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簡介：185JAN?EKOVI?HRADIATIONPROTECTIONINTHENPPKR?KOARHHIGRADATOKSIKOL200657185188OBSERVATIONRADIATIONPROTECTIONPERFORMANCEINDICATORSATTHENUCLEARPOWERPLANTKR?KOHELENAJAN?EKOVIèSLOVENIANNUCLEARSAFETYADMINISTRATION,LJUBLJANA,SLOVENIARECEIVEDINJUNE2005ACCEPTEDINMARCH2006NUCLEARPOWERPLANTSAFETYPERFORMANCEINDICATORSAREDEVELOPED“BYNUCLEAROPERATINGORGANISATIONSTOMONITORTHEIROWNPERFORMANCEANDPROGRESS,TOSETTHEIROWNCHALLENGINGGOALSFORIMPROVEMENT,ANDTOGAINADDITIONALPERSPECTIVEONPERFORMANCERELATIVETOTHATOFOTHERPLANTS”INADDITION,PERFORMANCEINDICATORSAREWIDELYUSEDBYREGULATORYAUTHORITIESALTHOUGHTHEUSEISNOTHARMONISEDTWOBASICPERFORMANCEINDICATORSRELATEDTOGOODRADIATIONPROTECTIONPRACTICEARECOLLECTIVERADIATIONEXPOSUREANDVOLUMEOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVEWASTEIN2000,NUCLEARPOWERPLANTKR?KO,AWESTINGHOUSEPRESSURISEDWATERREACTORWITHELECTRICALOUTPUT700MW,FINISHEDANEXTENSIVEMODERNISATIONINCLUDINGTHEREPLACEMENTOFBOTHSTEAMGENERATORSWHILETHEANNUALVOLUMEOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVEWASTEDOESNOTSHOWASPECIFICTRENDRELATEDTOMODERNISATION,THEANNUALCOLLECTIVEDOSEREACHEDMAXIMUM,IE260MANSV,ANDDROPPEDTO113MANSVIN2001DURINGTHEREPLACEMENTOFTHESTEAMGENERATORSIN2000,THEDOSEASSOCIATEDWITHTHISACTIVITYWAS148MANSVTHEANNUALDOSESIN2002AND2003WERE053AND080MANSV,RESPECTIVELY,NEARINGTHUSTHEGOALSETBYTHEUSINSTITUTEOFNUCLEARPOWEROPERATORS,WHICHIS065MANSVTHEREFORE,INASMUCHASCOLLECTIVEDOSEASTHERADIATIONPROTECTIONPERFORMANCEINDICATORARECONCERNED,THEMODERNISATIONOFTHEKR?KONUCLEARPOWERPLANTWASASUCCESSKEYWORDSANNUALCOLLECTIVEDOSE,LOWLEVELRADIOACTIVEWASTE,NUCLEARPOWEROPERATOR,OCCUPATIONALDOSE,OUTAGEACCORDINGTOTHEWORLDASSOCIATIONOFNUCLEAROPERATORSWANO,NUCLEARPOWERPLANTSAFETYPERFORMANCEINDICATORSAREDEVELOPED“BYNUCLEAROPERATINGORGANISATIONSTOMONITORTHEIROWNPERFORMANCEANDPROGRESS,TOSETTHEIROWNCHALLENGINGGOALSFORIMPROVEMENT,ANDTOGAINADDITIONALPERSPECTIVEONPERFORMANCERELATIVETOTHATOFOTHERPLANTS”1INADDITION,PERFORMANCEINDICATORSAREWIDELYUSEDBYREGULATORYAUTHORITIES,ALTHOUGHTHEUSEHASNOTYETBEENHARMONISED2IN2000,NUCLEARPOWERPLANTNPPKR?KOWESTINGHOUSEPRESSURISEDWATERREACTOR,PWR,WITHELECTRICALOUTPUT700MWFINISHEDANEXTENSIVEMODERNISATIONINCLUDINGTHEREPLACEMENTOFBOTHSTEAMGENERATORSTHISARTICLELOOKSINTOTHECHANGESINRADIATIONPROTECTIONPERFORMANCEINDICATORSAFTERTHEMODERNISATIONANDTHEPROBLEMSRELATEDTOTHEIRUSEMODERNISATIONOFTHENPPKR?KOTHECOMMERCIALOPERATIONOFTHENPPKR?KOSTARTEDIN1983THEMODERNISATIONTOOKPLACEFROM1996TO2000INORDERTOSTABILISELONGTERMPLANTPRELIMINARYREPORTPRESENTEDATTHE6THSYMPOSIUMOFTHECROATIANRADIATIONPROTECTIONASSOCIATIONWITHINTERNATIONALPARTICIPATION,STUBI?KETOPLICE,CROATIA,1820APRIL2005187EXPOSURESREPORTEDBYOTHERPWRS3THEGOALOFTHEINSTITUTEOFNUCLEARPOWEROPERATIONSINPOINTHEUSA,WHICHPROMOTES“THEHIGHESTLEVELSOFSAFETYANDRELIABILITY”AND“EXCELLENCEINTHEOPERATIONOFNUCLEARELECTRICGENERATINGPLANTS”IS650MANMSV065MANSVFORTHEYEAR20054IN2000,THEANNUALCOLLECTIVEDOSEWAS260MANSVDUETOTHESTEAMGENERATORREPLACEMENT,WHICHACCOUNTEDFOR148MANSVVOLUMEOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVEWASTETHEVOLUMEOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVESOLIDWASTEPRODUCEDSHOWSADROPPINGTREND,WHICHWILLDECREASESTORAGE,TRANSPORTATIONANDFINALDISPOSALNEEDSLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVESOLIDWASTEISDEFINEDASALLWASTETHATISNOTSPENTFUELITINCLUDESONLYTHEWASTEWHICHWASPROCESSED,ANDITISINITSFINALFORMTHEANNUALPRODUCTIONOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVESOLIDWASTEFROM1996TO2003ISGIVENINFIGURE2THEPRODUCTIONOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVESOLIDWASTEALREADYHASDECREASEDSINCE1996DUETOIMPROVEDRADIOACTIVEWASTEMANAGEMENT,WHICHISSUPPORTEDBYNEWPROCEDURES,INCLUDINGTHEINDRUMDRYINGSYSTEMANDAVERYSTRINGENTRADIOACTIVEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM5CONCLUSIONITTAKESAFEWPERFORMANCEINDICATORSTORECOGNISEAGOODRADIATIONPROTECTIONPRACTICEINANNPPTHECOLLECTIVEDOSEANDTHEVOLUMEOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVEWASTEARETHEMOSTOBVIOUSPERFORMANCEINDICATORSAFTERTHEMODERNISATIONOFTHENPPKR?KOTHEANNUALCOLLECTIVEDOSEHASDECREASEDSUBSTANTIALLYANDHASAPPROACHEDTHEINPOGOALFORTHEYEAR2005ADROPINTHEPRODUCTIONOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVESOLIDWASTEISTHERESULTOFAVERYSTRINGENTPROGRAMMEFORRADIOACTIVEWASTEMANAGEMENTCONTROLREFERENCES1WORLDASSOCIATIONOFNUCLEAROPERATORSPERFORMANCEINDICATORS2003LONDONUKWANO20032NUCLEARENERGYAGENCYSUMMARYREPORTOFTHEUSEOFPLANTSAFETYPERFORMANCEINDICATORS,NEA/CSNI/R200111PARISORGANISATIONFORECONOMICCOOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENT20013NUCLEARENERGYAGENCYOCCUPATIONALEXPOSURESATNUCLEARPOWERPLANTSTWELFTHANNUALREPORTOFTHEISOEPROGRAMME,2002PARISORGANISATIONFORECONOMICCOOPERATIONANDDEVELOPMENT20034WOODWD,MILLERDWCOMMONALITYINITIATIVESINUSNUCLEARPOWERPLANTSTOIMPROVERADIATIONPROTECTIONCULTUREANDWORKEREFFICIENCYIN3RDISOEEUROPEANWORKSHOPONOCCUPATIONALEXPOSUREMANAGEMENTATNPPS1719APRIL2002PORTORO?,SLOVENIAFONTENAYAUXROSESCEPN20035JAN?EKOVIèH,STRITARA,EDITORSANNUALREPORT2002ONTHERADIATIONANDNUCLEARSAFETYINTHEREPUBLICOFSLOVENIALJUBLJANAURSJV2003FIGURE1ANNUALCOLLECTIVERADIATIONEXPOSUREFROM1996TO2003JAN?EKOVI?HRADIATIONPROTECTIONINTHENPPKR?KOARHHIGRADATOKSIKOL200657185188FIGURE2ANNUALPRODUCTIONOFLOWLEVELRADIOACTIVESOLIDWASTEFROM1996TO2003

