簡(jiǎn)介：RECEIVED2010525CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTAOSUISUI_T163COMVOL1SUPPLEMENTJOURNALOFMEASUREMENTSCIENCEANDINSTRUMENTATION2010BOILERLEVELCONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONCONTROLLOGIX5550PLCTAOSUI,BINGLI,ZHENXINGMENG,GUIWENRENCOLLEGEOFINFORMATIONANDELECTRICALENGINEERING,SHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,QINGDAO,266510,CHINAABSTRACTTHISPAPERISARESEARCHDESIGNBASEDONEFPTPROCESSCONTROLDEVICEINTHEDESIGN,ACTUALINDUSTRYFIELDHASBEENSIMULATEDANDCORRESPONDINGMODELLINGHASBEENCARRIEDONFORTHEBOILERLEVELSYSTEMTHENTHEAPPROPRIATEPIDPARAMETERHASBEENSORTEDOUTANDCONTROLLOGIX5550PLCHASBEENUSEDTOCONTROLTHEENTIREBOILERLEVELSYSTEMATLAST,ACORRESPONDINGCONTROLINTERFACEHASBEENESTABLISHEDANDTHEBOILERLEVELHASBEENUNDERASAFEANDACCURATECONTROLKEYWORDSEFPTBOILERLEVELMODELLINGPIDMANUSCRIPTNUMBER167480422010SUPP007804DIO103969/JISSN167480422010SUPP211INTRODUCTIONTHETASKOFTHEINDUSTRIALBOILERLEVELCONTROLISTOMAINTAINADYNAMICBALANCEBYCONTROLLINGTHEWATERFLOWANDEVAPORATION,SOTHATTHEDRUMLEVELCANBEMAINTAINEDINTHETECHNOLOGICALLEVEL,WHICHISANECESSITYFORENSURINGSAFEOPERATIONANDALSOONEOFTHEMAININDICATORSOFTHEBOILER’SNORMALOPERATIONWATERLEVELWHICHISTOOHIGHWILLAFFECTTHEEFFECTOFTHESTEAMWATERSEPARATION,BUTTOOLOWITISWILLBREAKRINGCYCLEOREVENCAUSEBOILEREXPLOSIONTOENSUREASAFEANDEFFICIENTPRODUCTION,THEBOILERLEVELMUSTBESTRICTLYCONTROLLEDINMAINTAININGCONSTANTORCHANGINGONLYACCORDINGTOACERTAINRULEUSINGLOGIX5550PLCWITHANALOGYI/OMODULES,LAUNCHEDBYROCKWELLAUTOMATIONCOMPANYASCONTROLLERS,ANDEFPTPROCESSCONTROLEXPERIMENTALDEVICEASCONTROLOBJECT,THISSYSTEMHAVEBROUGHTTHEBOILERWATERLEVELUNDERANACCURATECONTROLINAMINIBOILERSYSTEMWITHSENSORSANDACTUATORSTHATUSEDININDUSTRIALPRODUCTION2SYSTEMOVERVIEWTHISSYSTEMISCOMPOSEDOFANEFPTPROCESSCONTROLDEVICE,ANINVERTER,ALOGIX5550PLCANDACOMPUTEREFPTPROCESSCONTROLDEVICEISASIMULATEDHEATINGANDWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGESYSTEMFORAMICROSMALLBOILERITREALIZESPROCESSCONTROLINAMINIBOILERSYSTEMWITHSENSORSANDACTUATORSUSEDININDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONTHEACTUATORINCLUDESNOTONLYMEASURINGAPPLIANCE,BUTALSOACINVERTER,HEATINGCONTROLLER,HEATERANDSOONTHESYSTEMSIMULATESINDUSTRYSCENETHROUGHAMINIBOILERHEATING,WATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGESYSTEM,WHICHISRELIABLEANDVISUALINTHEDESIGN,BOILERLEVELWASSELECTEDASTHECONTROLLEDVARIABLETHECONTROLLEDOBJECTISCOMPOSEDOFTHEWATERTROUGH,THEFORCEPUMP,THEBOILERANDTHEPIPELINEVALVEMICROMASTER6SE92140DA40INVERTERISTAKENASTHEACTUATORANDTHEBOILERLEVELISCONTROLLEDBYLOGIX5550CONFIGURATIONSOFTWARERSVIEW32ANDTOUCHSCREENPANELVIEW1000ARECOMBINEDTOREALIZETHEREALTIMEMONITORINGINTHEDESIGN,ASIMPLEDESIGNOFSINGLELOOPBOILERLIQUIDLEVELVALUEADJUSTMENTISSELECTEDFORTHESTUDYTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHESYSTEMISSHOWNINFIG1FFIG1BOILERLEVELSETTINGVALUEADJUSTMENTSYSTEMINTHEDESIGN,THEINVERTERASANACTUATORDIRECTLYRECEIVESPLCANALOGYI/OPORTOUTPUT,ANDCONVERTERSINTOFREQUENCYOFINVERTERSOASTODRIVETHE3PHASEMOTORINTHELIFTPUMP,CHANGETHEINLET,ANDADJUSTTHEBOILERLEVELTOTHEDYNAMICBALANCEATLASTANDTHECONFIGURATIONSOFTWAREISUSEDTODESIGNMONITORINGPICTURETOREALIZETHECOMPUTERANDTHETOUCHSCREENTOTHEBOILERLEVELLONGDISTANCEANDTHESCENEMONITORING80JOURNALOFMEASUREMENTSCIENCEANDINSTRUMENTATIONSUPPLEMENT2010ALGORITHMISUSEDTOREALIZEBOILERLEVELCONTROLTHESCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFLEVELCONTROLISSHOWNINFIG3PIDCONTROLGIVENFLOWRATEDEVIATIONLEVELLIQUIDLEVELDETECTIONINVERTERPUMPVALUEFIG3THESCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFLEVELCONTROLOPENTHEOUTLETVALVETOACERTAINDEGREE,ANDMAKETHEHYDRAULICDISCHARGEINVARIABLECOMPARINGTHEPROCESSVARIABLESOFTHEWATERLEVELINFEEDBACKWITHTHEGIVENVOLUME,THEDEVIATIONCANBEOBTAINEDPIDINSTRUCTIONDOESPIDOPERATIONONTHEDEVIATION,ANDTHERESULTSISACONTROLVARIABLE,SOTHEFREQUENCYOFTHEINVERTERCANBECHANGEDTOCONTROLTHEROTATESPEEDOFTHEPUMPIFTHELIQUIDLEVELISONTHEHIGHSIDE,THERESULTSMAKETHECONTROLVARIABLESMALLER,ANDREDUCETHERATEOFINFLOW,MAKELIQUIDLEVELLOWERIFTHELEVELISONTHELOWSIDE,THERESULTSMAKETHECONTROLVARIABLELARGER,ANDINCREASETHERATEOFINFLOW,MAKELIQUIDLEVELHIGHER42THEPARAMETERTUNINGOFPIDBECAUSETHETRANSFERFUNCTIONOFTHECONTROLLEDOBJECTINCLUDESAZEROSECONDORDERLINK,THECOMPUTATIONWORKLOADISQUITEBIGREGARDLESSOFUSINGTHEROOTLOCUSMETHODORTHEFREQUENCYCHARACTERISTICLAWAMONGTHEORYMETHODSWHENTUNINGPIDPARAMETERANDTHEPROCESSMATHEMATICALMODELCANONLYREFLECTDYNAMICPARAMETERAPPROXIMATELY,SOTHERELIABILITYOFTHEPARAMETERVALUEWHICHISOBTAINEDBYTHETHEORETICALCALCULATIONISNOTVERYACCURATEANDITWILLBEADJUSTEDCONSTANTLYINTHESCENETHEREFORE,ENGINEERINGPARAMETERTUNINGISCHOSENTOSEEKTHEPIDPARAMETERINTHEDESIGNTHECOMMONMETHODOFENGINEERINGTUNINGAREDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICPARAMETERS,THESTABLEBOUNDARYLAW,THEDECAYCURVELAWANDFIELDEXPERIENCESETTINGMETHOD,ETCINTHEPROCESSOFPIDPARAMETERS,THE41DECAYCURVELAWISADOPTEDTHESTEPSARE1INTHECLOSEDSYSTEM,REGULATOR’SINTEGRALTIMEISSETTHELARGESTTI∞ANDDIFFERENTIALTIMETDISSETZEROTD0THEPROPORTIONISTAKENTHEGREATVALUETOPERFORMTHEGIVENVALUEPERTURBATIONEXPERIMENTREPEATEDLY,ANDTHEPROPORTIONISREDUCEDGRADUALLYUNTILTHERECORDCURVEPRESENTSUPTO41WEAKENTHENTHEPROPORTIONISCALLED41WEAKENPROPORTIONΔSANDTHEDISTANCESBETWEENTWONEIGHBORINGWAVERIDGESARECALLED41DAMPEDCYCLETSINTHEEXPERIMENT,THELEVELQUANTITATIVETESTISSETFORTHE200MM,ANDTHENTHESYSTEMRESPONSECURVEISOBTAINEDANDREORGANIZED41DECAYCURVETHICKREDLINEISSHOWNINFIG4FIG441DECAYCURVETHUSMEASURINGΔS≈8，TS≈222ACCORDINGTOTHEFOLLOWINGFORMULA,EACHPARAMETEROFTHEREGULATORSISΔ08,ΔS≈64；TI03,TS≈66；TD01,TS≈22；3ACCORDINGTOTHESERESULTS,REGULATORPARAMETERSARESETTHENTHEDYNAMICPROCESSOFSYSTEMISOBSERVEDANDTHEPARAMETERSAREMADEADJUSTMENTTODETERMINETHEOPTIMUMPARAMETERS5MONITORINGDESIGNRSVIEW32SOFTWAREANDPANELBUILDER32SOFTWAREOFROCKWELLAUTOMATIONCOMPANYARERESPECTIVELYUSEDTODESIGNMONITORSCREENTOCOMPLETESUCHFUNCTIONASANIMATINGDISPLAY,PARAMETERSETTING,REPORTOUTPUT,THECURRENTCURVEDISPLAYANDHISTORYCURVEDISPLAYANDSOON，ANDMAKETHECOMPUTERANDTOUCHSCREENACHIEVETHEREMOTEANDONSITECONTROLTOTHEBOILERLIQUIDLEVELTHEPICTURESCREENOFSYSTEMMONITORISSHOWNINFIG5FIG5THEMAINPICTUREOFSYSTEMMONITOR

