簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文7358字出處出處EUROPEANJOURNALOFOPERATIONALRESEARCH,1997,1013419429供應(yīng)鏈合作伙伴關(guān)系運(yùn)籌學(xué)的機(jī)遇供應(yīng)鏈合作伙伴關(guān)系運(yùn)籌學(xué)的機(jī)遇MICHAELJMALONI,WCBETON摘要摘要最近日趨成熟的許多概念性文獻(xiàn)都集中研究供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系。理論上說(shuō)，在供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系內(nèi)部，各成員之間傳統(tǒng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性障礙已經(jīng)緩和，變成互利關(guān)系，從而使信息流增加，不穩(wěn)定性減少，使得供應(yīng)鏈產(chǎn)生更大效益。有關(guān)供應(yīng)鏈的概念性文獻(xiàn)十分廣泛，但很少有研究人員就供應(yīng)鏈問(wèn)題進(jìn)行更深入的分析性研究。本論文將從定性的概念性和分析性運(yùn)籌學(xué)角度對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈研究做一綜述。供應(yīng)鏈整合的日趨重要對(duì)運(yùn)籌學(xué)提出了挑戰(zhàn)，要求其更加關(guān)注供應(yīng)鏈建模，并且運(yùn)籌學(xué)研究者將會(huì)有許多機(jī)會(huì)為如今的供應(yīng)鏈研究提供證據(jù)。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字采購(gòu)；供應(yīng)鏈管理；合作關(guān)系；物流系統(tǒng)；物流建模；環(huán)境問(wèn)題；運(yùn)籌學(xué)1引言引言過(guò)去二十年來(lái)，經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富需求更大的消費(fèi)者使得歐美的產(chǎn)品制造公司面臨日益增強(qiáng)的全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。歐美公司的產(chǎn)品制造能力一旦領(lǐng)先世界，便會(huì)陷入低成本高質(zhì)量的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，這是由于太平洋沿岸公司引進(jìn)了新型現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)觀念，以獲得更嚴(yán)格的管制和更流暢的制造過(guò)程。在其示例性的變化背后，環(huán)太平洋公司在減少交訂貨時(shí)間和成本的同時(shí)能夠提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)率，歐美公司不得不對(duì)他們自己的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程進(jìn)行重新的考慮和設(shè)計(jì)。最近研究表明，歐美公司在未來(lái)的20年內(nèi)將會(huì)受到更大的挑戰(zhàn)，之后許多文獻(xiàn)都嘗試將環(huán)太平洋公司的產(chǎn)品制造觀念運(yùn)用于歐美產(chǎn)品加工過(guò)程。現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)觀念使得買(mǎi)方和供應(yīng)方之間的關(guān)系發(fā)生了變革。傳統(tǒng)的供應(yīng)鏈關(guān)系是由純粹的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)致的，但對(duì)于很多成功的亞洲公司來(lái)說(shuō)，它已經(jīng)由敵對(duì)關(guān)系演變?yōu)槌墒斓墓?yīng)鏈合作伙伴關(guān)系。供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系，也稱戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟，是指位于供應(yīng)渠道中的兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的實(shí)體間為達(dá)到特定的目的和利益而組成的關(guān)系。建立該關(guān)系的目的是通過(guò)降低總成本，減少供應(yīng)鏈上的庫(kù)存，增加信息共享來(lái)提高各渠道成員的公司資本和執(zhí)行能力。制造商并不是只關(guān)心價(jià)格，他們還希望供應(yīng)商能與他們合作，一起提供更好的服務(wù)，科技創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)。美國(guó)的克萊斯勒公司就是一個(gè)變革的例子，該公司已經(jīng)成為與供應(yīng)商發(fā)展伙伴關(guān)系的領(lǐng)頭羊。當(dāng)克萊斯勒?qǐng)F(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)出一條新的LH線（道奇勇士，鷹型轎車(chē)，君王）以及新的緊湊型轎車(chē)（NEON），盡管供應(yīng)商有限，但超過(guò)70來(lái)自于外購(gòu)，為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系，克萊斯特邀請(qǐng)了一些重要的供應(yīng)商見(jiàn)證了產(chǎn)品制造的早期過(guò)程，并在設(shè)計(jì)階段之前就選擇供應(yīng)商，為其新型轎車(chē)實(shí)際事先獲得95的零件供應(yīng)。這樣一來(lái)，就省去了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的競(jìng)標(biāo)環(huán)節(jié)。和環(huán)太平洋的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)象一樣，克萊斯特的一些供應(yīng)鏈伙伴完全有責(zé)任開(kāi)發(fā)自身，并與其他副承包商一起開(kāi)發(fā)零件。最終，原先需要五至六年完成的LH線，只需39個(gè)月就完成了，而NEON僅僅31個(gè)月就被開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)了。關(guān)于提高供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系的概念性文獻(xiàn)一直很多，而這些研究對(duì)于伙伴關(guān)系的未來(lái)和效果持非常樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度，大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)集中于朝相關(guān)供應(yīng)聯(lián)盟的轉(zhuǎn)變，以及實(shí)施成功的伙伴關(guān)系所需的重要因素。所期待的結(jié)果就是一種互利雙贏的伙伴關(guān)系，并形成一種協(xié)作式的、整體效益大于部分的供應(yīng)鏈。最終用戶有望在更短時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得質(zhì)量更高、成本更低的價(jià)值產(chǎn)品。隨著產(chǎn)業(yè)繼續(xù)實(shí)施供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系，已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了眾多有關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和控制供應(yīng)鏈的研究機(jī)會(huì)。本論文既回顧了關(guān)于供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系的演變過(guò)程及其重要性的概念性物流文獻(xiàn)，又運(yùn)籌學(xué)范疇的缺點(diǎn)。因此對(duì)運(yùn)籌學(xué)研究人員提出了測(cè)試和豐富當(dāng)前供應(yīng)鏈研究基礎(chǔ)的挑戰(zhàn)。運(yùn)籌學(xué)建模將有望提高設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施以及供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系在各產(chǎn)業(yè)的普及。2傳統(tǒng)的采購(gòu)傳統(tǒng)的采購(gòu)公司采取大膽的措施打破內(nèi)部和相互之間的障礙，緩和不確定性，加強(qiáng)對(duì)供應(yīng)和分銷渠道的控制。過(guò)去幾十年內(nèi)，大多數(shù)公司進(jìn)行了內(nèi)部功能整合，而目前需要與供應(yīng)商和消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行外部整合（圖1）。供應(yīng)鏈合作關(guān)系縮短了買(mǎi)方與供應(yīng)商之間的差距，引導(dǎo)制造商在供應(yīng)商更少的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行聯(lián)需的典型的600700個(gè)供應(yīng)商，他們的LH線只需近200個(gè)供貨商。正如一個(gè)公司在內(nèi)化合法供應(yīng)商之前必須依賴更少的供應(yīng)商，大量減少供應(yīng)商數(shù)量的目標(biāo)阻止了供應(yīng)商結(jié)成聯(lián)盟。3供應(yīng)商合作關(guān)系供應(yīng)商合作關(guān)系通過(guò)減少供應(yīng)商基礎(chǔ)，制造者將會(huì)利用與供應(yīng)商的伙伴關(guān)系。