簡介：PROCEDIAENGINEERING6920141469–1474AVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM18777058?2014THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSESELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFDAAAMINTERNATIONALVIENNADOI101016/JPROENG201403143SCIENCEDIRECT24THDAAAMINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONINTELLIGENTMANUFACTURINGANDAUTOMATION,2013APPLICATIONOFPLANTWIDECONTROLSTRATEGYTOTHECATALYTICCRACKINGPROCESSCRISTINAPOPAPETROLEUM–GASUNIVERSITYOFPLOIE?TI,39BUCURE?TIBLVD,PLOIE?TI,ROMANIAABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSANAPPLICATIONOFPLANTWIDECONTROLSTRATEGYFORACOMPLEXPROCESS,LIKECATALYTICCRACKINGPROCESSTHEPLANTWIDECONTROLSTRATEGYASSISTSTHEENGINEERINDETERMININGHOWTOCHOOSETHEBESTMANIPULATED,CONTROLLEDANDMEASUREDVARIABLESINTHEPLANT,WHENISUSINGADVANCEDCONTROLTECHNIQUESSUCHMPCTHERESULTOFAPPLYINGPLANTWIDECONTROLTOCATALYTICCRACKINGPROCESSISAHIERARCHICALCONTROLSTRUCTURE,WHICHISORGANIZEDONTHREELEVELS,WITHTWOADVANCEDCONTROLTECHNIQUESFORTHESECONDLEVELFROMECONOMICPOINTOFVIEW,THEDEVELOPMENTANDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONAHIERARCHICALCONTROLSTRUCTUREFORTHECATALYTICCRACKINGPROCESSISLEADINGTOINCREASEPLANTEFFICIENCY?2014THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFDAAAMINTERNATIONALVIENNAKEYWORDSPLANTWIDECONTROL,HIERARCHICALCONTROL,FLUIDCATALYTICCRACKING1INTRODUCTIONTHEFLUIDCATALYTICCRACKINGISANIMPORTANTPROCESSINREFINERIESFORTRANSFORMINGHEAVYHYDROCARBONSINTOMOREVALUABLELIGHTERPRODUCTSTHISPROCESSCONTAINSTHREEMAINCOMPONENTSRISER,STRIPERANDREGENERATOR,SEEFIG1INTHERISER,HOTCATALYSTISBROUGHTINCONTACTWITHTHEVAPORIZEDFEEDSTOCKANDCRACKINGREACTIONTAKESPLACETHESTRIPER,LOCATEDATTHEREACTORTOP,BEINGFORMEDOFACYCLONESSYSTEMFORTHESEPARATIONOFTHEFEEDSTOCKANDTHEREACTORPRODUCTSINTHEGASEOUSPHASE,FROMTHECATALYSTPARTICLESTHEREGENERATOR,INWHICHTHECOKEDEPOSITEDONTHECATALYSTDURINGTHECRACKINGREACTION,ISBURNTOFFTOREGENERATETHECATALYSTTHEREGENERATEDCATALYSTISCIRCULATEDBACKTOTHERISERWHILETHECRACKEDPRODUCTSARESENTTOTHEFRACTIONATORSFORRECOVERYCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSCEFTENEUPGPLOIESTIRO?2014THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSESELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFDAAAMINTERNATIONALVIENNA1471CRISTINAPOPA/PROCEDIAENGINEERING6920141469–14742PLANTWIDECONTROLOVERVIEWTHEAPPROACHINTOAHIERARCHICALMANNEROFTHECONTROLACTIVITIESASSOCIATEDTOACHEMICALPLANTISKNOWNINSPECIALIZEDLITERATUREASPLANWIDECONTROLPRACTICALLY,THISAPPROACHISADESIGNMETHODFORCONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONSTRUCTURALDECISIONSANDCONSISTSINFOURMAJORSTEPS,ASFOLLOWS1ASPECIFYTHEHIERARCHICALCONTROLSYSTEMDESIGNOBJECTIVES,IMPLYINGA1THEPLANTPRODUCTIONANDCONTROLOBJECTIVEA2IDENTIFYPROCESSCONSTRAINTSTHATMUSTBESATISFIED,INCLUDINGSAFETY,ENVIRONMENTAL,ANDQUALITYRESTRICTIONSBTOPDOWNANALYSISWHICHCONSISTSB1IDENTIFYTHEPROCESSVARIABLES,CONTROLDEGREESOFFREEDOM,CONTROLSTRUCTUREANDOPTIONSFORDECOMPOSITIONB2ESTABLISH,INCONCEPTUALFORM,THEOVERALLCONTROLSTRUCTURECDEVELOPABOTTOM–UPDESIGN,WHICHSUPPOSESC1DEVELOPASTRATEGYFORAREGULATORCONTROLC2EXAMINETHEPOTENTIALOFAPPLYINGADVANCEDCONTROLSTRATEGIESC3EVALUATETHEECONOMICBENEFITSOFREALTIMEOPTIMIZATIONDVALIDATETHEPROPOSEDCONTROLSTRUCTURETHESESTEPAREBASEDONTHECOMBINEDTOPDOWN,ANDBOTTOM–UPAPPROACHESOF1AND2ANDTHEHIERARCHICALORGANIZATIONTHEPLANTWIDECONTROLSTRATEGYHASBEENSTUDIESBYDIFFERENTCHEMICALPROCESSCOMPLEXLIKEHDAPROCESS3,ETHYLBENZENEPROCESS4,VCMPLANT5,TENNESSEEASTMAN6,REACTORSEPARATORRECYCLESYSTEM7,ACETYLENEHYDROGENATIONPROCESS8ALLTHESESTUDIESHAVECONFIRMEDIMPROVEDOFTHEPERFORMANCESECONOMICFOREACHPLANT3APPLICATIONOFPLANTWIDECONTROLSTRATEGYTOTHECATALYTICCRACKINGPROCESSTHEHIERARCHICALCONTROLSTRUCTUREOBTAINEDBYAUTHORAFTERAPPLICATIONOFTHEPLANTWIDESTRATEGYISPRESENTEDINFIGURE2THECONTROLSTRUCTURECONTAINSTHREELEVELSTHECONVENTIONALCONTROLLEVELTHEADVANCEDCONTROLLEVELANDTHEOPTIMALCONTROLLEVELSTEPATHEOBJECTIVESOFTHECONTROLSYSTEMDESIGNEDSPECIFICTOCATALYTICCRACKINGPROCESSWEREPRESENTEDINTHEINTRODUCTIONPARTOFTHEPAPERTHECONSTRAINTSOFTHEPROCESSAREPRESENTEDINTABLE1TABLE1THECONSTRAINTOFTHEPROCESSVARIABLESSIGNIFICANCECONSTRAINTSTYPECONSTRAINTSTHELIMITTRRISEROUTPUTTEMPERATURETECHNOLOGICALMAXRRTT?570?CTREGREGENERATORTEMPERATURETECHNOLOGICALMAXREGREGTT?800?C3P?PRESSUREDROPBETWEENREACTORANDREGENERATORSAFETYMAXPP33???3BARHREGCATALYSTLEVELINREACTORTECHNOLOGICALMAXREGREGMINREGHHH??26MSTEPBTHESECONDSTEPSUPPOSESTHESELECTIONOFTHEPROCESSVARIABLESANDTHEMANIPULATEDVARIABLESASSIGNEDFOREACHHIERARCHICALLEVEL?THETHIRDLEVEL–THESPECIFICVARIABLEISTHEYIELDGASOLINEWHICHISSUBJECTEDTOMAXIMIZATIONANDMANIPULATEDVARIABLESIDENTIFIEDARETHERISEROUTLETTEMPERATURETRIANDREGENERATORTEMPERATURETREGITHESEVARIABLESARETHESETPOINTFORTHESECONDLEVELTHEPERTURBATIONSOFTHISLEVELARETHEFEEDSTOCKPROPERTIESANDCATALYSTPROPERTIES

簡介：2013IN№RNA“ONAJC。HFERENCE。玎PUBLICADMINISLRATI。NICPA9M．一一竺竺_●，____一一一THEPERSPECTIVEONTHECOMMUNITYVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONREGULATIONCHENGUOWEISCHOOLOFBASICEDUCATION，ZH枷IANGNORMALCOLLEGE，ZH孤JIANG，P．R．CHINA，524037TABSTRACTATPRESENT．CHINESESOCIETYISINTHEPERIODOFGREATSOCIALTRANSITION，TBJSPROCESSISACHALLENGETOTHETRADITIONALPUBLICADMINISTRATIONINCHINA．COMMUNITYCONSTRUCTIONISONEOFTHEWAYSOFTHEGOVERNMENTREFORILLS．MEANWHILE，COMMUNITYSELNICEISTHETHEMEOFCOMMUNITYCONSTRUCUON．INCOMMUNITYSERVICE,CULTIVATINGANDDEVELOPINGOFCOMMUNLTYVOLUNTEERSISANEFFECTIVEWAYTOPROMOTECOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT．COMMUNITYVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONCANSMOOTHTHEINTENSITYOFTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEGOVERNMENTANDTHESOCIETY,ANDCREATETHEMILDENVIRONMENTFORTHEGOVERNMENTREFORMS。