簡(jiǎn)介：SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTP//WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/224182170DESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFAPARALLELTURBODECODERASICFOR3GPPLTEARTICLEINIEEEJOURNALOFSOLIDSTATECIRCUITSFEBRUARY2011IMPACTFACTOR311DOI101109/JSSC20102075390SOURCEIEEEXPLORECITATIONS32DOWNLOADS405VIEWS2024AUTHORS,INCLUDINGCHRISTOPHSTUDERCORNELLUNIVERSITY86PUBLICATIONS873CITATIONSSEEPROFILEAVAILABLEFROMCHRISTOPHSTUDERRETRIEVEDON16JUNE20152IEEEJOURNALOFSOLIDSTATECIRCUITS,VOL46,NO1,JANUARY2011FIG1LEFTPARALLELCONCATENATEDTURBOENCODERRIGHTSIMPLIFIEDBLOCKDIAGRAMOFATURBODECODERFIG2LEFTRADIX2FORWARDSTATEMETRICRECURSIONFORTWOTRELLISSTEPSRIGHTRADIX4FORWARDSTATEMETRICRECURSIONOVERTHEWIRELESSCHANNELINTHERECEIVER,ASOFTOUTPUTDETECTORCOMPUTESRELIABILITYINFORMATIONINTHEFORMOFLOGLIKELIHOODRATIOSLLRSFORTHETRANSMITTEDBITS,AND8THERESULTINGLLRS,ANDINDICATETHEPROBABILITYOFTHECORRESPONDINGBITSBEINGABINARY1OR0ATURBODECODINGALGORITHMDECODINGOFTURBOCODESISUSUALLYPERFORMEDWITHTHEALGORITHMPROPOSEDIN8THEMAINIDEAISDEPICTEDONTHERIGHTHANDSIDERHSOFFIG1ANDAMOUNTSTOITERATIVELYEXCHANGINGEXTRINSICLLRSANDBETWEENTHETWOSISODECODERSSDSTOIMPROVETHEERRORRATEPERFORMANCESUCCESSIVELYTHEFIRSTANDSECONDSDPERFORMDECODINGOFTHECONVOLUTIONALCODEGENERATEDBYTHEFIRSTORTHESECONDCE,RESPECTIVELYONEPASSBYBOTHTHEFIRSTANDTHESECONDSDISREFERREDTOASAFULLITERATIONTHEOPERATIONPERFORMEDBYASINGLESDAHALFITERATIONTHETOTALNUMBEROFFULLITERATIONSFOREACHCODEBLOCKISDENOTEDBYEG,11HALFITERATIONSCORRESPONDTOEACHSDCOMPUTESINTRINSICAPOSTERIORILLRSAND,FORTHETRANSMITTEDBITS,BASEDONTHESYSTEMATICLLRSINNATURALORINTERLEAVEDORDER,ONTHEPARITYLLRSOR,ANDONTHESOCALLEDAPRIORILLRSORFORTHEFIRSTHALFITERATION,THEAPRIORILLRSARESETTOZEROIE,,INSUBSEQUENTITERATIONS,EACHSDUSESTHEEXTRINSICLLRSCOMPUTEDBYTHEOTHERSDINTHEPREVIOUSHALFITERATIONASAPRIORILLRS,IE,ANDSEEFIG1AFTERAGIVENNUMBEROFHALFITERATIONS,THETURBODECODERGENERATESESTIMATESFORTHEINFORMATIONBITSBASEDONTHESIGNOFTHEINTRINSICLLRSBRADIX4MAXLOGMBCJRALGORITHMTHEMAXIMUMAPOSTERIORIMAPSISODECODINGALGORITHMDEVELOPEDBYBAHL,COCKE,JELINEK,ANDRAVIVBCJR9FORMSTHEBASISOFTHESDUSEDINTHISWORKTHEBCJRALGORITHMRESEMBLESTHEVITERBIALGORITHM10ANDTRAVERSESATRELLISREPRESENTINGTHECONVOLUTIONALCODETOCOMPUTETHEINTRINSICLLRSFIG2SHOWSSUCHATRELLIS,WITHNODESCORRESPONDINGTOTHESTATESOFTHECESANDBRANCHESINDICATINGADMISSIBLESTATETRANSITIONSEACHTRANSITIONFROMASTATETRELLISSTEPTOTRELLISSTEPISASSOCIATEDWITHABRANCHMETRICREFERTO11,12FORDETAILSTHEBCJRALGORITHMINITSORIGINALFORMISIMPRACTICALDUETOLARGEMEMORYREQUIREMENTSANDTHECOMPUTATIONOFTRANSCENDENTALFUNCTIONSWEADOPTANAPPROXIMATEALGORITHM11,13,ASBRIEFLYDESCRIBEDBELOW1MAXLOGAPPROXIMATIONTHEBCJRALGORITHMTRAVERSESTHETRELLISINBOTHFORWARDANDBACKWARDDIRECTIONSTOCOMPUTETHESTATEMETRICSANDRECURSIVELYFORALLEIGHTSTATESTOAVOIDTRANSCENDENTALFUNCTIONS,WEAPPLYTHEMAXLOGAPPROXIMATIONTOTHEFORWARDSTATEMETRICRECURSIONS111WHEREANDCORRESPONDTOTHETWOPOSSIBLEPREDECESSORSTATESOFSEEFIG2THEBACKWARDSTATEMETRICSARE

簡(jiǎn)介：POSTERPAPERINTJOFRECENTTRENDSINENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY,VOL1,NO4,NOV2009?2009ACEEEDOI01IJRTET010451199USEOFPWMTECHNIQUESFORPOWERQUALITYIMPROVEMENTMAHESHAPATEL1,ANKITRPATEL2,DHAVALRVYAS3ANDKETULMPATEL41,2,3,4LCINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,BHANDU,MAHESANA,GUJARAT,INDIAMAHESH21KYAHOOCOM1,MAJORANKITGMAILCOM2,DHAVALFOREVERGMAILCOM3,KMPATEL_78YAHOOCOM4ABSTRACTTHISPAPERHASDISCUSSEDTHEEFFECTOFHARMONICSONTHEPOWERQUALITYOFTHEPOWERSUPPLYTHEPAPERALSODISCUSSEDTHEDIFFERENTCONFIGURATIONSOFPWMTECHNIQUESFORHARMONICREDUCTIONANDIMPROVEMENTOFFUNDAMENTALPEAKVOLTAGEINADDITION,ACOMPREHENSIVECOMPARISONOFALLCONFIGURATIONSISMADEINTERMSOFTHD,FFTANDDOMINATINGHARMONICSCOMPONENTSTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHERESULTSONTHEBASISOFMATLABSIMULATIONITISSHOWNHOW,WITHSUITABLEMODIFICATIONSTHECONVENTIONALREGULARSAMPLEDPWMTECHNIQUECANBESIMPLYEXTENDEDTOALLOWHARMONICMINIMIZATIONANDALSOHARMONICELIMINATIONPWMTOBECLOSELYREPRODUCEDUSINGSIMPLEALGEBRAICEQUATIONSTHISSURVEYPAPERWILLPROVIDETHEINSIGHTOFTRENDSANDTECHNOLOGYOF“POWERQUALITYIMPROVEMENTUSINGPWMTECHNIQUEINDEXTERMSFET,POWERQUALITY,PWMTECHNIQUES,THDIINTRODUCTIONPOWERQUALITYTHEREISALOTOFCONFUSIONONTHEMEANINGOFTHETERM‘POWERQUALITY’,NOTINTHELEASTBECAUSE‘POWER’ISUSEDASASYNONYMFOR‘ELECTRICITY’INAMERICANENGLISHWHEREASITISALSOTHEENERGYTRANSPORTPERUNITOFTIMEDIFFERENTAUTHORSUSEDIFFERENTDEFINITIONSACONSISTENTSETOFDEFINITIONSISGIVENASFOLLOWSVOLTAGEQUALITYISCONCERNEDWITHDEVIATIONSOFTHEVOLTAGEFROMTHEIDEALTHEIDEALVOLTAGEISASINGLEFREQUENCYSINEWAVEOFCONSTANTAMPLITUDEANDFREQUENCYCURRENTQUALITYISTHECOMPLEMENTARYTERMTOVOLTAGEQUALITYITISCONCERNEDWITHTHEDEVIATIONOFTHECURRENTFROMTHEIDEALTHEIDEALCURRENTISAGAINASINGLEFREQUENCYSINEWAVEOFCONSTANTAMPLITUDEANDFREQUENCY,WITHTHEADDITIONALREQUIREMENTTHATTHECURRENTSINEWAVEISINPHASEWITHTHEVOLTAGESINEWAVEFIGURE1WAVEFORMSHAPEAVOLTAGEANDCURRENTWAVEFORMFORLINEARLOADSBVOLTAGEANDCURRENTWAVEFORMFORNONLINEARLOADSCWAVEFORMWITHSYMMETRICHARMONICCOMPONENTPOWERQUALITY1ISTHECOMBINATIONOFVOLTAGEQUALITYANDCURRENTQUALITYQUALITYOFSUPPLYISACOMBINATIONOFVOLTAGEQUALITYANDTHENONTECHNICALASPECTSOFTHEINTERACTIONFROMTHEPOWERNETWORKTOITSCUSTOMERSQUALITYOFCONSUMPTIONISTHECOMPLEMENTARYTERMTOQUALITYOFSUPPLY1MAHESHAPATELHEISWORKINGASAASSISTANTPROFESSORINTHEDEPTOFELECTRICALENGINEERINGATLCINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,BHANDU,MAHESANAHEPRESENTEDMORETHAN02INTERNATIONAL/NATIONALTECHNICALPAPERSHEISALIFEMEMBEROFISTE,NEWDELHIANDMEMBEROFIETE,NEWDELHIHISINTERESTINCLUDESPOWERELECTRONICSSESI,NEWDELHIISOI,BANGALOREPSSI,GANDHINAGARSSI,NEWDELHIANDASSOCIATEMEMBEROFSPE,BARODAHISINTERESTINCLUDESCONTROLTECHNIQUESFORPQIMPROVEMENT3DHAVALRVYASHEISWORKINGASALECTURERINTHEDEPTOFELECTRICALENGINEERINGATLCINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,BHANDU,MAHESANAHEPRESENTEDMORETHAN03INTERNATIONAL/NATIONALTECHNICALPAPERSHEISALIFEMEMBEROFISTE,NEWDELHIHISINTERESTINCLUDESMICROCONTROLLERAPPLICATIONANDINTERFACINGFORTHEPOWERSYSTEM4KETULMPATELHEISWORKINGASALECTURERINTHEDEPTOFELECTRICALENGINEERINGATLCINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,BHANDU,MAHESANAHEPRESENTEDMORETHAN02INTERNATIONAL/NATIONALTECHNICALPAPERSHISINTERESTINCLUDESINSTRUMENTATIONTECHNIQUESANDITSAPPLICATIONTOPOWERSYSTEMPOSTERPAPERINTJOFRECENTTRENDSINENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY,VOL1,NO4,NOV2009?2009ACEEEDOI01IJRTET0104511101IVSIMULATIONTHEAUTHORSHAVESUGGESTEDTHEDIFFERENTTECHNIQUESOFPWMFORIMPROVINGPOWERQUALITYALLTHEPWMTECHNIQUESHASBEENSIMULATEDINTHEMATLAB2006SOFTWAREANDRESULTSOFWAVEFORMANDITSFFTISSHOWNINFIG2TO7THEDIFFERENTCONFIGURATIONOFTHEPWMTECHNIQUELIKEMULTIPULSEPWM,UNIPOLARPWM,TRAPEZOIDALPWM,MODIFIEDPWMANDSELECTIVEHARMONICSELIMINATIONTECHNIQUESBESTMETHODOUTOFTHESEISFOUNDOUTANDISMODIFIEDPWMTECHNIQUESTHERESULTISSHOWNINTABLE1TABLE1COMPARISIONOFPWMTECHNIQUESPARAMETERPEAKFUNDAMENTALTHDDOMINATINGHARMONICSSQUAREWAVE1271VDC4833RD,5TH,7THMULTIPULSEPWM123VDC3853RD,5TH,7THUNIPOLARPWM0866VDC37643RDAND45THTRAPEZOIDALPWM105VDC3853RD,5TH,7THSELECTIVEHARMONICS118VDC48827THMODIFIEDSPWM0866VDC37643RDAND45THACPWM110VDC223519THAND21STFIG2AMULTIPULSEPWMI/PO/PWAVEFORMFIG2BFFTOFMULTIPULSEPWMSCHEMEFIG3ATRAPEZOIDALPWMI/PO/PWAVERFORMSFIG3BFFTOFTRAPEZOIDALPWMSCHEMEFIG4AACVOLTAGEPWMI/PO/PWAVEFORMFIG4BFFTOFACVOLTAGEPWMSCHEME