哈佛商學(xué)院的研究結(jié)果表明，美國(guó)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力下降的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵原因來(lái)源于對(duì)供應(yīng)商關(guān)系等無(wú)形利益的投資減少。傳統(tǒng)上，驅(qū)動(dòng)美國(guó)公司成功的基礎(chǔ)在于自治，并把競(jìng)爭(zhēng)視為一個(gè)維護(hù)歐美公司優(yōu)勢(shì)的進(jìn)化機(jī)制的維護(hù)者。美國(guó)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)計(jì)劃是獨(dú)立的，并為確保隱私的企業(yè)信息付出了很大的努力。然而，最近幾十年來(lái)，許多歐美公司已經(jīng)意識(shí)到了與其他公司共享技術(shù)、信息、以及共同計(jì)劃的好處。商業(yè)研究人員也表示，這不僅是一種更開(kāi)放的相關(guān)態(tài)度，而且對(duì)于保持公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)也是很重要的。概念性供應(yīng)鏈文獻(xiàn)幾乎只關(guān)注消費(fèi)者滿意度最大化。因?yàn)檫@種垂直的關(guān)系涉及到長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)獨(dú)立的規(guī)劃和運(yùn)營(yíng)，供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系的概念使得整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)都發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)型。根據(jù)麥克尼爾，以離散的實(shí)體運(yùn)行是不可能的，但是，盡管幾乎沒(méi)有公司是完全離散運(yùn)營(yíng)的，傳統(tǒng)的西方經(jīng)營(yíng)方式采用的是離散的而不是相關(guān)的經(jīng)營(yíng)策略，正如表1所顯示的，企業(yè)間的相關(guān)主義力求遠(yuǎn)離離散交易的觀點(diǎn)，打破傳統(tǒng)的企業(yè)間障礙。公司團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，共享技術(shù)、信息和計(jì)劃，從而降低不確定性，增強(qiáng)控制。最終，各方能從合作中獲得利潤(rùn)。NIEDERKOFLER1991，RING，VANDEVEN1992,1994，BERGQUIST及其他1995就戰(zhàn)略伙伴進(jìn)行了概述。31供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系歐美公司將戰(zhàn)略性的買(mǎi)方與供應(yīng)商伙伴關(guān)系視為環(huán)太平洋供應(yīng)鏈過(guò)程取得成功的根本動(dòng)力，開(kāi)始效仿這些供應(yīng)商聯(lián)盟。盡管亞洲公司并不對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向供應(yīng)商伙伴關(guān)系負(fù)完全責(zé)任，F(xiàn)ARMER認(rèn)為，由于原材料短缺，石油危機(jī)，政府價(jià)格控制，以及供應(yīng)商態(tài)度的普遍變化，即將會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多供應(yīng)商聯(lián)盟，這一觀點(diǎn)的成功主要可由太平洋沿岸驗(yàn)證。當(dāng)代制造業(yè)的提高需要供應(yīng)鏈伙伴關(guān)系形成的嚴(yán)格控制，越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明，西方公司已經(jīng)開(kāi)始實(shí)施這種相關(guān)戰(zhàn)略。表2傳統(tǒng)供應(yīng)和伙伴供應(yīng)的對(duì)比傳統(tǒng)與供應(yīng)商的關(guān)系供應(yīng)鏈的伙伴關(guān)系以價(jià)格為選擇供應(yīng)商的原則多重的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)短期的合約關(guān)系長(zhǎng)期的伙伴關(guān)系以競(jìng)價(jià)為主以供應(yīng)商的價(jià)格為考慮大量的供應(yīng)商數(shù)目少許的供貨商數(shù)目信息不共享信息共享供貨有問(wèn)題時(shí)由供應(yīng)商自行解決有問(wèn)題時(shí)相互合作解決一開(kāi)始，要涉及供應(yīng)商，首先要將其納入跨職能的采購(gòu)團(tuán)隊(duì)。TRENTANDMONCZKA1994認(rèn)為這些團(tuán)隊(duì)的建立將會(huì)提高供應(yīng)鏈的效力。然而，供應(yīng)聯(lián)盟的范疇不止這一點(diǎn)，合作各方的交流更相關(guān)，形成一種相互依賴的深入的關(guān)系，從而使彼此獲利。供應(yīng)伙伴關(guān)系強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一種直接、長(zhǎng)期的協(xié)作，鼓勵(lì)共同計(jì)劃和解決問(wèn)題。表2展示了與傳統(tǒng)思維相比，形成供應(yīng)伙伴關(guān)系的重要因素。32供應(yīng)伙伴關(guān)系的優(yōu)點(diǎn)供應(yīng)伙伴關(guān)系的優(yōu)點(diǎn)許多企業(yè)通過(guò)收購(gòu)尋求縱向整合，以掌握供應(yīng)商專業(yè)知識(shí)，但MACBETH和FERGUSON1994認(rèn)為無(wú)需所有制和艱巨的退出壁壘，伙伴關(guān)系也能提供類似的利潤(rùn)。供應(yīng)商能夠從更高的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量中獲利，并通過(guò)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、減少管理和切換、流程整合、過(guò)程協(xié)調(diào)以及數(shù)量折扣來(lái)降低交易成本。此外，市場(chǎng)對(duì)于供應(yīng)商的需求穩(wěn)定性以及買(mǎi)方的供應(yīng)穩(wěn)定性會(huì)增強(qiáng)這種關(guān)系。SCOTT和WESTBROOK1991只出了一些制造過(guò)程中的其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)，其中包括安裝時(shí)間的減少、流程設(shè)計(jì)圖的改進(jìn)、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的改善、數(shù)

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簡(jiǎn)介：NUTRIENTREMOVALINANA2OMBRREACTORWITHSLUDGEREDUCTIONJRAJESHBANU,DOKHACUAN,ICKTAEYEOMDEPARTMENTOFCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,SUNGKYUNKWANUNIVERSITY,300,CHUNCHUNDONG,JANGANGU,SUWONSI440746,REPUBLICOFKOREAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED20JULY2008RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM11DECEMBER2008ACCEPTED15DECEMBER2008AVAILABLEONLINE25FEBRUARY2009KEYWORDSA2OREACTORMBRNUTRIENTREMOVALTMPABSTRACTINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,ANADVANCEDSEWAGETREATMENTPROCESSHASBEENDEVELOPEDBYINCORPORATINGEXCESSSLUDGEREDUCTIONANDPHOSPHOROUSRECOVERYINANA2OMBRPROCESSTHEA2OMBRREACTORWASOPERATEDATAFLUXOF17LMHOVERAPERIODOF210DAYSTHEDESIGNEDFLUXWASINCREASEDSTEPWISEOVERAPERIODOFTWOWEEKSTHEREACTORWASOPERATEDATTWODIFFERENTMLSSRANGETHERMOCHEMICALDIGESTIONOFSLUDGEWASCARRIEDOUTATAFIXEDPH11ANDTEMPERATURE75?CFOR25CODSOLUBILISATIONTHERELEASEDPHOSPHOROUSWASRECOVEREDBYPRECIPITATIONPROCESSANDTHEORGANICSWASSENTBACKTOANOXICTANKTHESLUDGEDIGESTIONDIDNOTHAVEANYIMPACTONCODANDTPREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFTHEREACTORDURINGTHE210DAYSOFREACTOROPERATION,THEMBRMAINTAINEDRELATIVELYCONSTANTTRANSMEMBRANEPRESSURETHERESULTSBASEDONTHESTUDYINDICATEDTHATTHEPROPOSEDPROCESSCONFIGURATIONHASPOTENTIALTOREDUCETHEEXCESSSLUDGEPRODUCTIONASWELLASITDIDN’TDETORIATEDTHETREATEDWATERQUALITY?