HOWTOCULTIVATEANDREGULATECOMMUNITYVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONTHISPAPERBE／IEVESTHEREAREMANYPROBLEMS，BUTMAINLYINTHEFOLLOWINGTWOASPECTSFIRST，TOAVOIDASERIOUSTENDENCYOFTHEADMINISTRATIVEANDTHEPOLITICALPARTY,SECOND．ESTABLISHINGTHEINSTITUTIONALIZATIONOFVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONS，ANDSTANDARDIZINGTHEORGANIZATIONSASSOONASPOSSIBLE1KEYWORDSCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT，COMMUNITYVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONS，ADMINISTRATIVETENDENCY,INSTITUTIONALIZATION1INTRODUCTIONFROMESSENTIALASPECT．THEVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONISESTABLISHEDWITHSUCHCHARACTERISTICSASVOLUNTARY,DEDICATION．AIMINGATSOLVINGVARIOUSSOCIALPROBLEMSVOLUNTARILY,NOTASLEGALOBLIGATIOA，MEMBERSOFTHEORGANIZATIONOFTENTAKEUPSOMEACTIVITIESWHICHAREIMPROVINGSOCIALSERVICESANDPROMOTETHEPROGRESSOFSOCIETY,BUTNOTFORANYMATERIALREWARD．NAMELY．VOLUNTEERSERVINGACTIVITYISTHATVOLUNTEERSTOCONTRIBUTETHEIRTIMEANDEFFORTWITHAGOODHEART，NOTFORMATERIALREWARD,ANDINTHEIRSPARETIMETOHELPOTHERS，TOIMPROVETHECOMMUNITY，TOPROMOTESOCIALPROGRESS．ATPRESENT．A11THECOUNTRIESINTHEWORLDHAVEVOLUNTEERSERVICE．TAKINGACLOSELOOKATTHEIDEOLOGICAIORIGIN，WEMAYTRACEBACKATIEASTTOTHECHRISTIAN“UNIVERSAILOVE”TN骶STERN，THEVALUEOFHUMANISMINW色STEM，THECONFUCLAN“BENEVOLENCE”INTHEORIENT。BUDDHISMTHOUGHTSOFUNIVERSALLOVEANDSOON．INACCORDANCEWITHTHE“／IOLUNTEERTRAININGHANDBOOKFORGRASSROOTSCHINESEⅣGD，”INCHINA．VOLUNTEERSARETHOSEWITHTHESPIRITOFSACRIFICE，UNDERTAKINGFORSOCIAIRESPONSIBILITIESACTIVELYWITHOUTCONCEMFORTHECOMPENSABLEFACTOR．COMMUNITYVOLUNTARYSERVICEISABEHAVIORTHATTHEGOCIALORGANIZATIONSANDINDIVIDUALSUSETHEIROWNTIME．SKILLSANDOTHERRESOURCESTOOFFERHELPTOTHERESIDENTS，COMMUNITYCHARITIES，ANDPUBLICWELFAREUNDERTAKINGSINTHECOMMUNITY．BUTTHISWORDTIMEDOESNOTARRIVEATFORMALOURCOUNTRYUSAGE‘‘VOLUNTEER’IN30．THELONGSTANDINGPRACTICEOFVOLUNTEERISM．VOLUNTEERHASALONGHISTORY,ALOTOFTYPICALCHARACTERANDACHIEVEMENTEMERGED．COMMUNITYVOLUNTEERWORKOFMODEMSENSEISAPPEARINGINI988．INTHISYE她XIRTXINGSTREET，CHAOYANGLIRESIDENTIALCOMMITTEEOFHEPINGDISTRACTINTIANJINESTABLISHESVOLUNTEERTEAMTOSERVETHEPEOPLE，THISVOLUNTEERTEAMISCOMPOSEDOF13ACTIVISTSSPONTANEOUSLYORGANIZETHEMSELVESINTOAVOLUNTEERGROUPSERVINGTHEPEOPLE．FREEOFCHARGETOPROVIDESERVICESFORTHEELDERLY,SICKANDSPECIA【NEEDYHOUSEHOLDS．INTHEIRLEAD，THEREARE44VOLUNTEERSTOIOINTHEVOLUNTEERTEAMINTHISRESIDENTIALAREA、PROVIDEVOLUNTEERSERVICEHOURSTOMORETHAN2。000HOUSEHOLDSINTHEAREA、INMARCH1989。THESTREETESTABLISHESTHEFIRSTLEVEICOMMUNITYSERVICEVOLUNTEERSASSOCIATIONINHEPINGDISTRICT．INSOMEDEGREE，THEBIRTHOFTHISISTHECAUSEOFOURCOMMUNITYVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONS．THEREAFTER,UNDERADVOCACYANDORGANIZATIONOFTHERELATEDDEPARTMENTS。THEFORMOFEXPANDINGCOMMUNITYVOLUMEERSERVICEGETAPROMOTIONSOONINNATIONWIDESCOPE，MEANWHILE，THETEAMOFCOMMUNITYVOLUNTEERCONTINUESTOEXPAND．ACCORDINGTOSTATISTICSOFCHINESEASSOCIATIONOFSOCIALWORKERS，BY￡F，EENDOFEARLYDECEMBER2005。THEORGANIZATIONOFCOMMUNITYVOLUNTEERSINCHINAHAVEROORETHAN430，000。THETOTAIAMOUNTOFENROLLEDCOMMUNITYVOLUNTEERSHASREACHEDMORETHAN2，600TENTHOUSAND．ASEARLYASINTHE19“1CENTURY。INWESTSOMECOUNTRIESAPPEAREDNEIGHBORLYCOMMUNITYSERVICECENTERSUCHAS“TOYNBEEHALT”．“HULLBLOUSE”。WHICHEFFICIENTLYHELPSCOMMUNITYRESIDENTS．COMPAREDEDITED妙ZHUXIAONINGANDZHAOSHURONGPROMOTECOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT．INFACT，F(xiàn)ROMANOVERVIEWPERSPECTWEOTGOVERNANCE，THEROLEFUNCTIONOFVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONSCANREFLECTTHEMEANINGOFGOVERNANCE“GOVERNANCEREFERSTOTHEGOVERNMENT．BUTISNOTLIMITEDTOASETOFGOVERNMENTINSTITUTIONSANDPUBLICACTORS．’’?！?BUTCHINA’SCURRENTDEVELOPMENTSITUATION，VOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONS，VOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONREMAINSTOBESTRENGTHENED．ASZHOUJINZHANGISSUEDIN‘QIUSHI”犯0098THATVOLUNTEERSERVICEALSOHASMANYRESTRICTIONFACTORSI11OURCOUNTRY,THECOUNTRYSHOULDSPEEDUPTHELEGISLATION，TOPROVIDESYSTEMLCSPACEFORTHEVOLUNTARYSERVICE．3VOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSINTHEVIEWOFCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT3．1AVOIDADMINISTRATIVETENDENCYINVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSPARTICIPATINGINEOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTSINCECHINAPUTFORWARDTHE“BIGSOCIETY,SMALLGOVERNMENT’SOCIALMANAGEMENTPHILOSOPHY,CHINAHASBEENTRYINGTOBUILDARATIONAL．COMPREHENSIVESOCIALMANAGEMENTSYSTEM．ANDTHENATUREANDFUNCTIONOFNONGOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONSANDNONPROFITORGANIZATIONINPOLITICALSCIENCE，MANAGEMENTSCIENCEEXACTLYCALLPROVIDEABERERMANAGEMENTPHILOSOPHY．FROMVOLUNTARYNATURE，VOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSBELONGTOSUCHNONGOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONS，NONPROFITORGANIZMIONS．VOLUNTEERORGANIZATION‘．CANBEAFFECTEDBYGOVEMMENTSUPPORTANDGUIDANCE．