簡(jiǎn)介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMACHINETOOLSRECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM16FEBRUARY2004ACCEPTED26FEBRUARY2004ABSTRACTUSEOFWATERBASECOOLANTISAPREREQUISITEINANHIGHSPEEDGRINDINGPROCESSTOAVOIDTHERMALDAMAGEANDTOACHIEVEBETTERSURFACEINTEGRITYASWELLASHIGHERGRINDINGRATIOHOWEVER,THEPRESENCEOFHAZARDOUSCHEMICALADDITIVESINTHECOOLANTCAUSESENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSASARESULT,STRINGENTGOVERNMENTLEGISLATIONISBEINGPRACTICEDFORTHECOOLANTUSEANDDISPOSAL,WHICHCONSUMES7–17OFTHETOTALMACHININGCOSTTHISPAPERREPORTSTHECOOLANTFLUXMINIMIZATIONTHROUGHCONTROLLEDJETIMPINGEMENTSOASTOPROLONGTHECOOLANTREPLENISHMENTCYCLECONTROLOFCOOLANTFLUXWASACHIEVEDTHROUGHDEVELOPMENTOFA‘‘METEREDQUANTITYCOOLANT’’MQCNOZZLEWHICHSUPPLIESTHEREQUIREDAMOUNTOFCOOLANTTOTHEGRINDINGZONEALSO,THISINVESTIGATIONHASSHOWNTHATCOOLANTVELOCITYHASASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONTHEHIGHSPEEDGRINDINGPERFORMANCEWHENTHECOOLANTVELOCITYISINADEQUATE,COOLANTCOULDNOTPENETRATEINTOTHEGRINDINGZONETHEINCREASEINCOOLANTVELOCITYWASREALIZEDWITHREDUCTIONINNOZZLEOPENINGAREAANDDOESNOTUSEALARGEQUANTITYOFCOOLANTTHISISOFSIGNIFICANCETOREDUCEENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONANDMACHININGCOSTSTHROUGHEXTENDEDCOOLANTREPLENISHMENTPERIOD2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSHIGHSPEEDGRINDINGCOOLANTFLUXCOOLANT1INTRODUCTIONTHEHIGHSPEEDGRINDINGPROCESSCONSUMESFIVETOSIXTIMESHIGHERGRINDINGENERGYANDTHEREFOREUSEOFCOPIOUSCOOLANTTOAVOIDTHERMALDAMAGE,TOACHIEVEBETTERSURFACEINTEGRITYANDHIGHERTOOLLIFETHROUGHFRICTIONREDUCTIONASWELLASCOOLINGISCOMMONLYSEEN1HOWEVER,THEPRESENCEOFCHEMICALSUBSTANCESLIKESULFUR,PHOSPHOROUS,CHLORINEORANYOTHEREXTREMEPRESSUREADDITIVESINTHECOOLANTINTRODUCESHEALTHHAZARDTOTHEOPERATOR2ITISWELLDOCUMENTEDTHAT7–17OFMACHININGCOSTOFAWORKPIECEISDUETOCOOLANTLUBRICANTDEPLOYMENT3THEDISPOSALOFUSEDCHEMICALCOOLANTSINVOLVESINCINERATIONANDPARTIALLYCONTRIBUTESTOGLOBALWARMING4ALSO,USEOFFLOODCOOLANTSDOESNOTINHIBITTHEAIRBOUNDARYLAYERANDAPROTOCOLWASMADEFORFURTHERINVESTIGATIONOFCOOLANTFLOWMECHANISM5INVIEWOFTHIS,ECOLOGICALMACHININGHASGAINEDITSSIGNIFICANCETHROUGHINTRODUCTIONOFIDRYMACHININGIIEFFECTIVEANDPROLONGEDUSAGEOFCOOLANTTHROUGHOPTIMIZATIONANDNOZZLEDESIGNTHISPAPERREPORTSTHECOOLANTFLUXMINIMIZATIONANDTHERELATEDGRINDINGCHARACTERISTICSTHROUGHCONTROLLEDJETIMPINGEMENT2ANALYSISTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENWHEELANDWORKPIECEGENERATESTHERMALENERGYDUETOFRICTIONANDPLASTICDEFORMATIONTHEGENERATEDHEATISTRANSFERREDTOWORKPIECE,GRINDINGSWARF,COOLANTANDWHEELSEEFIG1PREVIOUSLYDEVELOPEDMODELSQUANTIFYTHEACTUALGRINDINGTEMPERATURERISEANDTHECOOLINGEFFECTWITHEMPHASISTOTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFCOOLANT6,7INTHISANALYSIS,THEROLEOFCOOLANTEXITVELOCITYINDISSEMINATINGTHEHEATGENERATEDINHIGHSPEEDGRINDINGPROCESSWASANALYZEDGRINDINGWHEELWASCONSIDEREDTOBEASOLIDDISKWITHATHINABRASIVELAYERWHEREIRREGULARSHAPED?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL6596275884FAX6567935774EMAILADDRESSESRAMESHPMAILNTUEDUSGKRAMESH,RKUPPUSWAMYSIMTECHASTAREDUSGKRAMESH08906955/SEEFRONTMATTER2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JIJMACHTOOLS200402017THISEQUATIONSUGGESTSTHATPRESSUREDROPANDTHERATIOOFNOZZLEEXITTOINLETISOFSIGNIFICANCEFORADMINISTRATINGTHECOOLANTVELOCITYPARAMETER3COOLANTSUPPLYMETHODINCONTRASTTOTHENORMALCOOLANTSETUPTHATSUPPLIESCOPIOUSAMOUNTOFCOOLANTTOTHEGRINDINGZONE,ANOZZLETHATSUPPLIESMETEREDAMOUNTOFCOOLANTWASDEVELOPEDASSHOWNINFIG3,THISSYSTEMCONSISTSOFAFLOWMETER,APRESSUREGAGE,AMANIFOLDANDCHANGEABLENOZZLESTHREEDIFFERENTNOZZLESWITHCROSSSECTIONALAREA1514–5026MM2WEREINCLUDEDINTHISDESIGNTHENOZZLECHARACTERISTICSINTERMSOFFLOW,PRESSUREANDVELOCITYAREGIVENINTABLE1SHOWNINFIG4ISTHEPHOTOOFTHEDEVELOPEDNOZZLEARRANGEMENTWITHFLOWMETERANDPRESSUREGAGE,INTEGRATEDTOTHEWHEELHEAD4EXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSFOREACHNOZZLE,ASERIESOFGRINDINGTESTSWEREPERFORMEDONSS304ATAPREFIXEDGRINDINGCONDITIONCOOLANTFLOWRATEANDPRESSUREWEREADJUSTEDTOVARYTHECOOLANTVELOCITYVCFORINVESTIGATINGTHEGRINDINGPERFORMANCEDURINGTHEPROCESSBOTHNORMALFNANDTANGENTIALFTGRINDINGFORCESWEREMEASUREDUSINGA9265BKISTLERDYNAMOMETERFORCOMPUTINGTHEFORCERATIOFT/FN,POWERFLUXQANDGRINDINGENERGYETHEONSETOFBURNINGRINDINGWASQUANTITATIVELYEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFPOWERFLUXUSINGEQ7AS10,POWERFLUXDQT?FTVBFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIDD?1TVV?PD7TWHEREFTISTHETANGENTIALFORCEN,VISTHEWHEELSPEEDM/S,VISTHETABLEFEEDRATEM/S,BISTHEWHEELWIDTHMM,DISTHEWHEELDIAMETERMMANDDISTHEDEPTHOFCUTMMEQ7SUGGESTSTHATPOWERFLUXISLIKELYTOINCREASEUPONINCREASEOFWHEELSPEED,TANGENTIALGRINDINGFORCEBUTREDUCESWITHINCREASEOFCONTACTAREATHESPECIFICENERGYFORCUTTING,WHICHISTHATPORTIONOFTHESPECIFICGRINDINGENERGYREMAININGAFTERSUBTRACTINGTHECONTRIBUTIONDUETOSLIDINGWASCOMPUTEDFROMTHERELATIONSHIPSHOWNINEQ8E?FTVVDD8TWHEREVISTHEWHEELSPEED,VISTHETABLEFEED,DISTHEDEPTHOFCUTANDFTISTHESPECIFICGRINDINGFORCEINTANGENTIALDIRECTIONOFGRINDINGWHEELGROUNDSAMPLESWEREEXAMINEDUSINGASCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPEATAMAGNIFICATION?1000AND?50TOCHARACTERIZETHESURFACEINTEGRITYALSO,A3DSURFACEMICROGRAPHWASTAKENUSINGOPTICALINTERFERENCEPROFILERWYKONT3300FOREXAMINATIONOFTHECOOLANTVELOCITYRELATEDSURFACECHANGESTABLE2LISTSTHEGRINDINGCONDITIONSUSEDFORTHEEXPERIMENTSFIG3SCHEMATICLAYOUTOFGRINDINGWITHCOOLANTPENETRATIONTABLE1CHARACTERISTICSOFNOZZLENOZZLECROSSSECTIONALAREAMM2COOLANTPRESSUREBARCOOLANTFLOWLPMCOOLANTVELOCITYM/S502602–0811–2536–99285602–167–214–123151405–256–156–17KRAMESHETAL/INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMACHINETOOLSMANUFACTURE4420041069–10761071

