簡介：PROCESSMODELINGANDKINETICEVALUATIONOFPETROLEUMREFINERYWASTEWATERTREATMENTINAPHOTOCATALYTICREACTORUSINGTIO2NANOPARTICLESFSHAHREZAEIA,YADOLLAHMANSOURIB,?,ALIAKBARLORESTANIZINATIZADEHC,?,AAZAMAKHBARID,EAACADEMICCENTERFOREDUCATION,CULTURE20–200MG/LPHENOL1–100MG/LBENZENE01–100MG/LCHROMEAND02–10MG/LLEADANDOTHERPOLLUTANTS1PHENOLANDPHENOLICDERIVATIVESINTHEPETROLEUMREFINERYEFFLUENTSPOSEASIGNIFICANTTHREATTOTHEENVIRONMENTDUETOTHEIREXTREMETOXICITY,STABILITY,POORBIODEGRADABILITYANDABILITYTOREMAININTHEENVIRONMENTFORLONGPERIODS2THEYGENERALLYARECARCINOGENIC,CAUSINGCONSIDERABLEDAMAGEANDTHREATENTHEECOSYSTEMINWATERBODIESALONGWITHHUMANHEALTH3–6SO,THEREISANURGENTNEEDTODEVELOPEFFICIENTANDECONOMICALMETHODSTOREMOVETHESEPOLLUTANTSFROMPETROLEUMREFINERYEFFLUENTTHETRADITIONALTREATMENTSOFREFINERYWASTEWATERAREBASEDONTHEPHYSICOCHEMICALANDMECHANICALMETHODSANDFURTHERBIOLOGICALTREATMENTINTHEINTEGRATEDACTIVATEDSLUDGETREATMENTUNITSEVERALSOLUTIONSAREPROPOSEDINTHISREGARD,INCLUDINGTHEUSEOFCOAGULANTS7,COAGULATIONENHANCEDBYCENTRIFUGATION8,ADSORPTION9,ULTRAFILTRATION10,11,CHEMICALOXIDATION3,MEMBRANES12,13ANDMICROWAVEASSISTEDCATALYTICWETAIROXIDATION14UNFORTUNATELY,THEMAINDRAWBACKOFTHESETECHNIQUESRELATESTOTHEDISPOSALOFTHESPENTCONTAMINATEDACTIVATEDSLUDGE,THECONTROLOFTHEAPPROPRIATEREACTIONCONDITIONS,LOWEFFICIENCIESANDREACTIONRATESANDOPERATIONONLYWITHINANARROWPHRANGE15,16INTHERECENTYEARS,SUBSTANTIALATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOWARDSTHEADVANCEDOXIDATIONPROCESSESAOPS,WHICHARECHARACTERIZEDBYTHEGENERATIONOFAHYDROXYLRADICALOH,CANPOTENTIALLYDESTROYAWIDERANGEOFORGANICMOLECULESTHEOHHASAHIGHOXIDATIONPOTENTIALESTIMATEDTOBE28VRELATIVETOOTHEROXIDANTSFOROZONE,H2O2,HOCLANDCHLORINE,THEOXIDATIONPOTENTIALSARE207,178,149,AND136,RESPECTIVELY17MOSTAOPSUSEVARIOUSCOMBINATIONSOFHYDROGENPEROXIDE,OZONEANDULTRAVIOLETLIGHTTOGENERATEOH,ANDTHUSAREQUITEENERGYINTENSIVEONEEMERGINGTECHNOLOGY,HOWEVER,UTILIZESILLUMINATEDSEMICONDUCTORSANDISCOMMONLYREFERREDTOASTHEHETEROGENEOUSPHOTOCATALYTICTHEHETEROGENEOUSPHOTOCATALYTICOXIDATIONHPOPROCESSEMPLOYINGTIO2ANDUVLIGHTHASEMERGEDASAPROMISINGNEWROUTEFORTHEDEGRADATIONOFPERSISTENTORGANICPOLLUTANTS,ANDPRODUCESMOREBIOLOGICALLYDEGRADABLEANDLESSTOXICSUBSTANCES18,19THISPROCESSISLARGELYDEPENDENTPOWDERTECHNOLOGY2212012203–212?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORSTEL989183431787FAX988314274559EMAILADDRESSESYADOLLAMANSOURIYAHOOCOMYMANSOURI,ALIAZINATIZYAHOOCOM,ZINATIZADEHRAZIACIRAALZINATIZADEH00325910/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2012ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOWTEC201201003CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTPOWDERTECHNOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POWTECAND1CENTERPOINTANDTHEREMAINING5INVOLVINGTHEREPLICATIONOFTHECENTRALPOINTTOGETAGOODESTIMATEOFTHEEXPERIMENTALERRORREPETITIONEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTFOLLOWEDBYORDEROFRUNSDESIGNEDBYDOEASSHOWNINTABLE2AFTERCONDUCTINGTHEEXPERIMENTS,THECOEFFICIENTSOFTHEPOLYNOMIALMODELWERECALCULATEDUSINGTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATION,KHURIANDCORNELL30Y?Β0TΒIXITΒJXJTΒIIXI2TΒJJXJ2TΒIJXIXJTD1TWHERE,IANDJARETHELINEARANDQUADRATICCOEFFICIENTS,RESPECTIVELY,AND?ISTHEREGRESSIONCOEFFICIENTANALYSISOFVARIANCEANOVAWASUSEDFORGRAPHICALANALYSESOFTHEDATATOOBTAINTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEPROCESSVARIABLESANDTHERESPONSESTHEQUALITYOFTHEFITPOLYNOMIALMODELWASEXPRESSEDBYTHECOEFFICIENTOFDETERMINATIONR2,ANDITSSTATISTICALSIGNIFICANCEWASCHECKEDBYTHEFISHERSFTESTINTHESAMEPROGRAMMODELTERMSWEREEVALUATEDBYTHEPVALUEPROBABILITYWITH95CONFIDENCELEVELTHREEDIMENSIONALPLOTSANDTHEIRRESPECTIVECONTOURPLOTSWEREOBTAINEDFORTCODREMOVALBASEDONEFFECTSOFTHEFOURVARIABLESPH,CATALYSTCONCENTRATION,TEMPERATUREANDREACTIONTIMEATFIVELEVELSFURTHERMORE,THEOPTIMUMREGIONWASIDENTIFIEDBASEDONTHEMAINPARAMETERSINTHEDESIRABILITYPLOT26PHOTOREACTOROPERATIONINTHEFIRSTSTAGE,TORUNTHEEXPERIMENTS,1200MLOFASAMPLE,CONTAININGAKNOWNLEVELOFINITIALORGANICCOMPOUNDSTCOD220MG/LANDWITHTHEAPPROPRIATEAMOUNTOFADDEDCATALYSTWASTRANSFERREDTOTHEREACTORTHESOLUTIONWASTHENEXPOSEDTOCONTINUOUSAERATINGANDCIRCULATINGAFTERADJUSTMENTOFTEMPERATUREANDPH,THEUVIRRADIATIONWASBEGUNINTHESECONDSTAGE,INVOLVINGMODELINGBYRSM,THEPHOTOREACTORWASOPERATEDUNDERTHEEXPERIMENTSCONDITIONSDESIGNEDBYDESIGNEXPERTSOFTWARETABLE2THERESULTSCANBEOBTAINEDASRESPONSESURFACEPRESENTATIONSFORVISUALIZATIONANDALSOASCONTOURSTOAPPRECIATETHEEFFECTOFSYSTEMVARIABLESONRESPONSE3RESULTSANDDISCUSSION31MODELFITTINGANDSTATISTICALANALYSISEXPERIMENTALDATAFORTCODREMOVALTREATINGPRWINAPHOTOCATALYSTSYSTEMWITHTIO2NANOPARTICLESAREGIVENINTABLE2THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEFOURVARIABLESPH,CATALYSTCONCENTRATION,TEMPERATUREANDREACTIONTIMEANDTCODREMOVALEFFICIENCYWASANALYZEDUSINGRESPONSESURFACEMETHODOLOGYRSMTHEPREDICTEDVALUESWEREOBTAINEDFROMMODELFITTINGTECHNIQUEUSINGTHEDESIGNV1WATERBATHVALVEPOWERSUPPLYAIRPUMPTHERMOMETERUVLAMPQUARTZTUBECIRCULATINGPUMPCIRCULATINGPUMPTIO2FLOWMETERFIG1EXPERIMENTALSETUPOFPHOTOREACTOR205FSHAHREZAEIETAL/POWDERTECHNOLOGY2212012203–212

簡介：武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯1USINGANADVANCEDVEHICLESIMULATORADVISORTOGUIDEHYBRIDVEHICLEPROPULSIONSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTKEITHBWIPKE，MATTHEWRCUDDY．NATIONALRENEWABLEENERGYLABORATORY，GOLDENCO．基于ADVISOR的混合動力車輛動力系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)基思BWIPKE，馬修RCUDDY．美國國家再生能源實驗室,科羅拉多州戈爾登．武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯3圖1高級的混合模型的數(shù)值仿真。仿真和交互作用的檢驗是重要的重要之處是建立模型的可信度。通過與那些成功制造和測試混合動力汽車大學(xué)的合作，國家再生能源實驗室獲得了一些驗證組件模型，包含了量化的不確定性，并增加了可信的數(shù)據(jù)。最后車輛幾倍的驗證，包含詳細的不確定性分析在1996年的九月完成。同時，與公共汽車模型相關(guān)的部分已完成，才外還加入了一些汽車行業(yè)中的專用模型。在此基礎(chǔ)上比較，ADVISOR看來是在根據(jù)多數(shù)模型之內(nèi)相同輸入的2以內(nèi)。因此，在ADVISOR的結(jié)果是通過它的算法來反映最小的不確定性；輸入數(shù)據(jù)的不確定性是分析不確定性的要原因。所以，所有輸入數(shù)據(jù)的來源模仿的在分析下面指定。車輛模型和假設(shè)五種不同的車輛配置建模。串、并聯(lián)混合動力車以小的質(zhì)量和高效的傳動系統(tǒng)建模是為了得到像PNGV一樣的混合動力車,獲得城市∕高速路的燃油經(jīng)濟性在80英里∕加侖。這些被稱為“3倍”的車,是因為他們得到3倍于傳統(tǒng)車輛的燃油經(jīng)濟性城市∕高速路266英里∕加侖。第三個配置是創(chuàng)建一個沒有混合動力的常規(guī)的車輛。第四和第五車輛配置是由以傳統(tǒng)的車輛大概在145倍由于柴油機和手操作的傳動系統(tǒng),并將它變成并聯(lián)混合動力。表1提供五種車輛仿真配置的燃油經(jīng)濟性的差異,而表2給出了數(shù)據(jù)來源的輸入。