BUTITEMPHASIZESDEMOCRATICPARTICIPATIONANDSELFMANAGEMEN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簡介：SKEWAWARETASKSCHEDULINGINCLOUDSDONGSHENGLI,YIXINGCHEN,RICHARDHUHAI§NATIONALLABFORPARALLELANDDISTRIBUTEDPROCESSING,SCHOOLOFCOMPUTER,NATIONALUNIVERSITYOFDEFENSETECHNOLOGY,CHINA§RAFFLESBUSINESSINSTITUTE,SINGAPOREDSLINUDTEDUCNABSTRACTDATASKEWISANIMPORTANTREASONFORTHEEMERGENCEOFSTRAGGLERSINMAPREDUCELIKECLOUDSYSTEMSINTHISPAPER,WEPROPOSEASKEWAWARETASKSCHEDULINGSATSMECHANISMFORITERATIVEAPPLICATIONSINMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMSTHEMECHANISMUTILIZESTHESIMILARITYOFDATADISTRIBUTIONINADJACENTITERATIONSOFITERATIVEAPPLICATIONSTOREDUCETHESTRAGGLEPROBLEMCAUSEDBYDATASKEWITCOLLECTSTHEDATADISTRIBUTIONINFORMATIONDURINGTHEEXECUTIONOFTASKSFORTHECURRENTITERATION,ANDUSESTHEINFORMATIONTOGUIDEDATAPARTITIONINGINTASKSFORTHENEXTITERATIONWEIMPLEMENTTHEMECHANISMINTHEHALOOPSYSTEMANDDEPLOYITINACLUSTEREXPERIMENTSSHOWTHATTHEPROPOSEDMECHANISMCOULDDEALWITHTHEDATASKEWANDIMPROVETHELOADBALANCINGEFFECTIVELYKEYWORDSDATASKEWTASKSCHEDULINGCLOUDLOADBALANCINGIINTRODUCTIONCLOUDCOMPUTINGHASBECOMEAPROMISINGTECHNOLOGYINRECENTYEARS,ANDMAPREDUCEISONEOFTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULREALIZATIONSOFLARGESCALEDATAINTENSIVECLOUDCOMPUTINGPLATFORMS13MAPREDUCEUSESASIMPLEDATAPARALLELPROGRAMMINGMODELWITHTWOBASICOPERATIONS,IE,THEMAPANDREDUCEOPERATIONSUSERSCANCUSTOMIZETHEMAPFUNCTIONANDREDUCEFUNCTIONACCORDINGTOTHEAPPLICATIONREQUIREMENTSEACHMAPTASKTAKESONEPIECEOFTHEINPUTDATAANDGENERATESASETOFINTERMEDIATEKEY/VALUEPAIRSUSINGTHEMAPFUNCTION,WHICHARESHUFFLEDTOTHEREDUCETASKSWORKINGWITHTHEREDUCEFUNCTIONTHISPROGRAMMINGMODELISSIMPLEBUTROBUST,ANDMANYLARGESCALEDATAPROCESSINGAPPLICATIONSCANBEEXPRESSEDBYTHEMODELTHEMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMSCANAUTOMATICALLYSCHEDULEMULTIPLEMAPAND/ORREDUCETASKSOVERDISTRIBUTEDMACHINESINTHECLOUDSASTHESYNCHRONIZATIONSTEPONLYEXISTSBETWEENTHEMAPPHASEANDTHEREDUCEPHASE,TASKSEXECUTINGINTHESAMEPHASEHAVEHIGHPARALLELISM,ANDTHUSTHECONCURRENCYANDTHESCALABILITYOFTHESYSTEMCOULDBEHIGHLYENHANCEDHADOOP4ANDITSVARIANTSEG,HALOOP5ANDHADOOP6ARETYPICALMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMSSINCETHEREISASYNCHRONIZATIONSTEPBETWEENTHEMAPPHASEANDTHEREDUCEPHASEINMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMS,ONESLOWTASKINEITHERPHASEMAYSLOWDOWNTHEEXECUTIONOFTHEWHOLEJOBSUCHASLOWTASKINTHEMAPORREDUCEPHASEISCALLEDASTRAGGLERWHENSTRAGGLERSCOMEOUT,THEEXECUTIONTIMEOFTHEWHOLEJOBWILLINCREASE,ANDTHERESOURCEUSAGEWILLBEREDUCEDRECENTLY,STUDIES78SHOWTHATDATASKEWINTHEMAPORREDUCEPHASEHASBECOMEONEOFTHEMAINREASONSFORSTRAGGLERSINMANYSCIENTIFICCOMPUTINGANDDATAANALYSISAPPLICATIONS,DATASKEWOFTHEINPUTDATAORINTERMEDIATEDATACOULDCAUSESEVERELOADUNBALANCINGPROBLEMFOREXAMPLE,PAGERANK9FORLARGESCALESEARCHENGINEERINGISATYPICALAPPLICATIONEXECUTEDINMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMSTHEPAGERANKAPPLICATIONPERFORMSALINKANALYSISTHATASSIGNSWEIGHTSRANKSTOEACHVERTEX/WEBPAGEINTHEWEBPAGELINKGRAPHBYITERATIVELYAGGREGATINGTHEWEIGHTSOFITSINBOUNDNEIGHBORSSTUDIES7,8,18HAVESHOWNTHATTHEDEGREESOFWEBPAGELINKGRAPHSAREMUCHSKEWEDANDSOMEVERTEXESAREWITHALARGEDEGREEOFINCOMINGEDGESSINCETHEMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMS4USETHERANDOMHASHALGORITHMTOPARTITIONTHEINTERMEDIATEDATATOREDUCERNODES,THENODESTHATARERESPONSIBLEFORTHETASKSOFCOMPUTINGTHEWEIGHTOFHIGHDEGREEVERTEXESMIGHTTAKEMORETIMETOFINISHTHEIRTASK,ANDTHUSBECOMETHESTRAGGLESOFTHESYSTEMANDTHESTRAGGLEPROBLEMCAUSEDBYDATASKEWHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTRESEARCHTOPICINMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMSRECENTLYINTHISPAPER,WEPROPOSEASKEWAWARETASKSCHEDULINGSATSMECHANISMFORMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMSTHESATSMECHANISMISBASEDONTHEOBSERVATIONTHATMANYAPPLICATIONSINMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMSAREITERATIVECOMPUTATIONS5,SUCHASTHEPAGERANK9,MACHINELEARNINGAPPLICATIONS,RECURSIVERELATIONALQUERIESANDSOCIALNETWORKANALYSISINITERATIVEAPPLICATIONS,DATAAREPROCESSEDITERATIVELYUNTILTHECOMPUTATIONSATISFIESACONVERGENCEORSTOPPINGCONDITION,ANDEACHITERATIONINTHECOMPUTATIONCOULDBEONEORMULTIPLEMAPREDUCEJOBSTHEREMIGHTBESIMILARITYBETWEENTHEDATAINTWOADJACENTITERATIONS,ANDTHEDATADISTRIBUTIONINTHEJOBSOFADJACENTITERATIONSMIGHTBESIMILARIFTHEDATADISTRIBUTIONCOULDBEACQUIREDBEFORETHEEXECUTIONOFAMAPREDUCEJOB,WEMIGHTPARTITIONTHEDATAPROPERLYONTONODESINTHESYSTEMTOIMPROVETHELOADBALANCINGBASEDONTHEIDEA,THESATSMECHANISMISDESIGNEDTOUTILIZETHESIMILARITYOFDATADISTRIBUTIONINADJACENTITERATIONSTOREDUCETHESTRAGGLEPROBLEMCAUSEDBYDATASKEWITCOLLECTSTHEDATADISTRIBUTIONINFORMATIONDURINGTHETASKEXECUTIONINTHECURRENTITERATION,ANDUSESTHEINFORMATIONTOGUIDETHEDATAPARTITIONINTHENEXTITERATIONASDATASKEWISOFTENHAPPENEDINTHEREDUCEPHASEOFTHEMAPREDUCEJOBS,THESATSMECHANISMFOCUSONTHESTRAGGLERPROBLEMINTHEREDUCEPHASEOFTHEMAPREDUCEJOBSTHEMAINCONTRIBUTIONOFTHISPAPERISSHOWNASBELOWFIRSTLY,WEDESIGNASKEWAWARETASKSCHEDULINGMECHANISM,CALLEDSATS,TODEALWITHTHESTRAGGLEPROBLEMCAUSEDBYDATASKEWINITERATIVEAPPLICATIONSINMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMSSECONDLY,WEIMPLEMENTTHESATSMECHANISMANDBUILDAPROTOTYPEBASEDONHALOOP5,ANOPENSOURCEMAPREDUCELIKESYSTEMFINALLY,WEPERFORMCOMPENSATIVEEXPERIMENTSTOEVALUATETHESATSMECHANISM,ANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATSATSCANIMPROVETHELOADBALANCINGEFFECTIVELY2013IEEESEVENTHINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONSERVICEORIENTEDSYSTEMENGINEERING9780769549446/122600?2012IEEEDOI101109/SOSE2013643412013IEEESEVENTHINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONSERVICEORIENTEDSYSTEMENGINEERING9780769549446/122600?2012IEEEDOI101109/SOSE201364341INFOR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簡介：中文中文3760字外文翻譯題目目缺鈣對抗氧化系統(tǒng)的影響缺鈣對抗氧化系統(tǒng)的影響沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文外文翻譯1原文出處MICHAELASCHMITZEIBERGER,ROLANDHAEFS,GEORGNOGACALCIUMDEFICIENCY–INFLUENCEONTHEANTIOXIDATIVEDEFENSESYSTEMINTOMATOPLANTSDEPARTMENTOFHORTICULTURE,UNIVERSITYOFBONN,AUFDEMHüGEL6,53121BONN,GERMANYRECEIVEDJUNE26,2001ACCEPTEDJANUARY25,2002缺鈣對番茄抗氧化系統(tǒng)的影響缺鈣對番茄抗氧化系統(tǒng)的影響總結(jié)總結(jié)本實驗針對缺鈣對番茄葉片的抗氧化系統(tǒng)的的影響進行了研究。試驗采用無土栽培技術(shù)，營養(yǎng)液中的鈣含量從29MMOL/L降低到029MMOL/L。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在6個星期內(nèi)果實和葉片出現(xiàn)明顯的缺鈣癥狀。葉綠素熒光參數(shù)，例如FM和FV/FM，葉綠素和生育酚的含量降到低于控制水平，超氧化物歧化酶活性降低。此外，丙二醛作為脂質(zhì)過氧化作用的降解產(chǎn)物在缺鈣的葉片中增加了。每周噴施CACL2溶液減少了約50臍腐病的發(fā)生。此外，葉綠素熒光參數(shù)FM和FV/FM值以及葉綠素和生育酚的含量比缺鈣處理組所受的影響小。丙二醛生成速率無顯著差異。SOD活性在CA2處理過的葉子中較高，而PO活性在缺鈣葉片中較低。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞活性氧；抗氧化劑；鈣缺乏；酶；EGTA萃取鈣；番茄LYCOPERSICUM；過氧化物酶；超氧化物歧化酶；水萃取鈣縮寫縮寫ASA抗壞血酸；ADJ佐劑；DHA脫氫抗壞血酸；DRWT干（重量）；FRWT鮮重；MDA丙二醛。PO過氧化物酶；RWC相對水含量；SOD超氧化物歧化酶；巴比妥2硫代巴比妥酸反應(yīng)物質(zhì)引言引言已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)鈣可以參與植物逆境環(huán)境（BUSH1995,WEBBETAL1996,BRAAMETAL1996）的各種反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)。在各種脅迫下植物細胞的游離鈣水平通常增加，如風(fēng)脅迫或冷熱脅迫（KNIGHTETAL1991,1992,1996,MARSCHNER1993）。熱應(yīng)激使番茄果實增加了約2倍的鈣含量（GARBACZEWSKAETAL1998）。這些增長被認為是一個自適應(yīng)信號以激活某些生化事件，提高植物適應(yīng)環(huán)境能力MONROYETAL1993,MONROYANDDHINDSA1995,BRAAMETAL1996。CA2的受體蛋白鈣調(diào)蛋白和其他蛋白質(zhì)也被發(fā)現(xiàn)能參與環(huán)境應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)BRAAMETAL1996。鈣離子在膜穩(wěn)定和酶的合成的調(diào)節(jié)中起著舉足輕重的作用，例如蛋白激酶或磷酸酶。而氧化過程擾動這些進程，導(dǎo)致了細胞和膜降解。另一方面，它已被證明，外源性應(yīng)用的鈣離子可以改善植物在環(huán)境脅迫下的生長。此外，鈣以果膠酸鈣的形式提高了細胞壁和植物組織的穩(wěn)定性。果膠酸鹽降解受多聚半乳糖

簡介：可逆熱固性原位膠凝流變特性的解決方案與甲基纖可逆熱固性原位膠凝流變特性的解決方案與甲基纖維素聚乙二醇檸檬酸三元系統(tǒng)維素聚乙二醇檸檬酸三元系統(tǒng)MASANOBUTAKEUCHISHINJIKAGEYAMAHIDEKAZUSUZUKITAKAHIRO著，譯摘要可逆性溶膠凝膠溫度的轉(zhuǎn)變受到甲基纖維素MC、聚乙二醇PEG、檸檬酸SC三元體系的影響，通過流變學(xué)測量得出原位凝膠體系的性能。當PEG（4000）的濃度在0到10范圍內(nèi)變化，MC（25）和SC濃度分別保持在15和35時，隨著PEG濃度的增加，可逆性溶膠轉(zhuǎn)變溫度從38°C降低至26°C，然而，溫度降低的程度不受PEG分子量的影響，隨著MC濃度的增加可逆溶膠凝膠的溫度降低，同時隨著PH值的降低可逆溶膠凝膠的溫度升高，在流變特性的比較方面，目前原位膠凝的設(shè)置解決方案和常規(guī)相比，如結(jié)冷膠溶液或泊洛沙姆407,顯示目前的解決方案從根本上有別于傳統(tǒng)的解決方案，這些研究結(jié)果表明，這項研究中的三元體系可作為在眼部傳遞灌輸系統(tǒng)的藥物。關(guān)鍵詞熱定形凝膠；溶膠凝膠轉(zhuǎn)變溫度；甲基纖維素聚乙二醇檸檬酸三元體系1前言前言本研究提高了眼用溶液在吸收過程中利用度差的問題，例如，在溶液溶解時利用這個屬性而由此獲得的聚合物。通過在滴眼液中加入聚合物來延長持續(xù)時間，從而增加藥物在角膜前停留時間來改善結(jié)膜滲透性。聚合物的使用被認為是有效的，因為他們增加了藥物的效用，聚合物的使用也有其缺點，如由于溶液的粘度高會出現(xiàn)灌注困難和不適感。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種熱固性凝膠溶液在甲基纖維素聚乙二醇檸檬酸三元系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用，并開發(fā)了一種含馬來酸噻嗎洛爾，可以用來治療青光眼的眼用溶液，據(jù)報道，長效的眼用溶液的流量曲線觸變性在32°C，呈現(xiàn)出粘度隨溫度升高而明顯變化的特性。據(jù)報道，眼科溶液流變特性極大地影響角膜滯留時間和眼睛的感覺，我們考察了不同聚合物溶液的性質(zhì)，以前幾乎沒有從流變學(xué)的觀點來研究的先例。本研究的目的在于評估熱定形凝膠溶液流變性質(zhì)的影響。此外，從流變性方面與其他原位凝膠在眼科中應(yīng)用進行比較。2實驗材料實驗材料圖1溫度對熱定形凝膠溶液的表觀粘度的影響。聚乙二醇濃度0，2，4，6，8，10。表觀粘度測定用流變儀測定。甲基纖維素（SM25）和檸檬酸鈉二水合物的濃度分別恒定保持在15和35，而聚乙二醇（PEG4000）的濃度變化范圍在0到10圖2試管反演方法和流變儀測量法，圖中X和Y分別表示用試管倒置法測量的相轉(zhuǎn)變溫度和用流變儀測量的相轉(zhuǎn)變溫度，甲基纖維素SM25和檸檬酸鈉二水物濃度分別保持恒定在2和35，聚乙二醇（PEG4000）的濃度變化范圍在0到10之間。圖1和2分別顯示了溫度對熱定形凝膠溶液的表觀粘度的影響，試管反演方

簡介：1中文中文4385字TEMPERATURECONTROLUSINGAMICROCONTROLLERANINTERDISCIPLINARYUNDERGRADUATEENGINEERINGDESIGNPROJECTJAMESSMCDONALDDEPARTMENTOFENGINEERINGSCIENCETRINITYUNIVERSITYSANANTONIO,TX78212譯自HTTP//IEEEXPLOREIEEEORG/XPL/LOGINJSPTPARNUMBER632763單片機溫度控制一個跨學(xué)科的本科生工程設(shè)計項目JAMESSMCDONALD工程科學(xué)系三一大學(xué)德克薩斯州圣安東尼奧市782123方案，而且討論了這種類型的跨學(xué)科設(shè)計項目在教學(xué)方面應(yīng)用的問題。這份學(xué)生報告曾經(jīng)在1997年全國本科畢業(yè)生研討會上提出過并討論過。第2節(jié)給出該設(shè)計的更多詳細情況，包括性能規(guī)格。第3節(jié)具體學(xué)生的設(shè)計。第4節(jié)是論文的主體，討論該設(shè)計在教學(xué)應(yīng)用方面的實施問題。最后，第5節(jié)全文總結(jié)。2問題闡述問題闡述該項目基本的思想是設(shè)計一個自定義溫度控制系統(tǒng)來取代相關(guān)的歐米茄CN390溫度控制器。溫度時通常保持在一個穩(wěn)定的常數(shù)，但重要的是階躍變化可以被“合理”的跟蹤。因此主要要求如下可以對空氣室的溫度進行設(shè)定，同時顯示設(shè)定值和實際溫度，以及在設(shè)定溫度值情況下，可接受范圍內(nèi)的跟蹤階躍變化，穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差，超調(diào)量。表1精確的規(guī)格說明設(shè)定溫度接口設(shè)定溫度顯示室內(nèi)溫度顯示范圍精度準確度60991°C±1°C室內(nèi)溫度階梯響應(yīng)范圍（穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)）精度（穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)）最大超調(diào)設(shè)定時間（到±1°）6099±1°C1°C120S盡管表1部分說明并不明確，但是它清楚的反映了人們對數(shù)字顯示器在設(shè)定值和實際溫度的要求和溫度應(yīng)該通過數(shù)值輸入來設(shè)定（而不是，通過電位器設(shè)置）。

簡介：中文中文3400字,2300單詞，單詞，12萬英文字符萬英文字符出處出處WELLEMT,SETIAWANBAMICROCONTROLLERBASEDROOMTEMPERATUREMONITORINGSYSTEMJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONS,2012,531710畢業(yè)設(shè)計畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文論文外文資料翻譯外文資料翻譯學(xué)院專業(yè)班級學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師外文出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONS,2012,531710附件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文還有服務(wù)器里的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。雖然，一個能提醒管理員服務(wù)器的溫度的系統(tǒng)是非常有用的。這篇論文將向我們展示和實現(xiàn)一個基于單片機的溫度監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。我們使用AT8535單片機和LM35溫度傳感器作為主要的系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成。LCD顯示屏用來顯示溫度，蜂鳴器用來報警。為了能及時提醒管理員，系統(tǒng)配備GSM模塊來實時發(fā)送報警信息以防溫度過高。論文剩下的部分就是關(guān)于系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，在第二節(jié)，我們將講述下單片機的背景。尤其是AT8535單片機，當然還包括LM35溫度傳感器。設(shè)計和實行部分在第三節(jié)，第四節(jié)講述我們實驗的結(jié)果以及討論的過程，最后，第五節(jié)作為總結(jié)。2背景微控制器可以被視為一個單片機特例目的計算機用于執(zhí)行一個特定的應(yīng)用程序。在通用計算機中,微控制器由內(nèi)存隨機存儲器、只讀存儲器、FLASH,I/O設(shè)備和核心處理器。然而在微控制器,核心處理器不像一般功能電腦一樣快，內(nèi)存也比較小。單片機已廣泛應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng),比如家電、汽車、和玩具。在市場上有幾種單片機產(chǎn)品,例如,英特爾的MCS518051,PIC芯片,愛特梅爾公司高級RISC體系結(jié)構(gòu)AVR。在這一節(jié)中，我們討論ATMELATMEGA8535LM35溫度傳感器。21ATMELATMEGA8535ATMEGA8535是一個8位AVR單片機。16兆赫AVR處理器,8KBFLASH,512字節(jié)EEPM,512字節(jié)的內(nèi)部存儲器。另一片上外設(shè)包括兩個8位定時器/計數(shù)器,一個16位定時器/計數(shù)器,8路10位模擬數(shù)字ADC和32個可編程I/O線,PORTD,每個端口都有8行。此單片機在可用40PINPDIP,44PINTQFP/MLF和44PINPLCC。ATMEGA8535單片機的細節(jié)在1中描述。22LM35溫度傳感器LM35溫度傳感器,其輸出電壓是線性的，與攝氏溫度成正比。這個傳感器線性輸出和低輸出阻抗方便連接讀出電路2。VS、接地和輸出電壓對傳感器進行定義。當作為一個基本的溫度傳感器2°C到150°C，1°C溫度的任何變化都將被轉(zhuǎn)換成10MV或輸出電壓電壓輸出，相當于0MV10MV/°C。3準備工作朱和白提供了一種基于AT89C51單片機監(jiān)控電力傳輸系統(tǒng)中電纜線接口溫