簡(jiǎn)介：RESOURCES,CONSERVATIONANDRECYCLING512007284–293SUSTAINABLEURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMANDITSAPPLICATIONINCHINAZHANGJIE,CAOXIANGSHENG?,MENGXUEZHENGKEYLABORATORYOFBEIJINGFORWATERQUALITYSCIENCEANDWATERENVIRONMENTRESTORATIONENGINEERING,SCHOOLOFCIVILENGINEERING,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,BEIJING100022,CHINARECEIVED4AUGUST2006RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM30SEPTEMBER2006ACCEPTED4OCTOBER2006AVAILABLEONLINE1MARCH2007ABSTRACTCHINAISFACINGWATERCRISISMORETHAN400CITIESARELACKINGENOUGHWATERRESOURCESANDMORETHANHALFRIVERSAREPOLLUTEDTOREALIZESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINTHE21STCENTURY,WESHOULDFIRSTPROVIDEENOUGHWATERRESOURCESTOEVERYPERSONANDKEEPAFRIENDLY,LEISURELYWATERENVIRONMENTUNDERTHEIDEAOFSUSTAINABILITY,ACONCEPTFORASUSTAINABLEURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSUSSISPUTFORWARDINTHISARTICLEANURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMCANNOTONLYBEABASICFACILITYFORDRAININGRAINWATERANDWASTEWATERTOPROTECTTHEURBANENVIRONMENTANDPUBLICWATERBODIES,BUTMUSTALSOCONTRIBUTETOTHERESTORATIONOFTHEWATERENVIRONMENTINORDERTOMAINTAINAHEALTHYSOCIALWATERCYCLEASUSSSHOULDBETHEBASISFORURBANWATERREUSEANDRECYCLINGASWELLASTHEFOCUSOFWATERRESOURCEREGENERATIONINAWATERSHEDANDTHECENTREOFTHERECYCLINGOFNUTRIENTSSUSSPRACTICESINTHESHENZHENSPECIALECONOMICZONEANDTHEBEIJINGREGIONINCHINAAREINTRODUCED?2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSWATERRESOURCESWASTEWATERREUSESUSTAINABILITYCHINA1INTRODUCTIONWATERRESOURCESINCHINAARESCARCEACCORDINGTOCHINABULLETINOFWATERRESOURCESPUBLISHEDBYCHINAMINISTRYOFWATERRESOURCES,IN2004,THETOTALAMOUNTOFWATER?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORATNO100,PINGLEYUAN,CHAOYANGDISTRICT,COLLEGEOFCIVILENGINEERING,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,BEIJING100022,CHINATEL861067392579FAX861067392579EMAILADDRESSCAO0531BJUTEDUCNXSCAO09213449/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JRESCONREC200610001286JZHANGETAL/RESOURCES,CONSERVATIONANDRECYCLING512007284–293RHINERIVERINTHE20THCENTURYISATYPICALILLUSTRATIONCAREL,1998THEIMPROVEMENTSINLIVINGCONDITIONSOFCITYINHABITANTSWEREOBTAINEDATTHEPRICEOFPOLLUTIONOFTHEWATERENVIRONMENTRESEARCHANDPRACTICESOFWASTEWATERTREATMENTTECHNOLOGYBEGANINTHEEARLY20THCENTURYWITHASTARTINGCONDITIONINWHICHTHERIVERSANDLAKESWEREBADLYPOLLUTEDDURINGTHEPASTCENTURY,THETECHNOLOGIESASSOCIATEDWITHWASTEWATERTREATMENTADVANCEDDRAMATICALLYWITHTHEREMOVALOFPOLLUTANTS,INCLUDINGSUSPENDEDSOLIDSANDORGANICS,SUBSEQUENTLYNITROGENANDPHOSPHATESANDFINALLYMICROPOLLUTANTS,SUCHASDISINFECTIONBYPRODUCTSANDHORMONELIKESUBSTANCESHENZE,1997CURRENTLY,THEFUNCTIONSOFURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSAREASFOLLOWS1TRANSPORTRAINWATERANDWASTEWATEROUTSIDEACITYASSOONASPOSSIBLETOPROTECTAGAINSTFLOODSANDPREVENTTHESPREADOFEPIDEMICS2TREATMUNICIPALWASTEWATERTOREACHOREXCEEDTHESTANDARDSOFSTATEORLOCALREGULATIONS22THEPATTERNOFSUSTAINABLEURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSINTHE21STCENTURYTHEABOVEMENTIONEDFUNCTIONSOFURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSWEREFORMEDUNDERTHEHYPOTHESISTHATWATERRESOURCESWEREABUNDANTENOUGHTOSPLURGEANDTHATTHERIVERSORLAKESTHATWASTEWATERWASDUMPEDINTOHADENOUGHCAPACITYFORSELFPURIFICATIONTHISHYPOTHESISWASSUPPORTEDWHENPOPULATIONSWERENOTVERYLARGEORCENTRALIZEDANDINDUSTRIESWEREUNDERDEVELOPEDASINDUSTRIESDEVELOPED,PEOPLEBECAMEINCREASINGLYCENTRALIZEDANDMETROPOLITANAREASEMERGEDATTHISTIMETRADITIONALURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSCOULDONLYPROTECTTHEAREAWITHINCITIESTHEREGIONSAROUNDTHECITIESWEREBADLYPOLLUTEDBYWASTEWATERANDOTHERWASTESPRODUCEDBYTHETOWNSPEOPLEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHERESTORATIONOFENTIREWATERSHEDS,URBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSAREPARTOFTHEOVERALLHYDROLOGICALCYCLETHEFUNCTIONOFURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSSHOULDBEREEVALUATEDANDNEWMISSIONSSHOULDBEESPOUSEDURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSSHOULDPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINAHEALTHYWATERCYCLEANDINSUSTAINABLEURBANCONSTRUCTIONIFWECOMPAREACITYTOAHUMANBODY,WATERCANBETHOUGHTOFASBLOODTHEWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMISANALOGOUSTOTHEARTERIESANDTHEWASTEWATERSYSTEMISANALOGOUSTOTHEVEINSAWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTCOULDBECONSIDEREDASANALOGOUSTOTHELIVERBECAUSEOFTHEPLANT’SROLEINPURIFYINGURBANWASTEWATERURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSAREOFNECESSITYRESPONSIBLEFORWASTEWATERCOLLECTION,TRANSPORTATION,PURIFICATIONANDRECLAMATIONANURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMISTHEKEYFACTORFORCLOSINGTHEURBANWATERCYCLETHEFUNCTIONOFANURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMINTHE21STCENTURYSHOULDSHIFTFROMTRADITIONALWATERLOGGINGPREVENTIONTOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFWASTEWATERRECYCLING,SUSTAINABLEUTILIZATIONOFWATERRESOURCESANDWATERSHEDRESTORATIONTHISNEWURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMISCALLEDASUSTAINABLEURBANSEWERAGESYSTEMSUSSINTHISARTICLEANDASKETCHOFITSKEYFEATURESISSHOWNINFIG1ATYPICALSUSSHASFOURMODERNFEATURESDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWS1ITISTHEBASISFORURBANWATERREUSEANDRECYCLINGASUSSHASTHEDUTYOFPRODUCINGRECLAIMEDWASTEWATERASASTEADYSECONDARYURBANWATERRESOURCERECLAIMEDWASTEWATERCANBEUSEDASCOOLINGWATERFORINDUSTRY,IRRIGATIONWATERFORLANDSCAPING,FLOWINGWATERFORRIVULETREGENERATIONANDFORANYOTHERAPPLICATIONWHERENONPOTABLEWATERMAYBEUSEDALARGEVOLUMEOFRECLAIMEDWASTEWATERCOULDREDUCEFRESHWATEREXPLOITATION,ANDTHUSPROMOTEAHEALTHYWATERCYCLE

簡(jiǎn)介：TRANSNONFERROUSMETSOCCHINA2420142352?2358FRICTIONANDWEARPROPERTIESOFINSITUSYNTHESIZEDAL2O3REINFORCEDALUMINUMCOMPOSITESXIAOSONGJIANG,NAIJUANWANG,DEGUIZHUSCHOOLOFMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,SOUTHWESTJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,CHENGDU610031,CHINARECEIVED17OCTOBER2013ACCEPTED29APRIL2014ABSTRACTAL?5SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESWEREPREPAREDBYPOWDERMETALLURGYANDINSITUREACTIVESYNTHESISTECHNOLOGYFRICTIONANDWEARPROPERTIESOFAL?5SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESWERESTUDIEDUSINGANM?2000WEARTESTERTHEEFFECTSOFLOAD,SLIDINGSPEEDANDLONGTIMECONTINUOUSFRICTIONONFRICTIONANDWEARPROPERTIESOFAL?5SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESWEREINVESTIGATED,RESPECTIVELYWEARSURFACEANDWEARMECHANISMOFAL?5SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESWERESTUDIEDBYQUANTA200FESEMRESULTSSHOWEDTHATWITHLOADINCREASING,WEARLOSSANDCOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONINCREASEDWITHSLIDINGSPEEDGOINGUP,THESURFACETEMPERATUREOFSAMPLEMADETHERATEOFTHEPRODUCINGOFOXIDATIONLAYERINCREASE,WHILEWEARLOSSANDCOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONDECREASEDWITHTHESLIDINGDISTANCEINCREASING,COEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONINCREASEDBECAUSETHEADHESIVEWEARMECHANISMOCCURREDINTHEINITIALSTAGE,THENFORMATIONANDDESTRUCTIONOFTHEOXIDELAYERONTHESURFACEOFTHESAMPLETENDEDTOADYNAMICEQUILIBRIUM,THESURFACESTATEOFTHESAMPLEWASRELATIVELYSTABLEANDSODIDTHECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONTHEEXPERIMENTSHOWSTHATTHEMAINWEARMECHANISMOFAL?5SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESINCLUDESABRASIVEWEAR,ADHESIVEWEARANDOXIDATIONWEARKEYWORDSAL?5SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESFRICTIONANDWEARCOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONLOADSLIDINGSPEED1INTRODUCTIONALUMINUMMATRIXCOMPOSITESAMCSPLAYASIGNIFICANTROLEINMETALMATRIXCOMPOSITESFORTHEIREXCELLENTPROPERTIES,SUCHASHIGHSPECIFICSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESS,GOODHIGHTEMPERATUREPERFORMANCE,RESISTANCETOFATIGUEANDWEARRESISTANCE,GOODDAMPINGPROPERTY,LOWTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTANDEXCELLENTMECHANICALPROPERTIES1?4AMONGFEASIBLEAMCS,THEPARTICLEREINFORCEDALUMINUMMATRIXCOMPOSITESAREWIDELYUSEDINTHEAUTOMOTIVEANDGENERATORINDUSTRYOWINGTOTHEIRLIGHTWEIGHT,UNIQUEWEARRESISTANCEANDEASEOFPREPARATION5?7RECENTLY,ANUMBEROFRESEARCHESONAMCSPREPAREDBYDIFFERENTMETHODSWEREREPORTED,ESPECIALLYABOUTTHEWEARPROPERTIESRAJMOHANETAL8CONCLUDEDTHEMECHANICALANDWEARPROPERTIESOFHYBRIDALUMINIUMMETALMATRIXCOMPOSITESFABRICATEDBYSTIRCASTINGMETHODTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMASSFRACTIONANDWEARPROPERTIESOFMICAWASOBSERVEDINTHISWORKKHORRAMIEETAL9PRODUCEDALUMINUMMATRIXCOMPOSITESREINFORCEDWITHAL2ZRO5NANOPARTICULATESBYSOL?GELAUTOCOMBUSTIONMETHODTHEDENSITY,HARDNESSANDCOMPRESSIONSTRENGTHOFTHECOMPOSITESWEREDISCUSSEDERARSLAN10RESEARCHEDTHEWEARPERFORMANCEOFINSITUALUMINUMMATRIXCOMPOSITEAFTERMICROARCOXIDATIONCOMPAREDWITHTHEORIGINALSTATE,THEWEARRESISTANCEOFTHECOMPOSITESINCREASEDBYABOUT15TIMESAFTERTREATMENTCOMPAREDWITHABOVEMETHODS,HOTISOSTATICPRESSINGINSITUFABRICATIONMETHODISBETTERDUETOITSCONVENIENTTOFORMHOMOGENEOUSMATERIALDIRECTLYGAOETAL2PREPAREDAL?SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESBYHOTISOSTATICPRESSINGMETHODALTHOUGHMICROSTRUCTUREANDPROPERTIESOFINSITUFABRICATEDAL?5SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESWERESTUDIEDBYCHENGETAL11,THECRITICALFRICATIONANDWEARPROPERTIESOFAMCSSTILLREMAINTOBESTUDIEDA12O3ISWELLKNOWNASTHEPREFERREDREINFORCEMENTMATERIALMOREOVER,SIISABLETOIMPROVEALLOYLIQUIDITY,REDUCETHEHEATCRACKTENDENCYANDPOSSESSHIGHHARDNESS1,12,13,WHICHMAKEITANATTRACTIVECANDIDATEFORAMCSIFSO,THEWEARRESISTANCEPROPERTYOFTHEALUMINUMMATRIXMATERIALADDEDWITHA12O3ANDSIISBETTERSO,WEDIDTHERESEARCHINTHISFOUNDATIONITEMPROJECT51201143SUPPORTEDBYTHENATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINAPROJECTSWJTU12BR004SUPPORTEDBYTHEFUNDAMENTALRESEARCHFUNDSFORTHECENTRALUNIVERSITIES,CHINACORRESPONDINGAUTHORXIAOSONGJIANGTEL862887600779EMAILXSJIANGYEAHNETDOI101016/S1003632614633562XIAOSONGJIANG,ETAL/TRANSNONFERROUSMETSOCCHINA2420142352?23582354FIG3RELATIONSHIPBETWEENABRASIONLOSSANDSLIDINGDISTANCEUNDERDIFFERENTLOADSFIG4SEMIMAGESOFAL?5SI?AL2O3COMPOSITESAMPLESUNDERDIFFERENTLOADSA30NB50NC80NPROPORTIONALWITHTHEINCREASEOFAPPLIEDLOAD17INADDITION,DINAHARANANDMURUGAN14ALSOPROVEDTHATTHEWEARRATEINCREASEDLINEARLYWITHTHEINCREASEOFNORMALLOADFIGURE3REVEALSTHATTHEWEARLOSSISSTABLEANDLESSVOLATILEBETWEEN30AND50NHOWEVER,THEAMOUNTOFWEARLOSSINCREASESSIGNIFICANTLYUNDER80NANDWEARRESISTANCEOFTHESAMPLEISAFFECTEDSERIOUSLYCONTINUOUSWEARGROOVESANDSOMERELATIVELYSHALLOWBUTHOMOGENEOUSSCRATCHESARESEENINFIG4AAT30NAFEWCRACKSARECLEARLYVISIBLEATTHEEDGEOFGROOVESCOMPAREDWITHFIG4A,THEGROOVESANDCAVITIESINFIGS4BANDCAREDEEPERATTHESAMETIME,THEPROPORTIONOFCRACKSANDDELAMINATIONONTHEWORNSURFACEINCREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFLOADINADDITION,THEAMOUNTOFWEARLOSSINCREASESGRADUALLY,SODOESTHESURFACEROUGHNESSTHEABOVEFACTORSMAKETHEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTLARGERDURINGSLIDINGPROCESS,THEMENTALFLOWWASRESTRICTEDINTHEPRESENCEOFTHESECONDARYHARDPHASES,SUCHASSIANDAL2O318SIMULTANEOUSLY,SIADDITIONHADASIGNIFICANTEFFECTONTHEINTERFACEBONDINGSTRENGTHINTHEAL/AL2O3JOINTS1,19PLAYINGTHEROLEOFLOADBEARERDURINGTHESLIDINGPROCESS,THEHARDPARTICLESCANREDUCETHEEFFECTIVECONTACTAREABETWEENTHEFRICTIONPAIRS,WHICHREDUCEDTHEMATERIAL’SREMOVALWHENTHESOFTBASEWASWORNUNDERTHEEXTERNALFORCE,THEPARTICLESWOULDBEEXPOSEDONTHESAMPLESURFACETOBEARTHELOADMOSTLYITWASCONDUCIVETOPREVENTTHESOFTMATRIXINVOLVEDDIRECTLYINTHEFRICTIONPROCESSINADDITION,THEINHERENTCHARACTERISTICOFINSITUFABRICATIONMETHODISABLET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簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文44584458字出處出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENT,2009,39P157分析會(huì)計(jì)信息披露模式加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任1摘要企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任CSR已經(jīng)成為社會(huì)各界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)與壓力的社會(huì)問題，因?yàn)槲覀兌贾?會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告和分析已成為加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的重要手段。首先分析目前企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露方面工作的現(xiàn)狀和存在的問題的CSRA。然后，提出外國(guó)可行的實(shí)踐、內(nèi)容、方法及未來的發(fā)展CSRA模式。最后，構(gòu)建適合中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披露的模式。這個(gè)模式試圖加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任，促進(jìn)中國(guó)企業(yè)的最終價(jià)值。關(guān)鍵詞企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任；會(huì)計(jì)信息披露；信息披露模式1、當(dāng)前中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露的現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的飛速發(fā)展，社會(huì)問題例如收入分配不公、日益增大的就業(yè)壓力、資源浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重、環(huán)境惡化等日益突出。特別是近年來，一些跨國(guó)公司要求中國(guó)企業(yè)在供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)節(jié)中實(shí)施社會(huì)責(zé)任8000SA8000來加強(qiáng)中國(guó)企業(yè)的社會(huì)責(zé)任。會(huì)計(jì)信息披露是一種加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的重要手段。在中國(guó)，有關(guān)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露方面的研究始于1990年，但仍然沒有比較完善的信息披露模式和系統(tǒng)的信息披露制度。在實(shí)踐中，一些公司試圖披露社會(huì)責(zé)任信息。但他們的內(nèi)容不夠完整、方式不夠規(guī)范。這使得無法通過企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露來達(dá)到加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的目的。我們可以看到，目前我國(guó)的社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露模式研究還處在初級(jí)階段，企業(yè)的社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露還存在許多問題。