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONEXCESSSLUDGEREDUCTIONANDNUTRIENTSREMOVALARETHETWOIMPORTANTPROBLEMSASSOCIATEDWITHWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTMBRPROCESSHASBEENKNOWNASAPROCESSWITHRELATIVELYHIGHDECAYRATEANDLESSSLUDGEPRODUCTIONDUETOMUCHLONGERSLUDGEAGEINTHEREACTORWENETAL,2004SLUDGEPRODUCTIONINMBRISREDUCEDBY28–68,DEPENDINGONTHESLUDGEAGEUSEDXIAETAL,2008HOWEVER,MINIMIZINGTHESLUDGEPRODUCTIONBYINCREASINGSLUDGEAGEISLIMITEDDUETOTHEPOTENTIALADVERSEEFFECTOFHIGHMLSSCONCENTRATIONSONMEMBRANEYOONETAL,2004THISPROBLEMCANBESOLVEDBYINTRODUCINGSLUDGEDISINTEGRATIONTECHNIQUEINMBRYOUNGETAL,2007SLUDGEDISINTEGRATIONTECHNIQUESHAVEBEENREPORTEDTOENHANCETHEBIODEGRADABILITYOFEXCESSSLUDGEVLYSSIDESANDKARLIS,2004INOVERALL,THEBASISFORSLUDGEREDUCTIONPROCESSESISEFFECTIVECOMBINATIONOFTHEMETHODSFORSLUDGEDISINTEGRATIONANDBIODEGRADATIONOFTREATEDSLUDGEADVANCESINSLUDGEDISINTEGRATIONTECHNIQUESOFFERAFEWPROMISINGOPTIONSINCLUDINGULTRASOUNDGUOETAL,2008,PULSEPOWERCHOIETAL,2006,OZONEWEEMAESETAL,2000,THERMALKIMETAL,2003,ALKALINELIETAL,2008ACIDKIMETAL,2003ANDTHERMOCHEMICALVLYSSIDESANDKARLIS,2004AMONGTHEVARIOUSDISINTEGRATIONTECHNIQUES,THERMOCHEMICALWASREPORTEDTOBESIMPLEANDCOSTEFFECTIVEWEEMAESANDVERSTRAETE,1998INTHERMALCHEMICALHYDROLYSIS,ALKALISODIUMHYDROXIDEWASFOUNDTOBETHEMOSTEFFECTIVEAGENTININDUCINGCELLLYSISROCHERETAL,1999CONVENTIONALLY,THENUTRIENTREMOVALWASCARRIEDOUTINANA2OPROCESSITHASADVANTAGEOFACHIEVING,NUTRIENTREMOVALALONGWITHORGANICCOMPOUNDOXIDATIONINASINGLESLUDGECONFIGURATIONUSINGLINKEDREACTORSINSERIESTCHOBANOGLOUSETAL,2003THEPHOSPHOROUSREMOVALHAPPENSBYSUBJECTINGPHOSPHOROUSACCUMULATINGORGANISMSPAOBACTERIAUNDERAEROBICANDANAEROBICCONDITIONSAKINANDUGURLU,2004THESEOPERATINGPROCEDURESENHANCEPREDOMINANCEPAO,WHICHAREABLETOUPTAKEPHOSPHOROUSINEXCESSDURINGTHESLUDGEPRETREATMENTPROCESSESTHEBOUNDPHOSPHOROUSWASSOLUBILISEDANDITINCREASESTHEPHOSPHOROUSCONCENTRATIONINTHEEFFLUENTSTREAMNISHIMURA,2001SO,ITISNECESSARYTOREMOVETHESOLUBILISEDPHOSPHORUSBEFOREITENTERSINTOMAINSTREAMBESIDES,THEREISAGROWINGDEMANDFORTHESUSTAINABLEPHOSPHOROUSRESOURCESINTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDWORLDINMANYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,RESEARCHESARECURRENTLYUNDERWAYTORECOVERTHEPHOSPHOROUSBOUNDINTHESLUDGE’SOFENHANCEDBIOLOGICALPHOSPHORUSREMOVALSYSTEMEBPRTHERELEASEDPHOSPHOROUSCANBERECOVEREDINUSABLEPRODUCTSUSINGCALCIUMSALTSPRECIPITATIONMETHODKEEPINGTHISFACTINMIND,INTHEPRESENTSTUDY,ANEWADVANCEDWASTEWATERTREATMENTPROCESSISDEVELOPEDBYINTEGRATINGTHREEPROCESSES,WHICHAREATHERMOCHEMICALPRETREATMENTINMBRFOREXCESSSLUDGEREDUCTIONBA2OPROCESSFORBIOLOGICALNUTRIENTREMOVALCPRECOVERYTHROUGHCALCIUMSALTPRECIPITATIONTHEEXPERIMENTALDATAOBTAINEDWERETHENUSEDTOEVALUATETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHISINTEGRATEDSYSTEM2METHODS21WASTEWATERTHESYNTHETICDOMESTICWASTEWATERWASUSEDASTHEEXPERIMENTALINFLUENTITWASBASICALLYCOMPOSEDOFAMIXEDCARBONSOURCE,MACRONUTRIENTSNANDP,ANALKALINITYCONTROLNAHCO3ANDAMICROELEMENTSOLUTIONTHECOMPOSITIONCONTAINEDL?1210MG09608524/SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JBIORTECH200812054CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL820312996699EMAILADDRESSESRAJESHCESGMAILCOMJRAJESHBANU,YEOMSKKUEDUITYEOMBIORESOURCETECHNOLOGY10020093820–3824CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTBIORESOURCETECHNOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/BIORTECHHOWEVER,ITHASBEENREPORTEDTHAT,INWASTEWATERTREATMENTPROCESSESINCLUDINGDISINTEGRATIONINDUCEDSLUDGEDEGRADATION,THEEFFLUENTWATERQUALITYISSLIGHTLYDETORIATEDDUETOTHERELEASEOFNONDEGRADABLESUBSTANCESSUCHASSOLUBLEMICROBIALPRODUCTSYASUIANDSHIBATA,1994SAKAIETAL,1997YOONETAL,2004DURINGTHESTUDYPERIOD,SCODCONCENTRATIONINTHEAEROBICBASINOFMBRWASINTHERANGEOF18–38MG/LANDCORRESPONDINGORGANICCONCENTRATIONINTHEEFFLUENTWASVARIEDFROM4TO12MG/LFROMTHISDATAITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATTHEMEMBRANESEPARATIONPLAYEDANIMPORTANTROLEINPROVIDINGTHEEXCELLENTANDSTABLEEFFLUENTQUALITYPHOSPHORUSISTHEPRIMARYNUTRIENTRESPONSIBLEFORALGALBLOOMANDITISNECESSARYTOREDUCETHECONCE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簡(jiǎn)介：LOADANDRESISTANCEFACTORCALIBRATIONFORWOODBRIDGESANDRZEJSNOWAK,FASCE,1ANDCHRISTOPHERDEAMON,MASCE2ABSTRACTTHEPAPERPRESENTSTHECALIBRATIONPROCEDUREANDBACKGROUNDDATAFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDESIGNCODEPROVISIONSFORWOODBRIDGESTHESTRUCTURALTYPESCONSIDEREDINCLUDESAWNLUMBERSTRINGERS,GLUEDLAMINATEDGIRDERS,ANDVARIOUSWOODDECKTYPESLOADANDRESISTANCEPARAMETERSARETREATEDASRANDOMVARIABLES,ANDTHEREFORE,THESTRUCTURALPERFORMANCEISMEASUREDINTERMSOFTHERELIABILITYINDEXTHESTATISTICALPARAMETERSOFDEADLOADANDLIVE?TRAFFIC?LOAD,AREBASEDONTHERESULTSOFPREVIOUSSTUDIESMATERIALRESISTANCEISTAKENFROMTHEAVAILABLETESTDATA,WHICHINCLUDESCONSIDERATIONOFTHEPOSTELASTICRESPONSETHERESISTANCEOFCOMPONENTSANDSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSISBASEDONTHEAVAILABLEEXPERIMENTALDATAANDFINITEELEMENTANALYSISRESULTSSTATISTICALPARAMETERSOFRESISTANCEARECOMPUTEDFORDECKANDGIRDERSUBSYSTEMSASWELLASINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTSTHERELIABILITYANALYSISWASPERFORMEDFORWOODBRIDGESDESIGNEDACCORDINGTOTHEAASHTOSTANDARDSPECIFICATIONSANDASIGNIFICANTVARIATIONINRELIABILITYINDICESWASOBSERVEDTHERECOMMENDEDLOADANDRESISTANCEFACTORSAREPROVIDEDTHATRESULTINCONSISTENTLEVELSOFRELIABILITYATTHETARGETLEVELSDOI101061/?ASCE?10840702?2005?106?636?