簡介：英文文獻

簡介：DECOLORIZATIONOFREACTIVEDYESOLUTIONSBYELECTROCOAGULATIONUSINGALUMINUMELECTRODESOTCAN,MBAYRAMOGLU,ANDMKOBYAENGINEERINGFACULTY,DEPARTMENTOFENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,GEBZEINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,41400GEBZE,TURKEYTHEREMOVALOFPOLLUTANTSFROMEFFLUENTSBYELECTROCOAGULATIONHASBECOMEANATTRACTIVEMETHODINRECENTYEARSTHISPAPERDEALSWITHTHEBATCHREMOVALOFTHEREACTIVETEXTILEDYEREMAZOLREDRB133FROMANAQUEOUSMEDIUMBYTHEELECTROCOAGULATIONMETHODUSINGALUMINUMELECTRODESTHEEFFECTSOFWASTEWATERCONDUCTIVITY,INITIALPH,CURRENTDENSITY,STIRRINGRATE,DYECONCENTRATION,ANDTREATMENTTIMEONTHEDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCYANDENERGYCONSUMPTIONHAVEBEENINVESTIGATEDALUMINUMHYDROXYPOLYMERICSPECIESFORMEDDURINGANEARLIERSTAGEOFTHEOPERATIONEFFICIENTLYREMOVEDYEMOLECULESBYPRECIPITATION,ANDINASUBSEQUENTSTAGE,ALOH3FLOCSTRAPCOLLOIDALPRECIPITATESANDMAKESOLIDLIQUIDSEPARATIONEASIERDURINGTHEFLOTATIONSTAGETHESESTAGESOFELECTROCOAGULATIONMUSTBEOPTIMIZEDTODESIGNANECONOMICALLYFEASIBLEELECTROCOAGULATIONPROCESS1INTRODUCTIONTHEPOLLUTIONINDUCEDBYDYESTUFFLOSSESANDDISCHARGEDURINGDYINGANDFINISHINGPROCESSESINTHETEXTILEINDUSTRYHASBEENASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMFORYEARSDYESINTHEWASTEWATERUNDERGOCHEMICALASWELLASBIOLOGICALCHANGES,CONSUMEDISSOLVEDOXYGENFROMTHESTREAM,ANDDESTROYAQUATICLIFEBECAUSEOFTHEIRTOXICITY1ITISTHEREFORENECESSARYTOTREATTEXTILEEFFLUENTSPRIORTOTHEIRDISCHARGEINTOTHERECEIVINGWATERTRADITIONALMETHODSFORDEALINGWITHTEXTILEWASTEWATERCONSISTOFVARIOUSCOMBINATIONSOFBIOLOGICAL,PHYSICAL,ANDCHEMICALMETHODS2COMMONBIOLOGICALTREATMENTPROCESSESAREOFTENINEFFECTIVEINREMOVINGDYESWHICHAREHIGHLYSTRUCTUREDPOLYMERSWITHLOWBIODEGRADABILITY3VARIOUSPHYSICALCHEMICALTECHNIQUESAREALSOAVAILABLEFORTHETREATMENTOFAQUEOUSSTREAMSTOELIMINATEDYESCHEMICALCOAGULATIONFOLLOWEDBYSEDIMENTATION4ANDADSORPTIONARETHEWIDELYUSEDONES,5BUTOTHERADVANCEDTECHNIQUESAREOFTENAPPLIED,EG,UV,6,7OZONATION,8ULTRASONICDECOMPOSITION,ORCOMBINEDOXIDATIONPROCESSES911MEANWHILE,HIGHTREATMENTCOSTSOFTHESEMETHODSHAVESTIMULATED,INRECENTYEARS,THESEARCHFORMORECOSTEFFECTIVETREATMENTMETHODSELECTROCOAGULATIONISAPROCESSCONSISTINGOFCREATINGMETALLICHYDROXIDEFLOCSWITHINTHEWASTEWATERBYELECTRODISSOLUTIONOFSOLUBLEANODES,USUALLYMADEOFIRONORALUMINUMTHISMETHODHASBEENPRACTICEDFORMOSTOFTHE20THCENTURYWITHLIMITEDSUCCESSRECENTLY,HOWEVER,THEREHASBEENRENEWEDINTERESTINTHEUSEOFELECTROCOAGULATIONOWINGTOTHEINCREASEINENVIRONMENTALRESTRICTIONSONEFFLUENTWASTEWATERINTHEPASTDECADE,THISTECHNOLOGYHASBEENINCREASINGLYUSEDINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESFORTHETREATMENTOFINDUSTRIALWASTEWATERS1214ELECTROCOAGULATIONHASBEENPROPOSEDFORTHETREATMENTOFVARIOUSEFFLUENTSSUCHASWASTEWATERCONTAININGFOODANDPROTEINWASTES,15TEXTILEWASTEWATER,16AQUEOUSSUSPENSIONSCONTAININGKAOLINITE,BENTONITE,ANDULTRAFINEPARTICLES,17,18FLUORIDECONTAININGWATER,19RESTAURANTWASTEWATER,20,21TEXTILEDYESOLUTIONS,22,23ANDSMELTERWASTEWATERCONTAININGHARMFULARSENIC24THEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOCONDUCTANEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONONTHEREMOVALOFAREACTIVETEXTILEDYEREMAZOLREDRB133FROMTHEWASTEWATERUSINGTHEELECTROCOAGULATIONMETHODSEVERALFUNDAMENTALASPECTSREGARDINGTHEEFFECTSOFWASTEWATERCONDUCTIVITY,INITIALPH,CURRENTDENSITY,STIRRINGRATE,DYECONCENTRATION,ANDTIMEONTHEDYEREMOVALEFFICIENCYAREEXPLORED2ELECTROCOAGULATIONGENERALLY,THREEMAINPROCESSESOCCURDURINGELECTROCOAGULATIONAELECTROLYTICREACTIONSATELECTRODESURFACESBFORMATIONOFCOAGULANTSINTHEAQUEOUSPHASECADSORPTIONOFSOLUBLEORCOLLOIDALPOLLUTANTSONCOAGULANTSANDREMOVALBYSEDIMENTATIONORFLOTATIONTHEMAINREACTIONSATTHEELECTRODESAREIFTHEANODEPOTENTIALISSUFFICIENTLYHIGH,SECONDARYREACTIONSMAYOCCURALSO,SUCHASDIRECTOXIDATIONOFORGANICCOMPOUNDSANDOFCLIONSPRESENTINWASTEWATER20THECHLORINEPRODUCEDISASTRONGOXIDANTTHATCANOXIDIZESOMEORGANICCOMPOUNDSONTHEOTHERHAND,THECATHODEMAYBECHEMICALLYATTACKEDBYOHIONSGENERATEDDURINGH2EVOLUTIONATHIGHPHVALUES25ALAQ3ANDOHIONSGENERATEDBYELECTRODEREACTIONS1AND2REACTTOFORMVARIOUSMONOMERICSPECIESSUCHTOWHOMCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDTEL902626538457FAX902626538490EMAILKOBYAGYTEEDUTRANODEALFALAQ33E1CATHODE3H2O3EF3/2H23OH22CLFCL22E32AL6H2O2OHF2ALOH43H243391INDENGCHEMRES2003,42,33913396101021/IE020951GCCC2500?2003AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETYPUBLISHEDONWEB06/11/2003TRATIONAREINVESTIGATEDONTHREEPROCESSRESPONSESDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCY,DECOLORIZATIONCAPACITYKILOGRAMSOFDYEREMOVEDPERKILOGRAMSOFTOTALDISSOLVEDAL,ANDELECTRICALENERGYCONSUMPTIONKILOWATTHOURPERKILOGRAMOFDYEREMOVED41EFFECTOFTHEINITIALPHTHEEFFECTOFPHISINVESTIGATEDBETWEEN3AND11ACCORDINGTOTHEELECTRODEREACTIONS1AND2,AL3ANDOHIONSAREGENERATEDINTHEMOLARRATIO13MEANWHILE,FORTHEPOLYMERICSPECIESPRECIPITATINGATPH56,THISRATIOISLESSTHAN3,BETWEEN2AND25THISMEANSTHATTHEOHIONACCUMULATESINTHEAQUEOUSPHASEDURINGTHEPROCESS,ANDITSCONCENTRATIONISDICTATEDNOTONLYBYTHEINITIALPHBUTALSOBYTHEREACTIONKINETICSANDEQUILIBRIAOCCURRINGINTHISCOMPLICATEDAQUEOUSSYSTEMASSEENINFIGURE3A,BYINCREASINGTHEINITIALPHFROM3TO9,THEFINALPHINCREASESAPPROXIMATELYFROM8TONEARLY9,WHEREITREMAINSALMOSTCONSTANTBECAUSEOFTHEBUFFERINGCAPACITYOFTHESYSTEMALOH3/ALOH4,WHICHDECREASESTHEFINALPHFROMHIGHVALUESDOWNTO94BYCONSUMINGOHACCORDINGTOREACTION11ALOWINITIALPHRETARDSTHEFORMATIONOFALOH3FLOCSANDSTIMULATESTHEFORMATIONOFHYDROXYPOLYMERICSPECIESASSEENINFIGURE3A,HIGHEFFICIENCIESOBTAINEDWITHLOWINITIALPHVALUES,EG,3,RESULTFROMANEFFICIENTPRECIPITATIONOFDYEMOLECULES,ACCORDINGTOTHEMECHANISMOUTLINEDBYEQS5AND6THEDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCYSHOWSACONSTANTPLATEAUFORTHEINITIALPHBETWEEN5AND9ANDTHENFALLSAGAINFORHIGHERPHVALUESTHEDECOLORIZATIONCAPACITY,ASSEENINFIGURE3B,EXHIBITSTHESAMETRENDSASFOUNDBYELECTRODEWEIGHTMEASUREMENTS,THEINITIALPHHASANEGLIGIBLEEFFECTONTHETOTALMASSESOFDISSOLVEDELECTRODESTHISSUGGESTSTHATTHEDYEPRECIPITATIONPROCESSISPRIMARILYRESPONSIBLEOFTHEHIGHDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCY,ANDADSORPTIONOFTHEDYEPOLYMERICSPECIESCOLLOIDALPRECIPITATESBYALOH3FLOCSHASAMORESECONDARYEFFECTMOREOVER,ITISCLEARTHAT,ESPECIALLYATHIGHPHVALUESABOVE9,THEQUANTITYOFFLOCSDIMINISHESACCORDINGTOEQ11THUS,THEDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCYANDCAPACITYFALLFINALLY,THEELECTRICALENERGYCONSUMEDPERKILOGRAMOFDYEREMOVED,ASSEENINFIGURE3B,ISALSODEPENDENTONTHEINITIALPHANACIDICORNEUTRALINITIALMEDIUMISBENEFICIALFORLOWELECTRICALENERGYCONSUMPTIONTHESUDDENINCREASEOFENERGYCONSUMPTIONABOVEPH9ISDUETOTHESAMECAUSESDIMINISHINGDECOLORIZATIONPERFORMANCES42EFFECTOFCONDUCTIVITYTHEEFFECTOFCONDUCTIVITYISINVESTIGATEDBETWEEN250AND4000ΜS/CMBYUSINGNACLASTHESUPPORTINGELECTROLYTEASSEENINFIGURE4A,THEDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCYDECREASESSTEADILYASTHECONDUCTIVITYINCREASESTHEFINALPHOFTHEMEDIUMANDTHEMASSOFDISSOLVEDANODESAREALMOSTINDEPENDENTOFTHEVARYINGCONDUCTIVITYTHUS,THEDECREASEINTHEDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCYWITHINCREASINGCONDUCTIVITYMAYNOTBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHESEFACTORS,BUTITMAYBEATTRIBUTEDTOACHANGEINTHEIONICSTRENGTHDUETOCHANGINGCONDUCTIVITYOFTHEAQUEOUSMEDIUMIONICSTRENGTHAFFECTSCLEARLYTHEKINETICSANDEQUILIBRIAOFREACTIONSBETWEENCHARGEDSPECIESOCCURRINGDURINGELECTROCOAGULATIONFIGURE3EFFECTOFTHEINITIALPHAONTHEDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCYANDBONTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDDECOLORIZATIONCAPACITYCONDUCTIVITY,2000ΜS/CMCURRENTDENSITY,10MA/CM2DYECONCENTRATION,250MG/LSTIRRINGRATE,200RPMTREATMENTTIME,10MINALOH3OHSALOH411FIGURE4EFFECTOFCONDUCTIVITYAONTHEDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCYANDBONTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDDECOLORIZATIONCAPACITYCURRENTDENSITY,10MA/CM2DYECONCENTRATION,250MG/LSTIRRINGRATE,200RPMINITIALPH,6TIME,10MININDENGCHEMRES,VOL42,NO14,20033393

簡介：中文中文2835字,1988單詞，單詞，11萬英文字符萬英文字符出處出處EMELAB,ORALM,REISMANA,ETALACREDITSCORINGAPPROACHFORTHECOMMERCIALBANKINGSECTORJSOCIOECONOMICPLANNINGSCIENCES,2003,372103123英文原文ACREDITSCORINGAPPROACHFORTHECOMMERCIALBANKINGSECTORAHMETBURAKEMEL,ARNOLDREISMANANDREHAYOLALAN①YAPIKREDIBANK,LEVENT,80620,ISTANBUL,TURKEY②THEGRADUATESCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,SABANCIUNIVERSITY,ISTANBUL,TURKEYAVAILABLEONLINE15MARCH2007THEECONOMICAND,THEREFORE,THESOCIALWELLBEINGOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWITHFAIRLYPRIVATIZEDECONOMIESISHIGHLYDEPENDENTONTHEBEHAVIOROFACOUNTRYSCOMMERCIALBANKINGSECTORBANKSPROVIDECREDITTOSUSTAINANUFACTURING,AGRICULTURAL,COMMERCIALANDSERVICEENTERPRISESTHESE,INTURN,PROVIDEJOBSTHUSENHANCINGPURCHASINGPOWER,CONSUMPTION,ANDSAVINGSBANKFAILURES,ESPECIALLYINSUCHSETTINGS,SENDSHOCKWAVESAFFECTINGTHESOCIALFABRICOFTHECOUNTRYASAWHOLEAND,ASEXPERIENCEDRECENTLY,LATINAMERICAANDASIAHAVETHEPOTENTIALOFAQUICKGLOBALIMPACTTHUS,ITISIMPERATIVETHATLENDING/CREDITDECISIONSAREMADEASPRUDENTLYASPOSSIBLEWHILEKEEPINGTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSBOTHEFFICIENTANDEFFECTIVECOMMERCIALBANKSPROVIDEFINANCIALPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTOCLIENTSWHILEMANAGINGASETOFMULTIDIMENSIONALRISKSASSOCIATEDWITHLIQUIDITY,CAPITALADEQUACY,CREDIT,INTERESTANDFOREIGNEXCHANGERATES,OPERATINGANDSOVEREIGNRISKS,ETCINTHISSENSE,BANKSMAYBECONSIDEREDTOBE“RISKMACHINES”THEYTAKERISKS,ANDTRANSFORMOREMBEDSUCHRISKSTOPROVIDEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESBANKSAREALSO“PROFITSEEKING”O(jiān)RGANIZATIONSBASICALLYFORMEDTOMAKEMONEYFORSHAREHOLDERSINTHEIRTYPICALDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSESIEPRICING,LENDING,FUNDING,HEDGING,ETC,THEYTRYTOOPTIMIZETHEIR“RISKRETURN”TRADEOFFMANAGEMENTOFRISKANDOFPROFITABILITYAREVERYCLOSELYRELATEDRISKTAKINGISTHEBASICREQUIREMENTFORFUTUREPROFITABILITYINOTHERWORDS,TODAYSRISKSMAYTURNUPASTOMORROWSREALITIESTHEREFORE,BANKSMAYNOTLIVEWITHOUTMANAGINGTHESERISKSAMONGTHEDIFFERENTBANKINGRISKS,CREDITRISKHASAPOTENTIAL“SOCIAL”IMPACTBECAUSEOFTHENUMBERANDDIVERSITYOFSTAKEHOLDERSAFFECTEDBUSINESSFAILURESAFFECTSHAREHOLDERS,MANAGERS,LENDERSBANKS,SUPPLIERS,CLIENTS,THEFINANCIALCOMMUNITY,GOVERNMENT,COMPETITORS,ANDREGULATORYBODIES,AMONGOTHERSINTHEAGEOFTELECOMMUNICATIONS,THERIPPLEEFFECTOFABANKFAILUREISVIRTUALLYINSTANTANEOUSANDSUCHRIPPLESHOLDTHEPOTENTIALOFGLOBALIMPACTINORDERTOEFFECTIVELYMANAGETHECREDITRISKEXPOSUREOFAMODERNBANK,THEREISTHUSASTRONGNEEDFORSOPHISTICATEDECONOMYANEXTENSIVELITERATUREDEDICATEDTOTHEPREDICTIONOFBUSINESSFAILUREASWELLASCREDITSCORINGCONCEPTSHASEMERGEDINRECENTYEARSFINANCIALRATIOSARETHESIMPLESTTOOLSFOREVALUATINGANDPREDICTINGTHEFINANCIALPERFORMANCEOFFIRMSTHEYHAVEBEENUSEDINTHELITERATUREFORMANYDECADESTHEBENEFITSANDLIMITATIONSOFFINANCIALRATIOANALYSISAREADDRESSEDINAWIDELYUSEDTEXTONMANAGERIALFINANCEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSREPORTBOTHONAFIRMSPOSITIONATAPOINTINTIMEANDONITSOPERATIONSOVERSOMEPASTPERIODHOWEVER,THEREARESTILLSOMELIMITATIONSINUSINGRATIOANALYSISIMANYLARGEFIRMSOPERATEINANUMBEROFDIFFERENTINDUSTRIESINSUCHCASESITISDIFFICULTTODEVELOPAMEANINGFULSETOFINDUSTRYAVERAGESFORCOMPARATIVEPURPOSESIIINFLATIONBADLYDISTORTSAFIRMSBALANCESHEETMOREOVER,RECORDEDVALUESAREOFTENSUBSTANTIALLYDIFFERENTFROMTHEIR“TRUE”VALUESIIISEASONALFACTORSCANDISTORTARATIOANALYSISIVFIRMSCANEMPLOY“WINDOWDRESSINGTECHNIQUES”TOMAKETHEIRFINANCIALSTATEMENTSLOOKSTRONGERVITISDIFFICULTTOGENERALIZEABOUTWHETHERAPARTICULARRATIOIS“GOOD”O(jiān)R“BAD”ANDVIAFIRMMAYHAVESOMERATIOSLOOKING“GOOD”ANDOTHERSLOOKING“BAD”MAKINGITDIFFICULTTOTELLWHETHERTHEFIRMIS,ONBALANCE,STRONGORWEAKACROSSDIFFERENTCOUNTRIES,SECTORSAND/ORPERIODSOFTIME,FINANCIALRATIOSTHATHAVEBEENFOUNDUSEFULINPREDICTINGFAILUREDIFFERFROMSTUDYTOSTUDYTODEALWITHTHEABOVESHORTCOMINGSOFUNIDIMENSIONALFINANCIALRATIOANALYSIS,AVARIETYOFMETHODSHAVEAPPEAREDINTHELITERATUREFORMODELINGTHEBUSINESSFAILUREPREDICTIONPROCESSANEXCELLENTCOMPREHENSIVELITERATURESURVEYCANBEFOUNDINDIMITRASETALINTHELATE1960S,DISCRIMINANTANALYSISDAWASINTRODUCEDTOCREATEACOMPOSITEEMPIRICALINDICATOROFFINANCIALRATIOSUSINGFINANCIALRATIOS,BEAVERDEVELOPEDANINDICATORTHATBESTDIFFERENTIATEDBETWEENFAILEDANDNONFAILEDFIRMSUSINGUNIVARIATEANALYSISTECHNIQUESALTMANESTABLISHEDTHATRATIOSFOUNDNOTTOBEVERYSIGNIFICANTBYUNIVARIATEMODELS,COULDPROVESOMEWHATUSEFULINADISCRIMINANTFUNCTIONWHICHCONSIDERSTHERELATIONSHIPSAMONGVARIABLESHENCE,HECONSIDEREDSEVERALVARIABLESSIMULTANEOUSLYUSINGMULTIPLEDISCRIMINANTANALYSISMDAHEARGUEDTHATMDAHADTHEADVANTAGEOFCONSIDERINGANENTIREPROFILEOFINTERRELATEDCHARACTERISTICSCOMMONTOTHERELEVANTFIRMSTHATSTUDYALSOAIMEDTOPREDICTFUTUREFAILUREONTHEBASISOFFINANCIALRATIOSHECONCLUDEDTHATHISBANKRUPTCYPREDICTIONMODELWASANACCURATEFORECASTEROFFAILUREFORUPTO2YEARSPRIORTOBANKRUPTCYANDTHATTHEMODELSACCURACYDIMINISHESSUBSTANTIALLYASTHELEADTIMEINCREASESINSPITEOFWIDESPREADUSEOFMDA,ALTMAN,CONFESSESTOTHEFOLLOWINGWEAKNESSOFDISCRIMINANTANALYSISUPTOTHISPOINTTHESAMPLEFIRMSWERECHOSENEITHERBYTHEIRBANKRUPTCYSTATUSGROUP1ORBYTHEIRSIMILARITYTOGROUP1INALLASPECTSEXCEPTTHEIRECONOMICWELL