接下來會(huì)詳細(xì)說明這個(gè)情況。首先，企業(yè)披露的內(nèi)容很不全面而且在不同企業(yè)之間差距較大?，F(xiàn)在很少有企業(yè)能全面披露社會(huì)責(zé)任信息。許多公司只是說出自己對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)而不是不良社會(huì)影響。此外，由于缺乏統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的內(nèi)容差別很大。在某種程度上大多數(shù)企業(yè)只是對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披露敷衍了事以應(yīng)對(duì)政策。其次，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露方式單一。目前，大多數(shù)公司仍然使用書面敘述而不是可量化的會(huì)計(jì)方法對(duì)企業(yè)進(jìn)行社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披露。換句話說，定性信息披露超過定量披露，非會(huì)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)信息居于主導(dǎo)地位。最后，企業(yè)缺乏進(jìn)行社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露的意識(shí)。在實(shí)踐中，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任1WANGAIGUO。，ZHANGZHIHONG,SHANDONGECONOMICUNIVERSITY，JINAN，PRCHINA3和安全操作、人權(quán)、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)影響、公司治理、公司支付給政府、于利益相關(guān)者參與、供應(yīng)鏈管理、企業(yè)規(guī)劃和政策。與此同時(shí)，他們認(rèn)為在創(chuàng)作目錄時(shí)也應(yīng)考慮以下問題。這些問題包括將度量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)質(zhì)性的信息、及時(shí)性和有用地信息地披露給供應(yīng)鏈監(jiān)測(cè)、成本信息生產(chǎn)者和使用者，并分析和翻譯為最終用戶的信息。盡管目前還沒有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，國(guó)際研究和實(shí)踐已經(jīng)為企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露的內(nèi)容提供依據(jù)。根據(jù)相關(guān)的國(guó)際研究，可以找出一些參考。首先，信息披露的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該努力提高企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披露的質(zhì)量。第二，披露的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該努力增加信息的有用性。第三,披露的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該創(chuàng)造學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)制，然后不斷完善披露機(jī)制。只有這樣，才能加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任。222中國(guó)實(shí)踐模式選擇我們需要在利用國(guó)外的相關(guān)實(shí)踐明確中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露的內(nèi)容，與此同時(shí)也應(yīng)關(guān)注中國(guó)的實(shí)際情況。在摘要總結(jié)相關(guān)研究的基礎(chǔ)上，我們認(rèn)為，中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露至少包括五個(gè)部分。1經(jīng)營(yíng)收入所作出的貢獻(xiàn)。經(jīng)營(yíng)收入的重要前提表現(xiàn)為其他企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任。只有收入水平超過社會(huì)平均水平，企業(yè)才能使某些金融資源履行社會(huì)責(zé)任。因此，經(jīng)營(yíng)收入的信息不僅是傳統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)信息披露報(bào)告的的內(nèi)容，更是企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容。2對(duì)改善環(huán)境所做的貢獻(xiàn)。這里討論的環(huán)境包括兩種類型。一是生態(tài)環(huán)境，一般公司經(jīng)營(yíng)要求利益最大化，但他們的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中往往忽視了公共利益，破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境。因此,有必要對(duì)企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)制定有效措施,控制環(huán)境污染和維護(hù)生態(tài)平衡。另一個(gè)是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境。企業(yè)的發(fā)展靠他們的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境，所以企業(yè)應(yīng)遵守商業(yè)道德進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格地披露社會(huì)責(zé)任信息。3對(duì)人力資源所作出的貢獻(xiàn)。知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代使人力資源成為重要的因素。投資人力資源不僅會(huì)給企業(yè)帶來巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，也可以提高員工的素質(zhì)和改善他們的生活條件。因此,所作出的貢獻(xiàn)人力資源是必要的，以履行社會(huì)責(zé)任。公司應(yīng)披露信息，開發(fā)、利用和保護(hù)的人力資源5。4所作出的貢獻(xiàn)，產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量是企業(yè)在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中要想獲得成功最有力的武器。所以公司應(yīng)披露貢獻(xiàn)自己的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，增加品牌知名度，樹立了良好的企業(yè)形象。5對(duì)社會(huì)福利所作出的貢獻(xiàn)。因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)擁有和消費(fèi)社會(huì)資源，企業(yè)有責(zé)任提供必要的捐款，幫助社會(huì)。因此，企業(yè)應(yīng)披露其對(duì)社會(huì)福利的貢獻(xiàn)。例如，發(fā)展公共交通、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、市政建設(shè)、景觀作品和其它慈善；提供平等的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，特別是給就業(yè)弱勢(shì)群體如失業(yè)、少數(shù)民族、婦女、殘疾人,納稅和其他社會(huì)收費(fèi)的時(shí)間等。

簡(jiǎn)介：附件附件1外文翻譯譯文外文翻譯譯文戰(zhàn)略財(cái)務(wù)管理在中小企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略財(cái)務(wù)管理在中小企業(yè)劉鐘勝2010年2月該篇文章來源于JEL分類代碼G11號(hào)G23號(hào)摘要隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,中國(guó)的企業(yè)在一個(gè)充滿機(jī)會(huì)和危險(xiǎn)的階段。介紹了安全管理的含義和意義戰(zhàn)略財(cái)務(wù)管理中存在的問題,闡述了財(cái)務(wù)策略進(jìn)行小中型企業(yè)一起,最后提出了一些對(duì)策和原因。關(guān)鍵詞中小企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略財(cái)務(wù)管理、問題、對(duì)策一個(gè)企業(yè)的不確定性的金融環(huán)境其財(cái)務(wù)活動(dòng)充滿風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。除了機(jī)會(huì),有許多的危險(xiǎn)從時(shí)間,以時(shí)間,其財(cái)務(wù)管理。因此,它已經(jīng)成為了成功的關(guān)鍵一個(gè)企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)管理是否能跟蹤的趨勢(shì)變化什么是有用的吸收。應(yīng)當(dāng)拒絕接受什么是有害的。戰(zhàn)略管理思想是非常重要的在企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)管理,因?yàn)槲覀儽仨毰θシ治龊桶盐找话悱h(huán)境和發(fā)展一個(gè)企業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),從而提高適應(yīng)能力、可變性和適用性的金融中心管理不確定環(huán)境。目前,中小企業(yè)在100年通過了工商登記、以企業(yè)總數(shù)的90。因此,其戰(zhàn)略財(cái)務(wù)管理是特別重要的,這也是本論文的主題。1簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介戰(zhàn)略性的財(cái)務(wù)管理是財(cái)務(wù)管理理論,根據(jù)該融資應(yīng)該的在最適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞竭M(jìn)行,采集到的資本必須利用和管理的最有效的方式雖然企業(yè)和決策和利潤(rùn)分配應(yīng)該最合理。根據(jù)其內(nèi)涵,總結(jié)三個(gè)主要內(nèi)容的戰(zhàn)略財(cái)務(wù)管理,包括融資策略,投資戰(zhàn)略和利潤(rùn)分配決策策略。詳情如下融資策略戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境分析既是財(cái)務(wù)策略的基礎(chǔ)和保障實(shí)施。它包括內(nèi)部和外部環(huán)境分析與前者的存在內(nèi)部基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)施依據(jù)建立的財(cái)務(wù)策略。目前,很多中小企業(yè)沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略環(huán)境的重要性,建立和推行的金融戰(zhàn)略和因此未能有適當(dāng)?shù)姆治?特別是其戰(zhàn)略金融環(huán)境的內(nèi)部環(huán)境。作為一個(gè)結(jié)果,它們不現(xiàn)實(shí)的和不合理的策略有限制的有效實(shí)施他們的財(cái)政策略。2323出資的角色戰(zhàn)略性的財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)算執(zhí)行出資的角色戰(zhàn)略性的財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)算執(zhí)行預(yù)算中所起的作用主要對(duì)戰(zhàn)略性的財(cái)務(wù)執(zhí)行兩個(gè)方面。首先,它進(jìn)一步闡明指定的戰(zhàn)略財(cái)務(wù)觀念,被理解,而所有的人員進(jìn)行。預(yù)算可以幫助分戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)企業(yè)的每一個(gè)部分,甚至每一位員工。另外,當(dāng)執(zhí)行某項(xiàng)任務(wù)聯(lián)合所有部分一個(gè)所有的雇員將有更好的合作與交流,與對(duì)方。第二,預(yù)算還提供了一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),一個(gè)企業(yè)的日常操作和性能。與定量金融在預(yù)算目標(biāo)確定、實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)與預(yù)算,以揭示它們之間的目標(biāo)和現(xiàn)實(shí),采取有效的對(duì)策。