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSBRIDGES,WOODENCALIBRATIONLOADANDRESISTANCEFACTORDESIGNBRIDGEDECKSINTRODUCTIONIN1993AASHTOADOPTEDANEWLOADANDRESISTANCEFACTORDESIGN?LRFD?CODEFORHIGHWAYBRIDGESTHENEWCODEPROVIDESARATIONALBASISFORTHEDESIGNOFSTEELANDCONCRETESTRUCTURESALTHOUGHWOODBRIDGEDESIGNWASALSOINCLUDEDINLRFDFORMAT,THECALIBRATIONWASNOTCARRIEDOUTFORTHESESTRUCTURES?NOWAK1995,1999?THEREFORE,THEREWASACONCERNABOUTTHECONSISTENCYOFTHERELIABILITYLEVELFORWOODSTRUCTURESPREVIOUSSTUDIESSHOWEDTHATTHERELIABILITYINDEXFORWOODBRIDGECOMPONENTSCANBESIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTTHANFORSTEELORCONCRETESTRUCTURES?NOWAK1991?THEDEGREEOFVARIATIONFORWOODPROPERTIESVARIESDEPENDINGONDIMENSIONS,LOADDURATION,MOISTURECONTENT,ANDOTHERPARAMETERSINCASEOFWOODBRIDGES,ITISIMPORTANTTOCONSIDERTHESTRUCTURALSYSTEMORSUBSYSTEMASWELLASINDIVIDUALELEMENTS/COMPONENTSINGENERAL,ADESIGNCODEISCALIBRATEDBY?1?DESIGNINGARANGEOFSTRUCTURESACCORDINGTOCURRENTCODEPROCEDURES?2?IDENTIFYINGRANDOMVARIABLESANDDEVELOPINGLOADANDRESISTANCEMODELSBASEDONTHESTATISTICALPARAMETERSOFACTUALLOADSANDRESISTANCES?3?CHOOSINGANAPPROPRIATERELIABILITYTECHNIQUEANDCOMPUTINGRELIABILITYINDICESFORTHECODEDESIGNEDSTRUCTURESUSINGTHELOADANDRESISTANCEMODELSDEVELOPED?4?IDENTIFYINGTARGETRELIABILITYINDICESFROMTHERESULTS,USUALLYSUCHTHATTHEMOSTTYPICALSTRUCTURESREPRESENTTHETARGETINDICESAND?5?SUGGESTINGADJUSTMENTSTOCURRENTCODEDESIGNPROCEDURESTHATWOULDMINIMIZEVARIATIONSINRELIABILITYINDEXAMONGSTRUCTURALCOMPONENTSOFASIMILARTYPETHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTUDYISTOCOMPLETETHECALIBRATIONPROCESSANDDETERMINEAPPROPRIATEDESIGNPARAMETERSFORWOODBRIDGESTHISRESEARCHFILLSTHISGAPANDPROVIDESRECOMMENDATIONSTHATRESULTINACONSISTENTLEVELOFRELIABILITYFORWOODBRIDGESSTRUCTURALTYPESCONSIDEREDTHECALIBRATIONWORKISPERFORMEDFORSELECTEDREPRESENTATIVETYPESOFWOODBRIDGESINPARTICULAR,SIMPLESPAN,TWOLANE,NONSKEWEDBRIDGESWITHWOODENCOMPONENTSOFSHORTTOMEDIUMSPANS,FROM4TO25M?FROM13TO80FT?,ARECONSIDEREDINGENERAL,THEREARETWOTYPESOFWOODBRIDGESSTRUCTURESTHATSPANBYBEAMS?STRINGERSORGIRDERS?ORSTRUCTURESTHATSPANBYADECKSTRINGERBRIDGESMADEOFSAWNLUMBERARETYPICALLYSHORT,SPANNINGTOAMAXIMUMOFABOUT8M?25FT?READILYAVAILABLESAWNLUMBERSTRINGERSAREUSUALLYFROM100TO150MM?FROM4TO6IN?WIDEANDFROM300TO400MM?FROM12TO16IN?DEEP,ANDTHESESIZESOFTENLIMITSPACINGTONOMORETHAN400–600MM?16–24IN?ONCENTERHOWEVER,THEUSEOFGREATERWIDTHSSUCHAS20MM?8IN?ANDLARGERDEPTHSMAYALLOWSTRINGERSPACINGTOBEINCREASED,UNTILULTIMATELYLIMITEDBYDECKCAPACITYSTRINGERSOFGLULAMCANBEMANUFACTUREDWITHMUCHGREATERDEPTHSANDWIDTHS,ANDCANTHUSSPANMUCHGREATERDISTANCESANDALLOWWIDERBEAMSPACINGSPANSFROM6TO24M?FROM20TO80FT?ARECOMMONTHESTRINGERSSUPPORTVARIOUSWOODDECKTYPES,WHICHMAYBEGLUEDLAMINATED?GLULAM?,NAILLAMINATED?NAILLAM?,SPIKELAMINATED?SPIKELAM?,PLANK?4IN?6IN,4IN?8IN,4IN?10IN,AND4IN?12IN?,STRESSLAMINATED?STRESSLAM?,ANDREINFORCEDCONCRETE?NONCOMPOSITE?LAMINATEDDECKSAREMADEOFVERTICALLAMINATIONS,TYPICALLY50MM?2IN?THICKANDL00–300MM?4–12IN?DEEP,WHICHAREJOINEDTOGETHERBYNAILS,GLUE,SPIKES,ORTRANSVERSELYPRESTRESSEDTHELATTERMETHODISTYPICALLYUSEDFORDECKRATHERTHANSTRINGERBRIDGES,HOWEVERLAMINATIONSAREMADEINTOPANELSTHATAREUSUALLYFROM900TO1,500MM?FROM3TO5FT?WIDETHEDESIGNERMAYSPECIFYTHATTHESEPANELSEITHER1PROFESSOR,DEPTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVOFNEBRASKA,LINCOLN,NE6858805312ASSISTANTPROFESSOR,DEPTOFCIVILENGINEERING,MISSISSIPPISTATEUNIV,MS397629546NOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILAPRIL1,2006SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONFEBRUARY9,2004APPROVEDONJANUARY31,2005THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL10,NO6,NOVEMBER1,2005?ASCE,ISSN10840702/2005/6636–642/2500636/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/NOVEMBER/DECEMBER2005JBRIDGEENG200510636642DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYUNIVERSITYOFMICHIGANON02/26/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDHEAVYTRUCKS?FOR75YEARPERIO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簡(jiǎn)介：附錄A平行停車(chē)系統(tǒng)汽車(chē)式機(jī)器人傳感與制導(dǎo)的研究1制造工程學(xué)和產(chǎn)業(yè)管理工程系，英國(guó)利物浦大學(xué)2機(jī)械工程系，英國(guó)倫敦大學(xué)摘要本文對(duì)并行策略自動(dòng)停車(chē)系統(tǒng)的汽車(chē)類移動(dòng)機(jī)器人進(jìn)行了研究。