簡介：3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHSPREPAREDBYULTRASONICIRRADIATIONNATTAPORNTONANONA,,ADISAKSIYASUKHA,YUNYONGWAREENINA,TAWATCHAICHARINPANITKULA,WIWUTTANTHAPANICHAKOONB,HIROTOMONISHIHARAC,SHINRMUKAIC,HAJIMETAMONCADEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,CHULALONGKORNUNIVERSITY,BANGKOK10330,THAILANDBNATIONALNANOTECHNOLOGYCENTER,111THAILANDSCIENCEPARK,KLONGLUANG,PATHUMTHANI12120,THAILANDCDEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,GRADUATESCHOOLOFENGINEERING,KYOTOUNIVERSITY,KATSURA,KYOTO6158510,JAPANRECEIVED4FEBRUARY2005ACCEPTED26MAY2005AVAILABLEONLINE11JULY2005ABSTRACTANEWMETHODINPREPARATIONOF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHHASBEENINTRODUCEDULTRASONICIRRADIATIONULTRASONICINTENSITY78W/CM2ANDLOWCATALYSTCONCENTRATIONC/W10MOL/M3OFRFSOLUTIONAREUSEDASANINTERESTINGANDUNIQUEPREPARATIONMETHODFOR3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSSONOGELGELIRRADIATEDBYULTRASOUNDATGELATIONSTAGEAND/OR3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHWITHOUTUSINGTEMPLATES?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSPOROUSCARBONPYROLYSISADSORPTIONSCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPYPOROSITYMACROPOROUSMONOLITHISANINTERESTINGSTRUCTURETHATHASINTERCONNECTEDSKELETONSINASINGLECOLUMN,ANDTHISUNIQUESTRUCTUREALLOWSFLOWPATHSTHROUGHPORESTHROUGHTHEMONOLITHICCOLUMNS1,2CARBONMONOLITHHASHIGHPOTENTIALTOBEGOODCANDIDATESFORAPPLICATIONSSUCHASCOLUMNSFORCHROMATOGRAPHY,CATALYSTSUPPORTS,ADSORBENTSANDPOROUSELECTRODESUNDERCONTINUOUSFLOWCONDITIONSMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHSAREMOSTLYPREPAREDBYUSINGCARBONPRECURSORSANDMACROSCOPICSHAPETEMPLATES3–7INGENERAL,MACROSCOPICSHAPETEMPLATESAREINTERCONNECTEDSKELETONSUCHASSILICATEMPLATE,ZEOLITE,STABLEEMULSIONS,POLYMERLATEXANDTHEINTERSTITIALVOLUMEOFOTHERPOROUSSTRUCTURESCARBONPRECURSORSAREPOLYMERICMATERIALSORPRECURSOROFPOLYMERICMATERIALSSUCHASSUCROSE,SOMETHERMOPLASTICS,PHENOLICRESIN,COPOLYMERIZATIONOFRESORCINOLFEIICOMPLEX2ANDOTHERTHERMOSETTINGSTHEREARESOMEREPORTSONMACROPOROUSCARBONAEROGELSPREPAREDBYUSINGMETALCATALYST8ORACIDCATALYST9INTHISWORK,ANEWMETHODINPREPARATIONOF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHHASBEENINTRODUCEDINGENERAL,ULTRASONICIRRADIATIONHASOUTSTANDINGEFFECTSINMANYCHEMICALREACTIONSSUCHASINCREASINGREACTIONRATESANDYIELDSOFPRODUCTS,SHORTENINGREACTIONTIME,ALTERINGTHEREACTIONPATHANDMAKINGMILDERREACTIONCONDITIONSPOSSIBLE10,11ANINTERESTINGROLEOFULTRASONICIRRADIATIONONMESOPOROUSPROPERTIESOFRFCARBONGELWHENTHERATIOOFCATALYSTTOWATERC/WORPHISHIGHWASALSOREPORTED10TOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGE,THISSTUDYISTHEFIRSTTOREPORTONTHEWORKOFULTRASONICIRRADIATIONULTRASONICINTENSITY78W/CM2TOGETHERWITHLOWCATALYSTCONCENTRATIONC/W10MOL/M3OFRFSOLUTIONASANINTERESTINGCARBON4320052808–2811WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/CARBON00086223/SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCARBON200505026CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL6622186865FAX6622186877EMAILADDRESSNATTAPORNTCHULAACTHNTONANONSHRINKAGEPERCENTAGE,NOTEMPLATEPREPARATIONANDTEMPLATEREMOVALINADDITIONTOTHISPRELIMINARYWORK,THEEFFECTOFR/CONTHESTRUCTUREOF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHMICROWAVEDRYINGAT200WAFTERSOLVENTEXCHANGEWITHTBUTANOLHASBEENINVESTIGATEDINFIGS4AND5,R/C1200MOL/MOLGIVES3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHWITHSMALLERPOREDIAMETERSTHANR/C800MOL/MOL3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHFROMBOTHR/C800AND1200MOL/MOLSHOWNARROWPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONSASSHOWNINFIG5ITISOBVIOUSLYSEENTHATR/CHASEFFECTSONTHESTRUCTUREOFINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHTHESERESULTSSUGGESTTHATTHEREISAPOSSIBILITYTOTAILORPORESTRUCTUREOF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSSONOGELMONOLITHPRECURSOROF3DINTERCONNECTEDMACROPOROUSCARBONMONOLITHDIRECTLYANDEFFECTIVELYATGELATIONSTAGEWITHSUITABLEREACTANTRATIOSOFRFSOLUTIONANDULTRASONICINTENSITYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTHISRESEARCHWASPARTIALLYSUPPORTEDBYTHETHAIGOVERNMENTMATCHINGFUND,THETHAILANDRESEARCHFUNDSENIORRESEARCHERSCHOLARSHIP,THAIJAPANTECHNOLOGYTRANSFERPROJECTTJTTP/CHULALONGKORNUNIVERSITY,SILVERJUBILEERESEARCHFUND/CHULALONGKORNUNIVERSITY,NATIONALMETALANDMATERIALSTECHNOLOGYCENTERMTEC/THAILAND?SNATIONALSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTAGENCYNSTDAANDTHETHAILANDGRADUATEINSTITUTEOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYTGIST/NSTDAREFERENCES1TANAKAN,KOBAYASHIH,NAKANISHIK,MINAKUCHIH,ISHIZUKANANEWTYPEOFCHROMATOGRAPHICSUPPORTCOULDLEADTOHIGHERSEPARATIONEFFICIENCIESANALCHEM2001421A–9A00102030405060010110100POREDIAMETERMINCREMENTALVOLUMECM3/G1ΜF(xiàn)IG3MACROPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFRFCARBONMONOLITHFIG4SEMMICROGRAPHCROSSSECTIONAT5000OFRFCARBONMONOLITHC/W10MOL/M3,MICROWAVEDRYING00102030405060010110100R/C800MOL/MOLR/C1200MOL/MOLPOREDIAMETERINCREMENTALVOLUMECM3/G1FIG5MACROPORESIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFRFCARBONMONOLITHC/W10MOL/M3,MICROWAVEDRYING2810NTONANONETAL/CARBON4320052808–2811

簡介：中文中文4269字，字，2780單詞，單詞，15萬英文字符萬英文字符出處出處APELBLATA,MANZUROLAE,BALALNATHESOLUBILITIESOFBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSINWATERJJOURNALOFCHEMICALTHERMODYNAMICS,2006,385565571苯多羧酸在水中的溶解度苯多羧酸在水中的溶解度ALEXANDERAPELBLAT,EMANUELMANZUROLA,NAZMIAABOBALAL摘要摘要對所有的苯多羧酸進(jìn)行了討論，包括實(shí)驗(yàn)得到的數(shù)據(jù)（苯甲酸，對苯二甲酸，偏苯酸，1,3,5苯三酸和1,2,4,5苯四酸）和從文獻(xiàn)確定的數(shù)據(jù)（苯甲酸，鄰苯二甲酸，間苯二甲酸，對苯二甲酸，連苯酸，偏苯酸，1,3,5苯三酸，1,2,3,5苯四甲酸，1,2,3,4苯四甲酸，均苯四甲酸，苯五甲酸和苯六酸）。這些聚羧酸苯的飽和溶液的表觀摩爾焓溫度的由溶解度對溫度的依賴性確定。關(guān)鍵詞苯多羧酸、飽和水溶液、摩爾溶解焓11簡介簡介包括12種苯多羧酸1種一元酸（苯甲酸），三種二元酸{1,2苯二甲酸（鄰苯二甲酸），苯1,3苯二甲酸（間苯二甲酸）和1,4苯二甲酸（對苯二甲酸）}，三種三元酸{1,2,3苯三甲酸（連苯三酸），1,2,4苯三甲酸（偏苯三酸），以及1,3,5苯三甲酸（均苯三酸）}，三種四元羧酸{1,2,3,4苯四甲酸（連苯四酸），1,2,3,5苯四甲酸（偏苯四酸）和1,2,4,5苯四甲酸（均苯四酸）}，一種五元酸（苯五羧酸），和一種六元酸（苯六羧酸酸）。低羧酸苯（特別是苯甲酸和鄰苯二甲酸）被大量生產(chǎn)，它們的各種酯衍生物作為樹脂，增塑劑，染料，油墨，粘合劑，生物堿溶液，藥物（抗真菌）助劑以及脂肪和果汁的食品保鮮中間體15。超純苯甲酸作為滴定和熱量實(shí)驗(yàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，比起苯多羧酸有著更重要的市場。然而，因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯墒?，煤，木材木質(zhì)素和類似材料的急劇氧化形成，它們具有地球化學(xué)和生態(tài)學(xué)意義，由于有毒金屬苯多配位體形成不利于自然環(huán)境的水資源6。苯多羧酸在水中的溶解度隨著溫度的函數(shù)顯著變化。通常，溶解度小，即使非常小的對苯二甲酸，溶解度的準(zhǔn)確性在不同的實(shí)驗(yàn)之間的也是不同的79。它是從最近制定的有機(jī)化合物在水中的溶解度表（YALKOVSKY和HE9），而且只有苯甲酸和鄰苯二甲酸的溶解度數(shù)據(jù)可查清楚，不太注意其他苯多羧酸，其中所述的溶解度是在分離程序的情況下的一個或幾個溫度測定一次。所有這里提到的調(diào)查中，只考慮兩類飽和溶液的固液相平衡（WARD和COOPER10苯甲酸和苯二甲酸YUKHNO和BIKKULOV11所有12種苯多羧酸都是他們準(zhǔn)備的）。在溫度范圍T27315K至T32315K，他們推測，苯甲酸，異構(gòu)體的鄰苯二羧酸，偏苯三酸，連苯四酸和苯六甲酸的晶體是無水的，連苯三酸和均苯四酸存在二水合物，均苯三酸是一水合物，偏苯四酸和苯五羧酸形成固態(tài)水合物。由于YUKHNO和BIKKULOV的研究是不容易的，他們的研究成果值得一提，偏苯四酸

簡介：DESIGNOFTHEFEEDBACKTYPEDCELECTRONICLOADHARDWARECIRCUITUSINGIPMLUHAIYING1,WUJING2,HUANGSONGLING1,ZHAOWEI11DEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,TSINGHUAUNIVERSITY,BEIJING,CHINA2SCHOOLOFAUTOMATIONSCIENCEANDELECTRICALENGINEERING,BEIHANGUNIVERSITY,BEIJING,CHINAABSTRACTFIRSTLY,THEPAPERSHOWSTHECOMPARISONBETWEENTHETRADITIONALRESISTANCELOADANDTHENEWELECTRONICLOADANDTHENITSUGGESTSTHEIMPLEMENTATIONSCHEMEOFTHEFEEDBACKTYPEDCELECTRONICLOAD,WHICHFEATURESFEEDINGBACKENERGYTOTHEPUBLICGRIDFURTHERMORE,THESTRUCTUREOFTHEINVERTER,WHICHISTHEKERNELMODULEOFTHEFEEDBACKTYPEELECTRONICLOAD,ISINTRODUCEDFINALLY,ANEXCELLENTFUNCTIONALANDRELIABLESINGLEPHASEGRIDCONNECTEDINVERTERISDEVELOPED,USINGIPMTOCONSTITUTEITSMAINCIRCUITTHEDRIVINGCIRCUIT,ASWELLASTHESNUBBERCIRCUITANDPROTECTIONCIRCUIT,ISDESIGNEDWITHADVANTAGESOFENERGYSAVINGANDHIGHEFFICIENCY,THEFEEDBACKTYPEDCELECTRONICLOADPOSSESSESEXTENSIVEAPPLICATIONFOREGROUNDANDPRETTYWELLECONOMICBENEFITINDEXTERMSFEEDBACKTYPEDCELECTRONICLOAD,ENERGYSAVINGANDHIGHEFFICIENCY,INVERTER,IPM1INTRODUCTIONASTHECOMMONTESTINGEQUIPMENT,LOADPLAYSAVERYIMPORTANTROLEINMANYKINDSOFPOWERTESTS,WHICHPERFORMANCEHASADIRECTEFFECTONTHETESTRESULTSTHETRADITIONALRESISTANCELOADREFERSTOTHESLIDERHEOSTATANDTHERESISTANCEBOX,WHICHHASABADACCURACYBECAUSEOFTHETHERMALNOISEWHILEGOINGTHROUGHTHEHIGHCURRENT1MEANWHILE,THERESISTANCELOADHASTOBEFITTEDWITHASETOFLARGECOOLINGEQUIPMENTSTOBRINGDOWNTHETEMPERATUREWHICHRISESBECAUSEOFTHETHERMALENERGYTRANSFORMEDTHEELECTRONICLOADISANEWKINDOFLOADCONSISTSOFELECTRONICCOMPONENTS,WHICHUSUALLYREFERTOTHEPOWERMOSORIGBT,ANDPOWERRESISTANCE2ITCANNOTONLYWORKSASAFIXEDIMPEDANCE,BUTALSOSIMULATESOMESPECIALLOADWAVEFORMTOTESTTHEDYNAMICANDTRANSIENTCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPOWEREQUIPMENT3,WHICHISIMPOSSIBLEFORTHERESISTANCELOADBESIDES,ITHASNUMEROUSADVANTAGESFORITSSIMPLESTRUCTURE,HIGHPRECISION,ADJUSTABLERANGEANDHIGHRELIABILITY4THISKINDOFELECTRONICLOADISCALLEDENERGYDISSIPATIONTYPEELECTRONICLOADFORITSWASTEFULENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDITSTILLNEEDSTOBEFITTEDWITHASETOFLARGECOOLINGEQUIPMENTSTHEREFORE,THEFEEDBACKTYPEELECTRONICLOADISPROPOSEDTOREPLACETHEPOWERRESISTANCEBYINVERTERMODULE,ITCANFEEDBACKTHETESTINGENERGYTOTHEUTILITYGRID,WITHAHIGHEFFICIENCYMORETHAN80GENERALLYITSLOSSESONLYCONTAINTHEPOWERSEMICONDUCTORSWITCHINGLOSSESANDTHELINELOSSESANDTHECOOLINGEQUIPMENTISNOLONGERNEEDEDCAUSETHISTYPEOFTHEELECTRONICLOADDONTGENERATELARGEQUANTITYOFTHERMALENERGYINADDITION,MOSTOFTHEELECTRICENERGYISRECYCLED,SOWEDONTNEEDEQUIPTHEEXPERIMENTALSITEWITHLARGEPOWERCAPACITY5MAKINGUSEOFTHEADVANCEDPOWERELECTRONICTECHNOLOGY,THEFEEDBACKTYPEELECTRONICLOADCAUSESTHEWIDESPREADPUBLICCONCERNSANDHASAWIDEUSEPROSPECTFORITSADVANTAGESOFENERGYSAVINGANDHIGHEFFICIENCY2FEEDBACKTYPEDCELECTRONICLOADFIG1TOPOLOGYOFTHEFEEDBACKTYPEDCELECTRONICLOADACCORDINGTOTHEPROPERTYOFINPUTPOWER,THEFEEDBACKTYPEELECTRONICLOADISCLASSIFIEDINTODCTYPE,WHICHISDESIGNEDTOTESTTHEDCPOWEREQUIPMENT,ANDACTYPEIEEECCECE2011000156??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????MAKEFULLUSEOFTHEFAULTSIGNALFO,ANEXTRAPROTECTIONCIRCUITISSTILLNEEDEDTOENHANCETHERELIABILITYOFTHEWHOLESYSTEMDESIGNSOFTHEDRIVINGCIRCUIT,SNUBBERCIRCUITANDPROTECTIONCIRCUITAREPRESENTEDBELOW41DRIVINGCIRCUITBECAUSEIPMSHASABUILTINDRIVINGMODULE,ITSPERIPHERYDRIVINGCIRCUITSASTWOPARTSINCLUDINGPOWERSUPPLYCIRCUITANDOPTOCOUPLERCIRCUIT411POWERSUPPLYCIRCUITIPMSPOWERSUPPLYMUSTBESEPARATEDFROMEACHOTHER,NOTGROUNDEDTOGETHERANDMEETTHEPOWERNEEDTHREEINDEPENDENTPOWERSOURCESARENEEDED,TWOOFWHICHSUPPLYPOWERTOTHETWOIGBTSOFIPMSUPBRIDGERESPECTIVELY,ASWELLASTHEOTHEROFWHICHISSHAREDBYTHEOTHERTWOIGBTSOFIPMSDOWNBRIDGETHETYPICALVOLTAGEOFTHECONTROLSECTORIS15V,ANDTHEMAXIMUMCURRENTIS18MATHEREFORETHEPOWERSOURCESHOULDATLEASTPROVIDE027WTOONEIGBTWHILEDRIVINGITALONE,AND054WTOTHETWOIGBTSWHILEDRIVINGTHEMBOTHTOOBTAINTHREEINDEPENDENTISOLATION15VDCPOWERSOURCES,THREEMORNSUNB1215S2WMODULESARESELECTED,WHICHCANPROVIDE2W,NOTONLYMEETTHEPOWERNEEDSBUTALSOISENOUGHFORTHEFUTUREDEVELOPMENT412OPTOCOUPLERCIRCUITTOAVOIDTHESTRONGELECTRICALINTERFERENCEFROMPOWERSUPPLY,THECONTROLSIGNALSFROMDSPSHOULDBEISOLATEDBYOPTOCOUPLERSTHEHIGHSPEEDOPTOCOUPLERHCPL4504ISSELECTEDFORTHEDRIVINGSIGNALS,BECAUSETHESPWMFREQUENCYISHIGHANDTHEDRIVINGWAVEFORMSHOULDMEETTHECONDITIONSASFOLLOWSTPLH?08ΜS,TPHL?08ΜS,CMR10KV/ΜSTHELOWSPEEDOPTOCOUPLERTLP521ISSELECTEDFORTHEFAULTSIGNAL,BECAUSEITSSIGNALCYCLEISMEASUREDINMILLISECONDSANDITREQUESTSCTR100FIRSTLYTHESPWMSIGNALSFROMCONTROLCIRCUITARECURRENTLIMITED,ANDISOLATEDANDAMPLIFIEDBYTHEHIGHSPEEDOPTOCOUPLERS,THENTHEYARETRANSMITTEDTOTHEIPMSINTERNALDRIVINGCIRCUITTOCONTROLTHEIGBTSTHEFAULTSIGNALSFOAREISOLATEDANDOUTPUTTHROUGHLOWSPEEDOPTOCOUPLERS42SNUBBERCIRCUITTHESNUBBERCIRCUITCANCONTROLIGBTSTURNOFFSURGEVOLTAGEANDREVERSESURGEVOLTAGEOFFREEWHEELDIODES,REDUCESWITCHINGLOSSESANDPROTECTIGBTSWHILETHESHORTCIRCUITHAPPENSRCDSNUBBERCIRCUITISSELECTEDTHETRANSIENTVOLTAGEWILLBECLAMPEDBYTHEDIODESD,THUSPARASITICALOSCILLATIONGENERATEDBYBUSPARASITICINDUCTORSWILLBERESTRAINEDVALUESOFTHERESISTANCEANDCAPACITANCEAREGIVENACCORDINGTOEXPERIENCESANDEXPERIMENTSTHEMAXIMUMVOLTAGEPRESSUREENDURANCEOFTHECAPACITANCESHOULDBE1115TIMESOFIGBTTHEP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簡介：THEAUTHORSARESOLELYRESPONSIBLEFORTHECONTENTOFTHISTECHNICALPRESENTATIONTHETECHNICALPRESENTATIONDOESNOTNECESSARILYREFLECTTHEOFFICIALPOSITIONOFTHEAMERICANSOCIETYOFAGRICULTURALANDBIOLOGICALENGINEERSASABE,ANDITSPRINTINGANDDISTRIBUTIONDOESNOTCONSTITUTEANENDORSEMENTOFVIEWSWHICHMAYBEEXPRESSEDTECHNICALPRESENTATIONSARENOTSUBJECTTOTHEFORMALPEERREVIEWPROCESSBYASABEEDITORIALCOMMITTEESTHEREFORE,THEYARENOTTOBEPRESENTEDASREFEREEDPUBLICATIONSCITATIONOFTHISWORKSHOULDSTATETHATITISFROMANASABEMEETINGPAPEREXAMPLEAUTHORSLASTNAME,INITIALS2008TITLEOFPRESENTATIONASABEPAPERNO08STJOSEPH,MICHASABEFORINFORMATIONABOUTSECURINGPERMISSIONTOREPRINTORREPRODUCEATECHNICALPRESENTATION,PLEASECONTACTASABEATRUTTERASABEORGOR26942903002950NILESROAD,STJOSEPH,MI490859659USAANASABEMEETINGPRESENTATIONPAPERNUMBER084044AMACHINEVISIONFORTOMATOCLUSTERHARVESTINGROBOTNAOSHIKONDODIVISIONOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEKAWAMURAETAL,1985FUJIMURAETAL,1995KONDOETAL,1991KONDOETAL,1994KONDOETAL,1987AREASONWHYTHEYHAVENOTBEENCOMMERCIALIZEDYETISTHATROBOT’SOPERATIONSPEEDISSAMEORBELOWTHANHUMANOPERATOR’SSPEEDTOREDUCETHELABORFORCEONTOMATOPRODUCTION,ACLUSTERHARVESTINGOPERATIONHASBECOMEPOPULARINTHEDUTCHSTYLEGREENHOUSESINUSANDITWASJUSTSTARTEDALSOINJAPANARESEARCHONATOMATOFRUITCLUSTERHARVESTINGROBOTWASSTARTEDTOAUTOMATEHARVESTINGOPERATIONSINCELASTYEARANDEACHROBOTICCOMPONENTWASSTUDIEDINDIVIDUALLYINTHISPRESENTATION,EXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFAMACHINEVISIONSYSTEMAREDESCRIBEDTOMATOCLUSTERHARVESTINGROBOTAFRUITHARVESTINGROBOTGENERALLYCONSISTSOFAMACHINEVISION,AMANIPULATOR,ANDANENDEFFECTORITHASSOMETIMESATRAVELLINGDEVICEFIGURE1SHOWSAPROTOTYPEOFACLUSTERHARVESTINGENDEFFECTORATTACHEDTOAMANIPULATORUSEDINANEXPERIMENTTHISENDEFFECTORENABLESTOGRASPAPEDUNCLEANDTOCUTANDHOLDITITHASUPPERANDLOWERFINGERSDRIVENBYSOLENOIDACTUATORSALIMITSWITCHWASATTACHEDENDOFFINGERSFORDETECTINGAMAINSTEM,WHILETWOLIMITSWITCHESWEREONTHELOWERFINGERSASPRESSURESENSORSTODETECTAPEDUNCLEADCMOTORDRIVESUPPERFINGERUPWARDANDDOWNWARD,WHILEANOTHERDCMOTORMOVESAPUSHINGDEVICEFIGURE1ENDEFFECTER

簡介：中文中文40354035字畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院學(xué)院系化工學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)化學(xué)工程與工藝姓名名學(xué)號號外文出處外文出處JOURNALOFSOLGELSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評語該同學(xué)翻譯忠于原文，語句比較連貫，意思基本表達(dá)清楚，是一篇合格的外文文獻(xiàn)譯文。簽名2013年3月15日用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文抗反射聚乙烯醇縮丁醛/二氧化硅混合物涂膜的制備與表征PVB防潮性與疏水性的效應(yīng)摘要摘要本文旨在介紹一種以硅酸乙酯為前驅(qū)物，聚乙烯醇縮丁醛為改良劑，通過溶膠凝膠催化方法制得的一種新型的改性抗反射涂膜。而AR涂膜和二氧化硅溶膠通過傅里葉變換紅外吸收光譜、粒子尺寸分析、透射電子顯微鏡、可編程流變儀、紫外可見分光光度法、概率測量法、原子力顯微鏡以及接觸角測量法進(jìn)行表征。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，加入4﹪的PVB會大大增加AR涂膜的防潮性。用4﹪的PVB改性的AR涂膜在BK7基片中的光透射率近乎100﹪。對于未改性的AR涂膜與4﹪PVB改性的AR涂膜其水的接觸角分別為51°和53°。也就是說，改性后的涂膜沒有明顯的疏水性。將改性后的涂膜暴露在潮濕的環(huán)境中，其透射率最大值幾乎不變，而未改性的涂膜在兩周內(nèi)其透射率從998﹪急劇下降到965﹪。PVB改性AR涂膜具有良好的防潮性的原因可能是AR涂膜表面的PVB的吸附作用。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字抗反射涂層聚乙烯醇縮丁醛防潮性疏水性1引言引言從1980年開始的制備有機(jī)無機(jī)復(fù)合材料開始，溶膠凝膠技術(shù)就引起了人們的廣泛興趣。由于它具有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，諸如良好的均勻性，低粗糙度，良好的沉積性，產(chǎn)量高，而且在膠片中還有良好的微結(jié)構(gòu)可控制性，溶膠凝膠法在玻璃界已經(jīng)廣泛的用于制備抗反射涂膜（AR涂膜），比如機(jī)動車窗，太陽能電池，激光系統(tǒng)。對于AR涂膜，透射率是其最重要的性質(zhì)之一。然而，對于傳統(tǒng)的純凈二氧化硅涂膜材料，由于其在潮濕環(huán)境下的吸水性，使其透射率大大降低。這個問題使得這些涂膜不能很好的應(yīng)用到潮濕的環(huán)境中。通常，防潮性隨著涂膜表面的疏水基團(tuán)的增加而增加。近年來，科研工作者對如何制備AR涂膜做了大量的研究。最有效的方式就是將有機(jī)分子或者聚合物支撐疏水基團(tuán)作為改性劑嫁接到二氧化硅

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簡介：本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名分院（系）信息工程學(xué)院專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師完成日期完成日期COMPUTERMODERNHUMANLIFEUSEDINALMOSTEVERYPIECEOFELECTRONICANDMECHANICALPRODUCTSWILLBEINTEGRATEDSINGLECHIPPHONE,TELEPHONE,CALCULATOR,HOMEAPPLIANCES,ELECTRONICTOYS,HANDHELDCOMPUTERSANDCOMPUTERACCESSORIESSUCHASAMOUSEWITHA12INBOTHTHEDEPARTMENTOFSCMPERSONALCOMPUTERWILLHAVEALARGENUMBEROFSCMINTHEWORKGENERALCARWITHMORETHAN40SCM,COMPLEXINDUSTRIALCONTROLSYSTEMSMAYEVENHAVEHUNDREDSOFSCMINTHESAMETIMEWORKSCMISNOTONLYFAREXCEEDSTHENUMBEROFPCANDOTHERCOMPUTINGTHESUM,OREVENMORETHANTHENUMBEROFHUMANBEINGSSINGLECHIP,ALSOKNOWNASSINGLECHIPMICROCONTROLLER,ITISNOTCOMPLETEACERTAINLOGICCHIPS,BUTTOACOMPUTERSYSTEMINTEGRATEDINTOACHIPEQUIVALENTTOAMICROCOMPUTER,ANDCOMPUTERTHANJUSTTHELACKOFAMICROCONTROLLERI/ODEVICESGENERALTALKACHIPBECOMESACOMPUTERITSSMALLSIZE,LIGHTWEIGHT,CHEAP,FORTHESTUDY,APPLICATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFFACILITIESPROVIDEDATTHESAMETIME,LEARNINGTOUSETHEMCUISTOUNDERSTANDTHEPRINCIPLEANDSTRUCTUREOFTHECOMPUTERTHEBESTCHOICESCMANDTHECOMPUTERFUNCTIONSINTERNALLYWITHSIMILARMODULES,SUCHASCPU,MEMORY,PARALLELBUS,THESAMEEFFECTASWELL,ANDHARDDISKMEMORYDEVICES,ANDDIFFERENTISITSPERFORMANCEOFTHESECOMPONENTSWERERELATIVELYWEAKMANYOFOURHOMECOMPUTER,BUTTHEPRICEISLOW,USUALLYNOTMORETHAN10YUANYOUCANDOWITHITSOMECONTROLFORACLASSISNOTVERYCOMPLICATEDELECTRICALWORKISENOUGHOFWEAREUSINGAUTOMATICDRUMWASHINGMACHINE,SMOKEHOOD,VCDANDSOONAPPLIANCESWHICHCOULDSEEITSSHADOWITISPRIMARILYASACONTROLSECTIONOFTHECORECOMPONENTSITISANONLINEREALTIMECONTROLCOMPUTER,CONTROLLINEISTHATTHESCENEISNEEDEDISASTRONGERANTIJAMMINGABILITY,LOWCOST,ANDTHISIS,ANDOFFLINECOMPUTERSUCHASHOMEPC,THEMAINDIFFERENCESINGLECHIPMCUISTHROUGHRUNNING,ANDCANBEMODIFIEDTHROUGHDIFFERENTPROCEDURESTOACHIEVEDIFFERENTFUNCTIONS,INPARTICULARSPECIALUNIQUEFEATURES,THISISANOTHERDEVICEMUCHEFFORTNEEDSTOBEDONE,SOMEGREATEFFORTSAREVERYDIFFICULTTODOANOTVERYCOMPLEXFUNCTIONSIFTHE50SWITHTHEUNITEDSTATESDEVELOPED74SERIES,ORTHE60SCD4000SERIESOFTHESEPUREHARDWAREBUTTONED,THENTHECIRCUITMUSTBEALARGEPCBBOARDBUTIFTHEUNITEDSTATESIFTHE70SWITHASERIESOFSUCCESSFULSCMMARKET,THERESULTWILLBEADRASTICCHANGEJUSTBECAUSEYOUAREPREPAREDBYMICROCOMPUTERPROGRAMSCANACHIEVEHIGHINTELLIGENCE,HIGHEFFICIENCYANDHIGHRELIABILITYASTHEMICROCONTROLLERONTHECOSTSENSITIVE,SONOWTHEDOMINANTSOFTWAREORTHE