現(xiàn)在,大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)在中國(guó)沒有系統(tǒng)、完整的預(yù)算制度由銷售預(yù)算、生產(chǎn)成本預(yù)算,一般間接成本預(yù)算,損失和費(fèi)用預(yù)算及現(xiàn)金預(yù)算等等。即使一些有這樣的系統(tǒng),其缺乏小心預(yù)算行,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行預(yù)算的作用以及財(cái)務(wù)策略的實(shí)施。2424企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)管理中存在的問題企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)管理中存在的問題現(xiàn)在,一些問題,中小企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)管理也制約了建立和他們的財(cái)務(wù)策略的實(shí)施。存在的主要問題的建議如下。過時(shí)的想法,不清楚職責(zé)分工和混亂的管理。企業(yè)不知道”的企業(yè)管理應(yīng)以財(cái)務(wù)管理為基礎(chǔ),并應(yīng)在財(cái)務(wù)管理中心資本管理企業(yè)家和財(cái)務(wù)人員的缺乏科學(xué)的、先進(jìn)的財(cái)務(wù)觀念包括時(shí)間值、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)價(jià)值,邊際成本、機(jī)會(huì)成本和認(rèn)識(shí)不足有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理的理論和方法導(dǎo)致職責(zé)分工不明,混亂的管理,無能的監(jiān)控、虛假會(huì)計(jì)信息等。大量財(cái)務(wù)計(jì)算,包括簡(jiǎn)化會(huì)計(jì)程序,保持重開帳戶除了授權(quán),采用不規(guī)則檢查性質(zhì)和現(xiàn)金,沒有定期檢查他們的銀行存款、債權(quán)債務(wù)導(dǎo)致他們的賬實(shí)不符和物品或資金,有前途的獎(jiǎng)金和盲目逃稅發(fā)放獎(jiǎng)金在納稅。融資困難,主要體現(xiàn)在渠道和規(guī)模不足融資渠道無序融資的命令。目前,大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)面臨極大的困難,獲得短期貸款,更不用說長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的問題。81的企業(yè)沒有足夠的流動(dòng)資金等。時(shí)間的貸款的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),他們真的可以利用較少的錢從他們的貸款。一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,605的企業(yè)沒有得到長(zhǎng)期的貸款,在那些能真正得到這樣

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3956字交通擁堵收費(fèi)和城市交通系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展交通擁堵收費(fèi)和城市交通系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展出處2008WORKSHOPONPOWERELECTRONICSANDINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM摘要摘要城市化和機(jī)動(dòng)化的快速增長(zhǎng)，通常有助于城市交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，是經(jīng)濟(jì)性，環(huán)境性和社會(huì)可持續(xù)性的體現(xiàn)，但其結(jié)果是交通量無情增加，導(dǎo)致交通擁擠。道路擁擠定價(jià)已經(jīng)提出了很多次，作為一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)措施緩解城市交通擁擠，但還沒有見過在實(shí)踐中廣泛使用，因?yàn)榈缆肥召M(fèi)的一些潛在的影響仍然不明。本文首先回顧可持續(xù)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的概念，它應(yīng)該滿足集體經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，環(huán)境保護(hù)和社會(huì)正義的目標(biāo)。然后，根據(jù)可持續(xù)交通系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn)，使擁擠收費(fèi)能夠促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，環(huán)境保護(hù)和社會(huì)正義。研究結(jié)果表明，交通擁堵收費(fèi)是一個(gè)切實(shí)有效的方式，可以促進(jìn)城市交通系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。一、介紹一、介紹城市交通是一個(gè)在世界各地的大城市迫切關(guān)注的話題。隨著中國(guó)的城市化和機(jī)動(dòng)化的快速發(fā)展，交通擁堵已成為一個(gè)越來越嚴(yán)重的問題，造成較大的時(shí)間延遲，增加能源消耗和空氣污染，減少了道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可靠性。在許多城市，交通擠塞情況被看作是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的障礙。我們可以使用多種方法來解決交通擠塞，包括新的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，改善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的維護(hù)和操作，并利用現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，通過需求管理策略，包括定價(jià)機(jī)制，更有效地減少運(yùn)輸密度。交通擁堵收費(fèi)在很久以前就已提出，作為一種有效的措施，來緩解的交通擠塞情況。交通擁堵收費(fèi)的原則與目標(biāo)是通過對(duì)選擇在高峰擁擠時(shí)段的設(shè)施的使用實(shí)施附加收費(fèi)，以紓緩擁堵情況。轉(zhuǎn)移非高峰期一些出行路線，遠(yuǎn)離擁擠的設(shè)施或高占用車輛，或完全阻止一些出行，交通擁堵收費(fèi)計(jì)劃將在節(jié)省時(shí)間和降低經(jīng)營(yíng)成本的基礎(chǔ)上，改善空氣中的質(zhì)量，減少能源消耗和改善過境生產(chǎn)力。此計(jì)劃在世界很國(guó)家和地方都有成功的應(yīng)用。繼在20世紀(jì)70年代初和80年代中期挪威與新加坡實(shí)行收費(fèi)環(huán)，在2003年2月倫敦金融城推出了面積收費(fèi)直至現(xiàn)在，它都是已經(jīng)開始實(shí)施擁擠收費(fèi)的大都市圈中一個(gè)最知名的例子。然而，交通擁堵收費(fèi)由于理論和政治的原因未能在實(shí)踐中廣泛使用。道路收費(fèi)的一些潛在的影響尚不清楚，和城市發(fā)展的擁塞定價(jià)可持續(xù)性，需要進(jìn)一述為MSC（N1）（MPCΔMPC）NMPCMPCΔMPCNΔMPC擁擠收費(fèi)是交通需求管理的重要手段，最初只是影響交通出行的決定。實(shí)踐證明擁擠收費(fèi)能有效地規(guī)范交通出行時(shí)間和空間分布，促進(jìn)道路資源的有效利用，提高運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)的效率。在新加坡的擁塞定價(jià)實(shí)施表明，交通量下降了17％，在高峰時(shí)段，倫敦的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也表明，定價(jià)方案是成功的。我們可以得出結(jié)論，減少交通擠塞，將促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。收費(fèi)會(huì)影響旅客的預(yù)算，將導(dǎo)致不僅在模式上的轉(zhuǎn)換，而且是更廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)變化，將伴隨著地理再分配的過程。一些人擔(dān)心，交通擁堵收費(fèi)可能對(duì)中部地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，特別是在零售方面。產(chǎn)生了相反的論調(diào)，不過，減少交通擠塞，應(yīng)該是服務(wù)于更廣泛的業(yè)務(wù)，以降低成本，使他們成為更具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的國(guó)家。零售活動(dòng)的位置也是由個(gè)人首選的購(gòu)物場(chǎng)所。眾所周知，個(gè)人傾向于購(gòu)買的商店在他們的居住地附近，因此零售企業(yè)不能輕易遷出核心區(qū)，因?yàn)樵S多人住在中心區(qū)。這種方便客戶的依賴，解釋了為什么零售生產(chǎn)跌幅小于核心區(qū)的其他主要行業(yè)的輸出。交通擁堵收費(fèi)減少在繁忙時(shí)間的擠塞情況，并增加在其他時(shí)段的交通擠塞情況。通過向公共交通和大量出租車輛轉(zhuǎn)向，交通擁堵收費(fèi)降低所有時(shí)段定價(jià)領(lǐng)域人次。除減少交通擠塞，如果考慮到改善空氣質(zhì)量和減少燃料消耗等方面，交通擁堵收費(fèi)形成的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益將是相當(dāng)可觀的。三、環(huán)保三、環(huán)保在中國(guó)，環(huán)境問題日益嚴(yán)重。據(jù)報(bào)道，中國(guó)是二氧化碳排放大國(guó)，有7個(gè)城市在世界嚴(yán)重污染的城市名單中。交通運(yùn)輸對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，涵蓋了不同的影響，包括空氣污染，噪音，氣候變化的范圍，例如。汽車是城市空氣和噪音污染的占主導(dǎo)地位的生產(chǎn)者，包括一氧化碳，氮氧化物和大氣飄塵。這些污染物是關(guān)鍵因素，許多呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病，如哮喘，以及其他的影響人體健康的方面，如頭疼，眼疾等癥狀。據(jù)世界銀行估計(jì)，在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，有05億人每年死亡與于交通工具空氣污染物排放有關(guān)，這是與交通事故類似的死亡人數(shù)。交通是不可替代的，因?yàn)樗巧a(chǎn)鏈的一部分。出于這個(gè)原因，交通系統(tǒng)必須發(fā)展和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，運(yùn)輸服務(wù)的有效性，是必須增加的，同時(shí)必須減少或防止

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文中英文資料信電系工業(yè)電氣自動(dòng)化專業(yè)03級(jí)1班課題名稱畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文起止時(shí)間2006年2月15日～6月8日共1717周學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師報(bào)告日期2006年6月8日2參數(shù)集的啟發(fā)式優(yōu)化法也適用于模糊PI控制器，它采用固定的定義域，其參數(shù)的選取和傳統(tǒng)的PI控制器都一樣。我們采用的控制方法是結(jié)合模糊PI算法和PD算法并利用啟發(fā)式優(yōu)化法處理參數(shù)集，特別要注意這里的調(diào)節(jié)器出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)比例環(huán)節(jié)，所以它的控制可能不同于傳統(tǒng)的PID算法。但是我們調(diào)整的參數(shù)它們本身具有實(shí)際的物理意義，值得一提的是前面所提到的控制可以通過改變采樣時(shí)間而不改變定義域的范圍實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)整。2模糊模糊PI控制器設(shè)計(jì)控制器設(shè)計(jì)控制信號(hào)由模糊控制器得到（參考文獻(xiàn)2）模糊PI控制器的一種實(shí)現(xiàn)過程如圖3所示圖3模糊PI控制器結(jié)構(gòu)（區(qū)域單位化）現(xiàn)在我們假設(shè)控制對(duì)象的傳遞函數(shù)如下描述，然后通過仿真圖比較模糊PI控制器和傳統(tǒng)PI控制器的控制性能采用6中所用的調(diào)節(jié)方法，我們可得參數(shù)，其響應(yīng)如圖4和圖5所示。干擾作用于系統(tǒng)的輸入，模糊控制器如圖3所示，映射規(guī)則如圖2所示，隸屬函數(shù)如圖1所示。