這項(xiàng)研究以一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方形平行停車(chē)空間內(nèi)利用機(jī)器人停車(chē)為例。此系統(tǒng)在三個(gè)階段內(nèi)運(yùn)作。在掃描階段停車(chē)處環(huán)境由安裝在機(jī)器人的超音波傳感器查出，如果空間是充足的，停車(chē)位置和操縱道路將被顯示，然后在定位的階段機(jī)器人扭轉(zhuǎn)停車(chē)位的邊緣，避免發(fā)生碰撞。最后階段,在操縱階段機(jī)器人在一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的模式下從停車(chē)位移動(dòng)向停車(chē)處位置，根據(jù)停車(chē)位的空間要求向后和向前回旋。這樣確立非完全限制行動(dòng)的汽車(chē)類機(jī)器人行動(dòng)特征。根據(jù)特征，確立一個(gè)無(wú)碰撞道路周?chē)h(huán)境。研究的策略是在一個(gè)通過(guò)修改的可移動(dòng)B12機(jī)器人上集成了一個(gè)自動(dòng)化的停放的系統(tǒng)，并且在緊急的情況被驗(yàn)證其可以將車(chē)停放在安全位置上。系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)是為了一個(gè)自動(dòng)化的停放的設(shè)備以便幫助車(chē)司機(jī)安全停車(chē)。它也顯示了在集成汽車(chē)方面的應(yīng)用潛力。關(guān)鍵詞行動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)；可移動(dòng)汽車(chē)機(jī)器人；停車(chē)處；運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)約束；防撞；傳感器制導(dǎo)記法A機(jī)器人全長(zhǎng)的一半；A0機(jī)器人參考點(diǎn)的加速度在縱向方向；A障礙；B機(jī)器人身體寬度的一半；B障礙；D在掃描期間從機(jī)器人的距離到最近的障礙；F機(jī)器人的參考點(diǎn)；FM機(jī)器人的移動(dòng)的框架；H機(jī)器人運(yùn)動(dòng)在停車(chē)空間的縱向距離HF，HB參考點(diǎn)F到前后移動(dòng)在停車(chē)空間所必需的縱向距離；L移動(dòng)機(jī)器人二個(gè)軸的距離；L停車(chē)位的長(zhǎng)度；M位形空間的維度；OI機(jī)器人在位形PI的瞬間中心；OIF從瞬心到機(jī)器人參考點(diǎn)的縱向量；PI機(jī)器人的位形I；R沿位形空間的每個(gè)軸分解的值；R可移動(dòng)機(jī)器人；T用于機(jī)器人行走的變化的時(shí)間；T1用于完成線性加速度的時(shí)間；T2用于以勻速V0完成加速度和移動(dòng)的時(shí)間；T用于機(jī)個(gè)直觀的圖表。所有矩形在自由配置空間并且每個(gè)對(duì)毗鄰矩形作為圖表的一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)。算法時(shí)間OMRMLOGM和空間ORM有要求，R是沿位形空間的每個(gè)軸分解的大小的尺寸，M是位形空間的維度。計(jì)算時(shí)間在使用這種算法被記錄要大于10H，為實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用充分極限時(shí)間之下。LAFFERRIERE和SUSSMANN基于可調(diào)性一般結(jié)構(gòu)的證明首次提出了為汽車(chē)機(jī)器人的一般監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。MURRAY和SASTRY顯示了如何為一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)解決問(wèn)題的方法。然而，正如由SUSSMANN和劉的觀點(diǎn)，指出論文沒(méi)有處理障礙問(wèn)題。JACOBS等提出完全監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)為可移動(dòng)機(jī)器人改進(jìn)了情況并且表示它的策略可以被推斷。算法包括三個(gè)階段A未完全系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)道路PB細(xì)分P，直到所有終點(diǎn)可以由一個(gè)最小長(zhǎng)度無(wú)碰撞可行的道路連接C走優(yōu)化路線減少道路的長(zhǎng)度以汽車(chē)停車(chē)處為例，在SUNSPARC2工作站總共運(yùn)行了37S。這種算法進(jìn)一步被驗(yàn)證了汽車(chē)移動(dòng)機(jī)器人在包括一定數(shù)量的多角形障礙復(fù)雜環(huán)境里移動(dòng)的可行性。在所舉例子之一中，在SUNSPARC2工作站有一個(gè)五個(gè)障礙被分布在一個(gè)工作區(qū)里面，處理時(shí)間是38S。近年來(lái)，研究的熱點(diǎn)側(cè)重在汽車(chē)停車(chē)處問(wèn)題。PAROMTCHIK和LAUGIER提出了一種方法在平行的停車(chē)處應(yīng)用為一輛非完全約束車(chē)。此方法是停車(chē)位在車(chē)進(jìn)入停車(chē)處之前入被掃描。而前移是沿著沒(méi)有斜向位移的一條直線，車(chē)在后移時(shí)走一條正弦道路。因?yàn)樵诨匦陂g沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ㄌ幚碓谕＼?chē)處可預(yù)料的碰撞，方法是在停車(chē)位之內(nèi)使用查尋表，創(chuàng)建非運(yùn)行表，為進(jìn)入停車(chē)位估計(jì)一種無(wú)碰撞開(kāi)始狀態(tài)和為回旋在停車(chē)位之內(nèi)估計(jì)運(yùn)行時(shí)間。此方法沒(méi)有涉及在車(chē)和停車(chē)位的縱向界限之間可能存在的碰撞情況。其他研究關(guān)于使用各種各樣的結(jié)構(gòu)和控制的技術(shù)最近涌現(xiàn)出來(lái)，例如神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和模糊控制。僅幾篇論文談?wù)摓槠?chē)建立一個(gè)自動(dòng)停車(chē)處系統(tǒng)的事例。DIVELBISS和WEN提出了包括一個(gè)拖車(chē)汽車(chē)跟蹤和停放的道路方法。在這種方法給定環(huán)境和非運(yùn)行道路，是使用道路空間重申算法。本文更集中在跟蹤不同的汽車(chē)拖車(chē)系統(tǒng)的彈道，而不是解決自動(dòng)停車(chē)處問(wèn)題。MIYATA等研究了平行的停車(chē)處問(wèn)題。用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的機(jī)器人是一輛自動(dòng)引導(dǎo)的車(chē)AGV。研究的焦點(diǎn)是運(yùn)用模糊的規(guī)則和下降方法控制AGV為平

簡(jiǎn)介：大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)的研究摘要本文在實(shí)地調(diào)查近年新落成的一些大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計(jì)存在無(wú)法滿足實(shí)際需要情況的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)技術(shù)規(guī)范亟待完善的電源設(shè)計(jì)的重要問(wèn)題，提出了修改建議，提高應(yīng)急照明的可靠性，改善人員逃生條件，以適應(yīng)“以人為本”“生命至上”的社會(huì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，減少火災(zāi)事故中的人員傷亡。關(guān)鍵詞消防；應(yīng)急照明電；源蓄電；池分散供電引言近年，各地新落成了不少大型公共建筑，尤其是大型體育、文化場(chǎng)館等，這些建筑都是人群高度集中的開(kāi)放場(chǎng)所，一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)和斷電等事故，容易發(fā)生疏散混亂、相互踩踏造成傷亡事故，提高應(yīng)急疏散照明的可靠性，具有極其重要的意義。但由于一些技術(shù)規(guī)范未能及時(shí)修改和統(tǒng)一，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)依據(jù)不同，設(shè)計(jì)思想有很大差別，無(wú)法滿足實(shí)際需要，需加以完善。本文對(duì)應(yīng)急照明技術(shù)規(guī)范在實(shí)踐中遇到的問(wèn)題，作個(gè)簡(jiǎn)要分析，以引起從業(yè)者的足夠重視。應(yīng)急照明在火災(zāi)和突發(fā)緊急事故中有著重要的作用，確保消防應(yīng)急照明系統(tǒng)安全可靠的工作意義重大。消防應(yīng)急燈具有三大功能消防應(yīng)急工作照明燈組成的消防工作照明系統(tǒng)，滿足正常工作照度要求；由消防應(yīng)急疏散照明燈組成的消防疏散功能系統(tǒng)，供人員疏散時(shí)提供必須的照度而設(shè)置；由低位消防應(yīng)急疏散照明和疏散指示及其他標(biāo)志形式組成的應(yīng)急疏散標(biāo)識(shí)功能系統(tǒng)，為人員疏散提供明確引導(dǎo)方向及途徑。1有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范1民用建筑電器設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GJ162008第3191條“一級(jí)負(fù)荷應(yīng)由兩個(gè)電源供電，當(dāng)一個(gè)電源發(fā)生故障時(shí)，另一個(gè)電源應(yīng)不致同時(shí)受到損壞。一級(jí)負(fù)荷容量較大或有高壓用電設(shè)備時(shí)應(yīng)采用兩路高壓電源。