簡介：中文中文5460字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯（2013屆）題目學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級所在學(xué)院所在學(xué)院化學(xué)工程與材料學(xué)院化學(xué)工程與材料學(xué)院提交日期提交日期2率密度。因此這對于發(fā)展電極提高電化學(xué)性能的改性方法是非常重要的。石墨氈電極的各種改性方法已經(jīng)在研究,其中包括金屬電鍍18、19,熱激活20和酸處理12、21、22。電化學(xué)氧化技術(shù)對于碳基材料的表面處理是一種有效的方法。這是因?yàn)樗梢蕴峁┰S多類型的表面含氧官能團(tuán)和增加表面粗糙度與此同時,這技術(shù)的控制也相對簡單,可以在溫和條件下進(jìn)行23。然而,全釩氧化液流電池的石墨氈電極的電化學(xué)氧化已經(jīng)很少報道。李等人只報道了,相對于未處理的石墨氈電極全釩氧化液流電池的活性已經(jīng)得到改良。在目前的文章中，VOVO??22/氧化還原反應(yīng)中的經(jīng)過電化學(xué)氧化的石墨氈（被氧化的石墨氈）的激活正被詳細(xì)研究。被氧化的石墨氈的表面形態(tài)、潤濕性、表面含氧官能團(tuán)和電化學(xué)性質(zhì)在電化學(xué)氧化程度上呈現(xiàn)正常變化。這些結(jié)果有助于理解石墨氈的電化學(xué)氧化機(jī)理,這研究也為確定全釩氧化液流電池電極活化的最佳工藝參數(shù)提供了有用的理論指導(dǎo)。2．實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)2121材料5毫米厚的聚丙烯腈基石墨氈樣本由上海七杰有限有限公司提供。994從沈陽的海中天精細(xì)化工廠購買，濃硫酸質(zhì)量分OHVOSO424?數(shù)98來自廣州東香港化工廠。22樣品制備聚丙烯腈基石墨氈在電化學(xué)氧化前先切成15厘米15厘米大小,然后所有的樣品都用蒸餾水徹底清洗然后在70?C下48H烘干。石墨氈板作為陽極,石墨板作為陰極。電化學(xué)氧化在1M硫酸溶液中發(fā)生。石墨氈電極15厘米15厘米用作陽極是由在兩個聚氯乙烯板片之間壓一塊石墨氈做成,其中一個聚氯乙烯板片有10厘米10厘米的孔,石墨氈通過孔與電解液想通。另一邊的石墨氈與石墨片電流收集器連接。石墨氈樣品在100MACM?2的電流密度下對不同的氧化時段進(jìn)行電氧化。發(fā)生氧化的石墨氈被拿出來用蒸餾水清洗干凈,然后在70?C下48H烘干。23特性

簡介：南京工程學(xué)院南京工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文論文外文資料翻譯外文資料翻譯原文題目目PSEUDOPOLARBASEDESTIMATIONOFLARGETRANSLATIONSROTATIONSANDSCALINGSINIMAGES原文來源源SIAMJOURNALONIMAGINGSCIENCES,2009,22614645學(xué)生姓名名黃小飛學(xué)號號201080418所在院所在院系部部機(jī)械工程學(xué)院專業(yè)名稱稱機(jī)械電子工程2之前基于FFT的圖像配準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果在第4節(jié)進(jìn)行了討論，最后的結(jié)論是在第5節(jié)。2前相關(guān)工作前相關(guān)工作21變換估算傅立葉基于運(yùn)動估算的基礎(chǔ)上的，是旋轉(zhuǎn)特性的傅立葉變換，表示由（1）??,?,YXWWFYXF???傅里葉變換的，然后，（2）????????EFEWWYYXXFYYWXXWJYX?????????,,?公式（2）可用于圖像的平移的估算，假設(shè)圖像I1（X，Y）和I2（X，Y）一些重疊，（3）????YXYYXX,,21????????方程（3）是傅里葉變換，使（4）??????YXYWXWJYXWWWWEYX,2,1????????和（5）??????EWWIWWIYWXWJYXYXYX??????,,12因此，轉(zhuǎn)換參數(shù)（）可以在空間域的EQ5采取逆FFT估計YX??,（6）????????YYXXEYXCORRYWXWJYX????????,,1??和通過相關(guān)函數(shù)CORR（X，Y）來尋找最大值的位置（7）???????????????????YXCORRYXYX,MAX,ARG為了補(bǔ)償可能誤差強(qiáng)度式5改寫為（8）??????????EFFFFWWCORRYWXWJYXYXYXYXYXWWWWWWWWYX??????,,2,1,2,1,

簡介：1畢業(yè)設(shè)計畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文論文外文資料翻譯外文資料翻譯原文題目原文題目EVALUATIONOFDIAMONDTOOLWEAREVALUATIONOFDIAMONDTOOLWEAR原文來源原文來源INTERNATIONALJOURNALINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFOFADVANCEDADVANCEDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGY200526959–964200526959–964學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號所在院系部所在院系部專業(yè)名稱專業(yè)名稱3少用來指導(dǎo)有關(guān)金剛石燒結(jié)刀具磨損試驗(yàn)方法的書目參考和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而且還要進(jìn)行可獲得應(yīng)用性和比較性較好的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的宏幾何學(xué)磨損試驗(yàn)，這使得制定一個可提供普遍正確樣式的適應(yīng)性好的測試草案變得緊迫。此草案是正確地進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)和可靠地解釋試驗(yàn)結(jié)果必不可少的工具。它為石料切削公司比較生產(chǎn)商所賣相似刀具的性能提供了可行性。但是，在切削過程中，存在的性能還是有所不同。實(shí)際上，從目前的狀況看，現(xiàn)在市場上的金剛石刀具完全通過它們所擁有的材料的性能來描述，而其他的技術(shù)特性都受限于產(chǎn)業(yè)專利，所以，云石和花崗巖加工公司卻全然不知。這個草案能夠讓刀具生產(chǎn)商通過和其他競爭者比較來評價他們的刀具性能，與此同時，還可以利用賣方刀具的有效期信息來配備他們的供應(yīng)。這最后的方面代表一種服務(wù)，即變換器要求增加持續(xù)的強(qiáng)迫動作。對于單刃刀具來說，組成這個草案的指標(biāo)已經(jīng)從現(xiàn)存的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中去除。發(fā)展到迄今的草案認(rèn)為試驗(yàn)是在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中進(jìn)行的，指定試驗(yàn)涉及的精度和遲緩性。此草案容許金剛石過程磨損知識的發(fā)展，這種金剛石是構(gòu)成加工天然石材的刀具，也是構(gòu)成加工優(yōu)化方法的基本。下面的段落用來描述加工天然石材的金剛石刀具的性能，以及它們自身與磨損的關(guān)系。測試草案及其在兩種刀具上的應(yīng)用將在接下來的段落里描述。2．加工天然石材的金剛石燒結(jié)刀具的磨損應(yīng)用于天然石材加工的金剛石刀具可以根據(jù)刀削工具來分類如線狀刀具、片狀刀具、盤狀刀具和磨削刀具，還有加工平面的機(jī)床，例如具有不同類型和輪廓的磨床和銑床。兩個例子中的刀具都由支承、超級金剛研磨料顆粒和結(jié)合體組成。支承是研磨料顆粒固定在刀具的那部分，它賦予刀具適當(dāng)?shù)男问?，它把機(jī)械能從機(jī)床輥?zhàn)觽鬟f到研磨料顆粒，同時吸收加工過程中產(chǎn)生的力。超級金剛研磨料顆粒擔(dān)負(fù)著去除材料的任務(wù)，它的性能是粒度測量、造型和限制基體密集度。粒度測量表示對超級金剛研磨料顆粒尺寸的測量，根據(jù)實(shí)際存在的晶粒性質(zhì)判斷，研磨料顆粒的形式可能是規(guī)則的，也可能是不規(guī)則的。密集度是扇形單位容量的重量值。結(jié)合體是用研磨料顆粒來阻塞刀具支承的硅鋁合金，利用工業(yè)上正確的技術(shù)方法，它能夠更加經(jīng)濟(jì)地用來實(shí)現(xiàn)切屑加工、銑削加工、磨削加工、精加工以及仿形加工等。此結(jié)合體必須保證兩個相反的要素提高切屑能力和延長刀具壽命。最后，結(jié)合體必須具有適用于超級金剛研磨類型刀具磨損的抵抗力，例如允許試驗(yàn)過程中出現(xiàn)與之相關(guān)的隆起以及被加工材料的性征，但最重要的是此結(jié)合體必須要允許存在于母體內(nèi)部新的晶粒積極的彌補(bǔ)已磨損晶體的損失。配制此結(jié)合體混合物的金屬有鐵、銅

簡介：中文中文5760字出處出處WIJENBERGJHOJ,STEEGHM,AARNTSMP,ETALELECTRODEPOSITIONOFMIXEDCHROMIUMMETALCARBIDEOXIDECOATINGSFROMATRIVALENTCHROMIUMFORMATEELECTROLYTEWITHOUTABUFFERINGAGENTJELECTROCHIMICAACTA,2015,173819826無緩沖劑從三價鉻離子的甲酸鹽電解液中電沉積混合無緩沖劑從三價鉻離子的甲酸鹽電解液中電沉積混合的碳化鉻氧化物鍍層的碳化鉻氧化物鍍層摘要摘要在旋轉(zhuǎn)的氣缸電極上實(shí)現(xiàn)了無緩沖劑從三價鉻離子電解質(zhì)中電沉積碳化鉻氧化物涂層并實(shí)現(xiàn)對質(zhì)量流量的精確控制。在平衡條件下，在PH23的電解質(zhì)溶液中，CRIII主要以CRHCOOH2O52的形式存在。電沉積的機(jī)理是通過對電流密度的控制，由于析氫反應(yīng)PH升高，三價鉻配體離子快速逐步地去離子化。三種不同的制度可以根據(jù)相關(guān)的電流密度和質(zhì)量流量定義。低電流密度時電極上沒有沉積，只是因?yàn)樵陔姌O上形成了可溶性的CRHCOOOHH2O4（制度1）。在一定的閾值電流密度下CRHCOOOH2H2O3沉積在電極上（制度2）。沉淀中的一部分三價鉻被還原為鉻金屬和甲酸溶液分解導(dǎo)致了鉻碳化物的形成。在制度2下沉淀物的組成和數(shù)量很大程度上依賴于電流密度、質(zhì)量流量和電解時間。在高電流密度下，酸堿平衡進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镃RHCOOOH3H2O2，在電極上形成組成主要為鉻氧化物的沉淀（制度3）。與制度2形成鮮明對比，制度3中沉淀的數(shù)量和組成隨著電流密度、質(zhì)量流量和電解時間幾乎不變。
11簡介簡介鉻鍍層被廣泛應(yīng)用于很多領(lǐng)域，包括包裝領(lǐng)域的鋼鐵鍍鉻（ECCS）。ECCS包括一個精確尺寸的低碳鋼，底層是非常薄的鉻金屬鍍層，頂層是鉻氧化物。ECCS在高速連續(xù)的鋼帶鍍層線上被連續(xù)生產(chǎn)，通過一個或更多的單元大約一米寬的足夠長的鋼帶被運(yùn)輸?shù)姆浅？?。鋼帶的快速運(yùn)動導(dǎo)致了大量的湍流，導(dǎo)致了高的傳質(zhì)速率。高的質(zhì)量遷移率允許了高電流密度的使用。通常，沉積過程在幾秒內(nèi)完成。ECCS從六價鉻電解質(zhì)溶液中被生產(chǎn)，但今天六價鉻被認(rèn)為是一種對環(huán)境有害的物質(zhì)，有持續(xù)的安全問題。到2017年歐洲已經(jīng)立法禁止使用六價鉻。過去十年的研究吧焦點(diǎn)放在了三價鉻電解質(zhì)溶液的發(fā)展，因?yàn)樗菬o毒的。從20世紀(jì)70年代中期，商業(yè)化三價鉻電鍍工藝就已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用于裝飾性鍍層。這種電解質(zhì)通常含有絡(luò)合劑（如甲酸鹽、醋酸、草酸、檸檬酸或甘氨酸）活化穩(wěn)的CRH2O63和PH緩沖液（通常為硼酸）防止水解反應(yīng)和羥橋反應(yīng)，這是因?yàn)闅涞男纬蓪?dǎo)致陰極附近的PH升高最小。MANDICH在鉻化學(xué)上發(fā)表了兩部分綜述給出了鉻復(fù)合離子的水解、羥橋化、聚合和氧橋化的更進(jìn)一步的細(xì)節(jié)。宋等在旋轉(zhuǎn)圓盤電極上研究了甲酸和乙酸鹽作為絡(luò)合劑的三價鉻鍍液的鍍液組成、傳質(zhì)和外加電位對鉻沉積的影響。這項研究結(jié)果表明，鉻電沉積過程提供，包括66的CROHSO4，258的NA2SO4和710的水分。添加KCL提高電解液的導(dǎo)電率，添加KBR阻止或抑制三價鉻在陽極氧化成六價鉻。通過加入硫酸把電解液的PH調(diào)節(jié)到23。通過使用恒溫浴加熱熱水循環(huán)的雙層玻璃容器使電解液的溫度恒定在50℃。23旋轉(zhuǎn)圓筒電極設(shè)置旋轉(zhuǎn)圓筒電極裝置使用，被設(shè)計為安裝三片的73MM的身體?；宀牧系木匦蚊鞅痪沓梢粋€圓筒形被焊接在SOUDRONICAFB1000罐體焊機(jī)。圓筒的高度為113MM。鋼筒的大的表面積（26DM2）有利于表面分析。鍍鉑鈦筒采用MAGNETO制作的特殊陽極BV帶有一個內(nèi)徑為100MM的反電極。鈦的厚度為2MM，鈦涂層的質(zhì)量為50GM2。該陽極與鋼柱對稱。該陽極通過插入塑料物而部分分離。對主電流密度進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，使氣缸的局部電流密度與施加在除了兩個邊的幾乎整個表面區(qū)域的電流密度完全相等。用埃爾西版61軟件包計算鋼筒主電流密度的分布。對于計算的主電流分布，兩個微分方程求解這一單元幾何形狀的幾何數(shù)值拉普拉斯方程（▽2Φ0）和歐姆定律（IK▽Φ），其中Φ是電壓V，I是電流密度AM2，K是電導(dǎo)率SM1。當(dāng)陽極的活動高度為103MM時，鋼筒中心的實(shí)際電流密度與所施加的電流密度完全相等。圖一，鋼筒中心（X0）到邊緣（X05H）的主電流的分布。由于較高轉(zhuǎn)速時有渦旋產(chǎn)生，所以RCE設(shè)備的最高轉(zhuǎn)速為15RPS（轉(zhuǎn)/秒）相對應(yīng)Ω0767S07。由于RCS的質(zhì)量流量與轉(zhuǎn)速成正比，所以Ω07逐漸從1S07增加到6S07。24表面分析241XRF用X射線熒光光譜儀（XRF）測定鉻的總含量。該儀器具有帶有8個位置的樣品盤，可以測定直徑為40MM的圓形樣品。XRF測定的鋼基體的鉻信號值是修正后的。242XPS通過使用14866EV的ALKΑ單色射線將X射線光電子能譜（XPS）和深度剖面記錄在KRATOSAXISULTRA。測得的光斑大小為700ΜM300ΜM。使用4KEV

簡介：ENERGYANDPOWERENGINEERING,2012,4,5966HTTP//DXDOIORG/104236/EPE201242009PUBLISHEDONLINEMARCH2012HTTP//WWWSCIRPORG/JOURNAL/EPEASTUDYONTHEFUNCTIONALRELIABILITYOFGRAVITYDAMQIANGXU1,JIANYUNCHEN1,2,JINGLI11SCHOOLOFCIVILANDHYDRAULICENGINEERING,DALIANUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,DALIAN,CHINA2STATEKEYLABORATORYOFCOASTALANDOFFSHOREENGINEERING,DALIANUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,DALIAN,CHINAEMAILXUQIANG528826163COM,{EERD001,LIJING}DLUTEDUCNRECEIVEDDECEMBER24,2011REVISEDJANUARY20,2012ACCEPTEDFEBRUARY8,2012ABSTRACTTHERESEARCHOBJECTIVEISTODESIGNANDCONSTRUCTAMETHODFORFUNCTIONALRELIABILITYANALYSISOFCONCRETEGRAVITYDAMFIRSTLY,THEPSEUDOEXCITATIONMETHODWASUTILIZEDTOANALYZETOCALCULATETHEPROBABILISTICCHARACTERISTICSOFCONCRETEGRAVITYDAMEXCITEDBYRANDOMSEISMICLOADINGMEANWHILE,THERESPONSESURFACEMETHODBASEDONWEIGHTEDREGRESSIONWASASSOCIATEDTOTHATMETHODTOANALYZEFUNCTIONALRELIABILITYOFCONCRETEGRAVITYDAMEVENTUALLY,ATESTEXAMPLEWASGIVENTOVERIFYANDANALYZETHECONVERGENCEANDSTABILITYOFTHISMETHODKEYWORDSCONCRETEGRAVITYDAMRANDOMLOADFUNCTIONALRELIABILITYPSEUDOEXCITATIONMETHOD1INTRODUCTIONTHEBASICPURPOSEOFSTRUCTURALRELIABILITYANALYSISISTOOBTAINTHEPROBABILISTICRESPONSESOFSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSWITHUNCERTAINDESIGNPARAMETERS,SUCHASLOADINGS,MATERIALPARAMETERSSTRENGTH,ELASTICMODULUS,POISSON’SRATIO,ETC,ANDSHAPEDIMENSIONSAMONGTHEMETHODSAVAILABLEFORTHESEPROBLEMS,THERESPONSESURFACEMETHODRSMISAPOWERFULTOOL1THETHEORYANDMETHODSOFRSMHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSIGNIFICANTLYDURINGTHELASTTWENTYYEARSANDHAVEBEENDOCUMENTEDINANINCREASINGNUMBEROFPUBLICATIONSALTHOUGH,FROMATHEORETICALPOINTOFVIEW,THEFIELDHASREACHEDASTAGEWHERETHEDEVELOPEDMETHODOLOGIESAREBECOMINGWIDESPREAD,RSMUSEDTOANALYZELARGESTRUCTURESISSTILLACOMPLEXANDDIFFICULTTASKINORDERTOSOLVETHISPROBLEM,ARIGOROUSSERIESOFTESTSHASTOBECARRIEDOUTLINDAANDPING19992CONSTRUCTEDCONFIDENCEINTERVALSABOUTTHEDIFFERENCEINMEANRESPONSESATTHESTATIONARYPOINTANDALTERNATEPOINTSBASEDONTHEPROPOSEDDELTAMETHODANDFPROJECTIONMETHODANDCOMPAREDCOVERAGEPROBABILITIESANDINTERVALWIDTHSZHENGANDDAS20003PROPOSEDANIMPROVEDRESPONSESURFACEMETHODANDAPPLIEDTHATTOTHERELIABILITYANALYSISOFASTIFFENEDPLATESTRUCTUREGUANANDMELCHERS20014EVALUATEDTHEEFFECTOFRESPONSESURFACEPARAMETERVARIATIONONSTRUCTURALRELIABILITYBYENGANDKYUNG20045PROPOSEDTHEHYBRIDMEANVALUEHMVMETHODFORHIGHLYEFFICIENTANDSTABLERBDOBYEVALUATINGTHEPROBABILISTICCONSTRAINTEFFECTIVELYGUPTAANDMANOHAR20046USEDTHERESPONSESURFACEMETHODTOSTUDYTHEEXTREMESOFVONMISESSTRESSINNONLINEARSTRUCTURESUNDERGAUSSIANEXCITATIONSHERBERTANDARMANDO20047COMPAREDRSMANDTHEARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKANNTECHNIQUESIRFANANDCHRIS20058PROPOSEDANEWRESPONSESURFACECALLEDADAPRES,INWHICHAWEIGHTEDREGRESSIONMETHODWASAPPLIEDINPLACEOFNORMALREGRESSIONWONGETAL20059PROPOSEDANADAPTIVEDESIGNAPPROACHTOOVERCOMETHEPROBLEM,WHICHWASTHATTHESOLUTIONOFTHERELIABILITYANALYSISINITIALLYDIVERGEDWHENTHELOADINGWASAPPLIEDINSEQUENCEINTHENLFEANALYSIS,ANDMADESEVERALSUGGESTIONSTOIMPROVETHEROBUSTNESSOFRSMJIANGETAL200610IMPROVEDTHEMETHODTOFITTHEINDETERMINATECOEFFICIENTSOFRESPONSESURFACEJINWEILIANANDYUAN200711PRESENTEDARESPONSESURFACEMETHODBASEDONLEASTSQUARESSUPPORTVECTORMACHINESLSSLMAIMINGATTHERELIABILITYANALYSISPROBLEMSWITHIMPLICITPERFORMANCEFUNCTIONCHEBBAH200712DEALTWITHTHEOPTIMIZATIONOFTUBEHYDROFORMINGPARAMETERSINORDERTOREDUCEDEFECTSWHICHMIGHTOCCURATTHEENDOFFORMINGPROCESSSUCHASNECKINGANDWRINKLINGBYRSMJINETAL200813PRESENTEDANEWARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKANNBASEDRESPONSESURFACEMETHODINCONJUNCTIONWITHTHEUNIFORMDESIGNMETHODFORPREDICTINGFAILUREPROBABILITYOFSTRUCTURESHENRIANDSIU200814DESCRIBEDTHEUSEOFHIGHERORDERPOLYNOMIALSINORDERTOAPPROXIMATETHETRUELIMITSTATEMOREACCURATELYINCONTRASTTORECENTLYPROPOSEDALGORITHMSWHICHFOCUSEDONTHEPOSITIONSOFSAMPLEPOINTSTOIMPROVETHEACCURACYOFTHEQUADRATICTHESTOCHASTICRESPONSESURFACEMETHODSRSMTONGZOUETAL200815PRESENTEDANACCURATEANDEFFICIENTMONTECARLOSIMULATIONMETHODFORLIMITSTATEBASEDRELIABILITYANALYSISATBOTHCOMPONENTANDSYSTEMLEVELS,USINGARESPONSESURFACEAPPROXIMATIONOFTHEFAILUREINDICATORFUNCTIONXUANETAL200916PROPOSEDANADAPTIVECONCORRESPONDINGAUTHORCOPYRIGHT?2012SCIRESEPEQXUETAL61WHEREEDENOTESTHEEXPECTEDVALUEOFVARIABLEFOURIERTRANSFORMPAIRSARECONSISTEDOFAUTOSPECTRALDENSITYFUNCTIONXXANDAUTOCORRELATIONFUNCTION??SFXXR???,ITCANBEWRITTENAS??XXSF??2DJFXXRE???????2DJFXXFEF????0DXXSFF??????????2??XXRS??????3FROMEQUATIONS13,ITCANBESEENTHAT??22XXXXXXEDR??4WHEREXXE2ANDXXD??DENOTETHEEXPECTEDVALUEANDVARIANCEOFXTWHENXXE20,XXDCANBEDETERMINEDFROM??SF??SF??XXPSEUDOEXCITATIONMETHODISTHENUMERICALMETHODSFORXXANDTHEBASICPRINCIPLEOFTHEPSEUDOEXCITATIONMETHODISDEPICTEDASFIGURE1LINEARSYSTEMUNDERSINGLEPOINTANDSTATIONARYRANDOMEXCITATIONXT,THERESPONSEPOWERSPECTRUMOFTHATISWRITTENAS2YYXXSHS?ITE5THISRELATIONSHIPISDEPICTEDASFIGURE1A,THEMEANINGOFFREQUENCYRESPONSEFUNCTIONHISDEPICTEDASFIGURE1BWHENTHEHARMONICEXCITATION?OFSINGLEPOINTISAPPLIEDINTHELINEARSYSTEM,THECORRESPONDINGRESPONSEITYHE??ITEITISWORTHNOTINGTHATPSEUDOEXCITATIONISCONSTRUCTEDBYEXCITATION,WHICHWAS?MULTIPLIEDBYCONSTANTXXS??THEPSEUDOEXCITATIONISGIVENBYIXXTXTSE???6THERESPONSECANALSOBEMULTIPLIEDBYTHESAMECONSTANTITISDEPICTEDASFIGURE1CSTILLUSING?????TOREPRESENTTHE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簡介：FRACTIONATIONOFWHEATSTRAWBYATMOSPHERICACETICACIDPROCESSSUGWONKIMA,,YOSHIHIROSANOBADIVISIONOFADVANCEDMATERIALSENGINEERING,RCIT,CHONBUKNATIONALUNIVERSITY,JEONJU561756,REPUBLICOFKOREABFACULTYOFAGRICULTURE,HOKKAIDOUNIVERSITY,KITA9,NISHI9,KITAKU,SAPPORO0608589,JAPANRECEIVED7JUNE2002RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM22OCTOBER2004ACCEPTED22OCTOBER2004AVAILABLEONLINE19DECEMBER2004ABSTRACTFRACTIONATIONOFWHEATSTRAWWASINVESTIGATEDUSINGANATMOSPHERICACETICACIDPROCESSUNDERTHETYPICALCONDITIONSOF90V/VAQUEOUSACOH,4H2SO4W/W,ONSTRAW,RATIOOFLIQUORTOSTRAWL/S10V/W,PULPINGTEMPERATURE105?C,ANDPULPINGTIME3H,WHEATSTRAWWASFRACTIONATEDTOPULPCELLULOSE,LIGNINANDMONOSACCHARIDESMAINLYFROMHEMICELLULOSEWITHYIELDSOFAPPROXIMATELY50,15AND35,RESPECTIVELYACETICACIDPULPFROMTHESTRAWHADANACCEPTABLESTRENGTHFORPAPERANDCOULDBEBLEACHEDTOAHIGHBRIGHTNESSOVER85WITHASHORTBLEACHINGSEQUENCEACETICACIDPULPWASALSOAPOTENTIALFEEDSTOCKFORFUELSANDCHEMICALSTHEACETICACIDPROCESSSEPARATEDPENTOSEANDHEXOSEINWHEATSTRAWTOALARGEEXTENTMOSTOFTHEPENTOSEXYLANWASDISSOLVED,WHEREASTHEHEXOSEGLUCANREMAINEDINTHEPULPAPPROXIMATELY30OFCARBOHYDRATESINWHEATSTRAWWEREHYDROLYZEDTOMONOSACCHARIDESDURINGACETICACIDPULPING,OFWHICHXYLOSEACCOUNTEDFOR70ANDGLUCOSEFOR12THEACETICACIDLIGNINFROMWHEATSTRAWSHOWEDRELATIVELYLOWERMOLECULARWEIGHTANDFUSIBILITY,WHICHMADETHELIGNINAPROMISINGRAWMATERIALFORMANYPRODUCTS,SUCHASADHESIVEANDMOLDEDPRODUCTS?2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSWHEATSTRAWACETICACIDFRACTIONATIONCHARACTERIZATIONLIGNINHEMICELLULOSECELLULOSE1INTRODUCTIONWHEATSTRAW,ANAGRICULTURALRESIDUE,ISANNUALLYGENERATEDINABUNDANCEAROUNDTHEWORLDTHEAVERAGEYIELDOFSTRAWIS13–14KGPERKGOFGRAININNORTHAMERICAANDEUROPE,NEARLY300MILLIONTONSOFWHEATSTRAWAREPRODUCEDYEARLYMONTANE′ETAL,1998WHEATSTRAWISALIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIALCONTAININGABOUT35–40CELLULOSE,30–35HEMICELLULOSE,10–15LIGNIN,5–10MINERALANDSMALLAMOUNTOFOTHERCOMPONENTSALTHOUGHTREMENDOUSEFFORTSHAVEBEENATTEMPTEDTOCONVERTITINTOVALUEADDEDPRODUCTS,WHEATSTRAWHASNOTYETBEENFULLYUTILIZED,ESPECIALLYINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESCURRENTLY,BESIDESREMAININGINTHEFIELDTOBEINCORPORATEDINTOSOIL,WHEATSTRAWISMAINLYUSEDFORSEVERALAPPLICATIONSPRETREATMENTISUSUALLYNEEDEDTOIMPROVEDIGESTIBILITYWHENWHEATSTRAWISUSEDASLIVESTOCKFEEDJACKSON,1977FLACHOWSKYETAL,1996KARUNANANDAAANDVARGA,1996INADDITION,EXTENSIVELITERATUREHASBEENPUBLISHEDCONCERNINGBIOCONVERSIONOFLIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIALSTOBIOCHEMICALSANDBIOFUELSGARDEETAL,2002BERNDESETAL,2001CHUMANDOVEREND,2001KAYLENETAL,2000LEE,1997SINCELIGNOCELLULOSICMATERIALSAREONLYPARTIALLYDIGESTIBLEINTHEIRNATIVEFORM,MANYMECHANICAL,CHEMICALANDBIOLOGICALPRETREATMENTPROCESSESHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTOMAKETHESUBTRACTSSUSCEPTIBLETOENZYMATICANDMICROBIALACTION,SUCHASSTEAMEXPLOSIONMONTANE′ETAL,1998,DILUTEACIDHYDROLYSISGROHMANNETAL,1985,WETOXIDATIONKLINKEETAL,2002,AUTOHYDROLYSISLAWTHERETAL,1996KUBIKOVAETAL,1996ANDORGANOSOLVJIME′NEZETAL,1997SUNETAL,199709608524/SEEFRONTMATTER?2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JBIORTECH200410018CORRESPONDINGAUTHORPRESENTADDRESSDEPARTMENTOFWOODSCIENCE,UNIVERSITYOFBRITISHCOLUMBIA,2424MAINMALL,VANCOUVER,BC,CANADATEL16048226775FAX16048229104EMAILADDRESSXPANINTERCHANGEUBCCAXPANBIORESOURCETECHNOLOGY9620051256–1263WITHWATER,ANDSUBSEQUENTLYLYOPHILIZEDTHEFILTRATEANDWASHINGSOFTHELIGNINWERECOLLECTEDANDCONCENTRATEDUSINGAROTARYEVAPORATORTHERESIDUEOBTAINEDWASWATERSOLUBLES,WHICHARESUGARSMAINLYFROMHEMICELLULOSEDEGRADATION23BLEACHINGOFACETICACIDPULPPULPBLEACHINGWASPERFORMEDUSINGATHREESTAGESEQUENCEOFE/P–D–PHERE,E/P,DANDPSTANDFORTHETHREEBLEACHINGSTAGESOFALKALINEEXTRACTIONWITHPEROXIDE,CHLORINEDIOXIDEBLEACHING,ANDPEROXIDEBLEACHING,RESPECTIVELYBLEACHINGOPERATIONWASCONDUCTEDINAPOLYETHYLENEBAGINAWATERBATHBLEACHINGCONDITIONSWEREE/PSTAGE,5NAOHAND10H2O2ONPULP,12CONSISTENCY,80?CAND2HDSTAGE,05CLO2ONPULP,PH45,12CONSISTENCY,70?CAND2HPSTAGE,05H2O2ONPULP,12CONSISTENCY,PH11,70?CAND2H,RESPECTIVELYTHEPULPWASTHOROUGHLYWASHEDWITHWATERBETWEENSTAGESANDAFTERBLEACHING24DETERMINATIONOFASHANDSILICAINWHEATSTRAWANDACETICACIDPULPTHETESTSPECIMEN3GWASWEIGHEDINACRUCIBLE,CARBONIZEDGENTLYOVERABUNSENBURNER,ANDTHENIGNITEDINAMUFFLEFURNACEAT575±25?CTHERESIDUEWASWEIGHEDASASHBECAUSEOFTHEHIGHSILICACONTENTOFWHEATSTRAW,ETHANOLSOLUTIONOFMAGNESIUMACETATE5ML,WHICHCONTAINED4054GOFMGACO2?4H2OIN1LOF95AQUEOUSETHANOL,WASADDEDTOTHETESTSPECIMENTOPREVENTINCOMPLETEINCINERATIONCAUSEDBYFUSIONOFASHANDSILICAATTHESAMETIME,ABLANKDETERMINATIONWASDONETAKINGTHESAMEVOLUMEOFTHESOLUTIONOFMAGNESIUMACETATETODETERMINETHESILICACONTENTINASH,THEASHRESIDUEOBTAINEDABOVEWASTREATEDTWOTIMESWITHCONCENTRATEDHCL36,ASRECEIVEDTOREMOVEACIDSOLUBLEINORGANICSALTSTHEACIDINSOLUBLERESIDUEWASFILTERED,WASHEDWITHHOTWATERUNTILNOCHLORIDESWEREDETECTABLEWITHAGNO3,IGNITED,ANDFINALLYWEIGHEDASSILICONDIOXIDE25ESTIMATIONOFACETYLGROUPSINACETICACIDPULPANDLIGNINACETICACIDPULP60MGORACETICACIDLIGNIN50MGWASSUSPENDEDORDISSOLVEDIN6MLOF1MNAOHPROPIONICACID10MGWASADDEDASANINTERNALSTANDARDTHEMIXTUREWASSAPONIFIEDAT60?CINAWATERBATHWITHSHAKINGFOR2HAFTERSAPONIFICATION,THEPHOFTHEMIXTUREWASADJUSTEDBELOW2WITHHYDROCHLORICACID/WATER11,V/VACETICACIDINTHESUPERNATANTWASDETERMINEDBYGASCHROMATOGRAPHYGC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