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簡(jiǎn)介：DESIGNOFANACTIVEEXHAUSTATTENUATINGVALVEFORINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINESRBOONEN,PSASKULEUVEN,DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,CELESTIJNENLAAN300B,B3001,HEVERLEE,BELGIUMEMAILRENEBOONENMECHKULEUVENACBEABSTRACTANACTIVESILENCERTOATTENUATEINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINEEXHAUSTNOISEISDEVELOPEDTHESILENCERCONSISTSOFANELECTRICALLYCONTROLLEDVALVECONNECTEDTOABUFFERVOLUMETHEPULSATINGFLOWFROMTHEENGINEISBUFFEREDINTHEVOLUMEANDTHEVALVERESISTANCEISCONTINUOUSLYCONTROLLEDSUCHTHATONLYTHEMEANFLOWPASSESTOTHEATMOSPHERETHISFLOWISFREEOFFLUCTUATIONSANDCONSEQUENTLYFREEOFSOUNDTHEDESIGNOFTHEACTIVESILENCERISCARRIEDOUTUSINGELECTRICALANALOGCIRCUITSFIRST,THEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEACTIVESILENCERANDTHEENGINEWILLBESTUDIEDUSINGANANALOGCIRCUITINCLUDINGTHECOMBUSTIONENGINEANDALINEARIZEDACTIVESILENCERTHEN,ADETAILEDVALVEMODELISBUILTINASEPARATEELECTRICALANALOGCIRCUITITINCLUDESTHEELECTRICAL,THEMECHANICALANDTHEFLOWDYNAMICPROPERTIESOFTHEACTUATORVALVETHEACTUATORVALVECONCEPTISTHENSIMULATED,FROMWHICHAPROTOTYPECANBECONSTRUCTEDTHEACTIVESILENCERHASBEENTESTEDONACOLDENGINESIMULATORTHISDEVICEGENERATESREALISTICEXHAUSTNOISEWITHTHEASSOCIATEDGASFLOWUSINGCOMPRESSEDAIRTHESILENCERCANATTENUATEPULSATIONSFROMENGINESATVERYLOWREVOLUTIONSPEED,WITHOUTPASSIVEELEMENTSPRECONNECTEDBETWEENTHEENGINEANDTHEACTIVESILENCERTHISISNOTPOSSIBLEUSINGLOUDSPEAKERBASEDACTIVESILENCERS1INTRODUCTIONTHEINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINEHASFOUNDITSWAYINTOABROADSPECTRUMOFAPPLICATIONS,WHEREINTRANSPORTATIONHASFARTHELARGESTSHARETHESUCCESSOFTHEINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINEHASALSOCREATEDPROBLEMSASSOCIATEDWITHIT,SUCHASAIRPOLLUTIONANDENVIRONMENTALNOISEDURINGTHEPASTDECADES,LEGISLATIONHASCOMEFORWARDWHICHSTRINGENTLYREDUCESAIRPOLLUTANTS,GREENHOUSEGASESANDNOISEEMISSIONTODAY,THENOISEEMISSIONLIMITSARESETTO74DBAFORCARSAND80DBAFORHEAVYVEHICLES1FORCARS,THEEMISSIONOFCO2ISLIMITEDTO190G/KMEUIIIDIRECTIVE,ANDWILLBEFURTHERREDUCEDTO170G/KMEUIVIN2003AND140G/KMEUVIN2008ALTHOUGHTHESEDIRECTIVESARENOTRELATEDATFIRSTSIGHT,THEYDOHAVETHEIRIMPLICATIONSONTHEEXHAUSTSYSTEMDEVELOPMENTITWILLBENECESSARYTODEVELOPEXHAUSTSYSTEMSWITHMINIMUMBACKPRESSURETOTHEENGINE,TOMAXIMIZEENGINEEFFICIENCYANDTHISWITHOUTLOSSOFNOISEATTENUATIONPERFORMANCEAWAYOUTTOTHISPROBLEMISTODEVELOPACTIVEEXHAUSTSYSTEMSMUCHRESEARCHONACTIVENOISECANCELLATIONINDUCTSISCARRIEDOUTINTHERECENTYEARSANDNUMEROUSPATENTSHAVEBEENGENERATEDLOUDSPEAKERSYSTEMSARESUCCESSFULLYAPPLIEDANDCOMMERCIALAVAILABLEINVENTILATIONCHANNELS2LOUDSPEAKERSYSTEMSAREALSODEVELOPEDFORSTATIONARYDIESELENGINES,FOREXAMPLEBYDETROITDIESELCORPORATION3ANDTHEKEBAAISTMSYSTEMFORCARS,ACTIVELOUDSPEAKERSYSTEMSAREDEVELOPEDFORSIXORMORECYLINDERENGINES4FORFOURCYLINDERENGINES,LOUDSPEAKERSYSTEMSSUFFERFROMPROBLEMSASTHELOWSOUNDGENERATINGEFFICIENCYANDRELIABILITYINTHEEXTREMECONDITIONSOFANENGINEEXHAUSTAPPLYINGACONTROLLABLEVALVEINTHEEXHAUSTDUCTISAMOREROBUSTCONCEPTTHERESTRICTINGELEMENTOFTHEVALVECANBESMALLANDRIGIDLYCONSTRUCTEDITCANBEEXPOSEDTOTHEEXHAUSTGASDIRECTLYTHERESISTANCEOFTHEVALVEISCONTINUOUSLYVARIABLEBYAPPLYINGANEXTERNALSIGNALITISASSUMEDTHATTHEVALVEISPURELYRESISTIVE,ITISN’TCAPABLETOSTOREENERGYFROMTHEGASFLOWASCONSEQUENCEOFTHEGASFLOW,THEVALVEGENERATESAPRESSUREDROPOVERITACTIVENOISECANCELLATIONISACHIEVED,WHENTHEVOLUMEVELOCITYBEHINDTHEVALVEISKEPTCONSTANTINFIGURE1,THEFIRSTGRAPHDEMONSTRATESHOWTHESOUNDPRESSUREINFLUENCESTHEFLUIDFLOWVIATHEVALVERESISTANCECHARACTERISTICTHESECONDGRAPHDEMONSTRATESHOWTHEOPPOSITEFLUCTUATINGFLOWISGENERATEDFROMTHEMEANPRESSUREDROPOVERTHEVALVEBYVARY33WHEREINR0ISTHEINITIALVALVERESISTANCETHESAMERESULTCANBEACHIEVEDBYACONTROLLERWHICHMINIMIZESTHEPRESSUREUZAFTERTHEVALVEDUZDTZDIRDT05THISSIMPLECONSIDERATIONHASTWOIMPORTANTCONSEQUENCESFIRST,BYBALANCINGTHEVOLUMEVALVECOMBINATION,ITISALWAYSPOSSIBLETOCONTROLTHEFLOWOFANYVOLUMEVELOCITYSOURCESECOND,THERESISTANCER0CANBECHOSENFREELYWITHTHEONLYRESTRICTIONTHATTHERESISTANCERTREMAINSALWAYSPOSITIVETHERESISTANCER0CANBEOPTIMIZEDTOOBTAINMINIMUMBACKPRESSURETOTHEENGINE,RESULTINGINAHIGHERENGINEEFFICIENCY22ELECTRICALEQUIVALENTMODELFORTHEENGINEANDTHESILENCERTHESIMPLEMODEL,PRESENTEDINFIGURE2,LOOKSNOTVERYREALISTICFORANENGINEEXHAUSTSYSTEM,THEREFORETHEMODELWILLBEEXPANDEDTHEVOLUMEVELOCITYSOURCEWILLBEREPLACEDBYANENGINEMODEL,ANDADUCTISCONNECTEDBETWEENTHEENGINEANDTHEACTIVESILENCERATAILPIPEISCONNECTEDBEHINDTHESILENCERTHERESULTINGCIRCUITISPRESENTEDINFIGURE3THELEFTPARTOFTHECIRCUITISTHEENGINEMODELTHEFOURVARIABLECAPACITORSREPRESENTTHEFOURENGINECYLINDERS,WHO’SVOLUMEVARIESSINUSOIDALBETWEENMAXIMUMANDDEADVOLUMETHEUPPERSETOFSWITCHRESISTORSREPRESENTTHEINTAKEVALVES,THELOWERSETTHEEXHAUSTVALVESTHESWITCHESAREACTUATEDINTHESAMESEQUENCEASTHECAMSHAFTOPERATESTHEENGINEVALVESTHEFOURSHORTTRANSMISSIONLINESBEHINDTHEEXHAUSTVALVERESISTORSREPRESENTTHEFOUREXHAUSTCONDUITSBETWEENTHECYLINDERPORTSANDTHEEXHAUSTMANIFOLDJUNCTIONTHEINTAKESIDEISCONNECTEDTOAVOLTAGESOURCEUBREPRESENTINGTHEATMOSPHERICPRESSUREANDEQUALS100KVTHECOMBUSTIONISSIMULATEDBYCHARGINGTHECYLINDERCAPACITORBYAPULSINGCURRENTSOURCEPARALLELOVERTHECAPACITORTHECHARGETIMEPOINTCORRESPONDSTOTHEIGNITIONTIMEPOINTTHERIGHTPARTREPRESENTSTHEACTIVEEXHAUSTSYSTEMTHESILENCERISCONNECTEDTOTHEENGINEVIATHEDUCTREPRESENTEDBYTHETRANSMISSIONLINETTHECAPACITORCREPRESENTSTHEBUFFERVOLUMEANDTHEVARIABLERESISTORRTTHECONTROLVALVETHETRANSMISSIONLINETTREPRESENTSTHETAILPIPEANDTHERESISTORINDUCTORCOMBINATIONRAANDLACORRESPONDSTOTHESPHERICALRADIATORIMPEDANCEINSIMULATION,ACOLLOCATEDFEEDBACKCONTROLLERCONDUCTSTHECONTROLVALVEFIGURE3ELECTRICALANALOGCIRCUITFORANINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINEEQUIPPEDWITHANACTIVENOISECONTROLVALVERESISTANCETHISCONTROLLERISONLYNEEDEDTODETERMINETHEACTIVESILENCERPROPERTIESINPRACTICE,OTHERCONTROLSTRATEGIESMUSTBEAPPLIEDTOHANDLETHETIMEDELAYBETWEENTHEVALVEACTIONANDITSEFFECTINTHEERRORSENSORINPRINCIPLE,THEBACKPRESSURETOTHEENGINECANBESETTOANYDESIREDVALUEBYCHOOSINGTHEAPPROPRIATEBUFFERVOLUMECAPACITORCINPRACTICE,ITWILLRESULTINACOMPROMISEBETWEENAVAILABLESPACEFORTHEACTIVESILENCERANDACCEPTABLEBACKPRESSUREFIGURE4SIMULATEDINDICATORDIAGRAMFROMTHECIRCUITPRESENTEDINFIGURE323SIMULATIONRESULTSINTHEELECTRICALCIRCUITOFFIGURE3,THEENGINEPARAMETERSOFA2000CM3ENGINEAREINTRODUCEDTHEDUCTSHAVEADIAMETEROF60MMTHEDUCTBETWEENTHEENGINEANDTHESILENCERIS500MMLONG,THETAILPIPE700MMLONGTHEBACKPRESSUREISSETTO10KPA,RESULTINGINABUFFERVOLUMEOF12DM3THEINITIALACTUATORVALVERESISTANCEISSETTO200K?1?1PAS/M3THEFEEDBACKCONTROLGAINISSETTO108INFIGURE4,THESIMULATEDENGINEINDICATORDIAGRAMACTIVENOISECONTROL35

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