如一級(jí)負(fù)荷容量不大時(shí)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先采用從電力系統(tǒng)或臨近單位取得第二低壓電源，亦可采用應(yīng)急發(fā)電機(jī)組，如一級(jí)負(fù)荷僅為照明或電話站負(fù)荷時(shí)，宜采用蓄電池組作為備用電源”；2建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1012條火災(zāi)事故照明和疏散照明指示標(biāo)志可采用蓄電池作備用電源，但連續(xù)供電時(shí)間不應(yīng)少于20MIN；3建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1013條消防用電設(shè)備應(yīng)采用單獨(dú)的供電回路，并當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)切斷生產(chǎn)、生活用電時(shí)，應(yīng)能保證消防用電，其配電設(shè)備應(yīng)有明顯標(biāo)志；4建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1028條“其疏散走道和疏散門(mén)，均宜設(shè)置燈光疏散指示標(biāo)志”；5火災(zāi)自動(dòng)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB5011698第6318條“消防控制室在確認(rèn)火災(zāi)后，應(yīng)能切斷有關(guān)部位的非消防電源，并接通警報(bào)裝置及火災(zāi)應(yīng)急照明燈和疏散標(biāo)志燈”；要，完全可以做到萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。而且也認(rèn)為以發(fā)電機(jī)作備用電源的應(yīng)急照明供電方式比自帶蓄電池的應(yīng)急燈要高級(jí)，要可靠。但從上面的分析中得知，發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，這種傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)無(wú)法滿足應(yīng)急照明的需要。”應(yīng)急照明”，也叫“事故照明”，其實(shí)質(zhì)就是“事故照明”，要充分考慮到發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)的具體情況，而不僅僅是非火災(zāi)突然斷電時(shí)的情況。而且，從大量的實(shí)際火災(zāi)案例看，由于應(yīng)急照明的缺位造成人員踩踏造成的致死致傷的人員數(shù)量之多，足以引起我們對(duì)火災(zāi)中應(yīng)急照明的重要性進(jìn)行重新認(rèn)識(shí)。在實(shí)踐中，近年落成的一些大型公用建筑，屢屢出現(xiàn)這樣的事情建筑消防報(bào)建時(shí)，按照傳統(tǒng)雙回路應(yīng)急電源設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，用發(fā)電機(jī)組作應(yīng)急電源，圖紙可以順利通過(guò)政府消防主管部門(mén)的審核，也能順利通過(guò)建筑消防驗(yàn)收；但在投入使用時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位，卻對(duì)應(yīng)急照明提出異議，要求在安全出口、疏散通道上、消防設(shè)備房等重要區(qū)域，安裝自帶蓄電池供電的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈或筒燈，滿足實(shí)際需要，對(duì)所謂雙回路供電保證應(yīng)急照明說(shuō)法不屑一顧。發(fā)生這種情況的原因主要是一些設(shè)計(jì)單位沒(méi)有充分考慮到實(shí)際需要，缺乏實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，加上一些建設(shè)單位也認(rèn)為，應(yīng)急照明燈影響美觀，無(wú)法與日漸高檔的裝修標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相適應(yīng)，沒(méi)有必要。另外國(guó)家規(guī)定應(yīng)急照明燈具的使用范圍也偏小，相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范沒(méi)有把應(yīng)急照明采用自帶蓄電池方式和備用發(fā)電機(jī)方式兩者之間的級(jí)別差異明確表述，存在不明確的情況，設(shè)計(jì)人員認(rèn)識(shí)不深刻，無(wú)法滿足大型公共建筑的消防安全需要。在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，負(fù)責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位人員，顯然具有更豐富的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，更了解火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)，供電線路和設(shè)備的損壞情況，以及應(yīng)急照明的正常工作對(duì)于救生和救災(zāi)的重要性，這樣的要求應(yīng)該說(shuō)是完全正確的。所以，在一些大型公用建筑上，就會(huì)看到這種無(wú)奈的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)竣工投入使用的高檔建筑，在疏散通道、疏散樓梯、安全出口、電梯廳、消防設(shè)備房、大型功能房等重要區(qū)域，以線槽或線管明敷的方式，加裝了必要的自帶蓄電池的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈，外觀上與其它暗敷的電氣線路很不協(xié)調(diào)。這種事后的改進(jìn)，既不美觀，也由于重新施工造成經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失和浪費(fèi)。而且，視管理單位和設(shè)計(jì)單位的認(rèn)識(shí)和重視程度不同，對(duì)待這個(gè)問(wèn)題的態(tài)度也有很大區(qū)別。設(shè)計(jì)單位往往認(rèn)為設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)充分，大型公共建筑往往又是綜合性的，并非功能單一的建筑，在歸類上有分歧，因此拒絕變更改進(jìn)，造成一些大型公共建筑此項(xiàng)改造工作困難重重，留下了明顯的消防安全隱患。再加上假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品在使用領(lǐng)域占比例較大。在現(xiàn)實(shí)場(chǎng)所發(fā)現(xiàn)很多應(yīng)急照明設(shè)施為不合格產(chǎn)品，特別是應(yīng)急照明燈具、疏散指示標(biāo)志、不合格產(chǎn)品在使用中占很大的比例，給人員安全疏散和滅火救援留下了很大隱患。以光致型發(fā)光標(biāo)識(shí)牌代替疏散指標(biāo)。光致型發(fā)光標(biāo)識(shí)牌是一種稀土材料制成的蓄光型標(biāo)志牌。目前技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)下，在日光或日光燈類光源照射10H以上的

簡(jiǎn)介：附錄4中文譯文多輸入多輸入DCDC變換器的特征變換器的特征摘要在零排放電力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中，能得到多個(gè)輸入源包括太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電陣列、風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)、燃料電池等等的自動(dòng)調(diào)整輸出式多輸入DCDC變換器很有用。一種新的DCDC變換器被提出和分析。最終靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)特征在理論上被探索出來(lái)，結(jié)果也被試驗(yàn)所驗(yàn)證。關(guān)鍵詞穩(wěn)態(tài)界限，潔凈能源，DCDC變換器，多輸入，太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電陣列1引言最近零排放發(fā)電系統(tǒng)被迅速的開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)潔凈能源，例如太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電陣列、風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)、燃料電池等等。此時(shí)，如圖1所示的多輸入DCDC變換器12在聯(lián)合多個(gè)不同電壓和功率的輸入源并且對(duì)負(fù)載進(jìn)行自動(dòng)調(diào)整輸出電壓時(shí)很有用。例如，在有一個(gè)工業(yè)交流電線的太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電陣列供電系統(tǒng)中，通過(guò)從工業(yè)交流電線饋回足夠的能量，發(fā)電陣列的最大功率點(diǎn)能夠容易地被跟蹤，同時(shí)輸出電壓能夠容易地被控制，即使負(fù)載發(fā)生變化。本文的目的在于提出一個(gè)新的多輸入DCDC變換器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)零排放電力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。尤其是在理論上清晰地分析了雙輸入的BUCKBOOST型變換器的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)特?fù)Q證，并且被實(shí)驗(yàn)論證。2電路構(gòu)成和工作原理圖2A和B所示為多輸入DCDC變換器的電路構(gòu)成。