簡介：中文中文3150字出處出處KHUNTAWEETEPNJS,SOMKUARNPANITSBYTECODEINTERPRETERFOR8051MICROCONTROLLERC//PROCEEDINGSOFTHEINTERNATIONALMULTICONFERENCEOFENGINEERSANDCOMPUTERSCIENTISTS2010,28051微控制器的字節(jié)碼解釋器NJEENJUNSKHUNTAWEETEPANDSSOMKUARNPANIT摘要本文提出了8051單片機設(shè)計的字節(jié)碼解釋器?；贘AVA語言“編寫一次，隨處運行”我們開發(fā)了一個程序，它可以用來操作另一個系統(tǒng)自編程接口從而代替真正的系統(tǒng)。這里有兩個項目提供的指令集。第一個命令如IF和ELSE。第二個命令是I2C等外圍接口RS232接口、并行端口、計時器和LCD接口。翻譯由C語言開發(fā)，其結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，可以很容易開發(fā)和修改代碼。從結(jié)果中可以看出條件命令和沒有條件命令都可以正確執(zhí)行。關(guān)鍵詞字節(jié)碼，翻譯，字節(jié)碼一引言要使用微控制器，用戶必須了解其架構(gòu)和語言。每個家庭的微控制器都有它自己的體系結(jié)構(gòu)和指令集。例如PIC家庭是RISC和8051是CISC。當用戶想要使微控制器的變化來支持新的微控制器，可幫助其他用戶開發(fā)新的方案。它是廢時間，因為用戶必須學(xué)習(xí)新的微控制器的架構(gòu)和指令集，以及解釋另一種方式的微控制器要解決的問題。當用戶想要改變新微控制器，用戶只安裝解釋新微控制器，但不寫新的程序。例如，對于字節(jié)代碼的JAVA語言，JAVA作為由SUNMICROSYSTEMS引入，在1994年已經(jīng)傳遍了整個計算機行業(yè)，并已傳遞到所有域。不過JAVA是提供“一次編寫，運行無處不在“的軟件。在圖1中，程序員編寫的JAVA項目。JAVA編譯器將編譯JAVA程序的JAVA字節(jié)碼。使用JAVA程序，用戶需要安裝JAVA虛擬機操作目標系統(tǒng)。如果用戶要改變到新的操作系統(tǒng)，用戶只需安裝JAVA虛擬機和JAVA程序就可以正常運行。這種情況下的JAVA虛擬機就是JAVA系統(tǒng)解釋器。世界上人們最喜歡的玩具是樂高的頭腦風(fēng)暴。樂高積木解釋器中有H8微控制器。用戶接口是基于圖形塊。這很容易為初學(xué)者即使孩子們，都可以來開發(fā)自己的應(yīng)用。為了解釋的其他例子，由麻省理工學(xué)院METACRICKET開發(fā)的，GOGO電路板，通過BASICSTAMP視差，PICOJAVAⅠ和PICOJAVAⅡ，由SUN微系統(tǒng)的嵌入式JAVA虛擬機和字節(jié)代碼固件設(shè)計組在圖5系統(tǒng)流程圖描述中MCU后復(fù)位后，解釋器從內(nèi)置閃存取出字節(jié)碼。條件1將被選中，不管它是正常的任務(wù)或任務(wù)的條件。如果是正常的任務(wù)，接下來的字節(jié)碼會被解碼為正常。如果不是，解釋器之前會去下一個命令，檢查情況。完成該操作之后，程序計數(shù)器（PC）將被提高到下一行地址。A數(shù)據(jù)堆棧解釋器被設(shè)計成具有16級數(shù)據(jù)棧。該優(yōu)勢數(shù)據(jù)棧是，存儲條件的結(jié)果指令值IF/ELSE和WAITUNITL并從結(jié)果算術(shù)命令。數(shù)據(jù)堆棧示例被描繪在圖6中。00,02,09,01,00,06,00,01,40,01,35,1C，0A00,02行程序地址?09SUM?01條件1（IF語句）?00沒有條件2?06數(shù)字IF語句的奴隸?00這是主線

簡介：中文中文2300字單中心分析應(yīng)用奧里根一次性套扎治療痔瘡單中心分析應(yīng)用奧里根一次性套扎治療痔瘡摘要背景摘要背景在西方世界痔瘡是最常見的肛腸疾病，也是活動性、復(fù)發(fā)性、慢性直腸出血的主要因素。已經(jīng)有很多方法被提議及嘗試來用于早期痔瘡的治療。大體來說橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）是安全和有效地。目的目的用于評估在有癥狀的患有痔瘡的門診患者中，運用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療的有效性及并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果結(jié)果接受奧里根一次性套扎治療痔瘡的60個連續(xù)患者，一臺手術(shù)平均需要的時間是62分鐘，最長的是10分鐘。未提及有主要的并發(fā)癥。顯示有10的患者出現(xiàn)少量的早期出血，67的患者出現(xiàn)少量的晚期出血，但沒有一個是嚴重的。67的患者出現(xiàn)疼痛但不嚴重。在所有的病例中，觀察到在臨床上和內(nèi)窺鏡下都得到改善，而且發(fā)現(xiàn)各個年齡層次的患者，包括老年人，都可以耐受整個過程。結(jié)論結(jié)論運用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療有癥狀的患有痔瘡的門診患者，有著良好的反應(yīng)及低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。我們推薦這項技術(shù)作為一個安全、可靠的治療方法。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞痔，奧里根一次性套扎，橡膠帶結(jié)扎介紹介紹在西方世界，痔瘡是最常見的肛管直腸疾病。已經(jīng)提議及嘗試過很多治療方法，普遍認為橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法是安全和有效地。手術(shù)方法適用于3到4期的內(nèi)痔患者，混合痔或處于抗凝血狀態(tài)的患者不適用于橡膠帶結(jié)扎法。理想的治療方法是容易上手，花費實在，有滿意的結(jié)果及少有并發(fā)癥。橡膠帶套扎法被認為是治療1到3期內(nèi)痔患者的首選方法。材料和方法材料和方法在2005年9月到2006年3月期間，運用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療的60名連續(xù)的患者（包括32名男性，28名女性）。所有患者為1到4期的內(nèi)痔患者（根據(jù)內(nèi)痔4期分類的戈利格分類系統(tǒng)），所有患者都采用過保守治療后不愈。此研究計劃是經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準的，與每一個患者都簽署了知情同意。本研究排除了患有相關(guān)肛裂、腦和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)其他部位的良性腫瘤、患者傳染性的肛周疾病以及拒絕簽署知情同意的患者。所有患者術(shù)前都運用鹽水灌腸，以及肛管內(nèi)應(yīng)用局麻藥膏（2利多卡因凝膠，德國制造生產(chǎn)）做準備。一周內(nèi)發(fā)生的為早期并發(fā)癥。所有的橡膠帶結(jié)扎法都是在門診基礎(chǔ)上實行的。負荷裝置的前端先是完整地插入到直腸內(nèi)，然后與結(jié)扎血管的一側(cè)成銳角緩慢地退出，均在齒狀線上1CM以上操作。隨著活塞的撤離，組織被吸入到結(jié)扎器內(nèi)。評定疼痛通過采用當維持吸力時180°旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)扎器，如果這個手法引起不適，則結(jié)扎器被定在較高的位置。當180°旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)扎器數(shù)次，吸力應(yīng)至少維持30秒，使得組織在適當?shù)拇掏聪卤晃氲浇Y(jié)扎器內(nèi)。釋放壓圈器和吸引器，橡膠圈就撤離了。在這個方法中應(yīng)盡可能多地結(jié)扎內(nèi)痔。環(huán)形分布決定范圍，且將其分為5級0級沒有；1級1/4周長；2級周長的一半；3級3/4周長；4級整個周長。外形由最大的痔的直徑?jīng)Q定，分為4種尺寸0型沒有；1型直徑小于6MM；2型直徑大于6MM，小于12MM；3型直徑大于12MM。根據(jù)出血、脫出、疼痛的癥狀分為0到3級0級沒有；1級排便時偶爾出現(xiàn)；2級每次排便均有；3級與排便無關(guān)。在首次術(shù)后及反復(fù)進行內(nèi)鏡檢查評定內(nèi)痔的范圍和外形后觀察患者癥狀數(shù)周，來評價患者預(yù)后。首次術(shù)后3個月仍然根據(jù)癥狀評定患者，3個月反應(yīng)出的表現(xiàn)分為極好（無癥狀）；好（明確得到改善，但偶爾仍有癥狀）；不好（沒有得到改善，癥狀惡化）。結(jié)果在一次手術(shù)中平均置入19個橡膠圈，平均用時為62分鐘（范圍為310分鐘）在表I列出我們患者的特點如下總?cè)藬?shù)60（100）平均年齡536（7633）男女比例3228飲酒者占總數(shù)比4（67）吸煙者占總數(shù)比14（233）平均身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)229（17339）根據(jù)戈利格分類將痔進行分類1度6（10）；2度36（60）；3度266；4度2個（34）。沒有嚴重的并發(fā)癥，如大出血或盆腔膿腫發(fā)生。有6個患者（10，4個女性，2個男性）出現(xiàn)早期出血，但沒有一個嚴重到需要進行輸血或者住院治療。有4個患者（67，4男4女）出現(xiàn)疼痛，3個為輕度疼痛，其余為中度疼痛。有4個患者（67）在套扎后的第1012天發(fā)生出血，似乎是由于將大量的組織從蒂上分離導(dǎo)致的，這些出血都自行止住。有4例因反復(fù)出血需行第二次套扎治療，所有患者臨床癥狀都得到緩解。3個月后的復(fù)查反應(yīng)在1、2、3度內(nèi)痔患者中所有均表現(xiàn)為極好的，在4度患者中有2個表現(xiàn)為不好（無改善），需行手術(shù)治療。所有患者均觀察到在臨床和內(nèi)鏡檢查下都得到改善，且任何年齡階段的患者對此操作均能耐受。討論討論痔瘡在西方世界中是最常見的肛管直腸疾病，也是引起直腸出血的主要因素。針對早期痔瘡，已經(jīng)有很多治療方法被提及嘗試，普遍認為橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）是安全和有效地。一種能使肛墊恢復(fù)到原來的形狀及位置的方法，自然要優(yōu)于損傷組織、干擾自制機制的方法。由于13度內(nèi)痔引起癥狀的患者建議行非手術(shù)治療，橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法對于13度內(nèi)痔患者應(yīng)為首選的治療方法。此研究證實應(yīng)用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療的技術(shù)在人群中是快速、安全及有效的。平均一次操作的時間為62分鐘，最長為10分鐘。無嚴重的并發(fā)癥，在早期和晚期有出現(xiàn)輕微出血，但均不嚴重。67的患者感覺疼痛，但不嚴重。手術(shù)切除痔的患者中有1050會發(fā)生尿潴留，SCHWARTZ引證在行套扎術(shù)后有1的患者會出現(xiàn)尿潴留，盡管他評價在多點結(jié)扎后的患者中有多達1020的患者有尿潴留的體驗，在我們的研究組中沒有尿潴留和膿腫發(fā)生。有一個最近的研究報告指出橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）適用于治療2度內(nèi)痔，而對于3度內(nèi)痔及RBL術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的患者仍應(yīng)行手術(shù)切除痔。另一報道指出橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）能適用于任何分度的內(nèi)痔且有相似的有效性。在我們的研究中，除了4度內(nèi)痔患者，所有患者在3個月的隨訪中均表示滿意。總體來說，運用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療有癥狀的患有痔瘡的門診患者，有著良好的反應(yīng)及低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。我們推薦這項技術(shù)作為一個安全、可靠的治療方法。

簡介：HIGHPERFORMANCEAUTOMOTIVEENGINECONTROLINENGINETESTERMICHITAKAHORIMEMBERIEEEMASAHIKOSUZUKIMEMBERIEEJMASAKATSUNOMURAWEMBERIEEEMASAYUKITERASHIMAMEMBERIEEEMEIDENSHACORPORATION117,OHSAKIZCHOMESHINAGAWAKU,TOKYO141,JAPANFAX8135487159SEMAILMHORIOHSAKIMEIDENSHACOJPABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSANOVELDECOUPLINGCONTROLMETHODONTHEENGINETORQUECONTROLFORTHEAUTOMOTIVEENGINETESTERTHEENGINETESTERISMAINLYCOMPOSEDOFADYNAMOMETERCONTROLSYSTEMANDANENGINECONTROLSYSTEMTHECONVENTIONALENGINETESTERHASTHEPROBLEMTHATTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMISDETERIORATEDBYTHEINFLUENCESOFTHEINTERFERENCEBETWEENTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMANDTHEENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMTHEAUTHORSPROPOSEDTHEPRACTICALENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONANOBSERVERANDANIDENTIFICATIONSYSTEMTOELIMINATETHEINFERENCEOFDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMTHEEFFECTOFOBSERVERSPARAMETERSERRORONTHEENGINETORQUEESTIMATIONRESPONSEWASANALYZEDACCORDINGTOTHERESULTOFTHISANALYSIS,APRACTICALMETHODISPROPOSEDTOIDENTIFYTHEENGINEINERTIAMOMENTANDTHESHAFTSPRINGCOEFFICIENTTHATAREPARAMETERSOFTHEOBSERVERTHEAUTHORSCONFIRMEDTHATTHEPROPOSEDDECOUPLINGENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMREALIZEDAROBUSTCONTROLSYSTEMFROMTHEINTERFERENCEWITHTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMTHROUGHSIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTSIINTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPROBLEMSINTHEWORLD,ANDTHEEXHAUSTGASFROMAUTOMOBILESISALSOSTRICTLYREGULATEDBYLAWUNDERSUCHCIRCUMSTANCES,THEPERFORMANCEOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINESISIMPROVINGYEARBYYEAR,ANDENGINETESTERS,WHICHAREUSEDTOMEASUREENGINECHARACTERISTICS,AREREQUIREDTOHAVEHIGHCONTROLABILITYHOWEVER,INTHECONVENTIONALTORQUECONTROLOFENGINES,DYNAMOMETERTORQUEORSHAFTTORQUEISAPPLIEDASAFEEDBACKVARIABLEINSTEADOFENGINETORQUEBECAUSETHEENGINETORQUECANNOTBEDETECTEDDIRECTLYBECAUSEOFITSSTRUCTUREASARESULT,THEREISACOUPLINGBETWEENTORQUECONTROLANDSPEEDCONTROLFORTHEREASONGIVENABOVE,ITHASBEENDIFFICULTTOATTAINHIGHCONTROLABILITYINTHECONVENTIONALSYSTEMSTHEAUTHORSHAVEPROPOSEDANAPPROACHTOELIMINATEANINTERFERENCECOMPONENTFROMTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEM,THROUGHESTIMATIONOFENGINETORQUEUSINGANOBSERVERANDIDENTIFICATIONSYSTEMTHEEFFECTOFOBSERVERSPARAMETERSERRORONTHETORQUEESTIMATIONRESPONSEWASANALYZEDACCORDINGTOTHERESULTOFTHISANALYSIS,APRACTICALMETHODISPROPOSEDTOIDENTIFYTHEENGINEINERTIAMOMENTANDTHESHAFTSPRINGCOEFFICIENTWHICHAREPARAMETERSOFTHEOBSERVERWECONFIRMEDTHATTHEPROPOSEDENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMREALIZEDAROBUSTCONTROLSYSTEMFROMTHEINTERFERENCEWITHTHEDYNAMOMETERCONTROLSYSTEMTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHISCONTROLSYSTEMHASBEENCONFIRMEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONSANDEXPERIMENTSAUTOMOTIVEENGINEDYNAMOMETERICALPOWERCONTROLPANELPOSITIONPOSITIONREFERENCEDSPA/DD/APOWERCONTROLLERNETET,1JESII,1NDJDSTLCDYNAMOMETERTORQUEFIG3BLOCKDIAGRAMOFTWOMASSMODELTWHERE,K12GEEISFORTHEESTIMATEDSTATEVECTORSVALUELISTHEGAINMATRIXOFTHEREDUCEDORDEROBSERVERWELOCATEDTHETRIPLEPOLESOFTHEOBSERVERATSWGRAD/SANDREFERTOTHEDYNAMICANDSTATICCHARACTERISTICSOFENGINETORQUEESTIMATEDBYTHEREDUCEDORDEROBSERVERPBEFFECTOFMODELINGERRORINENGINETORQUEESTIMATIONANALYSISWASCARRIEDOUTTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFAPARAMETERERRORINATWOMASSMODELSYSTEMUPONOBSERVERSESTIMATIONRESPONSEATRANSFERFUNCTIONFROMTHEENGINETORQUETOTHEESTIMATEDENGINETORQUEISDEFINEDTOEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFPARAMETERERRORONCONDITIONTHATTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCOMMANDISKEPTCONSTANTEQUATION5EXPRESSESTHEESTIMATEDTORQUEBYINDICATINGMODELPARAMETERSOFTWOMASSSYSTEMWITHJE,JD,K,L,L,L3,ASSUMINGTHETRUTHVALUESTOBEJE,JD,KK__WHERENMJEJDSJEKDPSJEIKSZKJSKKDSKKDTEREALENGINETORQUEKDP,KDIPARAMETESOFDYNAMOMETERESPEEDCONTROLLERTHEEFFECTOFPARAMETERERRORUPONTHEESTIMATIONRESPONSEISGIVENTHESECONDTERMINTHERIGHTSIDEOFEQUATION5ANEFFECTUPONTHEESTIMATIONRESPONSEWASINVESTIGATEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONS,WHENERRORSAREPRESENTEDINTRUTHVALUESANDMODELVALUESOFENGINEINERTIAMOMENTANDSHAFTSPRINGCOEFFICIENTFIG4AANDBSHOWTHESTEPRESPONSEOFESTIMATEDTORQUEFORREALENGINETORQUEWHENPARAMETERSM,MSHOWNTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENAMODELVALUEANDATRUTHVALUEWEREARBITRARILYCHANGEDFIG5AANDBSHOWFREQUENCYCHARACTERISTICOFEQUATION5TABLE2SHOWSVALUESOFPARAMETERSUSEDFORSIMULATIONSWHENTHETWOMASSSYSTEMMODELISIDENTICALWITHTHETRUTHVALUE,THERESPONSEOFESTIMATEDENGINETORQUEBECOMESATHREEORDERSYSTEM,HAVINGTRIPLEROOTSOFRESPONSEFREQUENCYWGITISALSOPOSSIBLETOCONFIRMTHATENGINEESTIMATIONISAFFECTEDBYRESPONSEINTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMORTWOMASSSYSTEM,WHENERRORSAREPRESENTEDINMODELPARAMETERSANDTRUTHVALUESACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSOFTHISANALYSIS,APRACTICALIDENTIFICATIONMETHODHASBEENPROPOSEDFORTHEENGINEINERTIAMOMENTANDTHESHAFTSPRINGCOEFFICIENTZ101210840604020005115TIMESECFIG4ASTEPRESPONSEOFESTIMATEDENGINETORQUEJEMJJEWHENAVALUEMJISCHANGED005115TIMESECFIG4HSTEPRESPONSEOFESTIMATEDENGINETORQUEKMKWHENAVALUEMISCHANGED1574