簡介：APPLIEDSOFTCOMPUTING112011103–110CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTAPPLIEDSOFTCOMPUTINGJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ASOCMODELINGANDSIMULATIONOFCHAOTICPHENOMENAINELECTRICALPOWERSYSTEMSDEEPAKKUMARLAL,KSSWARUP?DEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,MADRAS,CHENNAI600036,INDIAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED23DECEMBER2007RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM30OCTOBER2009ACCEPTED15NOVEMBER2009AVAILABLEONLINE18NOVEMBER2009KEYWORDSNONLINEARSYSTEMCHAOSHOFFBIFURCATIONDOUBLESCROLLEQUATIONDYNAMICALSYSTEMLIMITSETSPOWERSYSTEMINSTABILITYABSTRACTMODELINGANDSIMULATIONOFNONLINEARSYSTEMSUNDERCHAOTICBEHAVIORISPRESENTEDNONLINEARSYSTEMSANDTHEIRRELATIONTOCHAOSASARESULTOFNONLINEARINTERACTIONOFDIFFERENTELEMENTSINTHESYSTEMAREPRESENTEDAPPLICATIONOFCHAOTICTHEORYFORPOWERSYSTEMSISDISCUSSEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONRESULTSSIMULATIONOFSOMEMATHEMATICALEQUATIONS,EGVANDERPOL’SEQUATION,LORENZ’SEQUATION,DUFFING’SEQUATIONANDDOUBLESCROLLEQUATIONSAREPRESENTEDTHEORETICALASPECTSOFDYNAMICALSYSTEMS,THEEXISTENCEOFCHAOSINPOWERSYSTEMANDTHEIRDEPENDENCYONSYSTEMPARAMETERSANDINITIALCONDITIONSUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSAREDISCUSSEDFROMTHERESULTSONECANEASILYUNDERSTANDTHESTRANGEATTRACTORANDTRANSIENTSTAGESTOVOLTAGECOLLAPSE,ANGLEINSTABILITYORVOLTAGECOLLAPSEANDANGLEDIVERGENCESIMULTANEOUSLYIMPORTANTSIMULATIONRESULTSOFCHAOSFORAMODELTHREEBUSSYSTEMAREPRESENTEDANDDISCUSSED?2009ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONCHAOTICPHENOMENAHAVEBEENDRAWINGEXTENSIVEATTENTIONINVARIOUSFIELDSOFNATURALSCIENCE1RECENTDEVELOPMENTSINNONLINEARSYSTEMTHEORIESALLOWONETOUNDERSTANDANDANALYZESEVERALCOMPLEXBEHAVIORSINPOWERSYSTEMSNONLINEARPHENOMENASUCHASBIFURCATIONANDCHAOSINPOWERSYSTEMSHASBEENOBSERVEDINTHEPOWERSYSTEMNETWORKSDURINGTHEPASTFEWYEARS2DISTURBANCESINPOWERSYSTEMCAUSESCHANGEINPARAMETERSWHICHRESULTINTHESYSTEMEXHIBITINGCHAOTICBEHAVIORWHENCHAOSBREAKS,ITENTERSINTODIFFERENTINSTABILITYMODES,WHICHCAUSESTHEPOWERSYSTEMSTOEXHIBITINSTABILITYWHICHNEEDSTOBEAVOIDEDMOSTOFTHEPHYSICALSYSTEMSINNATUREARENONLINEARANDASARESULTPOWERFULMATHEMATICALTOOLSAREREQUIREDFORANALYSIS3,4ITISDESIRABLETOMAKELINEARASSUMPTIONSWHENEVERACOMPROMISECANBEOBTAINEDBETWEENTHESIMPLICITYOFANALYSISANDACCURACYOFRESULTSCHAOTICPHENOMENAAREONETYPEOFUNDETERMINISTICOSCILLATIONEXISTINGINDETERMINISTICSYSTEMSTHEYARERELATEDTORANDOM,CONTINUOUSANDBOUNDEDOSCILLATIONANDNOTDYNAMICALLYSTABLEANDMAYFACESERIOUSPROBLEMSFROMANOPERATIONVIEWPOINTTHEHOFFBIFURCATIONANDCHAOSLIMITTHELOADABILITYOFTHEPOWERSYSTEMANDAREUNWANTEDPHENOMENA5FORTHEIRCOMPLEXITY,MECHANISMOFCHAOTICPHENOMENAISVERYLITTLEKNOWNUPTONOWTHEREISNOGENERALLYACCEPTEDDEFINITIONOFCHAOSHENCEISCALLEDSTRANGE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORATDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,MADRAS,ELECTRICALSCIENCEBLOCKESB245D,CHENNAI600036,TAMILNADU,INDIATEL914422574440FAX914422574402EMAILADDRESSSWARUPEEIITMACINKSSWARUPATTRACTORDISCOVERYOFCHAOSENHANCESOURUNDERSTANDINGOFCOMPLEXANDUNPREDICTABLEBEHAVIORSARISINGFROMAWIDEVARIETYOFSYSTEMSINENGINEERINGANDSCIENCES,MAINLYINNONLINEARSYSTEMSRESEARCHALSO,STUDYONCHAOTICPHENOMENAISONEIMPORTANTPARTOFPOWERSYSTEMSTABILITYSTUDIES6,7INTHISPAPERTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONOFTHEMATHEMATICALRELATIONSFORCHAOSOCCURRINGINPOWERSYSTEMSHAVEBEENSIMULATEDTHEBEHAVIOROFTHESYSTEMUNDERVARIOUSOPERATINGCONDITIONSISPRESENTEDTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSTHEORETICALFORMULATIONANDMATHEMATICALREPRESENTATIONOFCHAOSISGIVENINSECTION2SECTION3PROVIDESTHESTEADYSTATEBEHAVIOROFNONLINEARSYSTEMSMODELINGOFCHAOTICBEHAVIORINPOWERSYSTEMSISDESCRIBEDINSECTION4SECTION5PROVIDESTHEIMPLEMENTATIONASPECTSOFTHECHAOSCHAOSANDINSTABILITYINPOWERSYSTEMSISPROVIDEDINSECTION6IMPORTANTCONCLUSIONSAREGIVENINSECTION72NONLINEARDYNAMICALSYSTEMSTHREETYPESOFDYNAMICALSYSTEMSAREPRESENTEDWITHSOMEUSEFULFACTSFROMTHETHEORYOFDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONS1,821AUTONOMOUSDYNAMICALSYSTEMSANNTHORDERAUTONOMOUSDYNAMICALSYSTEMISDEFINEDBYTHESTATEEQUATION˙XFXXT0X01WHERE˙XDY/DTANDXT∈?ARETHESTATEATTIMETANDF?→?ISCALLEDTHEVECTORFIELD15684946/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2009ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JASOC200911001DKLAL,KSSWARUP/APPLIEDSOFTCOMPUTING112011103–110105FIG1LIMITCYCLEBEHAVIOROFANONLINEARSYSTEMAUNDERDAMPEDSYSTEMFOR|X|?1WITHSTABLELIMITCYCLEBOVERDAMPEDSYSTEM|X|?1WITHUNSTABLELIMITCYCLETHEPHASETRAJECTORIESFORTHISEQUATIONWILLBEDIVERGEDAWAYFROMLIMITCYCLE,ANDHENCEITWILLINDICATETHELIMITCYCLEWILLBEUNSTABLE33QUASIPERIODICSOLUTIONSAQUASIPERIODICSOLUTIONISONETHATCANBEWRITTENASASUMOFPERIODICFUNCTIONSXT?IHIT11WHEREHIHASMINIMALPERIODTIANDFREQUENCYFI1/TIFURTHERMORE,THEREEXISTAFINITESETOFBASEFREQUENCIES{F1,F2,F3,,FP}WITHTHEFOLLOWINGPROPERTIESIITISLINEARLYINDEPENDENTTHATIS,THEREDOESNOTEXISTANONZEROSETOFINTEGERS{K1,K2,K3,,KP}SUCHTHATK1F1K1F1K1F1KPFPIIITFORMSAFINITEINTEGRALBASEFORFITHATIS,FOREACHI,FIK1F1K1F1K1F1KPFPFORSOMEINTEGERS{K1,K2,K3,,KP}INOTHERWORDS,AQUASIPERIODICWAVEFORMISTHESUMOFPERIODICWAVEFORMSEACHOFWHOSEFREQUENCYISONEOFTHEVARIOUSSUMSANDDIFFERENCESOFAFINITESETOFBASEFREQUENCIESNOTETHATTHEBASEFREQUENCIESARENOTUNIQUELYDEFINED,BUTTHATPISAQUASIPERIODICSOLUTIONWITHPBASEFREQUENCIESISCALLEDPPERIODICFIG2TWODIMENSIONALTRAJECTORYOFCHAOSINLORENZSYSTEMFOR?10,?28,ˇ8/3ATWODI