTSOFTWAREDESIGNING,WEADOPTTHEMODULARIZEDMETHODTOWRITELADDERDIAGRAMPROGRAMSTHEINFORMATIONTRANSMISSIONBETWEENMODULESISACHIEVEDBYINTERMEDIATEREGISTERBITOFPLC