簡介：FABRICATIONOFPIEZOELECTRICCERAMLCLPOLYMERCOMPOSITESBYINJECTIONMOLDINGLESLIEJBOWENANDKENNETHWFRENCH,MATERIALSSYSTEMSINC53HILLCRESTROAD,CONCORD,MA01742ABSTRACTRESEARCHATTHEMATERIALSRESEARCHLABORATORY,PENNSYLVANIASTATEUNIVERSITYHASDEMONSTRATEDTHEPOTENTIALFORIMPROVINGHYDROPHONEPERFORMANCEUSINGPIEZOELECTRICCERAMIC/POLYMERCOMPOSITESASPARTOFANONRFUNDEDINITIATIVETODEVELOPCOSTEFFECTIVEMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYFORTHESECOMPOSITES,MATERIALSSYSTEMSISPURSUINGANINJECTIONMOLDINGCERAMICFABRICATIONAPPROACHTHISPAPERBRIEFLYOVERVIEWSKEYFEATURESOFTHECERAMICINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESS,THENDESCRIBESTHEAPPROACHANDMETHODOLOGYBEINGUSEDTOFABRICATEPZTCERAMIC/POLYMERCOMPOSITESPROPERTIESANDAPPLICATIONSOFINJECTIONMOLDEDPZTCERAMICSARECOMPAREDWITHCONVENTIONALLYPROCESSEDMATERIALINTRODUCTIONPIEZOELECTRICCERAMIC/POLYMERCOMPOSITESOFFERDESIGNVERSATILITYANDPERFORMANCEADVANTAGESOVERBOTHSINGLEPHASECERAMICANDPOLYMERPIEZOELECTRICMATERIALSINBOTHSENSINGANDACTUATINGAPPLICATIONSTHESECOMPOSITESHAVEFOUNDUSEINHIGHRESOLUTIONMEDICALULTRASOUNDASWELLASDEVELOPMENTALNAVYAPPLICATIONSMANYCOMPOSITECONFIGURATIONSHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTEDANDEVALUATEDONALABORATORYSCALEOVERTHEPASTTHIRTEENYEARSONEOFTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULCOMBINATIONS,DESIGNATED13COMPOSITEINNEWNHAM’SNOTATIONL1,HASAONEDIMENSIONALLYCONNECTEDCERAMICPHASEPZTFIBERSCONTAINEDWITHINATHREEDIMENSIONALLYCONNECTEDORGANICPOLYMERPHASEHYDROPHONEFIGURESOFMERITFORTHISCOMPOSITECANBEMADEOVER10,000TIMESGREATERTHANTHOSEOFSOLIDPZTCERAMICBYAPPROPRIATELYSELECTINGTHEPHASECHARACTERISTICSANDCOMPOSITESTRUCTURETHEPENNSTATECOMPOSITESWEREFABRICATEDLBYHANDALIGNINGEXTRUDEDPZTCERAMICRODSINAJIGANDENCAPSULATINGINEPOXYRESIN,FOLLOWEDBYSLICINGTOTHEAPPROPRIATETHICKNESSANDPOLINGTHECERAMICASIDEFROMDEMONSTRATINGTHEPERFORMANCEADVANTAGESOFTHISMATERIAL,THEPENNSTATEWORKHIGHLIGHTEDTHEDIFFICULTIESINVOLVEDINFABRICATING13COMPOSITESONALARGESCALE,OREVENFORPROTOTYPEPURPOSESTHESEARE11THEREQUIREMENTTOALIGNANDSUPPORTLARGENUMBERSOFPZTFIBERSDURINGENCAPSULATIONBYTHEPOLYMER2THEHIGHINCIDENCEOFDIELECTRICBREAKDOWNDURINGPOLINGARISINGFROMTHESIGNIFICANTPROBABILITYOFENCOUNTERINGONEORMOREDEFECTIVEFIBERSINATYPICALLARGEARRAYOVERTHEPASTFIVEYEARSSEVERALATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADETOSIMPLIFYTHEASSEMBLYPROCESSFOR13TRANSDUCERSWITHTHEINTENTIONOFIMPROVINGMANUFACTURINGVIABILITYANDLOWERINGTHEMATERIALCOSTEARLYATTEMPTSINVOLVEDDICINGSOLIDBLOCKSOFPZTCERAMICINTOTHEDESIREDCONFIGURATIONANDBACKFILLINGTHESPACESWITHAPOLYMERPHASETHISTECHNIQUEHASFOUNDWIDEACCEPTANCEINTHEMEDICALULTRASOUNDINDUSTRYFORMANUFACTURINGHIGHFREQUENCYTRANSDUCERS2MORERECENTLY,FIBERMATERIALSCORPHASDEMONSTRATEDTHEAPPLICABILITYOFITSWEAVINGTECHNOLOGYFORFIBERREINFORCEDCOMPOSITESTOTHEASSEMBLYOFPIEZOELECTRICCOMPOSITES31ANOTHEREXPLORATORYTECHNIQUEINVOLVESREPLICATINGPOROUSFABRICSHAVINGTHEAPPROPRIATECONNECTIVITY41FOREXTREMELYFINESCALECOMPOSITES,FIBERSHAVINGDIAMETERSINTHEORDEROF25TO100PNANDASPECTRATIOSINEXCESSOFFIVEAREREQUIREDTOMEETDEVICEPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVESASARESULT,THESEDIFFICULTIESARECOMPOUNDEDBYTHEADDITIONALCHALLENGEOFFORMINGANDHANDLINGEXTREMELYFINEFIBERSINLARGEQUANTITIESWITHOUTDEFECTSRECENTLY,RESEARCHERSATSIEMENSCORPHAVESHOWNTHATVERYFINESCALECOMPOSITESCANBEPRODUCEDBYAFUGITIVEMOLDTECHNIQUEHOWEVER,THISMETHODREQUIRESFABRICATINGANEWMOLDFOREVERYPART51THISPAPERDESCRIBESANEWAPPROACHTOPIEZOELECTRICCOMPOSITEFABRICATION,VIZCERAMICINJECTIONMOLDINGCERAMICINJECTIONMOLDINGISACOSTEFFECTIVEFABRICATIONAPPROACHFORBOTHNAVYPIEZOELECTRICCERAMIC/POLYMERCOMPOSITESANDFORTHEFABRICATIONOFULTRAFINESCALEPIEZOELECTRICCOMPOSITES,SUCHASTHOSEREQUIREDFORHIGHFREQUENCYMEDICALULTRASOUNDANDNONDESTRUCTIVEEVALUATIONTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSOVERCOMESTHEDIFFICULTYOFASSEMBLINGORIENTEDCERAMICFIBERSINTOCOMPOSITETRANSDUCERSBYNETSHAPEPREFORMINGCERAMICFIBERARRAYSASIDEFROMTHISADVANTAGE,THEPROCESSMAKESPOSSIBLETHECONSTRUCTIONOFCOMPOSITETRANSDUCERSHAVINGMORECOMPLEXCERAMICELEMENTGEOMETRIESTHANTHOSEPREVIOUSLYENVISIONED,LEADINGTOGREATERDESIGNFLEXIBILITYFORIMPROVEDACOUSTICIMPEDANCEMATCHINGANDLATERALMODECANCELLATIONPROCESSDESCRIOTIONINJECTIONMOLDINGISWIDELYUSEDINTHEPLASTICSINDUSTRYASAMEANSFORRAPIDMASSPRODUCTIONOFCOMPLEXSHAPESATLOWCOSTITSAPPLICATIONTOCERAMICSHASBEENMOSTSUCCESSFULFORSMALLCROSSSECTIONSHAPES,EGTHREADGUIDES,ANDLARGE,COMPLEXSHAPESWHICHDONOTREQUIRESINTERINGTOHIGHDENSITY,SUCHASTURBINEBLADECASTINGINSERTSMORERECENTLY,THEPROCESSHASBEENINVESTIGATEDASAPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYFORHEATENGINETURBINECOMPONENTS6,71THEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSUSEDFORPZTMOLDINGISSHOWNSCHEMATICALLYINFIGURE1BYINJECTINGAHOTTHERMOPLASTICMIXTUREOFCERAMICPOWDERANDORGANICBINDERINTOACOOLEDMOLD,COMPLEXSHAPESCANBEFORMEDWITHTHEEASEANDRAPIDITYNORMALLYASSOCIATEDWITHPLASTICSMOLDINGPRECAUTIONS,SUCHASHARDFACINGTHEMETALCONTACTSURFACES,AREIMPORTANTTOMINIMIZEMETALLICCONTAMINATIONFROMTHECOMPOUNDINGANDMOLDINGMACHINERYFORCERAMICS,THEBINDERMUSTBEREMOVEDNONDESTRUCTIVELY,NECESSITATINGHIGHSOLIDSLOADING,CAREFULCONTROLOFTHEBINDERREMOVALFIGURE3SHOWSGREENCERAMICPREFORMSFABRICATEDUSINGTHISTOOLCONFIGURATIONNOTETHATALLOFTHEPZTELEMENTSEJECTEDINTACTAFTERMOLDING,INCLUDINGTHOSEHAVINGNOLONGITUDINALTAPERINGTOFACILITATEEJECTIONSLOWHEATINGINAIRHASBEENFOUNDTOBEASUITABLEMETH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