圖2A基本由BUCKBOOST型DCDC變換器構(gòu)成，其中多個(gè)輸入的線圈被儲(chǔ)能電感L磁耦合在一起。通過(guò)磁耦合隔離變壓器T，得到正激型的多輸入DCDC變換器，如圖2B所示。在本文中，因?yàn)槎噍斎胱儞Q器被一般意義上的討論所驗(yàn)證是非常復(fù)雜的，并且BUCKBOOST型多輸入變換器的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，所以BUCKBOOST型雙輸入變換器使用如圖3A中的耦合電抗L。在圖中，兩路輸入E1和E2是兩個(gè)電源的輸入電壓，N1和N2是電抗器兩個(gè)輸入線圈的匝數(shù)比，電抗器3儲(chǔ)能電抗L有理想的磁性能并且因此線圈沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生漏磁通。4儲(chǔ)能電抗L有足夠大的電感，能產(chǎn)生足夠大的磁動(dòng)勢(shì)MMF，也就是說(shuō)能保持變換器電抗電流連續(xù)如表II中所示?？紤]到如上假設(shè)，三種狀態(tài)的等效電路模型3除了表I中的狀態(tài)4，都在圖5中。在圖5中，通過(guò)相同電路拓?fù)涞牡刃щ娐返淖儞Q器用來(lái)代表雙輸入DCDC變換器。輸入電壓E1和E2被電抗L的兩個(gè)初級(jí)線圈匝數(shù)N1和N2所標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，結(jié)果就是被變成E1/N1和E2/N2。S1和S2各自的通態(tài)和斷態(tài)被匝數(shù)比為11和10的理想變壓器所替代。相似地，二極管D的通態(tài)和斷態(tài)被匝數(shù)比為11和10的理想變壓器所替代。在表I中的狀態(tài)1中，S1導(dǎo)通，S2關(guān)斷，D關(guān)斷。在這種狀態(tài)下，從E1/N1而來(lái)的電流N1I1流過(guò)電抗L的初級(jí)線圈N1如圖5A所示。在狀態(tài)2中，S1關(guān)斷，S2導(dǎo)通，D關(guān)斷，從E2/N2而來(lái)的電流N2I2流過(guò)L的初級(jí)線圈N2，如圖5B所示。在狀態(tài)3中，S1關(guān)斷，S2關(guān)斷，D導(dǎo)通，因此電流IO從L的次級(jí)線圈流向并聯(lián)了輸出電容C的負(fù)載R。R1、R2和RO有下式R1RE1RSRS1RD1RL11R2RE2RS2RD2RL22RORDRLO3式中RE1,RE2電源E1、E2的內(nèi)阻；RS串聯(lián)電流感應(yīng)器電阻；RL1,RL2,RLO電抗L的兩個(gè)輸入線圈和一個(gè)輸出線圈的內(nèi)阻。通過(guò)圖5中的等效電路模型，連續(xù)等效電路模型4在一個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)周期TS內(nèi)的驅(qū)動(dòng)見(jiàn)圖6參見(jiàn)附錄2，R為等效內(nèi)部損耗電阻，如下式4ON11222212ROFFOONSSSTRTRTRTNTNT???B靜態(tài)特征去掉圖6中連續(xù)等效電路模型中的理想變壓器，考慮到它的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，圖3A中雙輸入DCDC變換器連續(xù)的DC平均模型的驅(qū)動(dòng)如圖7A所示。從圖7A中可以看出，穩(wěn)態(tài)特征由下式給出

簡(jiǎn)介：譯文二基于半邊臉的人臉檢測(cè)基于半邊臉的人臉檢測(cè)1概要概要圖像中的人臉檢測(cè)是人臉識(shí)別研究中一項(xiàng)非常重要的研究分支。為了更有效地檢測(cè)圖像中的人臉，此次研究設(shè)計(jì)提出了基于半邊臉的人臉檢測(cè)方法。根據(jù)圖像中人半邊臉的容貌或者器官的密度特征，比如眼睛，耳朵，嘴巴，部分臉頰，正面的平均全臉模板就可以被構(gòu)建出來(lái)。被模擬出來(lái)的半張臉是基于人臉的對(duì)稱性的特點(diǎn)而構(gòu)建的。圖像中人臉檢測(cè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)運(yùn)用了模板匹配法和相似性從而確定人臉在圖像中的位置。此原理分析顯示了平均全臉模型法能夠有效地減少模板的局部密度的不確定性?；诎脒吥樀娜四槞z測(cè)能降低人臉模型密度的過(guò)度對(duì)稱性，從而提高人臉檢測(cè)的速度。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明此方法還適用于在大角度拍下的側(cè)臉圖像，這大大增加了側(cè)臉檢測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性。關(guān)鍵詞人臉模板，關(guān)鍵詞人臉模板，半邊人臉模板，模板匹配法，相似性，側(cè)臉。半邊人臉模板，模板匹配法，相似性，側(cè)臉。II介紹介紹近幾年，在圖像處理和識(shí)別以及計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)的研究領(lǐng)域中，人臉識(shí)別是一個(gè)很熱門(mén)的話題。作為人臉識(shí)別中一個(gè)重要的環(huán)節(jié)，人臉檢測(cè)也擁有一個(gè)延伸的研究領(lǐng)域。人臉檢測(cè)的主要目的是為了確定圖像中的信息，比如，圖像總是否存在人臉，它的位置，旋轉(zhuǎn)角度以及人臉的姿勢(shì)。根據(jù)人臉的不同特征，人臉檢測(cè)的方法也有所變化14。而且，根據(jù)人臉器官的密度或顏色的固定布局，我們可以判定是否存在人臉。因此，這種基于膚色模型和模板匹配的方法對(duì)于人臉檢測(cè)具有重要的研究意義57。這種基于模板匹配的人臉檢測(cè)法是選擇正面臉部的特征作為匹配的模板，導(dǎo)致人臉?biāo)阉鞯挠?jì)算量相對(duì)較大。然而，絕大多數(shù)的人臉都是對(duì)稱的。所以我們可以選擇半邊正面人臉模板，也就是說(shuō)，選擇左半邊臉或者有半邊臉作為人臉匹配的模板，這樣，大大減少了人臉?biāo)阉鞯挠?jì)算。IIII人臉模板構(gòu)建的方法人臉模板構(gòu)建的方法人臉模板的質(zhì)量直接影響匹配識(shí)別的效果。為了減少模板局部密度的不確定性，構(gòu)建人臉模板是基于大眾臉的信息，例如，平均的眼睛模板，平均的臉型模板。這種方法很簡(jiǎn)單。在模板的仿射變換的實(shí)例中，人臉檢測(cè)的有效性可以被確保。構(gòu)建人臉模板的過(guò)程如下8步驟一選擇正面人臉圖像；1WEICHENTONGFENGSUNXIAODONGYANGLIWANGELECTRONICMEASUREMENTINSTRUMENTS,2009ICEMI099THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONDIGITALOBJECTIDENTIFIER101109/ICEMI20095274642PUBLICATIONYEAR2009,PAGES454458正面左側(cè)傾斜30°左側(cè)傾斜45°圖1各個(gè)角度的人臉圖像各個(gè)角度的人臉圖像在圖像中，正面人臉包括特征器管像眼睛，耳朵，鼻子，部分臉頰等等，如圖2（A）所示。這些圖像的分布特征可以作為檢測(cè)人臉存在的根據(jù)。所以人的眼睛，耳朵，鼻子，嘴巴和部分臉頰都被選作可以構(gòu)建整張正面人臉模板的主要區(qū)域，如圖2（B）所示。這種方法可以排除異常區(qū)域和非人類特有物的影響，比如帽子，胡須等。圖2人臉特有器官的模型人臉特有器官的模型手動(dòng)取樣16張人臉圖像。每張圖像都是2226像素。做為一個(gè)比較性的實(shí)驗(yàn)，模板不僅要匹配正面圖像，還要匹配側(cè)面圖像。所以模板不能太寬。構(gòu)建整張正面人臉模板如圖3所示。通過(guò)16張正面人臉模板，正面的平均全臉模板就可以被構(gòu)建出來(lái)。

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論計(jì)（論文）外文）外文參考資料及譯文譯文題目譯文題目基于單片機(jī)的油浸式變壓器溫度監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)專業(yè)業(yè)通信工程所在學(xué)院所在學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師職稱稱2010年12月28日DESIGNOFTEMPERATUREMONITORINGSYSTEMFOROILIMMERSEDPOWERRANSFORMERSBASEDONMCUSUXIANGSUXIANGQIANQIANHONGSHENGHONGSHENGHUHUDEPARTMENTDEPARTMENTOFOFMECHANICALMECHANICALANDANDELECTRICAL,ELECTRICAL,UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITYOFOFZHEJIANGZHEJIANGPROVINCE,PROVINCE,CHINACHINAEMAILJJQSX126COMEMAILJJQSX126COMABSTRACTABSTRACT¨CWITHTHEEXPANSIONOFELECTRICCAPACITYANDLARGESCALEEXTENSIONOFPOWERGRID,ELECTRICEQUIPMENTISPLAYINGASIGNIFICANTROLEINMODERNLIFEATPRESENT,THETECHNOLOGYOFCONDITIONMONITORINGANDFAULTDIAGNOSINGOFPOWERTRANSFORMERHASBEENMADESOMEIMPROVEMENT,YETITSREALTIMEPERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITYSTILLCANTMEETTHEREQUIREMENTOFSAFEPRODUCTIONDUETODIFFERENTTHERMALEFFECTSLEDBYTHENATURALORFACTITIOUSFAULT,ITSTEMPERATUREOFOILIMMERSEDPOWERTRANSFORMERSISEASYTOCHANGEABNORMALLYANONLINEMEASURINGANDCONTROLLINGSYSTEMBASEDONMCUISDISCUSSEDINTHISPAPERINORDERTOSATISFYTHEREQUIREMENTOFSTATEMONITORINGANDFAULTDIAGNOSISOFPOWERTRANSFORMERONREALTIMEANDRELIABILITY,AKINDOFINTELLIGENTONLINEMONITORINGINSTRUMENTISDESIGNEDEACHOFITSPARTISEXPLAINEDINTHISPAPER,INCLUDINGTEMPERATURESIGNALCOLLECTINGANDDATAPROCESSINGSYSTEMTHESIMULATIONRESULTSHOWEDTHEDESIGNEDSYSTEMWASGOODINITSREALTIME,RELIABILITYANDRUNNINGCOSTTHEREFORE,THEDESIGNEDSTATEMONITORINGSYSTEMFORTEMPERATUREANDFAULTDIAGNOSISOFPOWERTRANSFORMERCANBEWIDELYUSEDINENGINEERINGANDISEXPECTEDTOBRINGABRIGHTFUTUREKEYWORDS¨COILIMMERSEDPOWERTRANSFORMER,TEMPERATURE,DATAPROCESSING,MCUIIINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONSITUATIONTHEREARESEVERALMETHODSTOMEASURETHEHOTSPOTTEMPERATUREASIMPLEMETHODISTHATTHEWITHTHECONTINUOUSDEVELOPMENT

簡(jiǎn)介：翻譯部分英文原文英文原文DESIGNANDPRACTICEOFANELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONPLCABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEDEVELOPMENTOF2NINESTOREYELEVATORSCONTROLSYSTEMFORARESIDENTIALBUILDINGTHECONTROLSYSTEMADOPTSPLCASCONTROLLER,ANDUSESAPARALLELCONNECTIONDISPATCHINGRULEBASEDON“MINIMUMWAITINGTIME“TORUN2ELEVATORSINPARALLELMODETHEPAPERGIVESTHEBASICSTRUCTURE,CONTROLPRINCIPLEANDREALIZATIONMETHODOFTHEPLCCONTROLSYSTEMINDETAILITALSOPRESENTSTHELADDERDIAGRAMOFTHEKEYASPECTSOFTHESYSTEMTHESYSTEMHASSIMPLEPERIPHERALCIRCUITANDTHEOPERATIONRESULTSHOWEDTHATITENHANCEDTHERELIABILITYANDPERFORMANCEOFTHEELEVATORS1INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFARCHITECTURETECHNOLOGY,THEBUILDINGISTALLERANDTALLERANDELEVATORSBECOMEIMPORTANTVERTICALTRANSPORTATIONVEHICLESINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSTHEYARERESPONSIBLETOTRANSPORTPASSENGERS,LIVING,WORKINGORVISITINGINTHEBUILDING,COMFORTABLEANDEFFICIENTLYTOTHEIRDESTINATIONSSOTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMISESSENTIALINTHESMOOTHANDSAFEOPERATIONOFEACHELEVATORITTELLSTHEELEVATORINWHATORDERTOSTOPATFLOORS,WHENTOOPENORCLOSETHEDOORANDIFTHEREISASAFETYCRITICALISSUETHETRADITIONALELECTRICALCONTROLSYSTEMOFELEVATORSISARELAYCONTROLLEDSYSTEMITHASTHEDISADVANTAGESSUCHASCOMPLICATEDCIRCUITS,HIGHFAULTRATIOANDPOORDEPENDABILITYANDGREATLYAFFECTSTHEELEVATOR’SRUNNINGQUALITYTHEREFORE,ENTRUSTEDBYANENTERPRISE,WEHAVEIMPROVEDELECTRICALCONTROLSYSTEMOFARELAYCONTROLLEDELEVATORINARESIDENTIALBUILDINGBYUSINGPLCTHERESULTSHOWEDTHATTHEREFORMEDSYSTEMISRELIABLEINOPERATIONANDEASYFORMAINTENANCETHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEBASICSTRUCTURE,CONTROLPRINCIPLEANDREALIZATIONMETHODOFTHEELEVATORPLCCONTROLSYSTEMINDETAIL2SYSTEMSTRUCTURETHEPURPOSEOFTHEELEVATORCONTROLSYSTEMISTOMANAGEMOVEMENTOFANELEVATORINRESPONSETOUSER’SREQUESTSITISMAINLYCOMPOSEDOF2PARTS21ELECTRICPOWERDRIVINGSYSTEMTHEELECTRICPOWERDRIVINGSYSTEMINCLUDESTHEELEVATORCAR,THETRACTIONREQUIREMENTSINFORMALLY,THEELEVATORSBEHAVIORISDEFINEDASFOLLOWS1RUNNINGWITHASINGLEELEVATORGENERALLY,ANELEVATORHASTHREEOPERATIONSTATESNORMALMODE,FIREPROTECTIONMODEANDMAINTENANCEMODETHEMAINTENANCEMODEHASTHEHIGHESTPRIORITYONLYTHEMAINTENANCEMODEISCANCELEDCANTHEOTHEROPERATIONMODESBEIMPLEMENTEDTHENEXTISFIREPROTECTIONMODE,THEELEVATORMUSTRETURNTOTHEBOTTOMFLOORORBASESTATIONIMMEDIATELYWHENTHEFIRESWITCHACTSTHEELEVATORSHOULDTURNTONORMALOPERATIONMODEWHENTHEFIRESWITCHISRESETUNDERNORMALOPERATIONMODE,THECONTROLSYSTEM’SBASICTASKISTOCOMMANDEACHELEVATORTOMOVEUPORDOWN,TOSTOPORSTARTANDTOOPENANDCLOSETHEDOORBUTISHASSOMECONSTRAINTSASFOLLOWSEACHELEVATORHASASETOF9BUTTONSONTHECARCONTROLPANEL,ONEFOREACHFLOORTHESEBUTTONSILLUMINATEWHENTHEYAREPRESSEDANDCAUSETHEELEVATORTOVISITTHECORRESPONDINGFLOORTHEILLUMINATIONISCANCELEDWHENTHECORRESPONDINGFLOORISVISITEDBYTHEELEVATOREACHFLOOR,EXCEPTTHEFIRSTANDTHETOPFLOOR,HASTWOBUTTONSONTHEFLOORCONTROLPANEL,ONETOREQUESTANUPELEVATOR,ONETOREQUESTADOWNELEVATORTHESEBUTTONSILLUMINATEWHENTHEYAREPRESSEDTHEILLUMINATIONISCANCELEDWHENANELEVATORVISITSTHEFLOOR,THENMOVESINTHEDESIREDDIRECTIONTHEBUTTONSONTHECARCONTROLPANELORTHEFLOORCONTROLPANELAREUSEDTOCONTROLTHEELEVATOR’SMOTIONTHEELEVATORCANNOTPASSAFLOORIFAPASSENGERWANTSTOGETOFFTHERETHEELEVATORCANNOTSTOPATAFLOORUNLESSSOMEONEWANTSTOGETOFFTHERETHEELEVATORCANNOTCHANGEDIRECTIONUNTILITHASSERVEDALLONBOARDPASSENGERSTRAVELINGINTHECURRENTDIRECTION,ANDAHALLCALLCANNOTBESERVEDBYACARGOINGINTHEREVERSEDIRECTIONIFANELEVATORHASNOREQUESTS,ITREMAINSATITSCURRENTFLOORWITHITSDOORSCLOSED2PARALLELRUNNINGWITHTWOELEVATORSINTHISSITUATION,THEREARETWOELEVATORSTOSERVETHEBUILDINGSIMULTANEOUSLYITRUNSAT7AMTO9AMAND5PMTO7PMEVERYDAYWHENANELEVATORREACHESALEVEL,ITWILLTESTIFTHESTOPISREQUIREDORNOTITWILLSTOPATTHISLEVELWHENTHESTOPISREQUIREDATTHESAMETIME,TOBALANCETHENUMBEROFSTOPS,THEOPERATIONOFTWOELEVATORSWILLFOLLOWACERTAINDISPATCHINGPRINCIPLEANELEVATORDOESN’TSTOPATAFLOORIFANOTHERCARISALREADYSTOPPING,ORHASBEENSTOPPEDTHERETHENORMALOPERATIONOFELEVATORSISIMPLEMENTEDBYCOOPERATIONOFITSELECTRICPOWERDRIVINGSYSTEMANDLOGICCONTROLSYSTEM3SOFTWAREDESIGN