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簡介：1ASELFCHECKINGREEDSOLOMONENCODERDESIGNANDANALYSISGCCARDARILLI,SPONTARELLI,MRE,ASALSANO{MARCORE,GCARDARILLI}IEEEORG{PONTARELLI,SALSANO}INGUNIROMA2ITUNIVERSITYOFROME“TORVERGATA”,DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICENGINEERINGROME,ITALYABSTRACTREEDSOLOMONCODESAREWIDELYUSEDTOIDENTIFYANDCORRECTDATAERRORSINTRANSMISSIONANDSTORAGESYSTEMSDUETOTHEVITALIMPORTANCEOFTHESEBLOCKS,AVERYIMPORTANTRESEARCHTOPICISTHESTUDYOFTHEEFFECTSOFFAULTSONTHEIRBEHAVIORTHEPRESENTEDARCHITECTUREEXPLOITSSOMEPROPERTIESOFTHEARITHMETICOPERATIONSONGF2NGALOISFIELD,RELATEDTOTHEPARITYOFTHEBINARYREPRESENTATIONOFTHEELEMENTSOFTHEFIELDTHEENCODERHASBEENMAPPEDONANSRAMBASEDFPGA,THESELFCHECKINGPROPERTYHASBEENANALYZEDUSINGASEUFAULTMODELANDTHEPERFORMANCESINTERMSOFAREAANDDELAYOVERHEADAREPRESENTEDIINTRODUCTIONHIGHRELIABLEDATATRANSMISSIONANDSTORAGESYSTEMSFREQUENTLYUSEERRORCORRECTIONCODESECCTOPROTECTTHEIRDATASOTHEYAREABLETODETECTERRORSINBINARYCONFIGURATIONALLOWING,UNDERSUITABLEASSUMPTIONS,THEPOSSIBILITYTOCORRECTTHECODEDWORDSTHEPERFORMANCEOFACODEISMEASUREDINTERMSOFTHEMAXIMUMNUMBEROFWRONGBITSITISABLETODETECTINACODEDWORDANDTHEMAXIMUMNUMBERSOFBITSITISABLETOCORRECTOTHERKEYELEMENTISTHECIRCUITCOMPLEXITYREQUIREDFORCODEREALIZATIONINFACT,THEACTUALIMPLEMENTATIONOFACODINGPROCEDUREONAREALSYSTEMREQUIRESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTWOBASICBLOCKS,THEENCODERANDTHEDECODERTHEFIRSTONE,STARTINGFROMTHENONCODEDWORDCOMPUTESTHECODEBITSREALIZINGTHECODEWORDCOMPOSEDBYTHEDATAANDCODEBITSTHATISTHEPROTECTEDDATATOBESTOREDORTRANSMITTEDONTHECONTRARY,THEDECODERRECEIVESININPUTTHECODEWORDANDCHECKSITSCORRECTNESSEVENTUALLYCORRECTINGTHEWRONGBITSINORDERTOMEETTHESYSTEMCONSTRAINTS,FREQUENTLYTHESEBLOCKSMUSTHAVEHIGHPERFORMANCEINTERMSOFSPEEDANDERRORCORRECTIONCAPABILITIESINORDERTOPROCESSALARGEAMOUNTOFDATAPRESERVINGTHEIRINTEGRITYLARGEEFFORTSAREDEVOTEDTODEVELOPCODESWITHINCREASEDCAPABILITIESOFERRORDETECTIONANDCORRECTION,BUT,NORMALLY,LARGERPERFORMANCESCORRESPONDTOGREATEREFFORTSFORDEVELOPINGENCODERSANDDECODERSUSUALLYSYSTEMDESIGNERSFOCUSTHEIRATTENTIONONTHEDATAENCODINGANDDECODINGPERFORMEDATTHESYSTEMINPUTANDOUTPUT,SUPPOSINGTHATTHEPRIMARYGOALISTOPROTECTDATADURINGTHEIRFLOWINSIDETHESYSTEMINTHISAPPROACHVERYCRITICALPOINTSARETHEINPUTANDOUTPUTCIRCUITS,SINCEANYERRORINTHESECIRCUITSMAYINTRODUCECATASTROPHICEFFECTSONTHEOVERALLSYSTEMAFAULTINTHEENCODERCANPRODUCEANONCORRECTCODEWORD,WHILEAFAULTINTHEDECODERCANGIVEAWRONGDATAWORDEVENIFNOERRORSOCCURSDURINGTHETRANSMISSIONOFTHECODEWORDMOREOVERTHESEERRORSWILLBEPRESENTINEACHDATAFLOWINGINTHESYSTEMSTHEREFOREGREATATTENTIONMUSTBEPAIDINORDERTODETECTANDRECOVERFAULTSINENCODINGANDDECODINGCIRCUITRYTHESEFAULTSARECAUSEDEITHERBYTHECONVENTIONALSOURCESAS,FOREXAMPLE,THEFAILOFTHETECHNOLOGICALPROCESS,THEAGINGOFTHEELECTRONICDEVICESORBYNEWPHENOMENARELATEDTOTHENEWTECHNOLOGIESSINCETHESHRINKINGOFTHEELEMENTARYDEVICESINTHEELECTRONICSYSTEMSCAUSESAGREATERSUSCEPTIBILITYOFTHECOMPONENTSTOTHEEXTERNALENVIRONMENTONEOFTHEMAINCONCERNSINTHISFIELDISRELATEDTOTHEEFFECTSOFRADIATIONSONSILICONDEVICESAHIGHENERGYIONDURINGITSTRAVELINGTROUGHTHEDEVICECANINJECTCHARGESINTOTHESUBSTRATEANDTHESECHARGES,DUETOTHEELECTRICALBIASING,CANREACHTHEACTIVEELEMENTSTRANSISTORSCHANGINGTHECONTENTOFSTORAGEELEMENTSTHESEEFFECTSKNOWNASSINGLEEVENTUPSETSSEUHAVEBEENWIDELYSTUDIEDFORAPPLICATIONSRELATEDTOSPACEENVIRONMENT1,WHERETHEYAREVERYFREQUENTANDPREDOMINANTWITHRESPECTTOOTHERPOSSIBLEFAILURESMOREOVER,SEU’SHAVEBEENRECENTLYOBSERVEDANDSTUDIEDATSEALEVEL2ANDINAIRCRAFTELECTRONICS3ANDTHEREFORETHEYAREEXPECTEDTOBEANIMPORTANTISSUEINTHENEXTYEARSECCAREWIDELYUSEDINSPACEAPPLICATIONSFORTHEDESIGNOFSPACEBORNEMASSMEMORIES4ANDFORTHETRANSMISSIONOFTHECOLLECTEDDATATOTHEEARTHSTATIONSTHESEAPPLICATIONSREQUIREHIGHRELIABILITY,ANDRELATEDSYSTEMSMUSTBETOLERANTTOTHEEFFECTSINDUCEDBYMECHANICALSTRESSES,THERMALSTRESSESAND,ESPECIALLY,RADIATIONPROCEEDINGSOFTHE200520THIEEEINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONDEFECTANDFAULTTOLERANCEINVLSISYSTEMSDFT’050769524648/052000?2005IEEE3MODIFICATIONOFTHENETLISTREALIZEDBYTHEORIGINALCONFIGURATIONINFIG2AWESHOWHOWASEUCANMODIFYONENETSEGMENT,INTERRUPTINGTHESIGNALPROPAGATIONFROMTHECLBTHISKINDOFDEFECTCANBEMODELEDASANOPENDEFECTINSTEAD,INFIG2BTHESEUAFFECTINGTHECONFIGURATIONMEMORYCAUSETHEACTIVATIONOFAROUTINGNETTHATCONNECTTHETWOORIGINALNETSOFTHECONFIGURATION,CAUSINGADEFECTMODELEDASASHORTDEFECTAOPENDEFECTCAUSEDBYASEUBTHETWONETARESHORTENEDBYTHESEUFIG2DEFECTINTHEROUTINGRESOURCESIN5THEOPENDEFECTSARESUPPOSEDEQUIVALENTTOSTUCKAT0ORSTUCKAT1DEFECT,WHILETHESHORTDEFECTCANBECHARACTERIZEDASEITHERAWIREDANDORAWIREDORMODELTWOSPECIALCASESOFSHORTDEFECTSARESTUCKAT0ANDSTUCKAT1DEFECTS,WHEREALINEISSHORTENEDWITHTHEGROUNDORPOWERLINERESPECTIVELYIN6THESAMEDEFECTOPENANDSHORTAREDESCRIBED,WHILETHEEFFECTOFTHESEDEFECTSATLOGICLEVELAREASSUMEDASUNKNOWNLOGICVALUESFORTHEOPENDEFECTSANDINDEFINITELOGICVALUESFORTHESHORTDEFECTSINOURWORKWEMODELTHESEUINTHEREGISTERS,THESEUINTHELUTSANDTHEOPENDEFECTSASFAULTSAFFECTINGONLYONERESOURCEOFTHELOGICNETLISTIMPLEMENTEDINTHEFPGAINOTHERWORDSWEMODELTHESEKINDSOFDEFECTSATAHIGHERABSTRACTIONLEVELANDCONSIDERALLTHESEDEFECTSASAERRONEOUSVALUEINANINPUTORANOUTPUTOFONEOFTHELUTORMEMORYELEMENTSCOMPOSINGTHECIRCUITREALIZINGTHERSENCOD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簡介：15PROTEINLABELINGWITHFLASHANDREASHTHOMASMACHLEIDT,MATTROBERS,ANDGEORGETHANSONSUMMARYTHEABILITYTOIMAGEBIOCHEMICALANDPHENOTYPICALCHANGESINLIVINGCELLSHASBECOMECRUCIALFORTHEINVESTIGATIONANDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEMOLECULARMECHANISMSTHATGOVERNALLPHYSIOLOGICALCELLULARFUNCTIONSINHEALTHANDDISEASEGENETICALLYENCODEDREPORTERSDERIVEDFROMFLUORESCENTPROTEINSFPSHAVEPROVEDTOBEEXTREMELYUSEFULFORLOCALIZATIONANDINTERACTIONSTUDIESINLIVINGCELLSHOWEVER,THELARGESIZEANDSPECTRALPROPERTIESOFFPIMPOSECERTAINLIMITATIONSFORTHEIRUSETHERECENTLYDEVELOPEDFLUORESCEINARSENICALHAIRPINFLASH/TETRACYSTEINEBINDERTECHNOLOGYEMERGEDASAPROMISINGALTERNATIVETOFPFORPROTEINLABELINGANDCELLULARLOCALIZATIONSTUDIESTHECOMBINATIONOFASMALLGENETICALLYENCODEDPEPTIDETAGWITHASMALLMOLECULEDETECTIONREAGENTMAKESTHISTECHNOLOGYPARTICULARLYSUITABLEFORTHEINVESTIGATIONOFBIOCHEMICALCHANGESINLIVINGCELLSTHATAREDIFFICULTTOAPPROACHWITHFLUORESCENTPROTEINSASMOLECULARTAGSWEDESCRIBETHEPRACTICALAPPLICATIONOFTHISTECHNOLOGYTOIMAGEPROTEINDYNAMICSINLIVINGCELLSKEYWORDSBIARSENICALFLASHFLUORESCEINFLUORESCENTPROTEINSGATEWAYHIGHCONTENTSCREENINGLIVECELLIMAGINGLUMIOPROTEINKINASECPROTEINLABELINGREASHRESORUFINTAGTETRACYSTEINE1INTRODUCTIONCURRENTHIGHCONTENTANALYSISISMOSTLYPERFORMEDASENDPOINTANALYSISUSINGIMMUNOFLUORESCENCEASTHEPRIMARYLABELING/DETECTIONMETHODTHISMETHODALTHOUGHVALUABLEBECAUSEOFITSFLEXIBILITYANDEASEOFUSEISBYDEFAULTLIMITEDTOENDPOINTANALYSISTHEABILITYTOPERFORMREALTIMEANALYSISOFPROTEINDYNAMICSINLIVINGCELLSISCRITICALFORTHEINDEPTHUNDERSTANDINGOFTHECOMPLEXBIOCHEMICALANDPHENOTYPICALCHANGESASSOCIATEDWITHCELLBEHAVIORANDFUNCTION1TRADITIONALLY,DETECTIONANDANALYSISOFPROTEINSINLIVINGCELLSRELIEDPRIMARILYONTHEUSEOFFLUORESCENTPROTEINSFPSASGENETICALLYENCODEDTAGS2DESPITEITSPROVENVERSATILITYANDUTILITYFORTHEANALYSISOFPROTEINDYNAMICS,THEREARECERTAINLIMITATIONSFORTHEUSEOFFPSBECAUSEOFTHEIRSIZE28KDFPSHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOINTERFEREWITHTHEACTIVITY,LOCALIZATION,ORCONFORMATIONOFITSFUSIONPARTNERANDCANBEUSUALLYFUSEDONLYTOTHENORCTERMINUSOFAPROTEIN3INADDITION,FPSOFFERONLYLIMITEDSPECTRALVARIETYWITHARELATIVEPAUCITYOFUSEFULREDFPVERSIONS,ALTHOUGHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFIMPROVEDREDFPVARIANTSHASBEENREPORTEDRECENTLY4INRECENTYEARS,ANUMBEROFALTERNATIVELIVECELLLABELINGMETHODSHAVEBEENINTRODUCED,SOLVINGSOMEOFTHEPROBLEMSOFFPSSUCHASTHESPECTRALLIMITATIONS5,6HOWEVER,ALLPUBLISHEDMETHODSRELYONTHEFUSIONOFRATHERSIZABLEPOLYPEPTIDESTOTHEPROTEINOFINTEREST,AND,THEREFORE,SHAREWITHFP,THEDRAWBACKOFPOTENTIALSTERICINTERFERENCEOFTHETAGWITHTHEFUNCTIONOFTHETARGETPROTEIN209FROMMETHODSINMOLECULARBIOLOGY,VOL356HIGHCONTENTSCREENINGAPOWERFULAPPROACHTOSYSTEMSCELLBIOLOGYANDDRUGDISCOVERYEDITEDBYDLTAYLOR,JRHASKINS,ANDKGIULIANO?HUMANAPRESS,INC,TOTOWA,NJTHEREARECURRENTLYNOEXAMPLESFORTHEUSEOFFLASHINHIGHCONTENTSCREENINGHCSAPPLICATIONSPUBLISHEDINTHESCIENTIFICLITERATUREEXISTINGHCSANALYSISINLIVINGCELLSRELIESEXCLUSIVELYONTHEUSEOFFPASTHETAGGING/DETECTIONMETHOD,WITHTHEPREVIOUSLYMENTIONEDLIMITATIONSINHERENTTOTHISAPPROACHTHETC/FLASHLABELINGTECHNOLOGYSHOULDPROVEVALUABLEINCOMPLEMENTINGFPINLIVECELLIMAGINGTHECOMBINATIONOFSMALLTAGSIZEANDTHEHIGHCELLPERMEABILITYANDAFFINITYOFFLASH/REASHPROVIDETHEIDEALMEANSOFPURSUINGCHALLENGINGAPPLICATIONSSUCHASMULTIPLEXIMAGING,FRETBASEDANALYSISOFPROTEINCONFORMATION/INTERACTION10,20,21ANDPULSECHASEEXPERIMENTS14INLIVINGCELLSINTHISREPORTWEATTEMPTTOPROVIDEASYSTEMATICANDPRACTICALINTRODUCTIONTOTHEUSEOFTC/FLASHTECHNOLOGYFORTHELABELINGOFPROTEINSINLIVINGCELLSALTHOUGHSTAININGOFTCTAGGEDPROTEINSINLIVINGCELLSWITHFLASHISARELATIVELYSIMPLEANDSTRAIGHTFORWARDPROCEDURE,THEREADERSHOULDKEEPINMINDTHATNEWAPPLICATIONSUSUALLYREQUIREACERTAINDEGREEOFOPTIMIZATIONANDEMPIRICALTESTINGOFSOMEOFTHEVARIABLESWEDESCRIBETOOBTAINTHEDESIREDRESULTSASPREVIOUSLYMENTIONED,TC/FLASHLABELINGHASBEENSUCCESSFULLYUSEDFORAVARIETYOFSPECIALIZEDIMAGINGANDBIOCHEMICALAPPLICATIONSTABLE1ADETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHESEAPPLICATIONSWOULDEXCEEDTHESCOPEOFTHISREPORTTHEREADERISINSTEADREFERREDTOTHELITERATUREFORFURTHERINFORMATION2MATERIALS21GENERATIONANDEXPRESSIONOFTCTAGGEDFUSIONPROTEINS1TCTAGGINGEXPRESSIONVECTOREG,PCDNA62?/LUMIODEST,INVITROGEN,WWWINVITROGENCOM2REAGENTSANDEQUIPMENTFORSTANDARDMOLECULARBIOLOGYTECHNIQUES3ESCHERICHIACOLITOP10?INVITROGEN4CHOK1CELLLINEORANYOTHERCELLLINESUITABLEFORLIVECELLANALYSISBYMICROSCOPY5STANDARDCELLCULTUREREAGENTSANDEQUIPMENTREQUIREDFORTHECULTIVATIONOFMAMMALIANCELLSPLASTICWARECORNING,WWWCORNINGCOM\LIFESCIENES\,ALLMEDIA/SUPPLEMENTSINVITROGENGIBCOPROTEINLABELINGWITHFLASHANDREASH211TABLE1PUBLISHEDFLASHAPPLICATIONSMETHODPROTEINOFINTERESTCELLSYSTEMREFERENCEFLUORESCENCEASSISTEDSYNAPTOTAGMINCONNEXIN43DROSOPHILA,THIRD9,11LIGHTINACTIVATIONINSTARLARVAEFRETA2AADENOSINERECEPTORCHO10CONFORMATIONALANALYSIS–CALMODULINHEK29312,13,26ENVIRONMENTSENSITIVEPROBEELECTRONMICROSCOPYCONNEXIN43HELA14,15SINGLEMOLECULECALMODULINNA16DETECTION/ANALYSISAFFINITYPURIFICATIONKINESINNA17PROTEINTRANSLOCATION/TRACKINGCONNEXIN43HELA14,15HIVHELA,JURKAT18GLUCOCORTICOIDRECEPTORHELA,CHOFIG3APKCΑHELA,CHOFIG3BΒTUBULINHELA,CHOFIG3CΒTUBULINSACCHAROMYCES2CYTOCHROMECCEREVISAE19MULTICOLORPULSECHASEANALYSISCONNEXIN4314OLIGOMERIZATION/AGGREGATIONEBOLAVIRUSPROTEIN40293T20ANALYSISCRABPIESCHERICHIACOLI21–23PHOSPHOLAMBANINVITRO24ELECTROPHORESISNA25CRABP,CELLULARRETINOICACIDBINDINGPROTEIN

簡介：中文中文4980字出處出處SHAHABHAM,AHMADA,ABDOLREZARMODELINGANDCURRENTPROGRAMMEDCONTROLOFABIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGEDCDCCONVERTERJENERGYANDPOWERENGINEERING,2012,2012本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯外文題目MODELINGANDCURRENTPROGRAMMEDCONTROLOFABIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGEDCDCCONVERTER譯文題目雙向全橋DCDC變流器的建模與仿真學(xué)生姓名劉旺專業(yè)風(fēng)能與動力工程指導(dǎo)教師姓名王曉東評閱日期外文翻譯1雙向全橋雙向全橋DCDCDCDC變流器的建模與仿真變流器的建模與仿真摘要摘要雙向全橋DCDC變換器建模作為最適用的轉(zhuǎn)換器中的一個已經(jīng)受到顯著關(guān)注與具體電路的響應(yīng)比較數(shù)學(xué)建模模擬時間減少,而且它方便控制器的設(shè)計由于簡單和有效的方法，平均狀態(tài)空間之間的建模方法是最常用的方法。在本文中的雙向全橋轉(zhuǎn)換器由平均狀態(tài)空間建模，并為每個操作模式設(shè)計一個控制器在詳細的電路仿真密切協(xié)議取得數(shù)學(xué)模型結(jié)果關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞平均狀態(tài)空間雙向的詳細的電路仿真全橋DCDC轉(zhuǎn)換器數(shù)學(xué)建模11介紹介紹DCDC變換器的建模作為最適用的工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)換器引起了很多人的興趣。由于建模給我們靜態(tài)信息和動態(tài)系統(tǒng)的信息，它是在設(shè)計和控制的一個重要因素此外，通過“循環(huán)周期”所提供的時間解決晝夜溫差的電路方程，數(shù)學(xué)模型與模擬的時間比較可以減少達到仿真時間，同樣是在MATLAB或者SIMULINK的情況下。對于可再生能源系統(tǒng)和優(yōu)化使用再生能源，接口轉(zhuǎn)換器應(yīng)能夠在兩個方向上傳輸動力。所以雙向DCDC變換器（BDC）是應(yīng)用接口最重要的接口之一，例如混合動力或電氣車輛1，航空航天系統(tǒng)2，遠程通信，太陽能電池，電池充電器3，直流馬達驅(qū)動電路〔4〕，不間斷電源57等到目前為止，很多的BDC拓撲結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)被介紹和調(diào)查8,9在傳遞功率應(yīng)用是超過750瓦，全橋拓撲10是一個很適用的結(jié)構(gòu)雙向全橋（FB）的轉(zhuǎn)換器已經(jīng)研究了多篇論文，例如1113一般的建模方法研究離散時間平均通用模型建模方法是的在12中提出操作期間分割至3間隔，等效電路和差分方程每個區(qū)間間隔都以矩陣的形式寫出解方程和運用泰勒展開近似后，在半周期的平均狀態(tài)向量給我們最終的答案。由于時域方法采用數(shù)值積分求解微分方程的分析是復(fù)雜計算密集型的而且有關(guān)電路參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器的操作條件的依賴信息不提供在14參考文獻13提出了一種離散的小信號模型與相當(dāng)?shù)?

簡介：中文中文6300字出處出處LINDLERJE,ANDERSONEH,REGELBRUGGEMEDESIGNANDTESTINGOFPIEZOELECTRICHYDRAULICACTUATORSC//SMARTSTRUCTURESANDMATERIALSINTERNATIONALSOCIETYFOROPTICSANDPHOTONICS,200396107畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）英文資料翻譯英文資料翻譯題目壓電液壓驅(qū)動器的設(shè)計和測試摘要本文介紹的設(shè)計方法是建設(shè)一個使用智能材料提供液壓流體動力的驅(qū)動器。在被描述的驅(qū)動器類，液壓油從硬盤頻率壓電或其他智能材料中分離輸出缸的運行頻率。這種解耦允許在高頻壓電驅(qū)動，以提取物質(zhì)的最高大量能源，以及液壓缸在低頻驅(qū)動提供長沖程。然而，由于遵循流體的可壓縮性和結(jié)構(gòu)性，基本阻抗匹配和流體之間的壓電很難能量轉(zhuǎn)換成加壓壓電液壓油流。在材料，機械設(shè)計，以及流體機械接口領(lǐng)域的基本設(shè)計權(quán)衡和重大技術(shù)問題存在爭論。提出原型設(shè)備和元件測量。介紹測試方法，測試量化泵壓力和流量，得出動力量和速度。一系列的試驗表明由智能材料提供強力長沖程驅(qū)動的裝置的可能性。關(guān)鍵詞壓電，智能材料，壓電液壓，驅(qū)動，電源的電線，水泵導(dǎo)言智能材料，如壓電，磁限和電限長期應(yīng)用在精確控制方面。由于其形變能力有限，這些材料通常沒有用于要求大量直線運動的驅(qū)動器。近幾十年出現(xiàn)了依靠各種技術(shù)增加來自智能材料核心的驅(qū)動力的設(shè)計。其中常見的是機械放大或轉(zhuǎn)型，如那些正在使用的杠桿和支點，并分步重復(fù)類型，例如，蠕動。最近，研究人員已經(jīng)認識到整合智能材料和液體，使泵的一個基本組成部分加以利用線性驅(qū)動的可能性。這種新方法有望實現(xiàn)長沖程高功率驅(qū)動。與包括常規(guī)伺服液壓和各種電磁類型在內(nèi)的其他類型的驅(qū)動相比，壓電液壓驅(qū)動有優(yōu)點，也有缺點。相比傳統(tǒng)液壓，主要優(yōu)點表現(xiàn)在電線方面，即消除液壓配電線路。與電磁方法相比，包括電機驅(qū)動滾珠絲杠，壓電液壓驅(qū)動提供強力液壓和潛在的更迅速的響應(yīng)時間。相比于傳統(tǒng)液壓，新型驅(qū)動器在熱分布和漏油方面有不利之處。與電磁驅(qū)動器相比，盡管使用少量液壓油，新型驅(qū)動器仍然需要電氣和液壓一體化。壓電液壓驅(qū)動的這些特點中有許多和電限驅(qū)動器（EHAS）的是相同的，如用在聯(lián)合攻擊戰(zhàn)斗機。壓電液壓驅(qū)動比其他EHAS在壓電材料本身的能量密度方面有一個潛在的優(yōu)勢。提取這種能量是一項腔的，使得輸出活塞在每個腔內(nèi)分離出不同的容積。一旦加壓沖程已經(jīng)到達了極限，閥門開口就會調(diào)整，以使加壓腔從低壓輸出缸和累加器腔吸取流體。流體的這種流離從輸出活塞的一側(cè)反向移動到活塞的另一側(cè)以達到平均流動。前進反向增壓或入口降壓或出口圖2混合驅(qū)動器操作順序設(shè)備的自由運行輸出速度是誘導(dǎo)應(yīng)變器和運作的循環(huán)頻率分離的流體容積變化的結(jié)果，以輸出活塞的區(qū)域區(qū)分。腔的大小和流體性質(zhì)可以調(diào)整，以實現(xiàn)在任何特定驅(qū)動因素下大范圍的力量速度輸出特性。然而，張力動作器的操作能力的基本考慮將顯示，在理論上每周期運行頻率F1/T時的最大的機械動力是其中FB是驅(qū)動器阻力值，ΔMAX是驅(qū)動器的最大自由誘發(fā)沖程（PS是“零速”壓力，即沒有流體可移動時驅(qū)動器的壓力，且ΔVMAXA1ΔMAX）。在固態(tài)驅(qū)動器的負載線力量位移之下對應(yīng)的工作量的最大值區(qū)域可以表示為長方形，壓力容積也一樣，如圖3所示。流體可壓縮性的考慮要求，固態(tài)驅(qū)動器的加壓腔有一種有限流體的動剛度。加壓腔剛度示是A1/ΒV,其中Β是流體可壓縮性。腔的流體剛度顯示了對驅(qū)動器的載荷，如圖3所示，從而降低了最高可達到的壓力和動力輸出，它們分別為

簡介：中文中文4380字出處出處JOURNALOFTHEEUROPEANCERAMICSOCIETY,2007,272689693利用穩(wěn)定劑包覆納米粉體技術(shù)制備CEO2和Y2O3共穩(wěn)的全穩(wěn)定ZRO2的微波燒結(jié)摘要本論文是采用245GHZ單模微波爐，將用摩爾分數(shù)1的Y2O3及摩爾分數(shù)為4、6或8的CEO2共穩(wěn)定的含有質(zhì)量分數(shù)2的AL2O3的四方氧化鋯多晶復(fù)合材料在1450℃下燒結(jié)20MIN。為了便于比較，將其在空氣中1450℃下進行持續(xù)20MIN的常規(guī)燒結(jié)。利用懸浮涂覆技術(shù)將硝酸釔、硝酸鈰和純單斜氧化鋯納米粉末混合，獲得原始粉末混合物。材料完全致密化程度是通過兩種燒結(jié)方式相對比得出結(jié)論的。運用X射線衍射及掃描電鏡等材料分析技術(shù)研究材料的成分和燒結(jié)方式對樣品最終的物相組成和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。與采用常規(guī)燒結(jié)方式獲得的樣品相比較，在微波燒結(jié)獲得的陶瓷體中可觀察到更加精細且均勻的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)。材料的斷裂韌性隨著穩(wěn)定劑含量的減少而增加，而維氏硬度卻呈現(xiàn)相反的變化規(guī)律。本實驗，采用微波燒結(jié)和傳統(tǒng)燒結(jié)兩種燒結(jié)方式，對獲得的樣品于進行韌性和硬度比較。關(guān)鍵詞氧化鋯，微波處理，燒結(jié)，晶粒尺寸，機械性能關(guān)鍵詞氧化鋯，微波處理，燒結(jié)，晶粒尺寸，機械性能2實驗步驟本次實驗中，采用粉末包覆技術(shù)制備含有1MOLY2O3與4MOL、6MOL或者8MOL?O2的混合穩(wěn)定劑共穩(wěn)定的全穩(wěn)定ZRO2陶瓷樣品。另外，在氧化鋯粉末中摻加2WTAL2O3，作為ZRO2的晶粒生長抑制劑。生產(chǎn)全穩(wěn)定ZRO2陶瓷的原料是純Y2O3（等級YT603,大西洋器材建造，），CENO336H2O（奧德里奇化學(xué)公司），精細AL2O3（等級SM8，BAIKOWSKI，06微米）和單斜納米ZRO2粉末（東曹,等級TZ0）。此后，樣品的術(shù)語名字可簡化為1YXCE2AL其中X4,6,8，意即表明原料中含有1MOLY2O3,XMOL?O2和2WTAL2O3。膠體包覆及生坯壓坯成型技術(shù)的介紹將在別處給予詳細說明10，11。采用冷等靜壓技術(shù)成型的圓柱形生壓坯（尺寸直徑8MM，長8MM），置于245GHZ微波爐（CERALABII,MEAC，比利時魯汶大學(xué)）中在空氣中進行燒結(jié)，這臺微波爐的輸出功率可從0到1KW連續(xù)可調(diào)，具有一個圓柱形單?？蓞f(xié)調(diào)的敷料器并配有計算機控制系統(tǒng)。碳化硅基座起初是用來加熱低介電損耗物質(zhì)ZRO2。調(diào)節(jié)樣品在微波爐腔中的位置，以削弱非均勻微波場對其燒結(jié)性能的影響。此外，每一種組分制備三個樣，燒結(jié)后對比評估其機械性能。通過聚焦在樣品表面的高溫計，可對微波爐中的溫度實現(xiàn)直接控制。相比之下，采用相同的燒結(jié)周期，常規(guī)燒結(jié)下的樣品則要在1450℃下燒結(jié)20MIN，冷卻速率卻僅有20℃/MIN。燒結(jié)后樣品的密度可采用阿基米德方法測量。借助ΘΘ衍射計（3003TT，德國阿倫斯堡城堡賽福特），利用CU的KΑ放射線（40KV，40MA）對此燒結(jié)樣品進行表面物相鑒定（X射線衍射）。將樣品的橫截面拋光，并于空氣中在1350℃高溫下對其進行熱蝕刻，持續(xù)處理30MIN，然后利用掃描電子顯微檢查法（掃描電鏡，XL30FEG,FEI,荷蘭）觀察其顯微結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)線性截距法，由專業(yè)圖像分析軟件來確定樣品的晶粒尺寸。維氏硬度30是用ZWICK硬度計（型號3202，ZWICK，烏爾姆，德國）對樣品實施30千克的壓痕載荷，保持1015秒所測出的硬度值。壓痕斷裂韌性，即KIC，是由30千克載荷的壓痕獲取徑向壓痕圖案，然后經(jīng)安斯提斯公式計算得到的。其中公式中的彈性模數(shù)是200GPA。對于每一種材料等級對應(yīng)著的三個樣品中的每個樣，通過其橫斷面上五個壓痕的平均偏差和標準偏差來評估機械性能。

簡介：1附5本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯學(xué)生姓名李秦李秦專業(yè)班級機械工程及自動化1班中文譯名利用內(nèi)嵌薄膜熱電偶傳感器測量切削溫度利用內(nèi)嵌薄膜熱電偶傳感器測量切削溫度外文原文名TOOLSWITHBUILTINTHINFILMTHERMOCOUPLESENSORSFORMONITORINGCUTTINGTEMPERATURE外文原文版出處IEEE/IEE譯文利用內(nèi)嵌薄膜熱電偶傳感器測量切削溫度利用內(nèi)嵌薄膜熱電偶傳感器測量切削溫度作者ALIBASTI,TOSHIYUKIOBIKAWA,JUNSHINOZUKA東京工業(yè)大學(xué)機械與控制工程，2121OOKAYAMA，目黑區(qū)，東京1528552，日本的機械工程學(xué)系，茨城大學(xué)，4121NAKANARUSAWA，日立，茨城3168511日本摘要摘要對在加工過程中的實時監(jiān)控，和切削刀具的熱激發(fā)和熱沖擊相關(guān)的理論技術(shù)的研究已經(jīng)在制造業(yè)中成為熱門。相關(guān)的溫度信號可以通過切削刀具內(nèi)嵌適當(dāng)傳感器例如薄膜熱電偶TFTS進行測量。這種技術(shù)的應(yīng)用就要求相關(guān)的刀具，設(shè)備，傳感器可以承受高壓和高溫。在這項研究工作中，對于構(gòu)造內(nèi)嵌薄膜熱電偶和實驗步驟的相關(guān)順序問題被提出和論證。這次切削實驗的內(nèi)容是，針對不同條件下，以最高16M/S的速度高速切削鋁合金A6061T61，同時測量終點切削溫度。1引言引言在加工過程中，特別是機械加工，人們對工具的溫度的興趣很高。溫度對機械加工嚴重的影響高溫加速刀具磨損，縮短刀具使用壽命。溫度引起工件表面的熱變形，同樣的情況也適用于切削刀具和切削機械工具，使得加工精度降低；同時通過相位轉(zhuǎn)移，殘留的熱應(yīng)力，熱感應(yīng)缺陷影響加工后的表面層。然而，預(yù)測復(fù)雜的熱源在機械操作中轉(zhuǎn)移到工件和刀具上的強度分布是非常非常困難的。尤其是，因為工作原料制成的加工工具的力和熱的轉(zhuǎn)移是緊密交織在一起的，同時取決于工具的內(nèi)張力和應(yīng)變力和溫度。盡管相關(guān)人員已經(jīng)花費大量精力提出不同的理論分析和實施相關(guān)實驗?zāi)康氖橇私膺@種現(xiàn)象，很多的問題依舊亟待解決。很多實驗性的的方法為了測量刀具切屑接觸面而設(shè)計提出刀面切屑熱電偶技術(shù)，熱電偶嵌入技術(shù)，紅外線放射測量，金屬微結(jié)構(gòu)和微硬度的測量技術(shù)，利用熱敏原料的熔點技術(shù)，和薄膜傳感器技術(shù)，這項技術(shù)基于純泊薄膜的特性，就是其歐姆電阻會隨著溫度變化。以上每一種技術(shù)都有自己的優(yōu)勢優(yōu)點和劣勢缺點。運用工業(yè)軟件，可以極大發(fā)揮薄膜傳感器的潛力，但是測量刀屑面的溫度受限于在工程鋁合金中的一種自由加工鋁合金，測量后的溫度近似的比鋁合金的溫度高200K。作為對比，人們發(fā)展了很多數(shù)學(xué)9感器在尺寸和質(zhì)量上都足夠的小，以便實現(xiàn)高靈敏度；同時（3）傳感器的構(gòu)造和安裝不會影響加工過程。為了達到以上各項要求，TFT傳感器設(shè)計成為了微型結(jié)構(gòu)，同時構(gòu)造與一個鋁合金陶瓷刀具的前刀面上，傳感器嵌入刀具時利用了包括其在內(nèi)的腐蝕性的金屬材料。最終，這次嵌入被涂上一層HFO2絕緣層和一層基于TIN，TIALN活著TIALSIN的保護層。圖2介紹了設(shè)備的相關(guān)的一些制造過程。TFT的基片是一層氧化鋁的嵌入工具，這層嵌入已經(jīng)被研磨至表面粗糙度RA至少02MM，所以完全的清潔并且脫脂。第一步，利用直流磁控濺鍍將一層05MM厚的NI被放置在到面的右半側(cè)和一部分重疊位置，就是熱接點產(chǎn)生的地方。這個過程一直重復(fù)到的NICR（8020質(zhì)量）目標在刀具左半部分表面和重疊位置。NI和NICR層不必要的部分會被除去，方法是通過一系列物理消除或者化學(xué)腐蝕的措施方法方法，以便于形成熱電偶適配器。利用氯化鐵和（NH4）2CE（NO3）6除鎳和鎳鉻的解決方案，分別進行了化學(xué)蝕刻。鎳和鎳鉻薄和細層形成的薄膜電晶體沉積氧化鉿，而留下無涂層的熱電偶端子絕緣。由于氧化鉿高的熱穩(wěn)定性和化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性，這一層是最好的絕緣體薄膜電晶體之一。鎳和鎳鉻薄和細層形成的薄膜電晶體沉積氧化鉿，而留下無涂層的熱電偶端子絕緣。由于氧化鉿高的熱穩(wěn)定性和化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性，這一層是最好的絕緣體薄膜電晶體之一。螺旋磁控濺射，物理氣相沉積法，用于涂層氧化鉿6毫米厚的。然后，錫，TIALN涂層或TIALSIN形成一個保護涂層和耐磨層。例如，錫沉積使用5H反應(yīng)直流磁控濺射的厚度為3毫米。上面

簡介：ANALYSISOFEQUILIBRIUMABOUTBIDDINGSTRATEGYOFSUPPLIERSWITHFUTURECONTRACTSZHIQIANGYUAN,DONGLIU,CHUANWENJIANGELECTRICPOWERSCHOOL,SHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,SHANGHAI200030,PRCHINARECEIVED6MAY2005ACCEPTED9AUGUST2006AVAILABLEONLINE2OCTOBER2006ABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,THESUPPLYFUNCTIONMODELISEMPLOYEDTOSIMULATETHEBIDDINGSTRATEGYOFSUPPLIERSINTHEPOWERPOOL,ANDMODELSOFTHESUPPLYFUNCTIONWITHFUTURECONTRACTSAREPRESENTEDITISPROVEDTHATONLYONEOFTHEPARAMETERSBETWEENSLOPEANDINTERCEPTOFTHEBIDDINGCURVEISANINDEPENDENTVARIABLEINORDERTOACHIEVEDEFINITEEQUILIBRIUMINTHEMEANTIME,THEEQUILIBRIAOFTHEBIDDINGSTRATEGYABOUTSUPPLIERSARESTUDIEDWHENDIFFERENTINTERCEPTSOFTHEBIDDINGCURVEARECHOSENSOMEEXAMPLESAREEMPLOYEDTOSTUDYTHENASHEQUILIBRIUMSTRATEGIESOFSUPPLIERSWITHDIFFERENTFUTURECONTRACTSINVARIOUSBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELSTHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEEQUILIBRIAAREDIFFERENTINDIFFERENTBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELS,BUTTHEFUTURECONTRACTSCANEFFECTIVELYMAKESPOTPRICESDECREASEINALLTHEMODELS1INTRODUCTIONTHEELECTRICPOWERINDUSTRYWORLDWIDEISEXPERIENCINGUNPRECEDENTEDRESTRUCTURINGFROMTHETRADITIONALINTEGRATEDREGULATIONMONOPOLYTOACOMPETITIVEPOWERMARKETTHEOBJECTOFDEREGULATIONISTOINTRODUCEACOMPETITIONMECHANISMINTOTHEPOWERMARKETANDPROVIDEINCENTIVESFOREFFICIENTOPERATIONOFTHEPOWERINDUSTRY,EVENTUALLYREDUCINGTHEMARKETPRICETHEIDEALMARKETISAPERFECTCOMPETITIVEMARKETINWHICHPARTICIPANTSBIDTHEIRMARGINALCOSTINTOTHEMARKETCONSEQUENTLY,THEMARKETPRICEISLOWINTHISKINDOFMARKETHOWEVER,THEELECTRICITYMARKETISDIFFERENTFROMOTHERMERCHANDISEMARKETSINTHEPOWERMARKET,ONLYAFEWSUPPLIERSCANPROVIDEPOWERSERVICESINSOMEGEOGRAPHICREGIONTHISISDUETOTHERESTRICTIONOFSOMEFACTORS,SUCHASLARGEINVESTMENTSCALE,SMALLDEMANDELASTICITY,TRANSMISSIONCONSTRAINTSANDNOLARGELYSTORABLEELECTRICITYCONSEQUENTLY,THEACTUALPOWERMARKETISMORECLOSETOANOLIGOPOLISTICMARKETINWHICHTHESUPPLIERSCANACHIEVEMAXIMUMPROFITTHROUGHSTRATEGICBIDDINGTHATMEANSTHATTHEGENERATIONCOMPANIESPOSSESSMARKETPOWER,WHICHISHARMFULTOTHEOPERATIONOFTHEPOWERSYSTEMANDWILLMAKEELECTRICITYPRICEFARHIGHERTHANTHEMARGINALCOSTOFTHEPOWERMARKETEACHPLAYER’SPARTISASGOODARESPONSETOWHATTHEOTHERSAREMEANTTODOASANYOTHERSTRATEGYAVAILABLETOTHATPLAYER9SECONDLY,THEEQUILIBRIAOFTHEMARKETARESTUDIEDWHENDIFFERENTINTERCEPTSOFTHEBIDDINGCURVEARECHOSENFINALLY,THEEFFECTOFDIFFERENTFUTURECONTRACTSONTHEEQUILIBRIUMSTRATEGIESOFSUPPLIERSINVARIOUSBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELSISANALYZEDBESIDES,THEBIDDINGSTRATEGIESAREALSOSTUDIEDWHILEGENERATIONCONSTRAINTSAREACTIVE2SUPPLYFUNCTIONEQUILIBRIUMMODELWITHFORWARDCONTRACTSITISSUPPOSEDTHATTHEINVERSEDEMANDFUNCTIONISALINEARFUNCTION,THATIS（1）1PRSNIIQ??WHEREPISMARKETPRICE,RANDSARETHEINTERCEPTANDSLOPEOFTHEINVERSEDEMANDFUNCTION,RESPECTIVELY,ISTHEGENERATIONOFTHESUPPLIERIANDNISTHENUMBEROFIQSUPPLIERSEQ1CANBETRANSFORMEDINTOTHEELECTRICITYDEMANDFUNCTION,（2）IIIQIP???MAX1NIIQQLP????，MAXRQS?1LS?THEBIDDINGCURVEOFTHESUPPLIERISASSUMEDASALINEARFUNCTION,（3）IIIQIP???WHEREANDARETHEINTERCEPTANDSLOPEOFTHEBIDDINGCURVE,RESPECTIVELY,BOTHOFI?I?WHICHARELARGERTHANZERO,ANDI1,,NTHEELECTRICITYPRICEISASSUMEDTOCLEARATTHEUNIFORMPRICEINTHEPOWERPOOL,ANDTHEN,THEGENERATIONSOFTHESUPPLIERSARECALCULATEDACCORDINGTOEQS2AND3IFTHEFORWARDCONTRACTSISWHILETHEDEALINGPRICEIS,THEEQUILIBRIUMSTATEOFTHEIFIKSUPPLIERSCANBEOBTAINEDBYMAXIMIZINGANINDIVIDUALPROFITFUNCTIONOFEACHSUPPLIER????IIIIIIMAXPQFFCQ???（I1N）（4）MINMAXIIIQQQ??WITHOUTLOSSOFGENERALITY,THECOSTFUNCTIONOFASUPPLIERISASSUMEDTOBEAQUADRATICFUNCTIONOFACTIVEPOWERGENERATIONTHATIS

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